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Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of Nepeta cataria

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Suhaib A. Bandh at Sri Pratap College, Cluster University of Srinagar
Suhaib A. Bandh
  • Sri Pratap College, Cluster University of Srinagar
Azra Kamili at University of Kashmir
Azra Kamili
Bashir Ahmad Ganai at University of Kashmir
Bashir Ahmad Ganai
Bashir Ahmad Lone at University of Kashmir
Bashir Ahmad Lone
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Abstract

Different concentrations ranging from 100-500mg /ml of aqueous extract of Nepeta cataria (AENC) from leaves of the plant, were subjected to antimicrobial screening by disc diffusion method against five selected bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtillis) and two fungal (Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans) strains in order to estimate the medicinal potential of the herb. The extracts were found to inhibit the growth of all the bacterial and fungal organisms tested. The extract showed maximum inhibitory effect against S. aureus, B. subtillis while as mild inhibitory effect was observed against A. flavus among the selected microbial strains. The effect produced by the different extract concentrations was comparable with the standard antibacterial agent Streptomycin sulphate and antifungal agent Nystatin, which were used as effective positive control in the study.
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Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 9. September 2011
Suhaib A. Bandh et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(9),3141-3142
3141-3142
Research Article
ISSN: 0974-6943
Available online through
www.jpronline.info
*Corresponding author.
Suhaib A. Bandh
Research Scholar
Department of Environmental Science,
University of Kashmir,
Srinaga-190006. India
Tel: +91-9858982718
E-mail: suhaibbandh@gmail.com
Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of Nepeta cataria.
Suhaib A. Bandh
1*
, Azra N. Kamili
1
, Bashir A. Ganai
2
, Bashir A. Lone
3
, Samira Saleem
1
1
Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006. India
2
Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006. India
3
Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006. India
Received on: 19-05-2011; Revised on: 08-06-2011; Accepted on:01-07-2011
ABSTRACT
Different concentrations ranging from 100-500mg /ml of aqueous extract of Nepeta cataria (AENC) from leaves of the plant, were subjected to antimicrobial
screening by disc diffusion method against five selected bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and
Bacillus subtillis) and two fungal (Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans) strains in order to estimate the medicinal potential of the herb. The extracts were found
to inhibit the growth of all the bacterial and fungal organisms tested. The extract showed maximum inhibitory effect against S. aureus, B. subtillis while as mild
inhibitory effect was observed against A. flavus among the selected microbial strains. The effect produced by the different extract concentrations was comparable
with the standard antibacterial agent Streptomycin sulphate and antifungal agent Nystatin, which were used as effective positive control in the study.
Key words: Medicinal plants, antimicrobial, bacteria, fungi, perennial herb, Kashmir
Table. 1: Antimicrobial activity of AENC in terms of zone of inhibition (mm)
Test organism Zone of Inhibition in mm Streptomycin Nystatin
Concentration of AENC in mg/ml sulphate (200 µg / ml)
200 300 400 500 (200 µg / ml)
S. aureus 5.03±0.011 14±1.20 16±1.15 20.0±0.11 22±0.57 NPC
K.pneumoniae - - 10±0.79 14±0.03 18±1.20 NPC
P.aeruginosa 3.80±0.16 4.67±0.12 8.50±0.09 10±0.33 15±0.33 NPC
E. coli - 10±0.79 13±0.57 15±0.88 22.13±0.25 NPC
B. subtillis - 8.50±0.09 13±0.57 18±0.57 28.24±0.14 NPC
A. flavus - - 5.56±0.20 10±0.79 NPC 22±0.57
C. albicans - - 8±0.33 10±0.33 NPC 18.67±0.16
Values are mean inhibition zone (mm) ± S.D of three replicates; NPC= Not taken as Positive Control
INTRODUCTION
Plants are used medicinally in different countries and are a source of many
potent and powerful drugs.
(21)
Medicinal plants are a rich source of numerous
potential antimicrobial agents. A wide range of medicinal plant parts is used
for extract of raw drugs and they possess varied medicinal properties. The
different parts used include root, stem, flower, fruit, twigs, exudates and modi-
fied plant organs. Till time hundreds of plant species have been tested for
antimicrobial properties. Considering the vast potentiality of plants as sources
Anti-bacterial Activity:
The aqueous leaf extract of Nepeta cataria was tested by the disc diffusion
Antifungal Activity:
The antifungal activity was tested by disc diffusion method.
(23)
The potato
dextrose agar plates were inoculated with each fungal culture (10 days old) by
point inoculation. The filter paper discs (5 mm in diameter) impregnated with
different concentrations of the extract were placed on test organism-seeded
plates. Nystatin (200µg/ml) was used as positive control. The activity was
determined after 72 h of incubation at 30°C. The diameters of the inhibition
zones were measured in mm.
RESULTS:
Results obtained in the present study (table. 1) revealed that the Aqueous
Extracts of Nepeta cataria (AENC) possess potential antibacterial activity as
compared to its antifungal activity. When tested by disc diffusion method the
AENC showed significant activity against S. aureus, B. subtillis, E. coli and P.
aeruginosa. The highest antibacterial activity of 20.0±0.11 mm was recorded
against S. aureus and least activity recorded against P. aeruginosa measured
10±0.33. The overall least inhibition zone diameter, 3.80±0.16 was recorded
for P. aeruginosa against a concentration of 200mg/ml AENC. The Antifungal
activity of the extract was observed at the concentration of 400mg/ml and
above with maximum inhibition zone of 10±0.79 mm against A. flavus at a
concentration of 500mg/ml and minimum inhibition zone of 5.56±0.20 mm.
For C. albicans the highest zone of inhibition measured 10±0.33 and the
lowest zone measured 8±0.33.
method.
(2)
Different concentrations of the extract were prepared. The test
microorganisms were seeded into respective medium by spread plate method
with the 24h cultures of bacterial growth in nutrient broth. After solidification
the filter paper discs (5 mm in diameter) impregnated with the extracts were
placed on test organism-seeded plates. S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa,
E. coli and B. subtillis were used for antibacterial test. Streptomycin sulphate
(200µg/ml) was used as positive control, the antibacterial assay plates were
incubated at 37°C for 24h and the diameters of the inhibition zones were
measured in mm.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material:
The leaves of Nepeta cataria were collected from Botanical Garden, Univer-
sity of Kashmir. The plant was identified by the plant taxonomy division of
the department.
for antimicrobial drugs the present study was undertaken to screen the antibac-
terial and antifungal potential of the aqueous extracts of Nepeta cataria.
Nepeta is a genus of annual or perennial herbs; belonging to the Lamiaceae
family, which includes approximately 250 species. These plants are localized
to central and southern Europe, Asia, the Middle East, northern Africa, and to
tropical mountains in Africa.
(10, 11)
Nepeta species are used as the traditional
medicine in many countries and have a large ethnobotanical effect: diuretic,
diaphoretic, vulnerary, antitussive, antispasmodic, antiasthmatic, tonic, febri-
fuge and carminative.
(10, 16)
The present study was aimed to evaluate the antimi-
crobial potential of the Nepeta species found in Kashmir.
Test organism: -
The antimicrobial activity of Nepeta cataria was assayed against five bacterial
strains Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtillis. Two fungal strain, As-
pergillus flavus and Candida albicans were also used to evaluate anti-fungal
activity.
Extraction of plant material:
Plant material was washed with distilled water, dried in shade, grinded to fine
powder and stored in airtight container at room temperature in the dark until
water following the method of Nair et al.
(15)
used.
(24)
The powdered samples were subjected to extraction using distilled
Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 9. September 2011
Suhaib A. Bandh et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(9),3141-3142
3141-3142
Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared
DISCUSSION:
The development of new and useful chemotherapeutic agents requires the raw
materials in the form of potentially useful compounds provided by plants.
Many reports are available on the antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anthel-
mintic, antimolluscal and anti-inflammatory properties of plants.
(1, 3, 4, 9, 12, 13, 17,
18, 19, 20, 22, 25,)
The present investigations revealed that, different concentrations of the
AENC were proved to be effective and concentration dependent against dif-
ferent strains of bacteria and fungi tested. The antimicrobial activity of
AENC may be related to the monoterpenoid component i.e. nepetalactone
present in the extracts confirmed by a study.
(26)
The antimicrobial effects of
the extracts could be explained by disturbance of the permeability barrier of
the bacterial membrane structure.
(5)
Indeed, recent findings revealed that tea
tree oil damages the cell membrane structure of E. coli, S. aureus and Candida
albicans.
(6)
Such a phenomenon is due to the penetration of monoterpenes
through the cell wall and cell membrane. In fact, monoterpenes are lipophilic,
and may induce the expansion of cell membranes, increases fluidity, destroy
the membrane structure and inhibit membrane embedded enzymes.
(6, 7)
The lack of antibacterial activity in some of the concentrations of the extract
is not surprising as a number of plant extracts have been found ineffective
against certain test organisms at lower concentrations and may be attributed
to the presence of lesser amounts of the antimicrobial compounds. Medicinal
plant can be poisonous if wrong plant parts or wrong concentrations are
used.
(8)
Some compounds from plants may be toxic in higher doses. Tussilagone
isolated from T. farfara is a potent cardiovascular and respiratory stimulant
but it has LD
50
in mice 28.9 mg/kg.
(14)
The presence of antifungal and antimicrobial substances in the higher plants is
well established as they have provided a source of inspiration for novel drug
compounds as plant derived medicines have made significant contribution
towards human health. Phytomedicine have been used for the treatment of
diseases as in done in cases of Unani and Ayervedic system of medicines, a
natural blueprint for the development of new drugs. Much of the exploration
and utilization of natural product as antimicrobial arise from microbial sources.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
We are thankful to the Plant Taxonomy Division of Department of Botany
for providing and identifying the plant material, Centre of Research for De-
velopment, University of Kashmir for providing the lab facilities and Sher-i-
Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura for providing the test organisms.
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Full-text available
  • Jan 2022
Botanicals are naturally occurring chemicals extracted or derived from plants or minerals used as natural therapies. Thus, sound management of insect pest by other natural insecticides has more interest and is eco-friendly to nature with less reduced negative effects on the environment. Based on the physiological activity, there are six groups of botanical insecticides, namely; repellents, feeding deterrents/antifeedants, toxicants, natural grain protectants, chemosterilants/reproduction inhibitors and insect growth, and development inhibitors. These natural botanicals have many advantages over synthetic ones and may be more cost-effective as a whole, considering the environmental cost of chemical alternatives. There is increasing both in the industry and in the scientific research for aromatic and medicinal plants because of their potential applications in medicine and plant disease control measure. The antimicrobial, antifungal and anti insecticidal properties of plant essential oils are well established against wide spectra of organisms such as fungi, bacteria and insects. These properties are mainly due to many active phytochemicals including vitamins, flavonoids, terpenoids, essential oils etc and hence they are of great importance in food industry and offer the possibility to substitute natural for synthetic preservation and other natural products.
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Lemongrass
Chapter
  • Dec 2020
Secondary metabolites (SMs) are known to have a wide range of therapeutic values. Large numbers of drugs are derived from these SMs. These naturally occurring SMs known to act as a potent source of antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and insecticidal agents. Aromatic plants are the prime source of variety of easily available SMs. Numerous classes of these SMs also act as powerful natural antioxidants. Antioxidants are the compounds that inhibit or slow down the oxidation of other molecules and help to cure the oxidative stress condition. Oxidative stress is the condition where the amount of free radicals in the body of organism exceeds the homeostatic balance of free radicals and indigenous antioxidant. This excess of free redials leads to various types of chain reactions that damage cells. These free radicals are the cause of more than hundred kinds of diseases in living beings. Cymbopogon is a genus of about 180 species of monocots grasses in a family of Poaceae (Gramineae). The species of genus Cymbopogon are rich source of naturally occurring antioxidants (such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, hydroquinone, terpenoids and fatty alcohols, etc.), and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates) is one of them. Further, the pharmacological applications of lemongrass are also well explored. Hence in the present chapter, we intend to discuss the botanical description, traditional uses, phytochemistry, antioxidant potential, health benefits, and potential economic importance of lemongrass.
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Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.): Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture and Production
Chapter
  • Oct 2020
Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.), a popular aromatic herb used as a traditional medicine is more widely recognized for its use in the pet toy industry due to the behavioral effects it elicits on cats and other felids. A major interest in catnip is also due to its repellent activity against arthropods. Essential oil of catnip is an effective repellent against several species of mosquitoes, flies, ticks, mites, and other disease vectors, with results comparable to DEET. Both the repellency to arthropods and the characteristic effects on cats are mainly attributed to nepetalactone, a bicyclic oxygenated monoterpene in the essential oil of catnip. While catnip is grown as a garden herb and in the open field for dried biomass and essential oil, the lack of improved genetic materials makes it difficult for North American growers to expand production and ensure adequate product supply. The present chapter provides an overview of the recent advances in breeding, biochemistry, production systems, biological activities and potential new uses of N. cataria and other Nepeta species in North America.
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Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal Plant Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn.
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2009
The crude extracts from leaf and stem of Cardiospermum halicacabum in different solvent, were subjected to pharmacognostic and fluorescence analysis, phytochemical and antimicrobial screening against selected Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Acetone, alcohol, benzene, chloroform and aqueous extracts of leaf and stem were used for phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity. Phytochemical studies indicated that the leaf and stem contain a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites. Phenol, tannins and saponins were predominantly found in all the five tested solvent extracts of leaf followed by steroids, sugars, flavonoids and terpenoids (Benzene and acetone). Like wise, phenol, tannin, amino acids were predominantly found in all the tested solvent extracts of the stem. Triperpenoids were not found in any of the solvent extracts of stem. All the extracts showed varying degree of inhibitory potential against all the tested bacteria. Acetone and chloroform extracts of leaf had higher inhibitory action against Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus subtilis respectively. Acetone extracts of stem showed maximum inhibitory action against S. typhi and benzene extracts of stem had moderate inhibitory action against Escherichia coli. Key words: Cardiospermum halicacabum, Fluorescence characteristics, Pharmacognostic studies, Phytochemical screening, Antibacterial activity Maluventhan Viji and Sangu Murugesan. Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal Plant Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. . J Phytol 2/1 (2010) 68-77.
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Enumeration of Antibacterial Activity of Few Medicinal Plants by Bioassay Method
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2010
The present study was aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of some common locally available plants, in order to estimate the biological potential of these herbs. The alcoholic extract of Tagetes erecta L (Asteraceae), Argemone mexicana L (Papavaraceae), Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae) and Tylophora indica (Burm.f.) Merr. (Asclepiadaceae) were evaluated for antibacterial activity using broth dilution bioassay method. It is clear from the results that, the extracts of these plants acts as a good source of antibiotics against various bacterial pathogens tested and exhibited broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. These plant extracts were shown to be moderate to maximum inhibitory effect against different bacterial forms such as Salmonella typhii, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, where as, mild to moderate activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of these studies revealed most valuable information and also support the continued sustainable use of these plants in traditional systems of medicine.
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Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Nepeta parnassica Oils and Isolated Nepetalactones
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2014
  • Z NATURFORSCH C
Essential oils of Nepeta parnassica, collected at different developmental stages, were analyzed by means of GC/MS. From the fifty-five identified constituents in samples A and B, representing 94.8% and 98.7% of the oils respectively, 4a(alpha),7alpha,7alpha(beta)-nepetalactone (22.0%), 1,8-cineole (21.1%), alpha-pinene (9.5%) and 4a(alpha),7,beta,7alpha(beta)-nepetalactone (7.9%) were the major components of sample A (vegetative stage), whereas in sample B (flowering stage) the main contributors were 1,8-cineole (34.6%), 4a(alpha),7alpha,7a(alpha)-nepetalactone (17.3%), alpha-pinene (11.4%) and 4a(alpha),7alpha,7alpha(beta)-nepetalactone (8.9%). The oils were tested on human health important insects such as the Pogonomyrmex sp. ants and the Culex pipiens molestus mosquitoes with promising results on insect repellency/toxicity.
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The essentials oils and antimicrobial activity of four Nepeta species from Morocco
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2008
  • J MED PLANTS RES
The chemical composition of essential oils (EO) isolated from four Nepeta species (Nepeta atlantica Ball, Nepeta tuberosa L. subsp reticulata (Desf.) Maire, Nepeta cataria L., Nepeta granatensis Boiss) were characterized and the antibacterial activity tested. Chemical analyses indicated that the major component of these EO was the sterioisomere 4a-α, 7-α, 7a-β β β β-nepetalactone which represented more than 70% of oils from N. atlantica, N. tuberosa, N. cataria and 39.4% of oils from N. granatensis. The EO from N. atlantica, N. tuberosa, and N. cataria presented comparable antibacterial activity against tested bacteria. Statistical analysis indicated that S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and E. coli (ATCC 25922) strains were the most sensitive to the EO (MICs ranged from 4.37 to 16.25 µL/mL), these strains were more sensitive than clinically isolated E. coli, S. aureus and S. enteritidis and P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) strains. The EO from N. granatensis contained low nepetalactone concentrations and showed relatively poor antibacterial activity against tested bacteria (MICs ranged from 22.50 to 80.00 µL/mL). These results indicate that the antibacterial activity of EO from the Nepeta genus depends on their chemical composition and suggests that nepetalactone plays an important role in antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus strains, two microorganisms which cause morbidity and mortality worldwide.
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Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2009
  • AFR J PHARM PHARMACO
The antibacterial activities of essential oils from leaves of two Eucalyptus species (globulus and camaldulensis) was determined against Staphylococcus aureus Gram (+) and Escherichia coli Gram (-) bacteria. The inhibiting activity was evaluated by three methods: aromatogramme, microatmosphere and germs in suspension. Results demonstrated of the leaf essential oils of the two species showed an excellent inhibitory effect on S. aureus than that of E. coli. These data would indicate the potential usefulness of the two Eucalyptus species as a microbiostatic, antiseptic or as disinfectant agent.
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Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden. Et Scheng
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2009
  • AFR J MICROBIOL RES
The present study was designed to examine in vitro antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the essential oil of Cyclotrichium niveum. The major constituents of the essential oil were determined as pulegone (50.46%) and iso-menthone (34.53%). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was also tested against gram-positive and -negative bacteria and fungus using a disc-diffusion method and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. The oil showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. The essential oil exhibited also, strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans.
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Plant intoxications - Is there a risk from herbal preparations
Article
  • Jan 1999
Physiologically highly efficient herbal substances may cause poisoning if >>off-the-menu<< plants or parts of the plants are eaten; even skin contact may cause hazards. In their isolated pure form or as components of standardised extracts, these substances are also used as medicine, while herbal drugs containing this kind of compounds are obsolete due to their inaccurate dosage. Unwanted side effects may also be caused by phytopharmaceuticals prepared from officinal plants which otherwise are listed under positive monographs - albeit to a smaller degree than synthetically produced drugs or pure substances isolated from plants.
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Some medicinal properties of Cussonia and Schefflera species used in traditional medicine
Article
  • Feb 2002
  • S AFR J BOT
Ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Cussonia spicata, C. paniculata and Schefflera umbellifera were screened for anti-bacterial, anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activities. Root and bark extracts of C. spicata showed anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in the disc-diffusion assay. All species inhibited cyclooxygenase in the cyclooxygenase-1 assay. S. umbellifera ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts inhibited Plasmodium falciparum, a malaria-causing agent, in an in vitro assay. The results obtained rationalised the use of the three selected species of Araliaceae for specific types of diseases in traditional medicine.
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