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Does PowerPoint enhance learning?

DOI:10.2310/8000.2013.130756
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Rick Penciner at University of Toronto
Rick Penciner
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Abstract

The ubiquitous nature of PowerPoint begs the question, does PowerPoint enhance learning? This narrative explores the evidence for the effectiveness of PowerPoint and multimedia presentations in learning and information processing. Practical recommendations are provided for presentations.
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Does PowerPoint enhance learning?
Rick Penciner, MD
ABSTRACT
The ubiquitous nature of PowerPoint begs the question, does
PowerPoint enhance learning? This narrative explores the
evidence for the effectiveness of PowerPoint and multimedia
presentations in learning and information processing.
Practical recommendations are provided for presentations.
RE
´
SUME
´
L’utilisation ge´ne´ ralise´e de PowerPoint soule` ve la question
suivante: PowerPoint facilite-t-il l’apprentissage? Le pre´ sent
article fait e´ tat des donne´ es probantes sur l’efficacite´de
PowerPoint et des pre´ sentations multime´ dias dans l’appren-
tissage et le traitement de l’information. Il contient e´gale-
ment des recommandations pratiques sur les pre´ sentations.
Keywords: effectiveness, learning, multimedia, PowerPoint
EDUCATION SCENARIO
You are asked by your chief to present emergency
medicine grand rounds next month. You are quite
excited at the opportunity as you have just attended
a faculty development session on effective use of
PowerPoint. You are looking forward to trying some
of the new techniques that you learned in the work-
shop, but you ask yourself the question, ‘‘Does
PowerPoint really enhance learning?’’
BACKGROUND
PowerPoint (Microsoft Corporation) has been used
everywhere, from grade school classrooms to board-
rooms and lecture halls. PowerPoint and its cousin
Keynote (Apple Inc.) have become the predominant
technology used with all presentations. There are also
many newer forms of presentation software, which
collectively can be referred to as slideware. For the
purposes of this review, PowerPoint and slideware are
interchangeable. The ubiquitous nature of PowerPoint
begs the question, does PowerPoint enhance learning?
This narrative, nonsystematic review provides an
overview of the literature on the effects of PowerPoint
and multimedia presentations on learning and infor-
mation processing.
THE PROBLEM WITH POWERPOINT
There are many books, articles, websites, and blogs on
how to use PowerPoint effectively; however, there is not
very much scientific evidence on the effectiveness of
PowerPoint. This ‘‘how to’’ advice, although profuse,
tends to vary greatly and even to be contradictory. In a
study on PowerPoint use textbooks, the author demon-
strated that only 35% of the recommendations were
referenced and only 33% of these were based on
research, most of which was quasiexperimental.
1
Much has been written about PowerPoint and its
limitations. Edward Tufte, an information design
expert, believes that ‘‘PowerPoint is evil’’ and that it
is ‘‘making us stupid.’’
2
He contends in his e-book, The
Cognitive Style of PowerPoint, that PowerPoint has many
inherent limitations that reduce learning when it is
used. He contends that the average audience is finished
reading the slide even before the speaker begins his
talk. The use of bullets prevents the audience from
creating ‘‘schema’’ or connections from the informa-
tion presented. Eliot Masie, an e-learning authority,
called PowerPoint ‘‘the single most dangerous tool
invented on the planet.’’
3
In essence, PowerPoint
replaces effective communication with presentation.
From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, North York General Hospital,
Toronto, ON.
Correspondence to: Dr. Rick Penciner, North York General Hospital, 4001 Leslie Street, 630N, Toronto, ON M2K 1E1; rick.penciner@utoronto.ca.
This article has been peer reviewed.
CJEM 2013;15(2):109-112ß Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians DOI 10.2310/8000.2013.130756
EDUCATION N ENSEIGNEMENT
2013;15(2) 109CJEM N JCMU
DOES POWERPOINT ENHANCE LEARNING?
There has been a moderate amount of research on the
effectiveness of PowerPoint in the classroom. Levasseur
and Sawyer, in an extensive review of the literature,
concluded that most studies demonstrate that students
prefer PowerPoint to traditional lectures.
4
Traditional
lecture-format PowerPoint, however, does not produce
significant difference in learning (typically demon-
strated as performance on examinations) compared to
several alternatives. Some studies have shown that
students performed worst on test scores with
PowerPoint lectures compared to traditional formats.
5,6
DOES THE POWERPOINT STYLE IMPACT LEARNING?
One explanation for the lack of evidence of
PowerPoint enhancing learning may be the style and
formats of PowerPoint used in previous studies, such as
traditional text-based slides with bullets. Bullet points
have become the single most controversial aspect of
PowerPoint.
3
Concerns with bullet points are that they
lead to an oversimplification of concepts, lack aesthetic
appeal, and are hierarchical in design, lacking rela-
tional impact. Recently, Johnson and Christensen
studied the formats of PowerPoint in higher education.
7
They compared traditional format with bullets and text
to a format referred to as the ‘‘simply-visually rich
approach,’’ which uses frequent visuals and minimizes
on-screen text. They demonstrated that undergraduate
psychology students had a significantly higher satisfac-
tion with the ‘‘simply-visually rich approach’’ but no
differences in learning outcomes. Similarly, Tangen
and colleagues demonstrated that students preferred
image-rich slides and that performance (although not
interest) depended on whether or not the images were
relevant to the content of the lecture.
8
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF MULTIMEDIA
PRESENTATIONS ON INFORMATION PROCESSING?
Multimedia refers to presentations involving words
(such as spoken or printed text) and pictures (such
as animation, video, illustrations, and photographs).
Multimedia learning promotes acquisition, retention,
and transfer of information.
9
Richard Mayer, an
educational psychologist, has conducted considerable
research on the effects of multimedia learning on
students’ retention of a topic. His theory of multimedia
learning states that ‘‘meaningful learning occurs when
learning engages in appropriate verbal and visuospatial
thinking.’’
9
The theory is based on three theories of
cognitive learning: 1) dual channel or dual coding
theory, which states that working memory processes
visual and auditory stimuli separately, and simultaneous
intake of multiple sources of stimuli may result in
overload of the brain; 2) limited channel assumption,
which states that we have limited capacity within each
channel for storing, organizing, and retrieving knowl-
edge; and 3) active processing assumption, which states
that meaningful learning occurs when humans actively
process and organize audio and visual information.
9
From his studies, Mayer developed the following
principles for meaningful learning in multimedia
presentations. The multimedia principle states that
students learn more effectively from multimedia
presentations than from verbal presentations alone.
In these multimedia presentations, students learn more
when there are words and relevant pictures rather than
just words alone. The contiguity principle states that
students learn more when narration and pictures are
presented simultaneously rather than consecutively.
This allows the brain to create connections between
the two items. The coherence principle states that
students learn more effectively when the multimedia
presentation is interesting than when it is basic.
However, this expanded presentation should not be
excessive and needs to be relevant. The modality
principle states that students learn more effectively
when the presentation includes images and narration
rather than images and text. The personalization
principle states that students learn more effectively
when the presentation is conversational rather than
expository. Finally, the signaling principle states that
students learn more effectively when presenters direct
the learner to the important passages or events in the
presentation.
9
Multimedia presentations used ineffectively can
decrease learning. Reading text verbatim off an
on-screen slide decreases learning and retention.
10
Irrelevant pictures accompanying text and sound
effects have also been shown to decrease learning.
6
DO YOU NEED POWERPOINT?
It is probably most valuable to begin the discussion of
PowerPoint effectiveness by first determining whether
PowerPoint is needed. Consider some of the greatest
orators of the twentieth century. Winston Churchill,
Penciner
110 2013;15(2) CJEM N JCMU
John F. Kennedy, and Martin Luther King Jr. were all
able to deliver impactful and memorable speeches
without the aid of PowerPoint and other visuals. We
have come to rely on PowerPoint use in situations that
are merely conversations or discussions. Not all
presentations require visual support. Do we need
PowerPoint for a small-group session or workshop that
is highly interactive?
In general, there are many reasons people use
PowerPoint for their presentations. PowerPoint provides
a framework and structure for developing a presenta-
tion. Using PowerPoint during a presentation provides
the speaker with an outline and is often used as speaker
notes. PowerPoint allows for the simple creation of
handouts for participants. There is often an expecta-
tion by participants and organizers that PowerPoint will
be used for presentations. Speakers are often requested
to send their slides in advance of the presentation, and
when this is not done, it is often perceived as laziness
and noncompliance with the usual routine. Use of
PowerPoint might help the presenter look smart or,
more frequently, hide the presenter’s inadequacies on
the topic. Many organizations also use PowerPoint as a
means of document creation, communication, and
archival. Presenters who use PowerPoint for any of the
preceding reasons are setting themselves up for an
ineffective presentation.
There are only three reasons to consider when
deciding whether the use of PowerPoint (or other
slideware) would be appropriate for your next
presentation:
1. Emphasis. By using a single word or phrase on a
slide, PowerPoint can be used to emphasize a
concept.
2. Augmentation. By using a well-designed graph or
table or a relevant picture, a presenter can use
PowerPoint to augment a presentation visually in a
manner that narration cannot.
3. Multimedia learning. By employing the multimedia
principles discussed, a presenter can effectively use
PowerPoint to engage learners. Overall, most of the
investigations support the dual coding theory that
more is better: multimedia auditory-verbal and
visual-pictorial stimuli increase comprehension,
understanding, memory, and deeper learning more
than any single stimulus by itself.
11
The picture-
superiority effect demonstrates that people recall
pictures and narration better than they recall either
narration or pictures alone.
12
HOW DO I APPLY THIS EVIDENCE TO MY NEXT
PRESENTATION?
Consider not using PowerPoint for your next presen-
tation or teaching activity. PowerPoint may not be
necessary if the planned teaching methods rely on
discussion and interactivity. Participants are there to
hear and see you speak, not watch slides. If you do
decide to use PowerPoint, consider the following:
Preparation
1. Prepare three documents. PowerPoint was never
designed for written documents. Prepare speaker
notes, a two- to three-page high-level handout, and
your PowerPoint slides. This will avoid the deadly
mistakes of reading your slides and putting too much
content on one slide.
Content
2. Use narration and relevant images.
3. Narration and images are better than narration
and text.
4. Consider not using bullets.
5. Limit the amount of information on one slide.
Presentation Style
6. Use interesting multimedia presentations but
avoid excess.
7. Speak in a conversational manner.
8. Do not read slides.
9. Direct learners to important passages and events
in your presentation.
EDUCATION SCE NARIO FOLLOW-UP
You start preparing for your emergency medicine grand
rounds and focus initially on the key messages that you
want the audience to take home. You research the topic
thoroughly and then start preparing your speaker notes.
You decide that you will use PowerPoint, but in
moderation. You prepare a handful of visually rich slides
with simple tables, graphs, and pictures and very limited
text that support your key messages. You recognize that
effective communication is not about the PowerPoint.
Does PowerPoint enhance learning?
2013;15(2) 111CJEM N JCMU
SUMMARY
Ultimately, there is nothing evil about PowerPoint, just
about the way PowerPoint is used. PowerPoint is a tool;
it is not pedagogy. With careful consideration,
effective use of PowerPoint and other slideware can
at least result in increased learner satisfaction.
Challenging the traditional paradigm of PowerPoint
use and employing more relevant images with narra-
tion and less text may result in enhanced learning.
Competing interests: None declared.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Farkas D. A heuristic for reasoning about PowerPoint deck
design. 2007. Available at: http://faculty.washington.
edu/farkas/FarkasPowerPointHeuristic.pdf (accessed
November 6, 2011).
This article provides an interesting and thoughtful
discussion on the debate of PowerPoint and its place in
our society.
Levasseur DG, Sawyer JK. Pedagogy meets
PowerPoint: a research review of the effects of
computer-generated slides in the classroom. Rev
Commun 2006;6:101-23.
This article is a comprehensive review of the effects of
computer-generated slides in the classroom. The evidence
of PowerPoint on student reactions, learning outcomes,
learning styles, and slide variation effects is reviewed.
REFERENCES
1. Kammeyer J. Are we serving students well with communi-
cation textbooks: recommendations about PowerPoint. 2008.
Available at: http://www.jenniferkammeyer.com/Research_
files/PPTinCommTexts.pdf (accessed November 6, 2011).
2. Tufte E. The cognitive style of PowerPoint.Cheshire(CT):
Graphics Press; 2003.
3. Farkas D. A heuristic for reasoning about PowerPoint deck
design 2007. Available at: http://faculty.washington.edu/
farkas/FarkasPowerPointHeuristic.pdf (accessed November
6, 2011).
4. Levasseur DG, Sawyer JK. Pedagogy meets PowerPoint:
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5. Amare N. To slideware or not to slideware: students’
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6. Bartsch RA, Cobern KM. Effectiveness of PowerPoint
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7. Johnson DA, Christensen J. A comparison of simplified
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10.1177/0098628311421333.
8. Tangen JM, Constable MD, Durrant E, et al. The role of
interest and images in slideware presentations. Comput Educ
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9. Mayer RE. Cognitive theory and the design of multimedia
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Penciner
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This development research aims to create an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) application to identify the level of understanding of the law nun sukun or tanwin for Madin Al-Fadholi students who are valid, practical, and effective using Adobe Flash CS6 application with ActionScript 3.0 programming language. This development used Waterfall model which includes 5 stages: (1) requirements, (2) design, (3) implementation, (4) verification, (5) maintenance. Based on the results of product validity testing by media experts and material experts, the results obtained are 4.80 and 4.60, respectively, which are very valid. The results of user evaluations from 3 teachers are 4.63 and 16 users (santri) are 4.33 with a very valid level. The results of the evaluation of all validators are 4.59 out of the maximum value of 5, so a very valid level is obtained for this ITS product. Then it is known that the application of the Intelligent Tutoring System to identify the level of understanding of the law nun sukun or tanwin declared very valid, effective, and feasible to use.
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A Comparison of Simplified-Visually Rich and Traditional Presentation Styles
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Microsoft PowerPoint and similar presentation tools have become commonplace in higher education, yet there is very little research on the effectiveness of different PowerPoint formats for implementing this software. This study compared two PowerPoint presentation techniques: a more traditional format employing heavy use of bullet points with text and a newer format referred to as the Simplified-Visually Rich Approach, which uses frequent visuals and minimizes on-screen text. These techniques were assessed with a quasi-experimental between-groups design that analyzed the impact of these two formats on college student satisfaction and learning outcomes in a general psychology course. No differences in learning outcomes were demonstrated, although the Simplified-Visually Rich Approach produced significantly higher student satisfaction.
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To Slideware or Not to Slideware: Students' Experiences with Powerpoint Vs. Lecture
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This study analyzes the performance and attitudes of technical writing students in PowerPoint-enhanced and in non-PowerPoint lectures. Four classes of upper-level undergraduates (n = 84) at a mid-sized, Southern university taking a one-semester technical writing course were surveyed at the beginning and end of the course about their perceptions of PowerPoint. Of the four sections, two classes were instructed using traditional lecture materials (teacher at podium, chalkboard, handouts); the other two sections were instructed with PowerPoint presentations. All four classes were given the same pre- and post-test to measure performance over the course of the semester. Traditional lecture or PowerPoint presentations consisted of at least 50% of the course, with the remaining time spent on exercises and small group work. Results reveal that while most students say they preferred PowerPoint, performance scores were higher in the sections with the traditional lecture format.
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Pedagogy Meets PowerPoint: A Research Review of the Effects of Computer-Generated Slides in the Classroom
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The present essay offers a comprehensive review of the effects of computer-generated slides in the classroom, beginning with an overview of the ongoing debate over whether. To date, much of this debate has been testimonial in nature; in an effort to move beyond testimonials, this essay will attempt to ground the pedagogical debate over PowerPoint in various learning theories. Extant research on such slides is examined in four subcategories: (1) student reactions; (2) learning outcomes; (3) learning styles; and (4) slide variation effects. This essay closes with a discussion of how various research findings help inform (but by no means settle) the debate over PowerPoint and pedagogy.
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Conditions for a Picture-Superiority Effect on Consumer Memory
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  • Sep 1984
Based on three explanations of imagery effects on memory, hypotheses regarding the conditions under which pictorial ads are or are not remembered better than verbal-only ads are generated and tested. The memorability of brand names semantically related to product class was tested in pictorial versus verbal-only form under various conditions. The results indicate that picture superiority occurs in both immediate and delayed recall tasks when processing is directed at appearance features. Verbal-only stimuli are recalled as well as pictures in immediate recall but become inferior once again in delayed recall, when processing is directed at the semantic content of the ads.
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Revising the Redundancy Principle in Multimedia Learning
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  • May 2008
College students viewed a short multimedia PowerPoint presentation consisting of 16 narrated slides explaining lightning formation (Experiment 1) or 8 narrated slides explaining how a car's braking system works (Experiment 2). Each slide appeared for approximately 8-10 s and contained a diagram along with 1-2 sentences of narration spoken in a female voice. For some students (the redundant group), each slide also contained 2-3 printed words that were identical to the words in the narration, conveyed the main event described in the narration, and were placed next to the corresponding portion of the diagram. For other students (the nonredundant group), no on-screen text was presented. Results showed that the group whose presentation included short redundant phrases within the diagram outperformed the nonredundant group on a subsequent test of retention (d = 0.47 and 0.70, respectively) but not on transfer. Results are explained by R. E. Mayer's (2001, 2005a) cognitive theory of multimedia learning, in which the redundant text served to guide the learner's attention without priming extraneous processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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A Heuristic for Reasoning about PowerPoint Deck Design
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  • Jan 2006
PowerPoint is both extremely prevalent and controversial. Unfortunately, much of the critical discussion concerning PowerPoint is both casually and poorly argued. A heuristic, offered here, can help reveal when claims about PowerPoint and deck design are poorly supported or ambiguous. This heuristic may prove useful to all those who reason about PowerPoint: those who formulate research questions, assess decks and presentations, teach students about PowerPoint, and create decks. The heuristic asks whether a claim truly addresses a PowerPoint problem, accounts for the different features of each slideware product, considers the role of genre, recognizes that a deck must be assessed with reference to the oral gloss on the slides and the overall performance, and allows for the different levels of skill and preparation time a deck may require. The heuristic also asks what is the basis of objections to bullet points (when they are at issue) and whether the slide metaphor is relevant to the claim. Finally, the heuristic asks us to recognize the complexities of PowerPoint, deck design, and visually supported presentations and to therefore formulate and assess claims in a careful, nuanced way that is respectful of the contingent and local.
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Effectiveness of PowerPoint Presentations in Lectures
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We investigated whether students liked and learned more from PowerPoint presentations than from overhead transparencies. Students were exposed to lectures supported by transparencies and two different types of PowerPoint presentations. At the end of the semester, students preferred PowerPoint presentations but this preference was not found on ratings taken immediately after the lectures. Students performed worse on quizzes when PowerPoint presentations included non-text items such as pictures and sound effects. A second study further examined these findings. In this study participants were shown PowerPoint slides that contained only text, contained text and a relevant picture, and contained text with a picture that was not relevant. Students performed worse on recall and recognition tasks and had greater dislike for slides with pictures that were not relevant. We conclude that PowerPoint can be beneficial, but material that is not pertinent to the presentation can be harmful to students' learning.
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Cognitive Theory and the Design of Multimedia Instruction: An Example of the Two-Way Street Between Cognition and Instruction
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It is not possible to understand cognition fully without understanding how it works in realistic settings, and it is not possible to reform education appropriately without understanding how people learn and think.
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Are We Serving Students Well with Communication Textbooks' Recommendations About PowerPoint?
Article
  • Mar 2008
Speaking with presentation software as a visual aid has become an important communication skill. In many academic and industry environments people now expect presentation visuals to be a part of communication (Cyphert, 2007). PowerPoint, the most popular tool, is used 1.25 million times per hour across the world (Mahin, 2004). Computer presentation technologies are taught in 79.1 % of basic communication courses in the U.S. (Morreale, 2006). Therefore, textbooks for these classes are students' primary source of information about effective presentation software use. This study identified the recommendations about using presentation software in communication textbooks for the basic course in the California State University system and evaluated how those claims were supported by research. The study posed the question of whether students are being well served by these recommendations. Study results showed the general topics of recommendations are fairly constant and that most advice is based on experience, not on research. Common recommendations included keeping slides simple and being consistent throughout a presentation. But, only 33% of textbooks contained any sourced recommendations and of those sources listed, only 35% were based on research. The study concluded that students might be better served by PowerPoint recommendations that are grounded in research. The sourced recommendations in the current textbooks are a place to start for adjusting the PowerPoint curriculum and research in multimedia learning (Mayer, 2005) is a place to look for grounding further communication research.
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Cognitive load theory and multimedia learning, task characteristics and learning engagement: The Current State of the Art
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Some of the empirical research papers focusing on improving instructional design from a cognitive load theory (CLT), included in the Third International Cognitive Load Theory Conference held at the Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands, 2009, are compiled. CLT uses current knowledge about the human cognitive architecture to generate instructional techniques. Baddeley & Hitch found that this architecture consists of an effectively unlimited long-term memory (LTM), which interacts with a working memory (WM) that is very limited in both capacity. The empirical evidence of a learning process occurring over a long period of time is in the study of chess grandmasters by De Groot, 1946, 1978 and Simon & Gilmartin, 1973. Lee and Kalyuga, (2011) studied the multimedia redundancy effect in using pinyin to learn the Chinese language. Wetzels, Kester, and Van Merriënboer, (2011) used a static multimedia learning environment to teach students about the functioning of the heart.
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