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La vegetación de la región de vida paramuna colombiana: Con énfasis en la cordillera Occidental y los páramos del norte de Colombia / The vegetation of the Colombian páramo region: With emphasis on the Western cordillera and the páramos of northern Colombia
Abstract
La vegetación zonal paramuna de la cordillera Occidental colombiana está representada por 28 unidades sintaxonómicas comprendidas en catorce asociaciones, cinco subasociaciones, cinco alianzas y tres órdenes integrados en una única clase para la franja paramuna de Tatamá y Frontino. Ocho de estos conjuntos corresponden a enmiendas de unidades pertenecientes a las propuestas originales para la cordillera. En el caso de los páramos del norte de Colombia, las formaciones se resumen en 28 unidades zonales reunidas en quince asociaciones, seis subasociaciones, cinco alianzas, un orden y una clase, complementadas por cinco asociaciones y una subasociación azonales. Seis de las agrupaciones originales planteadas para la region fueron validadas, y cinco comunidades ecológicas fueron incorporadas formalmente como categorías sintaxonómicas. Los grupos botánicos que integran los levantamientos de vegetación de la cordillera Occidental reúnen 102 familias, 195 géneros y 294 especies, mientras que los inventarios del norte del país comprenden 79 familias, 158 géneros y 217 especies. Las familias Asteraceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Rosaceae y Ericaceae, destacadas por su riqueza en los páramos evaluados, se caracterizan igualmente por su amplia distribución en las seis subregiones paramunas consideradas, en conjunto con otras angiospermas como Clusiaceae, Geraniaceae, Iridaceae, Melastomataceae, Rubiaceae y Scrophulariaceae. Otros grupos taxonómicos de gran riqueza y distribución son las familias Lycopodiaceae, Polypodiaceae, Pteridaceae (pteridofitas), Dicranaceae, Polytrichaceae (musgos), Jungermanniaceae (hepáticas) y Atheliaceae (líquenes). La vegetación de sectores paramunos como los cerros Pintado y Tres Tetas, la vertiente nororiental de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta y el Nudo de Paramillo carecen actualmente de caracterizaciones detalladas. / Abstract. The zonal páramo vegetation of the Colombian Western Cordillera comprises 28 syntaxonomic units including fourteen associations, five subassociations, five alliances and three orders gathered in a single class for the páramo belt of Tatamá and Frontino. Eight of these groups represent amendments of former units formulated for the Cordillera. With regard to the páramos of northern Colombia, formations are summarized in 28 zonal units including fifteen associations, six subassociations, five alliances, one order and one class, in addition to five azonal associations plus one subassociation. Six groups originally proposed for the region were amended, and five ecological communities were formally incorporated as syntaxonomic categories. The vegetation relevés of Western Cordillera consists of 102 families, 195 genera and 294 species, whereas plots of northern Colombia are composed of 79 families, 158 genera and 217 species. Angiosperm families as Asteraceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Rosaceae and Ericaceae are distinguished by its high richness in the study area and its wide distribution among the six páramo subregions considered, as well as Clusiaceae, Geraniaceae, Iridaceae, Melastomataceae, Rubiaceae and Scrophulariaceae. Some other taxonomic groups with high richness and wide distribution are families Lycopodiaceae, Polypodiaceae, Pteridaceae (pteridophytes), Dicranaceae, Polytrichaceae (mosses), Jungermanniaceae (hepaticae) and Atheliaceae (lichens). Currently there are scarce knowledge about páramo vegetation growing in areas like Cerro Pintado and Cerro Tres Tetas, the northeastern slope of the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta and the Nudo (‘Knot’) of Paramillo.
URL: http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/8500/
Based on the geographical pattern of natural regions of Colombia, namely Pacific coast - biogeographical Chocó-region, Caribbean coast, llanos (Orinoco), Amazon and Andean, results of inventories of biodiversity are presented. Flora includes flowering plants, ferns, mosses and lichens. Fauna include reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals. Plant vegetation includes the terrestrial and aquatic plant communities. The climatic analysis was made from an ecological perspective with detailed analysis of precipitation; ecosystems were defined based on characterizations of biotic components (species, communities) and the complementary aspects related to geology, climate and soils. At the level of the world, Colombia is one of two countries with the highest expression of this renewable natural capital (biodiversity). In flora, it means around 26,500 species of flowering plants. There are 1,600 species of ferns, 976 mosses and 1,700 lichens, these values placed the country as the richest in each of these groups of neotropical countries. The diversity and richness of forests and other vegetation types as shrublands, grasslands, rosette-plants, Colombia reaches about 1,200 different types, which give unique feature as one of the countries with the greatest variety worldwide. The Andean region has the largest concentration of biodiversity; about 11,500 species of flowering plants, 914 mosses, 756 liverworts, lichens 1,396 and 1,050 of ferns, serve as testimony to the enormous concentration of plant richness; in faunal groups, the values of 974 bird species, 484 amphibians, 274 reptiles and 349 mammals, also show this natural region in the first place. The Chocó region of Colombia is richer than the areas of the same biogeographical region in Central America and Ecuador. The Colombian paramo region represented 85% of the richness of flowering plants the entire biogeographical region and about 41% of the species are restricted in distribution to Colombia. In terms of fauna richness Colombia is the richest country in birds (1,834 species) and amphibians (700 species) and reached very important values in other groups like reptiles (512 species) and mammals (492 species).
Una aproximación sintaxonómica sobre la vegetación del Perú. Clases, órdenes y alianzas. En el presente trabajo damos a conocer una primera aproximación al esquema sintaxonómico de la vegetación peruana hasta el nivel de alianza. Se describen dos nuevas clases (Nicotiano-Ambrosietea y Mayacetea fluviatilis), 12 órdenes (Adiantetalia raddiani, Alnetalia, Cestro-Prunetalia, Commelinetalia, Cryptocarpo-Prosopidetalia, Mutisio-Baccharidetalia, Nicotianetalia, Oryzo-Hymenachnetalia, Polylepidetalia racemosae, Polypodio-Puyetalia, Salicetalia caroliniano-humboldtianae y Saxifragetalia magellanicae), 14 alianzas (Adiantion subvolubilis, Aristido-Chloridion, Bursero-Prosopidion, Espostoo-Neoraimondion, Loasion, Mutisio-Ophryosporidion, Myrcianthion quinquelobae, Myrico-Alnion, Peperomio-Puyion, Ribesido-Polylepidion, Saxifragion magellanicae, Sicyo-Urticion, Siegesbeckio-Commelinion y Tecomion arequipensis) y 10 asociaciones (Adiantetum subvolubilis, Barnadesio-Ophryosporidetum, Cercidio-Prosopidetum, Haageocereo-Neoraimondietum, Peperomio-Tillandsietum, Philoglosso-Urocarpidetum, Schino-Acacietum, Tristerido-Myrcianthetum, Valeriano-Saxifragetum y Valleo-Alnetum). Además se establece un estado nuevo (Chusqueetalia tessellatae stat. nov.) que permite sistematizar los matorrales andinos con bambusoideas ("chuscales").
A critical checklist of the Mesoamerican and South American species and hybrids of Blechnum is presented. For each entry the place of original publication, types, authors, and pertinent synonyms are included. Most of the synonyms are cited with their nomenclatural types. Information on geographical distribution and altitudinal range, ecology, as well as morphological and nomenclatural comments pertinent to the treated taxa are also included. Hybrids that have been cytologically and nomeclaturally studied are treated independently, while not formally described hybrids are cited under their putative parents.
Presentamos un catálogo comentado de las especies del género Blechnum L. para Mesoamérica y Sudamérica. Para la mayoría de los nombres se proporcionan los datos sobre indicaciones locotípicas, tomados del protólogo, y sobre los tipos, así como los sinónimos. Siempre que ha sido posible, los sinónimos se citan también con la reseña de sus tipos o indicaciones locotípicas. Se dan referencias sobre distribución geográfica, ecología y rango altitudinal de los táxones y se aportan observaciones que pudieran contribuir al mejor conocimiento de los mismos. Se incluyen los híbridos cuya citología y nombre se conocen, mientras que aquellos que no han sido formalmente descritos se citan por la fórmula híbrida de los nombres de los presuntos parentales.