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Prevalence of sexual violence
... This reflects a difference in descriptions of coping strategies from the disclosure tweets as compared with data from more targeted sources such as workplace surveys or clinical sample interviews. That is, in these data, both behavioral engagement and sexual assault/penetration were disclosed and described more frequently than in non-social media samples (Post et al., 2011). ...
... The most commonly disclosed experiences involved unwanted sexual attention or sexual assault, the latter of which is less commonly reported in survey samples with more general populations (i.e. around 20 percent prevalence; Post et al., 2011). Most incidents took place at work or school. ...
... This reflects a difference in descriptions of coping strategies from the disclosure tweets as compared with data from more targeted sources such as workplace surveys or clinical sample interviews. That is, in these data, both behavioral engagement and sexual assault/penetration were disclosed and described more frequently than in non-social media samples (Post et al., 2011). ...
... The most commonly disclosed experiences involved unwanted sexual attention or sexual assault, the latter of which is less commonly reported in survey samples with more general populations (i.e. around 20 percent prevalence; Post et al., 2011). Most incidents took place at work or school. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine 2,102 #MeToo tweets and focuses on the content of the tweets and social reactions to these tweets. For a subsample of 912 tweets that included disclosures of sexual assault or harassment, the incident type and context, along with coping were also examined.
Design/methodology/approach
#MeToo tweets were retrieved from a 24 h time period immediately after the initial tweet prompting responses. Both sentiment analysis and content and context analyses were performed.
Findings
Although the overall sentiment of tweets indicated a negative tone, the majority of positive social reactions indicated validation and belief of survivors, offered emotional support and called for social change. Targets who disclosed generally described workplace harassment and assertive coping responses.
Research limitations/implications
Sentiment analysis can be limited given a lack of context. Not all targets using #MeToo shared details of their harassment or assault; those who did reported using more assertive coping responses than traditional samples of survivors.
Practical implications
Social media platforms offer unique opportunities for targets to share personal stories and receive emotional and social support they may not have access in-person.
Social implications
#MeToo provided targets with a groundswell of social and emotional support, along with a less frequent amount of backlash against the movement.
Originality/value
A multimethod approach was used with both sentiment analysis and text coding to examine #MeToo, allowing for a description of types of incidents shared, coping strategies and social reactions.
... It involves a range of coercive strategies, such as threat or use of physical force, exploitation of the victim's inability to resist, abuse of a position of power, or verbal pressure. Sexual aggression also includes unwanted sexual attention in the form of sexual harassment, stalking, and obscene phone calls (Post, Biroscak, & Barboza, 2011;Sojo, Wood, & Genat, 2016; for a discussion of sexual harassment in the context of workplace bullying, see Chapter 7). A comprehensive definition of sexual violence is given by the World Health Organization: ...
... Despite scholars moving in the direction of attempting to examine broader forms of sexual victimization and perpetration tactics, sexual coercion is understudied [56], producing definitions and operationalizations of sexual coercion that suffer from lack of consistency and theoretical conundrums [38,[57][58][59]. These issues are partly due to the fact that different types of tactics used by perpetrators to obtain sex with unwilling partners have not been adequately defined or measured [59][60][61]. ...
Campus sexual assault is a pervasive issue impacting the well-being, quality of life, and education of all students. There have been many recent efforts to prevent and address campus sexual assault, most notably the adoption of affirmative consent standards. (1) Efforts to address sexual assault on college campuses through an affirmative consent standard could be undermined by traditional gender norms, sexual scripts, and the power dynamics inherent in heterosexual relations, which lead to situations in which many women provide consent to unwanted sex. (2) Studies indicate that college women are likely to experience verbal sexual coercion, yet research has failed to come to a consensus on how to define, operationalize, and study verbal sexual coercion. (3) Research on sexual consent is also lacking, in particular as it relates to consent to unwanted sex as a result of the presence of verbal sexual coercion. (4) This article discusses how multiple forms of unwanted sex can be conceptually examined. (5) Policy implications and areas for future research are discussed.
... Assessing for experiences such as verbal coercion, although not criminal in nature, has particularly important implications for sexual violence prevention, such as identifying areas to intervene prior to more severe or violent acts of sexual victimization. As Post et al. (2011) stated, "the scope of measurement must be able to identify a wide range of behaviors and be useful to myriad stakeholders, including victims, advocates, researchers, and policy makers" (p. 116). ...
The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Sexual Coercion Inventory (SCI; Waldner, Vaden-Goad, & Sikka, 1999), revised by the authors (SCI-R). Overall, 514 high school and college students from a Midwestern state completed the SCI-R. To complete the SCI-R, high school participants completed paper-pencil surveys with those younger than 18 obtaining parental consent; college students older than 18 completed computer-based and paper-pencil surveys. Exploratory factor analysis and reliability analyses were conducted to examine the validity of score interpretation and reliability of scores for the measure. Results suggested that a 13-item multidimensional measure consisting of two factors, Manipulation and Substance Use and Aggression, provided the best parsimony and theoretical fit. Examination of convergent and discriminant validity of scores provided additional psychometric support for the revised SCI-R, specifically pertaining to other measures of sexual victimization. The SCI-R may be a useful tool for researchers to explore manipulation tactics in more depth while also assessing and differentiating between victimization that meets legal definitions of rape and non-criminal sexual victimization.
... Approximately 11-18% of women in the general population experience rape in their lifetimes, and this rate is higher among women on college campuses (Gross, Winslett, Roberts, & Gohm, 2006;Post, Biroscak, & Barboza, 2011). Most sexual assaults (90% or greater) are committed by someone known to the victim or survivor rather than a stranger (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). ...
Sexual violence victimization affects approximately 1 in 5 college women and 1 in 6 college men; however, rates of sexual victimization vary widely, in part due to measurement issues. The present study is the first to compare the Sexual Experiences Survey-Short Form Victimization (SES-SFV) to a measure of sexual victimization designed to capture gender differences, the Post-Refusal Sexual Persistence Scale-Victimization (PRSPS-V). Prior research has compared the perpetration versions of these questionnaires and found large discrepancies. College students (N = 673: 367 women, 298 men, 8 gender minority) were surveyed. The SES-SFV identified 260 cases of sexual victimization whereas the PRSPS-V identified 330 cases; this discrepancy was largest for men. While percent agreement between the two measures ranged from 79.9–92.0%, kappa estimates indicated that agreement was in the weak to moderate range. Kappa estimates tended to be poorer for men than women. These results highlight poor precision in the measurement of sexual violence victimization, even when using well-established measures. The PRSPS-V identified more cases and may be less gender biased. We discuss how differences in questionnaire structure, item structure, and operationalization of consent may account for discordance between the SES-SFV and PRSPS-V even when controlling for item content.
Thoroughly revised and updated, this third edition offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the social psychology of aggression, covering all the relevant major theories, individual differences, situational factors, and applied contexts. Understanding the causes, forms, and consequences of aggression and violence is critical for dealing with these harmful forms of social behavior. Addressing a range of sub-topics, the firstpart deals with the definition and measurement of aggression, presents major theories, examines the development of aggression and discusses individual and gender differences in aggressive behaviour. It covers the role of situational factors in eliciting aggression and the impact of exposure to violence in the media. The second part examines specific forms and manifestations of aggression, including chapters on aggression in everyday contexts and in the family, sexual aggression, intergroup aggression, and terrorism. The new edition also includes additional coverage of gender differences, gun violence, and terrorism, to reflect the latest research developments in the field. Alsodiscussing strategies for reducing and preventing aggression, this bookis essential reading for students and researchers in psychology and related disciplines, as well as practitioners andpolicy makers.
The second edition of this textbook provides a thoroughly revised, updated and expanded overview of social psychological research on aggression.
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