Introduction to Social Network Methods
Abstract
introduction to social networks, interesting the centrality chapter.
... Connectivity is a network-wide characteristic determined by its edges and their directionality. Edge direction represents the reciprocity (or non-reciprocity) of a relationship or communication produced by affinity, necessity, or the very structure of the real-world communication required in a specific situation [26]. Not all connections within a social network involve exchange; directed connections from one person to another can be unidirectional and represented by a directed edge. ...
... The relationships observed between nodes in a network at a given time can be considered as probabilistic outcomes of underlying network processes [32]. When the distribution of vertex properties is described statistically, the principles of central tendency and dispersion apply in the same way as they do to other variables [26]. ...
... Generally, high connectivity between nodes is observed, indicating that information does reach network members [26]. The overall connectivity in seven of the nine companies is high, with values above 0.70. ...
This study explores communication structures in construction design offices using social network analysis (SNA) to compare directed and undirected networks. The objective is to understand how these network types influence hierarchy, information flow, and collaboration within small design teams. Data were collected from nine construction design offices, constructing both directed and undirected networks based on survey responses. Various graph theory metrics, including clustering coefficient, network diameter, centrality, and connectivity, were analyzed to assess communication efficiency. The results show that directed networks emphasize hierarchical structures with limited reciprocal exchanges, while undirected networks confirm mutual interactions, fostering collaboration. Despite variations in size, most networks exhibit small-world properties, indicating that key individuals act as bridges, ensuring effective communication. These findings highlight that network structure, rather than size, plays a crucial role in team coordination. This study contributes to Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) research by providing insights into optimizing team dynamics, balancing hierarchical control with flexible collaboration, and improving project management strategies. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-02 Full Text: PDF
... The size and structure of a social network are influenced by the direct and indirect connections individuals have with one another, shaping the flow of resources within the network and ultimately impacting entrepreneurial outcomes (Hoang and Yi, 2015). Network theory utilizes metrics such as degree centrality and betweenness centrality to measure network centrality (Hanneman and Riddle, 2005). Degree centrality quantifies the number of ties an entrepreneur has with other actors in the EE, indicating the extent of their network connections (Hanneman and Riddle, 2005). ...
... Network theory utilizes metrics such as degree centrality and betweenness centrality to measure network centrality (Hanneman and Riddle, 2005). Degree centrality quantifies the number of ties an entrepreneur has with other actors in the EE, indicating the extent of their network connections (Hanneman and Riddle, 2005). Similarly, betweenness centrality measures the bridging capacity of an entrepreneur, indicating their position as a critical node connecting others in the EE who can provide vital resources (Freeman, 1979). ...
... It measures the level of connectivity of entrepreneurs or stakeholders and acts as a gatekeeping and control of information in a network (Freeman, 1979). A high level of betweenness centrality denotes better connecting capacity in the ecosystem and thus represents a measure for bridging networks Collaboration of networks (Abbasi et al., 2012); Women entrepreneurs (Neumeyer et al., 2019); Sustainable business models, venture typologies (Neumeyer and Santos, 2018) Source(s): Hanneman and Riddle (2005) 2.5.1 Effect of network centrality and resource acquisition. Entrepreneurs in low-income countries like Nepal grapple with weak institutions and scarce resources. ...
Purpose
Our study explores the relations of formal and informal network ties in acquiring financial, knowledge and human resources from a social network theory perspective in a low-income country’s entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) marked by institutional voids and limited resources.
Design/methodology/approach
We collect network data on 154 Nepalese entrepreneurs to unravel the resource acquisition dynamics stemming from formal and informal network ties. We analyze the data using social network analysis and node-level regression.
Findings
Our findings reveal the critical relationship between formal and informal networks in resource acquisition for entrepreneurs in low-income countries with limited resources. The utilization of formal and informal network ties depends on the institutional context and the availability of resources. Entrepreneurs utilize formal network ties to bridge networks and informal network ties to establish interconnected relationships. Entrepreneurs employ both ties within a strong institutional presence, leading to higher network centrality. Conversely, weak institutional structures result in scattered and fragmented networks.
Originality/value
Our study fills a gap in the literature by examining the relationship between entrepreneurs’ formal and informal network ties for resource acquisition in a resource-scarce, low-income country context. We highlight the significance of networks and offer valuable empirical insights using social network analysis, making our study unique and methodologically informative.
... Nadel pioneered the systematic study of individual roles and statuses within social networks. Nowadays, it is common for textbooks on social network analysis to include a section on role extraction or block modelling, see e.g., [6,17,33]. ...
... The value σ(i, j) is conveniently stored in the (i, j) entry of an associated matrix, henceforth denoted S and called similarity matrix. Various node similarity measures have been introduced in the literature, see e.g., [4,23,28] and the ample reviews included in the PhD theses of Arnaud Browet [7] and Thomas Cason [9], but they are essentially derived by quantifying one of two kinds of node equivalence criteria: structural equivalence and regular equivalence [17,33]. Similarity measures based on structural equivalence are based in the immediate neighborhood of a node and yield explicit formulas for the similarity matrix. ...
... On the other hand, using again (17) and the identities P = ΘΘ T P and Q = ΘΘ T Q, we also have ...
The nodes in a network can be grouped into 'roles' based on similar connection patterns. This is usually achieved by defining a pairwise node similarity matrix and then clustering rows and columns of this matrix. This paper presents a new similarity matrix for solving role extraction problems in directed networks, which is defined as the solution of a matrix equation and computes node similarities based on random walks that can proceed along the link direction and in the opposite direction. The resulting node similarity measure performs remarkably in role extraction tasks on directed networks with heterogeneous node degree distributions.
... A fully connected network would have a density value of 1.00. Therefore, the density of a social network provides information regarding the connectedness of collaborators (e.g., at the level of countries in our case; Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). It is important to note that network density is only one metric of network connectedness and is not an exhaustive metric of network performance and connectedness. ...
... More formally, it refers to the maximum number of countries that are connected to the highest degree possible within the network. In this way, cliques demonstrate relationships INTERNATIONAL COAUTHORSHIP NETWORK 3 between groups of countries that are connected to every other actor within the clique itself (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). A clique's composition can vary greatly, and the formation of subgroups typically depends on the degree of cultural similarities and/or accessibility between the identified countries. ...
... Beyond the findings reported for JPI herein, a review of authors and samples in six prominent American Psychological Association journals found that U.S.-based authors had the most contributions, and most of the samples were U.S.-based (Arnett, 2008). Considering Hanneman and Riddle's (2005) observation that highly connected countries, such as the United States, can be expected to be more influential and more readily influenced by others, the onus of responsibility for initiating international dialogues for collaboration may rest with U.S.-based scholars who may be more actively publishing in U.S.-based English-printed journals. Empirical identification of cliques within JPI's published articles further underscores this responsibility. ...
The Journal of Psychotherapy Integration (JPI) has a focus on the internationalization of ideas on psychotherapy integration. To better understand the extent to which published psychotherapy integration scholarship is infused by different cultural perspectives inducive from international collaboration present in this journal, as well as to develop strategies for increasing such collaboration in the future, social network analysis techniques were applied to issues of JPI from 1991 to 2018. The density of international collaborations was tracked over time, and instances of international collaboration were identified within the social network. Analyses found that most published articles in JPI were conducted by authors with U.S. affiliations and that the possible network of international coauthorship is underutilized. The degree of international collaboration did not significantly increase across the period examined. However, the instances of international collaboration on publications in JPI are similar or better than reported in social network analysis of international publications in two comparable journals over the same period. Challenges and strategies for increasing international collaboration are discussed.
... People who interact with one another, share common activities or even possess similar demographic profiles can form a social network. Overall, the concept of a social network is quite simple and can be described as a finite set of individuals, by sociologists called actors, who are the nodes of the network, and ties that are the linkages between them [1], [11], [14], [17], [48]. In other words, social network indicates the ways in which actors are related. ...
... Several measurements can be applied to investigate the number and the quality of the relationships within the network. The crucial techniques currently used to identify the structure of a social network are: full network method, snowball method, and ego centric methods [17]. The analysis of various structural metrics for social networks together with respect to their application in recommender systems was presented in [40]. ...
... There exist several measures to estimate the similarity between two layers. For valued relations, we can use Pearson correlation coefficient, Euclidean, Manhattan, or squared distance, whereas for binary relations, the Jaccard or Hamming measures can be utilized [17]. ...
All online sharing systems gather data that reflects users' collective behaviour and their shared activities. This data can be used to extract different kinds of relationships, which can be grouped into layers, and which are basic components of the multidimensional social network proposed in the paper. The layers are created on the basis of two types of relations between humans, i.e. direct and object-based ones which respectively correspond to either social or semantic links between individuals. For better understanding of the complexity of the social network structure, layers and their profiles were identified and studied on two, spanned in time, snapshots of the Flickr population. Additionally, for each layer, a separate strength measure was proposed. The experiments on the Flickr photo sharing system revealed that the relationships between users result either from semantic links between objects they operate on or from social connections of these users. Moreover, the density of the social network increases in time. The second part of the study is devoted to building a social recommender system that supports the creation of new relations between users in a multimedia sharing system. Its main goal is to generate personalized suggestions that are continuously adapted to users' needs depending on the personal weights assigned to each layer in the multidimensional social network. The conducted experiments confirmed the usefulness of the proposed model.
... Indicators and visualizations based on social network analysis are used in this research (for a detailed explanation about social network metrics and technical procedures, see HANNEMAN & RIDDLE, 2005). Previous studies [KIM & AL., 2006;LEYDESDORFF, 2005;PARK & AL., 2005;PARK & LEYDESDORFF, 2008] have shown that the structural pattern of citations among a set of authors, articles, or journals can be better examined using a network perspective. ...
... This section employs techniques from social network analysis that can be used to examine the sub-structures of a network, based on both the direct and indirect citation relations among journals. "Component analysis" enables the researcher to identify where an entire network is divided [HANNEMAN & RIDDLE, 2005]. ...
... Four of these isolates (Food & Drug Law Journal, Language Learning & Technology, Political Science, and Text & Talk) did not receive any citations from any other journal in the network. Additionally, "bi-component" analysis was used to find the so-called, key weak node in a network [HANNEMAN & RIDDLE, 2005]. If the Journal of Communication were removed, Language Learning & Technology would become completely isolated in the network. ...
This research analyzes a "who cites whom" matrix in terms of aggregated, journal-journal citations to determine the location of communication studies on the academic spectrum. Using the Journal of Communication as the seed journal, the 2006 data in the Journal Citation Reports are used to map communication studies. The results show that social and experimental psychology journals are the most frequently used sources of information in this field. In addition, several journals devoted to the use and effects of media and advertising are weakly integrated into the larger communication research community, whereas communication studies are dominated by American journals.
... Existe una serie de métricas para entender los grafos y los nodos, que permiten determinar la importancia y el rol de un nodo. Las más usadas se clasifican en métricas de centralidad y poder, y métricas de grupos [13]. ...
... El análisis del conjunto de datos obtenidos en la fase anterior se mejoró con la visualización de la red utilizando la herramienta Gephi versión 0.10.1. Para ello, primero fue necesario adaptar los datos en R a un formato importable [13]. En Gephi se requiere de exportar dos archivos en formato CVS, uno con las 30 páginas de fans (nodos) y otro con la matriz de adyacencia que representaba las direcciones de las aristas del grafo como relaciones entre los nodos. ...
... Los resultados presentan un modelo de grafos exponiendo una nueva visión del método de mapeo, especialmente en recursos humanos, para aumentar el potencial del talento digital en un servicio público a partir de los resultados de la medición de centralidad. En el estudio de Hanneman y Riddle[13], se muestra una variante del método de Tang, utilizando algoritmos de detección de comunidades unidimensionales, como una alternativa del algoritmo k-means para el agrupamiento. De esta forma, es posible medir la calidad del grafo final calculando la superposición promedio entre las partes. ...
Social network analysis is a method that allows the identification and examination of structures of various types of data, objects, or user groups, as well as the interactions created by a community and the relationships that exist between them. To characterize the virtual community of a higher education institution, the Fruchterman-Reingold, Yifan Hu, and Noverlap algorithms were applied using the Gephi tool for the analysis and modeling of 30 Facebook fan pages dedicated to the promotion of culture and the dissemination of science. The results show a relationship with the direction and number of edges for each of the 30 nodes for each algorithm applied. The focus of the analysis provided information about the dynamics of the virtual university community, allowing a visual understanding of how members connect and communicate within the Facebook social network.
... Inviting all members of a particular population is known as a boundedsaturated approach (or full network census; see Borgatti et al., 2018;Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). This approach has been used regularly in network research in schools-for example, in studies of advice seeking (Sinnema et al., 2021), data use (Farley-Ripple & Buttram, 2015), and curriculum implementation (Hopkins et al., 2017). ...
... This approach has been used regularly in network research in schools-for example, in studies of advice seeking (Sinnema et al., 2021), data use (Farley-Ripple & Buttram, 2015), and curriculum implementation (Hopkins et al., 2017). When combined with high response rates, this approach produces valid information that provides a thorough picture of the relationships within a network (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005;Scott, 2000). ...
Inclusive education is vital for the rights of all children to education to be met and teacher aides are key players in inclusive education efforts. But inclusive education policy aspirations, like other policies, often fail to be fully realised. In this article we focus on the inclusion of teacher aides in educational networks and the extent to which both teacher aides and teachers can access, borrow, and leverage each other's resources. Our investigation drew on social capital theory and social network analysis to provide insights into this aspect of inclusive education. We administered a social network survey to 701 educators in two communities of learning—comprising four and eight schools respectively. Our analysis involved whole network statistics, analysis of TA-inclusive dyads, centrality measures, statistical tests of the centrality measures, core-periphery analyses, and sociograms. We found that patterns of relational activity between TAs and other educators were low; connections (of any kind) were infrequent. While teacher aides were accessible to others from a network perspective, people did not directly access them. They were, despite policy aspirations to the contrary, rarely considered valued sources of knowledge and expertise or identified as collaborators. In most schools, teacher aides were on the periphery of the network. It is clear that ambitious and well-intentioned inclusive education policies are not yet working as intended. We argue for the vital contribution of the relational space—the relational ties amongst teachers and teacher aides— to realizing inclusive education goals. In turn, we argue for educational leadership focused on belonging and inclusion not only for students, but also for all of the adults who support inclusive education aspirations in school communities.
... SNA uses several statistical and graph techniques to model relationships among actors in a network (see Borgatti et al., 2018;Hanneman & Riddle, 2005;Knoke & Yang, 2019;Knoke & Yang, 2019;Wasserman & Faust, 1994). An important measure for the case of participation in urban development planning is the centrality of actors in the network. ...
... By systematically analysing the network structure and its composition, decision-makers can gain a deeper understanding of how different actors with distinct positions in the network contain power that can affect the formulation and implementation of policies either positively or negatively. SNA provides methods for calculating the direction of relations in a network, which further helps determine who is powerful and who is not (Hanneman, & Riddle, 2005). This can also assist decision-makers in strategically positioning themselves within the network, leveraging their position, and maximising their power to effectively engage with citizens. ...
Citizen participation is essential in urban development, but existing participation methods often neglect the complex informal relationships among stakeholders, limiting broader engagement. This study uses a narrative review to explore how relational approaches and social network analysis (SNA) affect participation in urban planning. It proposes an analytical framework combining relational approaches and SNA to understand the role of social interactions in decision-making. Unlike traditional methods that focus on individual or group attributes, SNA emphasizes social connections and interactions. The study shows how urban development decision-makers can use SNA to foster inclusive practices, improve coordination, and build trust between planners and residents. SNA enables better information flow, addresses power imbalances, and enhances community representation, especially for marginalised groups. This approach leads to more resilient and equitable urban environments. The findings suggest that urban planners can use SNA to design more inclusive decision-making processes, aligning with the sustainable development goals.
... Sosyal ağ analizinde ağın yapısını anlamak için bağlantılardan yola çıkarak yapılan inceleme çalışması sonucunda, aktörlerin konumları ve bağlantı dereceleri, ağın büyüklük ve yoğunluğu, ağdaki gruplaşmalar hakkında bilgiler elde etmek mümkündür (Hanneman ve Riddle, 2005). Ağ düzeneği çalışmalarında, birimler arasında belirlenen ilişkiler, veri analizi sürecinde bir matrise dizilerek işleme sokulmaktadır (Borgatti ve diğerleri, 2002). ...
... Bu yaygın yöntem, bir matris üzerinde aktörler arasında ilişkinin var olması durumunda 1, ilişkinin olmaması durumunda 0 değerinin verilerek ağ düzeneğinin ortaya çıkarılmasını sağlar (Hanneman ve Riddle, 2005). Ancak yaygın olarak 0-1 gibi değerler vermek yerine ağırlıklandırılmış puanların verilmesi yoluyla çok daha anlamlı bulgulara ulaşılabildiği de yazında görülmektedir. ...
Türk İşletme gruplarında yaygın olarak görülen ortak yönetim kurulu üyeliklerinin mevcut ağ yapılarını incelenmiştir. Sosyal ağ analizi kullanılarak Türk İşletme Gruplarındaki ortak yönetim kurulu üyeliklerinin mevcut profili ortaya konulmuştur.
... Within each network, the entrepreneur informant is referred to as ego, while all other actors in the network are referred to as alters (Borgatti et al., 2018). Network density is measured between 0 and 1, with 1 showing the highest density indicating all possible ties present (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005;Marsden, 1990). Network size gives the total number of actors in a network, while number of ties indicates connections among all actors (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). ...
... Network density is measured between 0 and 1, with 1 showing the highest density indicating all possible ties present (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005;Marsden, 1990). Network size gives the total number of actors in a network, while number of ties indicates connections among all actors (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). Tie strength is measured on a scale of 1 to 5 with 5 being the strongest. ...
... The distribution of connections around source/target actors is linked to network dynamism and can be described at the actor level via degree centrality measures (Freeman, 1978). Major sources and major targets display, respectively, high out-degree (high number of outgoing edges) and high in-degree (high number of incoming edges) centrality (Hanneman and Riddle, 2005). Out-degree centrality supports the identification of opinion leaders, who actively generate exchange relationships. ...
... Out-degree and in-degree centrality show, respectively, the extent to which nodes can generate (givers) or receive (takers) flows. When out-degree exceeds in-degree, nodes act predominantly as givers rather than takers, and the other way around (Hanneman and Riddle, 2005). The ability of network nodes to act as gatekeepers can be evaluated via the calculation of betweenness centrality, i.e. the extent to which a node enables shortest paths between other network nodes (Freeman, 1978). ...
Governance networks, made of diversified and multidisciplinary actors, have a prominent role in the development and implementation of actions for agri-food system transformation that foster both farm-level and societal change, as in the case of agroecology transitions. This article aims at delivering a typology of governance networks, building on evidence from across Europe. By adopting a governance network theory perspective, a multiple case study is developed through participatory research, by characterising the emerging governance networks from transition actions at different levels in the pathway towards agroecological redesign. Three types of governance networks are identified. Adoption networks develop from early-stage actions in the agroecology transition pathway, to facilitate the shift from conventional to more sustainable farming practices. Positioning networks emerge from actions to create a demand for agroecologically produced food, through the development of marketing strategies and the creation of market channels. Amplification networks are the closest to agroecological redesign, originating from actions structured towards participatory planning and the development and reinforcement of diversity and trans-disciplinarity. Advisory services play a key role in all three types, by fostering knowledge diffusion and exchange, as well as by developing trust among farmers and encouraging cooperation, including conflict management. The role of advisory services for agroecology could be strengthened further through targeted policy. Measures to sustain multi-actor cooperation have the potential to create these conditions by developing and exploiting synergies between and within value chains, and with other relevant actors, including consumers.
... It conducts a social network analysis (SNA; e.g., Borgatti et al., 2013;Hanneman & Riddle, 2005) to identify key information providers and brokers (i.e., actors that connect disparate parts of the network; Meyer, 2010) and complements this analysis with information from in-depth interviews and participant observation to understand where vulnerabilities in the knowledge system exist and how they could be addressed. In that manner, the article contributes to debates among researchers from the MCO community as well as to the Ocean and Society • 2025 • Volume 2 • Article 8891 social science fields interested in opening the black box of academic knowledge production (Latour, 1987). ...
... SNA is a useful method to do so, as it investigates social systems by looking at the relationships between different actors (see Borgatti et al., 2013;Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). It has been applied to various fields within the social sciences, including scientific collaborations and information exchange (e.g., Hatala & Lutta, 2009;Kardes et al., 2014;Long et al., 2015). ...
Marine carbon observations (MCOs) provide essential data to trace historical and current changes in marine carbon storage and fluxes that ultimately feed into the Global Carbon Budget and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report. Therefore, MCOs play a key role in informing global climate policy as well as ocean governance. However, they only achieve this potential if multiple sources of observations are combined and analyzed jointly. This implies an immense coordination effort by the international MCO community which developed, e.g., joint standards for the collection of (meta‐)data, quality control processes, data platforms, etc. This article traces the value chain of MCOs, concretely for CO2, from data collection to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report. Based on an interdisciplinary research project, the study illuminates which structures and practices the marine carbon community has developed to integrate different observations and measurement technologies, starting from German research institutes and agencies and expanding to the European and international networks to which they contribute. Combining a social network analysis with qualitative insights from in‐depth interviews, the article identifies key information providers and brokers and pinpoints systemic vulnerabilities, e.g., where connections between observation networks or data platforms are maintained based on personal relationships or ad‐hoc interactions rather than automated data submissions, or where temporally limited third party funding threatens the continued existence of the observation network.
... Приклади подальшого застосування визначених математичних методів та моделей надають інноваційні відомості з практики дослідження міжнародних ситуацій і процесів для встановлення взаємозв'язків між суб'єктами міжнародних відносин, виявлення не очевидних ресурсів та можливостей взаємодії на міжнародній арені, прогнозування майбутніх станів та перевірки гіпотез про ймовірні сценарії розвитку ситуації й можливі сценарії дій [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. ...
... Дослідження запропонованої моделі соціальних відносин проводилися в середовищі MATLAB [5,6]. ...
Modern approaches to the study of mathematical modeling methods make it possible to consider society as a complex system andto apply methods tested primarily in the varieties of the development of scientific fields. It should be noted that approaches that arebased on the application of exact methods and mathematical formalism, for example, simulation modeling, in fact, can give mostlyqualitative conclusions, which is due to the multi-parameter nature of socio-legal models. An analysis of the state of modeling inthe social and legal spheres shows that it is entering a stage of growth throughout the world. The understanding of the importance ofthis direction is growing both on the part of the scientific community and on the part of practical sociology, jurisprudence andeconomics. A community of people with relationships between them is modeled as a directed graph with weighted vertices andarcs. There are groups of mutual influence, leaders, outsiders, the degrees of influence of some people on others are calculated.
... A partir de lo anterior, se analiza la cantidad de enlaces que un actor (o nodo de la red) posee para determinar su prominencia o prestigio. Esto es, la relevancia de un actor se define desde los vínculos que posee, lo que refleja su influjo en la red y cómo podría ello determinar las pautas de relación, junto con la concentración del poder entre el conjunto de actores (Hanneman 2005). ...
Resumen Este articulo busca identificar las características de las relaciones de la red de actores involucrados en la etapa de preparación para la gestión de desastres. Se toma como caso de estudio la ciudad de Manizales, en Colombia. Se realiza una caracterización mediante la aplicación de la metodología de análisis de redes sociales para evaluar las relaciones entre los actores. Los resultados obtenidos permiten evidenciar una red que cuenta con procesos estable-cidos, donde se comparte información entre todos los participantes, tiene canales formales de comunicación y la entidad que representa el gobierno local es el actor central y más relevante. Los indicadores calculados muestran que la red cuenta con el 61% de las conexiones posibles entre los actores, en la que cada actor tiene, en promedio, 5.5 vínculos establecidos con los demás actores que constituyen la red. En términos individuales, se destaca que existen dos actores que envían información a 9 de los 10 actores de la red, y se consideran los más influyentes, mientras que otros dos actores sólo comparten relaciones con 4 actores. Esta metodología tiene el potencial de replicarse a otras etapas de la logística humanitaria, así como en otras regiones con distintas características. Palabras claves: Logística humanitaria, preparación de desastres, análisis de redes sociales, caso de estudio. Abstract This article seeks to identify the characteristics of the relationships of the network of actors involved in the preparedness stage of disaster management. The city of Manizales, Colombia, is taken as a case study. A characterization is made by applying the methodology of social network analysis to evaluate the relationships among the actors. The results obtained show that the network has established processes, where information is shared among all participants, has formal communication channels, and the entity representing the local government is the central and most relevant actor. The calculated indicators show that the network has 61% of the possible connections among the actors, where each actor has an average of 5.5 links with the other actors that constitute the network. Individually, it is highlighted that there are two actors that share information to 9 of the 10 actors in the network, and they are considered the most influential compared to two actors that only share relationships with 4 actors. This methodology has the potential to be replicated to other stages of humanitarian logistics, as well as in other regions with different characteristics.
... It reflects the extent of a node's connectivity and influence. The concept is based on the premise that nodes with more connections possess greater autonomy, dominance, and opportunities within the network [36]. A highly connected city can assume a strategic position, potentially evolving into a central hub that facilitates access to other cities. ...
Amid global challenges like COVID-19 and trade wars, resilient logistics networks are crucial. The China Railway Express (CRE) offers a sustainable alternative to sea and air transport, supporting China’s national logistics strategy and strengthening links between China and Europe. This study applies a three-stage Social Network Analysis (SNA) to CRE using a “point–line–network” approach. It evaluates city logistics with the entropy weight method, modifies the gravity model to assess intercity logistical gravity, and constructs a weighted network to analyze centrality evolution through SNA. The results show that cities such as Zhengzhou, Wuhan, and Chongqing have emerged as central logistics hubs, benefiting from strategic investments in infrastructure and multimodal systems. However, regional disparities persist, with cities like Harbin, Lanzhou, and Urumqi facing challenges in integration due to infrastructure deficits and geographic constraints. Furthermore, inefficiencies in border logistics, inconsistent customs procedures, and limited multimodal integration hinder the CRE’s potential. Addressing these challenges through infrastructure investment, unified customs standards, multimodal hub development, and advanced technologies like IoT and blockchain is crucial for enhancing connectivity and competitiveness. The findings offer actionable recommendations for policymakers, logistics firms, and researchers, contributing to the sustainable optimization of the CRE within global supply chains.
... Para a análise das cocitações, foram criadas as redes utilizando o VOSviewer®. Trata-se de uma técnica que permite examinar as configurações estruturais com os componentes, a densidade, os grupamentos (clusters) e as centralidades (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). A análise de cocitação revela quando 2 ou mais documentos ou autores são citados juntos em uma pesquisa posterior, indicando proximidade de tema, conceito e/ou método entre os trabalhos citados. ...
Este artigo apresenta resultados de um levantamento bibliométrico conduzido em torno do tema “liderança 4.0/digital”, com o intuito de caracterizar as publicações na área a partir de diversos indicadores. Pretendeu-se oferecer um panorama do estado da arte das pesquisas sobre liderança 4.0/ digital. Os resultados apontam que liderança 4.0/digital é um tema contemporâneo (2016 a 2023), com tendência de crescimento. Quanto à origem das publicações, os dados indicam elevada dispersão em termos de países e instituições, sem um cluster que concentra parte significativa dos trabalhos. Os achados revelam ainda que liderança digital é um construto associado ao contexto e apontam o forte interesse dos estudos no impacto da liderança digital na capacidade da empresa de se adaptar a ambientes dinâmicos.
... Content Network Analysis-CNA CNA was selected to systematically identify and visualize the connections between key stakeholders, practices, and the impacts of social innovation [39]. CNA evaluates how innovations are disseminated, identifies the key stakeholders involved in their implementation, and highlights the themes and concepts that dominate academic and practical discourses on sustainable social innovation. ...
This study focuses on the importance of social innovation in addressing socioeconomic and environmental challenges, as it fosters systemic change and resilience. This study places social innovations in the context of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and focuses on their potential to create inclusive and sustainable solutions. Using mixed research methods, 400 highly cited articles published between 2014 and 2024 were analyzed. With respect to the results, a thematic analysis identified key mechanisms such as participative governance, stakeholder engagement, and the inclusion of digital technologies as critical success factors. An impact analysis highlighted the important social, environmental, and economic benefits of green innovation and blockchain initiatives. In contrast, a trend analysis revealed the growing alignment between theoretical advances and practical implementations. This analysis also highlighted the importance of adaptability to local contexts, including marginalized groups, and using interdisciplinary approaches.
... Degree centrality measures the number of connections a node has, providing insights into the importance or influence of certain indices within the network. This method highlights key indices through visual representation, where the node size indicates its level of interaction with other indices [33]. A total of 389 edges were identified for the evaluation matrix, and the network visualizations were generated accordingly, as illustrated in Figure 3. Based on the results derived from the implementation of the Relative Usage Index (RUI) and Social Network Analysis (SNA) methods, the sub-indices STI, QI1, and QI3 have the highest RUI values and degree of centrality. ...
The general contractor (GC)–subcontractor (SC) relationship is a crucial aspect of construction supply chain management, heavily influencing project outcomes. This study investigates a method for assessing SC performance and underscores its essential role in construction projects. Traditionally, SC assessments are based on subjective evaluations, which can lead to biased decision-making. To counter this, this study introduces a comprehensive framework that employs objective indices and a systematic evaluation method. The study begins with a comprehensive literature review and expert consultations to identify key indices for SC evaluation: time, cost, quality, safety, resources, satisfaction, and leadership. A hybrid method combining Monte Carlo simulation and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed to assign weights to these indices through the development of probability distributions, thereby reducing judgment uncertainty. The developed evaluation model incorporates normalization and a linear additive utility model (LAUM) to calculate a performance index (PI) that quantifies SC performance across various levels, from outstanding to poor. The normalization process is applied with three tolerance levels (high, medium, and low). A real case study with a three-scenario sensitivity analysis demonstrates the model’s effectiveness. This approach provides general contractors with a more objective and transparent assessment process, minimizing bias in evaluations.
... Following Krackhardt (1999), Dekker (2006) and Tasselli and Kilduff (2018), we define a Simmelian broker as one who connects at least two cliques such that (i) only the broker is directly connected to any member of each clique; and (ii) within each clique all members are reciprocally tied to each other. In network analysis, a clique is the maximum number of actors who have all possible ties present among themselves (Hanneman and Riddle, 2005). We used the "clique indicator" function in UCINET (Borgatti et al., 2002) to identify all cliques in the network. ...
In organizations, idea elaboration calls for employees to work with inner-circle coworkers, who may be embedded in separate network cliques. Theories are inconclusive concerning how brokerage position between separate cliques will affect the elaboration and improvement of embryonic ideas. In three studies of R&D scientists and medical professionals in various field settings, we first explored and found that being the sole shared member of separate cliques (i.e., Simmelian brokerage) undermines the quantity and quality of elaborated ideas. To explain this finding, we suggest that the Simmelian brokerage position begets a multi-insider trap: while the idea elaborators benefit from obtaining non-redundant feedback across separate cliques, they also encounter the challenge of selecting, aligning, and integrating potentially conflicting feedback. To investigate a boundary condition, we then explored the role of tertius iungens orientation; i.e., the tendency to bring people together with an inclusive mindset to incorporate divergent perspectives. Prior research suggests that this can reduce both the advantages and disadvantages of brokerage positions. Results show that Simmelian brokerage's detrimental effect is mitigated for people with a higher level of tertius iungens orientation. Overall, this exploratory research identifies a pitfall for innovators who are the sole shared member of separate network cliques, and illuminates who might best navigate such a pitfall.
Full-text available at https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1kTUQB5ASXdtL
... Finally, to examine the existence of subgroups within the network, we identify components and the gender composition of the authors in the components. A component in our coauthorship network refers to a group of authors who are connected to each other via coauthorships, but not connected to other subgroups (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005;Wasserman & Faust, 1994). The component containing the largest number of authors is referred to as the main component. ...
Publishing is a source of capital and power in academia, and coauthoring is a common way to publish. However, studies in public administration have not yet examined the structure of coauthorship patterns, how these patterns have evolved over time, or the extent to which these patterns are gendered. We use bibliometric data to examine coauthorship in public administration scholarship over four decades with a particular focus on gendered patterns. Descriptive statistics, regression, and social network analysis suggest that when women are first authors, the research team is more likely to contain other women and while women are increasingly represented in coauthorship structures, men‐only groups of coauthors continue to persist. These findings have implications for the coauthoring practices of individual scholars, perceptions of coauthorship in hiring, tenure, and promotion decisions, and efforts in the field to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.
... El ARS, como enfoque teórico, permite explorar las interacciones y conexiones entre los individuos y grupos (Hanneman y Riddle, 2005) que conforman el tejido político de una sociedad. En un momento en que las democracias enfrentan desafíos y transformaciones significativas, comprender cómo se estructuran y funcionan estas redes políticas es esencial para la toma de decisiones informadas y el fortalecimiento de la participación ciudadana. ...
Democracia, ciudadanías y polarización: perspectivas sociopolíticas actuales es la suma de un esfuerzo conjunto e interdisciplinario de investigadores e investigadoras que coadyuvan a abonar, con una perspectiva crítica, vigente y pertinente desde las Ciencias Sociales, a las distintas problemáticas y fenómenos de la cotidianeidad.
Bajo un rigor científico y una mirada humanista se presentan seis capítulos que versan sobre los conflictos ambientales; la participación política, social, civil y existencial; las redes y la organización social y civil de las personas; los embates del capitalismo; la afrenta entre el poder político y el poder económico y la búsqueda de la reconstrucción del tejido social desde la educación y los distintos debates referentes a los ámbitos
de la democracia supra y subnacional.
Lo anterior conjunta una perspectiva transversal sobre la construcción de la democracia, sus avances, retos y retrocesos en el contexto actual y convulso que distingue a la tercera década del siglo XXI.
... Las instituciones participantes fueron 12 universidades y casas de altos estudios (5 europeas y 7 americanas), 7 organismos de investigación, una entidad religiosa (el Consejo Mundial de Iglesias) y sólo tres representantes de dos organismos estatales dedicados al tema indígena: Víctor Bonilla y Gonzalo Castillo Cárdenas del Comité para la Defensa del Indígena de Bogotá (Colombia) y Stefano Varese de la División de Poblaciones Amazónicas del gobierno de Perú. La densidad de la red de coautoría, es decir el grado de conexión de la población que compone la red(Hanneman y Riddle, 2005), es del 100% ya que todos se relacionaron entre sí en un libro en común. Pero, teniendo en cuenta los tres tipos de participación (esto es, en el libro, en el simposio y en la firma de la declaración de Barbados), el grado de compromiso en la red varía como lo muestra la tabla anterior. ...
Se analizará la estructura de una comunidad epistémica conformada principalmente por antropólogos que rompieron con la visión que buscaba integrar a los pueblos indígenas a las sociedades nacionales latinoamericanas y lucharon por sus derechos y autonomía. El recorte temporal inicia con la participación en el primer simposio en 1971 hasta la publicación de la tercera declaración en 1995. La metodología escogida es el Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) a partir de los vínculos entre 52 autores que participaron de las mismas publicaciones colectivas y las nubes de palabras para el análisis de las declaraciones que emitieron. A partir de la descripción de los eventos académicos que dieron origen a las tres declaraciones emitidas, se indagó sobre la centralidad y periferia de algunos intelectuales, encontrando a cinco subgrupos bien diferenciados. Se demuestra que el núcleo central estuvo conformado, principalmente, por antropólogos latinoamericanos, en tanto que dos de los subgrupos periféricos hicieron aportes fundamentales para la existencia de esta comunidad epistémica. El subgrupo integrado por intelectuales vinculados a ISAL y al Consejo Mundial de Iglesias contribuyó con recursos económicos que visibilizaron esta comunidad en sus inicios. El otro subgrupo, conformado por dirigentes del movimiento indígena que solo asistieron al segundo encuentro, aportó recursos ideológicos clave para la confección de la segunda declaración de Barbados.
... This analysis allows the researcher to identify recurring themes from the respondents' experiences and perceptions (Braun & Clarke, 2006;Cinelli et al., 2021b), while Social Network Analysis (SNA) will be used to map the interaction networks among Instagram users. This helps to understand how information spreads within discussion groups and how echo chambers are formed based on account connections (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005;Hogan, 2016). Data validity is ensured by comparing the results of content analysis, interviews, and secondary data. ...
Social media plays a crucial role in mobilizing support and disseminating
political messages. However, the use of social media also presents new
challenges, such as the echo chamber phenomenon, which can amplify
polarization and reduce openness to differing perspectives. This research
aims to analyze the echo chamber phenomenon on Instagram in relation
to the discourse surrounding the revision of the 2024 Pilkada Law. The
study explores how polarization and opinion formation develop in digital
spaces and their impact on Indonesia's democratic processes. The
research employs a qualitative approach, using content analysis. The
theoretical framework is based on the filter bubble theory within a critical
paradigm. The findings show that Instagram's algorithms actively shape
echo chambers by prioritizing content aligned with users' preferences.
This leads to users being frequently exposed to content that reinforces
their political beliefs while limiting access to alternative perspectives, as
the algorithm suppresses information deemed irrelevant. This results in
the reinforcement of biases against political opponents and a reduced
willingness to reevaluate political views due to limited exposure to diverse
information. Given these findings, digital literacy becomes essential to
mitigate the negative impacts of echo chambers. There is a need for
technological intervention by Instagram, including algorithm adjustments
to promote content fostering cross-group dialogue. Equally important are
public awareness campaigns to encourage inclusive discussions on social
media and educational initiatives to inform the public about the dangers
of digital polarization
... A reciprocal relation is a mutual tie. It is an indicator of cohesion or trust based on a dyadic (two-person) relationship (Hanneman and Riddle 2005). The remaining measures concern three actors taken at a time (triads). ...
... Following personal network method, adjacency matrices are then used to compute indices of social capital (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005;Scott, 1991), such as size, density, indegree and outdegree, and betweenness centrality (Burt, 1995(Burt, , 2002Scott, 1991;Wasserman & Faust, 1994;Widmer, 2006Widmer, , 2010. Network size is the number of family members cited by respondents. ...
Objective
The aim of this study was to estimate the relevance of the family of choice hypothesis in family networks of lesbian and gay individuals living in Switzerland and its implications for their social capital.
Background
Over the past three decades, family scholars have paid more attention to the emergence of family configurations of LGBTQ+ people that extend beyond the nuclear family and blood kin, with voluntary kin and family of choice playing a key role. However, family networks of lesbian and gay individuals remain an unexplored topic in Switzerland, a country that has taken an extended period to implement institutional acknowledgment of lesbian and gay family rights.
Method
Personal network methods were used to map the main types of family networks of lesbian and gay individuals. In collaboration with an association advocating for lesbian and gay families in Switzerland, the study collected ego‐centered network data on their family.
Results
The results reveal that the nuclear family holds prominence in many family networks of lesbian and gay people included in the sample, with limited involvement of either blood kin or voluntary kin, which has consequences for their family‐based social capital.
Conclusion
The family of choice hypothesis is largely rejected. The focus on the nuclear family is consistent with the late legal recognition of same‐sex marriage and parenthood in Switzerland.
Implications
The importance of the nuclear family in the family networks of LGBTQ+ people, as well as the relative diversity of such networks, should be considered by professionals dealing with health and social issues, as well as by legislators, policymakers, and organizations working to promote the family rights of lesbian and gay people and their full social acceptance.
... Accordingly, nodes are similar if they share the same kind of connection patterns to other nodes. This idea is captured in notions such as regular equivalence, which states that nodes are regularly equivalent if they are equally related to equivalent others [43,44]. A relaxation of this idea is stochastic equivalence [45], which means that nodes are equivalent if they connect to equivalent nodes with equal probability. ...
Community detection, the decomposition of a graph into essential building blocks, has been a core research topic in network science over the past years. Since a precise notion of what constitutes a community has remained evasive, community detection algorithms have often been compared on benchmark graphs with a particular form of assortative community structure and classified based on the mathematical techniques they employ. However, this comparison can be misleading because apparent similarities in their mathematical machinery can disguise different goals and reasons for why we want to employ community detection in the first place. Here we provide a focused review of these different motivations that underpin community detection. This problem-driven classification is useful in applied network science, where it is important to select an appropriate algorithm for the given purpose. Moreover, highlighting the different facets of community detection also delineates the many lines of research and points out open directions and avenues for future research.
... Utilizing Social Network Analysis as a Means for Pre-Selection A social network is a graph that provides an overview of subjects and their relationships (see for instance [12,49,54]). Right in the early stages, even before the actual study begins, a social network graph can be generated from the result set. ...
Systematic literature studies have received much attention in empirical software engineering in recent years. They have become a powerful tool to collect and structure reported knowledge in a systematic and reproducible way. We distinguish systematic literature reviews to systematically analyze reported evidence in depth, and systematic mapping studies to structure a field of interest in a broader, usually quantified manner. Due to the rapidly increasing body of knowledge in software engineering, researchers who want to capture the published work in a domain often face an extensive amount of publications, which need to be screened, rated for relevance, classified, and eventually analyzed. Although there are several guidelines to conduct literature studies, they do not yet help researchers coping with the specific difficulties encountered in the practical application of these guidelines. In this article, we present an experience-based guideline to aid researchers in designing systematic literature studies with special emphasis on the data collection and selection procedures. Our guideline aims at providing a blueprint for a practical and pragmatic path through the plethora of currently available practices and deliverables capturing the dependencies among the single steps. The guideline emerges from various mapping studies and literature reviews conducted by the authors and provides recommendations for the general study design, data collection, and study selection procedures. Finally, we share our experiences and lessons learned in applying the different practices of the proposed guideline.
... In network studies, there is no sampling, but all actors involved in a phenomenon are included, and conclusions are drawn from the relationship of each actor. This requires the researcher to be able to observe and analyse the boundaries of each population (Hanneman, 2005). According Huang (2021) to this approach, various systems contained in social systems are theoretically and methodologically studied by analysing data to find structures and network dynamics and bring up patterns of human interaction. ...
As an agricultural country, Indonesia utilises the land management sector of the community to realise welfare. However, the implementation in the community often causes conflict, as in Seruyan Regency, Central Kalimantan. This research aims to determine how Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis (CDMA) can show community responses related to conflicts that occur in Bangkal Village, Seruyan Regency, Central Kalimantan. There were five accounts divided into two groups, which dominated and succeeded in providing a stimulus for other social media users to comment on the conflict that occurred. The analysis was conducted using Netlytic with 1074 nodes and 1214 edges. The results of the study found that netizens who commented on KOMPASTV uploads based on context provided views that created their perceptions of the conflict that occurred.
... A vertex with higher (lower) degree is deemed more (less) central. This property has been well-studied (for early works see Czepiel [1], Faucheaux and Moscovici [2], Freeman [3], Garrison,[4], Hanneman and Newman [5], Kajitani and Maruyama [7], Mackenzie [9], Nieminen [10], [11], Pitts [12], Rogers [13], and Shaw [14]). For some families of graphs the leverage centrality and degree centralities of vertices are closely related. ...
In 2010, Joyce et. al defined the leverage centrality of vertices in a graph as a means to analyze functional connections within the human brain. In this metric a degree of a vertex is compared to the degrees of all it neighbors. We investigate this property from a mathematical perspective. We first outline some of the basic properties and then compute leverage centralities of vertices in different families of graphs. In particular, we show there is a surprising connection between the number of distinct leverage centralities in the Cartesian product of paths and the triangle numbers.
... An interesting property is the vertex connectivity of two given vertices, as it is related to the information flow inside a network and vertex connectivity is considered as a measure of the information flow. Furthermore, group cohesiveness and centrality are two other fundamental structural properties that are related to vertex connectivity [11,16]. A well-known result in graph theory, Menger's theorem, shows that vertex connectivity is equivalent to the maximum number of disjoint paths between two given vertices. ...
The problem of finding the maximum number of vertex-disjoint uni-color paths in an edge-colored graph (called MaxCDP) has been recently introduced in literature, motivated by applications in social network analysis. In this paper we investigate how the complexity of the problem depends on graph parameters (namely the number of vertices to remove to make the graph a collection of disjoint paths and the size of the vertex cover of the graph), which makes sense since graphs in social networks are not random and have structure. The problem was known to be hard to approximate in polynomial time and not fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) for the natural parameter. Here, we show that it is still hard to approximate, even in FPT-time. Finally, we introduce a new variant of the problem, called MaxCDDP, whose goal is to find the maximum number of vertex-disjoint and color-disjoint uni-color paths. We extend some of the results of MaxCDP to this new variant, and we prove that unlike MaxCDP, MaxCDDP is already hard on graphs at distance two from disjoint paths.
... In order to gain more understanding on how the network is likely to behave as a whole, let us address the question: if a node were removed, would the structure of the network become divided into disconnected clusters? One can consider several approaches to find the key nodes in the network which may act as enablers among otherwise disconnected groups and we find the nodes that connect the network by locating the vulnerable parts (see Hanneman and Riddle [29]). ...
This paper presents the first topological analysis of the economic structure of an entire country based on payments data obtained from Swedbank. This data set is exclusive in its kind because around 80% of Estonia's bank transactions are done through Swedbank, hence, the economic structure of the country can be reconstructed. Scale-free networks are commonly observed in a wide array of different contexts such as nature and society. In this paper, the nodes are comprised by customers of the bank (legal entities) and the links are established by payments between these nodes. We study the scaling-free and structural properties of this network. We also describe its topology, components and behaviors. We show that this network shares typical structural characteristics known in other complex networks: degree distributions follow a power law, low clustering coefficient and low average shortest path length. We identify the key nodes of the network and perform simulations of resiliency against random and targeted attacks of the nodes with two different approaches. With this, we find that by identifying and studying the links between the nodes is possible to perform vulnerability analysis of the Estonian economy with respect to economic shocks.
... The number of and kinds of roles that exist in a social system can thus be identified by: (i) computing the conditional triad census of every user; and (ii) clustering users into groups based on the similarity (vector distance) of the conditional triad censuses. This approach is somewhat related to discovering social groups in networks by searching for ego-networks that participate in similarly shaped k-cliques [43] or -cores (sub-graphs where all nodes are connected to at least k others [29]) [48,76,56]. However, searching for ego-networks that satisfy these strict requirements will only identify sets of nodes surrounded by a similarly dense network and leave hidden other nodes whose ego-networks are less connected but still have similar connectivity patterns. ...
The social role of a participant in a social system is a label conceptualizing the circumstances under which she interacts within it. They may be used as a theoretical tool that explains why and how users participate in an online social system. Social role analysis also serves practical purposes, such as reducing the structure of complex systems to rela- tionships among roles rather than alters, and enabling a comparison of social systems that emerge in similar contexts. This article presents a data-driven approach for the discovery of social roles in large scale social systems. Motivated by an analysis of the present art, the method discovers roles by the conditional triad censuses of user ego-networks, which is a promising tool because they capture the degree to which basic social forces push upon a user to interact with others. Clusters of censuses, inferred from samples of large scale network carefully chosen to preserve local structural prop- erties, define the social roles. The promise of the method is demonstrated by discussing and discovering the roles that emerge in both Facebook and Wikipedia. The article con- cludes with a discussion of the challenges and future opportunities in the discovery of social roles in large social systems.
... Regarding bridging social capital, researchers commonly employ betweenness centrality as a metric for assessment (Ganley and Lampe, 2009;Pan et al., 2020;Pan and Liu, 2021). Betweenness centrality provides a quantitative measure of an actor's position within a network, specifically its placement on the shortest paths connecting any two other actors (Hanneman and Riddle, 2005). This metric effectively indicates the proportion of an actor's neighbors who lack direct connections with each other. ...
Purpose
Online health communities can be both supportive and vulnerable since they rely highly on stable engagement from core members. Understanding the factors affecting member churn is vital. This study examines an online health community on hair loss, taking a meso-level approach centering on community. It investigates how users’ potential social capital, proactive social engagement, and received social support in the community influence their churn.
Design/methodology/approach
This study collected the complete dataset spanning 13 years from an online health community on hair loss in mainland China. It gathered over 42700 posted messages from 4,270 core users along with their associated text. Social network analysis and survival analysis were then conducted to both calculate the user node centrality and create a hazard model to analyze user churn.
Findings
The findings indicate that increased social capital and social support can help prevent user churn. However, higher social engagement alone does not directly reduce the likelihood of withdrawal from users. Instead, users are more likely to stay in the community if they are highly engaged and receive substantial social support. Social support emerges as a critical factor in this process.
Originality/value
This study innovatively adopts a meso-level community perspective and investigates user churn within an online health community for individuals with a self-limiting condition, namely hair loss. The research probes the interactive effects of user engagement and social support on user churn within the online health community. Advice on sustaining member participation is given based on the findings.
The activity facilitates students’ understanding of network measures, including different types of node centrality, shortest paths, cliques, and communities, and their implications for information flow in groups or organizations. The goal of the game is for students (a minimum of 10 and maximum of 28 participants in a network; a larger class can be divided into two or more networks) to solve a company mystery by exchanging information clues with other students based on an imposed communication network configuration. The activity can be debriefed by discussing the game outcomes, analyzing the network structure (using a software to input data and calculate key network measures), and evaluating the practicality of the game. Examples of network configuration, data sets, and a script which uses the igraph package in R are included.
Collection, processing, storage of information and communications network that provides transmission from place to place through networks is important. A functional and physical communication network among the public institutions, the local governments, the private sector and all sectors doing business with Spatial Data is available. Communicative compatibility that operative according to a certain hierarchy is extremely an important dynamic in terms of the productivity and efficiency of the system. Collaboration between institutions or individuals is realized through informal networks that are not bound to designated rules. Taking advantage of the network analysis, Existing collaborations and communication networks can be formally presented. In this study, the relationship between public bodies, local governments, private sectors and all the sectors working with spatial data was examined socially, and an effort was made to reveal the collaboration system which the institutions built unawares and are running without adhering to any rules through "social networks" for the first time. The questions in the face-to-face survey with the institutions that selected to show their cooperation within the network were tried to be revealed. By evaluating the obtained networks, at the national level, it were made suggestions that would be useful and could lead.
Bu çalışmada; Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odasının (HKMO)
süreli yayını olan ve daha önce Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisliği,
günümüzde hkm Jeodezi, Jeoinformasyon ve Arazi Yönetimi ismi
ile yayımlanan hakemli derginin 1965-2010 yılları arasında basıl-
mış 103 sayısındaki yazarlar (aktörler) arasındaki ilişki durumu
sosyal ağ analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. “Yayın açısından en ve-
rimli yazarlar kimlerdir? Yazarlar arasındaki ilişki durumu nedir?
Çalıştıkları kurumlar hangileridir? Hangi kurumlar birbirleriyle
ilişki içerisindedir? Kimler tek yazarlı makale yayınlamıştır?” gibi
sorulara elde edilen veriler ışığında yanıt bulunmaya çalışılmıştır.
Background/Objectives : Seventy-three older adults (OAs) participated in two group physical activity programs conducted in a university–community collaboration environment. The objectives of this study were to assess changes in the amount of weekly physical activity, life satisfaction, and perceived loneliness among participants. The study aimed to analyze the relationships between these variables and establish a leadership profile. Methods : This quasiexperimental pre–post group study involved a quantitative analysis at the beginning and end of the intervention, supplemented with social network analysis methodology. Participants were assessed for weekly physical activity levels, life satisfaction, and perceived loneliness. Ethical considerations and approvals were obtained prior to the study. Results : There was a significant increase in the percentage of individuals reporting high life satisfaction. Furthermore, the level of participants experiencing severe to moderate loneliness decreased. The percentage of individuals meeting the World Health Organization’s recommended weekly physical activity levels increased, along with the number of ties in social networks related to help and friendship. Conclusion : The results demonstrate the psychosocial benefits of participating in intergenerational programs focused on group physical activity within a university–community collaboration environment. The study addresses its research objectives by highlighting improvements in life satisfaction, reductions in loneliness, and enhanced social connections among OAs. Significance/Implications : These findings underscore the importance of intergenerational physical activity programs in improving the well-being of OAs. The study’s outcomes have implications for practice, service delivery, policy formulation, and future research contributing to the advancement of gerontological knowledge and the improvement of outcomes for OAs.
Social capital is defined as a collection of relationships, networks, trust, needs, and participatory systems in a society that, when increased, improve the society's ability to face challenges and enhance the living conditions of its members. On the other hand, setting management drivers at the level of territorial governance requires an approach based on these aspects of social capital, especially the social capital of the local community, to achieve participatory governance of the territory. Therefore, projects such as the sustainable development plan for rural systems, which promote and optimally utilize the capital of local communities, have been implemented to improve the governance system of the territory. Accordingly, this research has analyzed intragroup social capital before and after the implementation of the plan in three villages-Eskelabad, Eslamabad Kaleh-Espid, and Chah Ahmad Asli in Taftan County-which were among the target areas of this plan. Given the importance of participatory management and strengthening social capital, analyzing the link between trust and participation among individuals in these villages is essential. As a result, the social network analysis method has been used to examine the links of trust and participation among the members of the targeted rural development funds. Sampling in each village included the head members of each fund, comprising 30 people per fund. The results of the network analysis before the implementation of the plan indicated a low level of social capital among the local community. Additionally, a relatively large distance in relationships among the fund members was observed before the implementation of the plan. Conversely, the results of the network analysis after the plan's implementation showed that these indicators followed a positive trend. The speed of information circulation among individuals increased significantly, while distances were reduced. Consequently, it can be stated that implementing the development and progress plan for rural systems in the county under study has led to increased unity among villagers and improved intragroup social capital. In other words, improved communication has created opportunities for enhancing social welfare and expanding trust and participation among village residents.
This study employs social network analysis to explore the inter-firm and inter-city networks constituting China’s film co-production industry since 2012, revealing a distinct binary structure. This structure, prominent throughout the past decade, centers on a Beijing–Hong Kong partnership, with additional support from two secondary structural patterns: Shanghai–Beijing and Shanghai–Hong Kong. In terms of the industry’s composition, a core-periphery configuration has emerged, interlinking state-owned film companies with private enterprises. Three pathways of collaboration have been discerned within this framework. Through the synergistic endeavors of Beijing, Hong Kong, and Shanghai, the industry has attained higher earnings and superior box office performance, fueled by a broader, culturally-anchored industrial integration that encompasses the entire film production process.
Zeytin, ülke ekonomisine sağladığı katkılarıyla dünya genelinde büyük öneme sahip olan tarımsal bir üründür. Zeytin üretimi, genellikle kırsal bölgelerde yoğunlaştığından dolayı kırsal kalkınmaya destek olması ve çiftçilere sağladığı gelir artışı sayesinde yerel ekonominin güçlenmesinde kilit rol oynamaktadır. Ayrıca, döviz kazandırıcı etkisiyle önemli bir ihracat kalemi oluşturan bu sektör, özellikle Akdeniz ülkelerinde, ulusal geliri arttırma ve uluslararası piyasalarda rekabet edebilme açısından stratejik bir öneme sahiptir. Ancak, diğer tarımsal ürünlerde olduğu gibi bu sektörde de bazı riskler bulunmaktadır. Zeytin üretimi, iklim değişiklikleri, üretimdeki dalgalanmalar ve salgın hastalıklar gibi olaylara karşı hassas bir yapıya sahiptir. Nitekim geçtiğimiz yıllarda ortaya çıkan Covid-19 pandemisinin etkileri bu sektörde de hissedilmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, 2018-2022 dönemi kapsamında dünya ülkelerinin uluslararası zeytin piyasasındaki konumu ağ analizi yaklaşımı ile incelenmiş olup, pandeminin etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Ağ analizi uygulaması sonucunda ortalama merkeziyet değerleri incelendiğinde, derece merkeziyeti bakımından İspanya'nın lider konumda olduğu (0,80) ve onu İtalya (0,63) ve Türkiye’nin (0,56) takip ettiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca aracılık merkeziyetinde İspanya’nın (0,07) liderliğini sürdürdüğü ve ABD (0,05) ile Yunanistan’ın (0,04) izlediği; yakınlık merkeziyetinde ise, ABD'nin (0,20) liderliğinde Almanya (0,1937) ile İspanya’nın (0,19) önde olduğu görülmüştür.
Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan tietovirtoja ja kommunikaatiota kolmiulotteisen käsitteellisen mallin kautta. Mallin avulla voidaan käsitteellistää ja analysoida organisaation näkökulmasta sisään tulevia tietovirtoja, organisaation sisäisiä ja organisaatiosta ulospäin suuntautuvia tietovirtoja. Tietovirrat ovat välttämättömiä kun tietoa siirretään organisaatiossa henkilöiden välillä. Tiedonsiirtoa ja tietovirtoja havaitaan monella eri tasolla: yksilöiden välillä, yksilöiden ja tietovarastojen välillä, yksilöiden ja ryhmien välillä, ryhmien välillä ja niiden sisällä sekä ryhmien ja koko organisaation välillä. Kommunikaatioprosessit ja informaatiovirrat muodostavat yhdessä ne organisaation tietovirrat, joiden avulla tietoa siirretään paikasta ja muodosta toiseen. Tietovirtojen ja kommunikaatioprosessien muodostaman kompleksisen verkoston hallinta muodostaa perustan myöhemmin tässä artikkelissa esiteltävälle kompleksisuusperustaiselle tietojohtamiselle (Complexity-Based Knowledge Management, CBKM).
Artykuł jest próbą spojrzenia na problematykę mniejszości muzułmańskiej w Europie z perspektywy antropologiczno-kulturowej. Z jednej strony opisuje główne strategie służące integracji, z drugiej pokazuje ich nieskuteczność. Zwraca uwagę na ukryte – i wspólne – mechanizmy decydujące o izolacji mniejszości muzułmańskich, a także opisuje procesy kulturowe, które mogą przyczynić się do przemodelowania relacji między mniejszościami etnicznymi i ich społecznym otoczeniem.
Objetivo: Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de framework conceitual/operacional para a descoberta de conhecimento por meio da modelagem científica de redes de cooperação científica. Metodologia: Foi utilizado um caso de estudo no domínio da educação profissional e tecnológica para validar o framework proposto. O processo envolveu a extração, tratamento, carga e análise dos dados, bem como a publicação dos resultados com amplo acesso às informações, características, indicadores e métricas da rede de colaboração alvo. Resultados: O framework foi validado a partir de um caso de estudo, executado no domínio da educação profissional e tecnológica, mostrando-se eficaz para a extração, tratamento, carga e análise dos dados, permitindo a publicação de resultados do domínio de interesse, com amplo acesso às informações, características, indicadores e métricas da rede de colaboração alvo. Conclusões: A modelagem científica de redes de cooperação científica, utilizando o framework proposto, é uma estratégia promissora para a descoberta de conhecimento nesse contexto. A aplicação de técnicas de análise de redes sociais e o uso de soluções de tecnologia da informação e comunicação permitem explorar de forma eficiente as relações e os indicadores estatísticos das redes de colaboração.
Using co-authored publications between China and Korea in Web of Science (WoS) during the one-year period of 2014, we evaluate the government stimulation program for collaboration between China and Korea. In particular, we apply dual approaches, full integer vs. fractional counting, to collaborative publications in order to better examine both the patterns and contents of Sino-Korean collaboration networks in terms of individual countries and institutions. We first conduct a semi-automatic network analysis of Sino-Korean publications based on the full-integer counting method, and then compare our categorization with contextual rankings using the fractional technique; routines for fractional counting of WoS data are made available at http://www.leydesdorff.net/software/fraction . Increasing international collaboration leads paradoxically to lower numbers of publications and citations using fractional counting for performance measurement. However, integer counting is not an appropriate measure for the evaluation of the stimulation of collaborations. Both integer and fractional analytics can be used to identify important countries and institutions, but with other research questions.
The core number of a vertex is a basic index depicting cohesiveness of a graph, and has been widely used in large-scale graph analytics. In this paper, we study the update of core numbers of vertices in dynamic graphs with edge insertions/deletions, which is known as the core maintenance problem. Different from previous approaches that just focus on the case of single-edge insertion/deletion and sequentially handle the edges when multiple edges are inserted/deleted, we investigate the parallelism in the core maintenance procedure. Specifically, we show that if the inserted/deleted edges constitute a matching, the core number update with respect to each inserted/deleted edge can be handled in parallel. Based on this key observation, we propose parallel algorithms for core maintenance in both cases of edge insertions and deletions. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the efficiency, stability, parallelism and scalability of our algorithms on different types of real-world and synthetic graphs. Comparing with sequential approaches, our algorithms can improve the core maintenance efficiency significantly.
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