The Mechanical Design Process
Abstract
This book is about best practices for the design of mechanical products. It is available from Amazon and other sources at a reasonable price.
... Elaboration involves obtaining requirements that are not explicitly proposed by stakeholders but are derived from the study of the context, the technology of other requirements, etc. [92]. "Bad requirements cannot be fixed by good design" [34,93], summarizes the importance of requirements engineering and conceptual design. Requirements are also key inputs when conducting a selection process to acquire a commercially available system (or technology) ready for operation. ...
... Requirements are often processed to obtain technical criteria that allow for decisionmaking later in the design process. Techniques such as the House of Quality (HoQ) can be applied at this stage [93,[95][96][97]. HoQ is just the first of four matrices included in the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method. ...
... Thirdly, the HoQ exercise for the ROV system is carried out adhering to established HoQ guidelines [93,99]. In this exercise, the relationship between user requirements and engineering characteristics is evaluated and assigned scores of 0 (no relation), 1 (weak relation), 3 (moderate relation), or 9 (strong relation). ...
This paper presents a novel integration of Systems Engineering (SE) methodologies and Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies in the design of robotic systems, focusing on enhancing underwater robotic missions. Using the conceptual design of an underwater exploration vehicle as a case study, we demonstrate how SE can systematically incorporate I4.0 tools to improve mission performance and meet stakeholder expectations. The study begins with an overview of the SE approach, emphasizing the conceptual design stage and aligning it with the application and case study of design theories. We then explore various I4.0 technologies, highlighting their functional benefits rather than technical specifics and addressing design methods for I4.0. Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) are examined in terms of classification, components, and tasks, showcasing their evolution driven by technological advancements, thus tackling the complexity and design of complex systems. The core of our study involves defining stakeholder expectations, using quality function deployment for requirements definition, and performing a functional and logical decomposition of the ROV system. To deal with design fixation within the design team, we developed a tool to help integrate new technologies by also empathizing with their functional capabilities rather than the technology itself. Our approach underscores the importance of understanding and incorporating new technologies functionally, aligning with the transition towards Industry/Society 5.0. This work not only illustrates the synergy between SE and I4.0, but also offers a structured methodology for advancing the design and functionality of complex systems, setting a blueprint for future developments in this field.
... Requirements widely are recognized as central to any design effort's success (Akçura & Altınkemer, 2010;Otto & Wood, 1998;Shankar et al., 2012;Ullman, 2018) and are used throughout the design process from elicitation, to refinement, to verification and testing (Chen et al., 2007;Haskins & Forsberg, 2011;Morkos et al., 2019;Pahl et al., 2013;Ulrich & Eppinger, 2008). Despite this, undergraduate students may not initially recognize the importance of requirements throughout the design process; nor recognize the misuse of requirements as a major cause of project failure (Lam & Shankararaman, 1999;Lehman & Belady, 1985). ...
... Despite this centrality to design and engineering education, there is limited research on how to best teach requirements to students (Callele & Makaroff, 2006;Joshi et al., 2012a). Engineering design textbooks (Dieter & Schmidt, 2013;Dym & Little, 2004;Hyman, 1998;Otto & Wood, 2001;Pahl et al., 2013;Pugh, 1991;Ullman, 2018;Ulrich & Eppinger, 2008) provide a framework for the design process and introduce students to various tools that may be employed. Unfortunately, the tools and discussion on requirements is generally limited to early stage discussion on customer requirement elicitation and, perhaps, briefly mentioned as part of product validation and testing (Gotel et al., 2009). ...
... Requirements are part of problem definition, which is the initial stage of the systematic engineering design process (Hyman, 1998;Ullman, 2018). Without a comprehensive list of requirements, the problem cannot be fully understood (Akçura & Altınkemer, 2010;Pahl et al., 2007;Ullman, 2018). ...
This study explores the influence that an educational intervention has on students generating requirements for a design task. An experiment was performed in a fourth-year mechanical engineering design course by giving the participants a design problem from which they had to generate a list of requirements. A lecture on requirements was given and then the students were given a second problem. The two problems were tested for similarity. The data was evaluated using ideation metrics of variety, novelty, and quantity adapted to this study. Variety was assessed using eighteen categories to classify each requirement. Novelty was evaluated on the level of uniqueness of the requirement against the complete set generated, based on both syntax and semantic filtering. Findings suggest that the lecture had a positive impact on the students in increasing the variety of the requirement. All novel requirements belonged to the activity performed after lecture. Finally, the quantity of the requirements generated after the lecture were found to be statistically significantly higher. It is shown through a second study that the students before the lecture performed similarly to practicing engineers with three or more years of experience. This suggests that using undergraduate students in the final year of their program may be adequate as surrogates for engineering practitioners for requirement identification studies. This is an important methodological contribution for the engineering design research community to justify the use of students as participants in experimental studies.
... Além disso, alguns autores apontam que há uma tendência em escolhermos processos e materiais com os quais já estamos familiarizados, o que pode inibir testes e a escolha de possibilidades mais vantajosas (Boothroyd, 2002;Ashby, 2005;Ullman, 2010;Rozenfeld et al., 2006). Neste quesito, Boothroyd (2002) indica executar uma avaliação econômica de materiais e processos concorrentes durante a fase conceitual do produto, para quando chegar na fase de detalhamento do projeto, a equipe já conheça os economicamente viáveis e assim aumentar a probabilidade de escolha assertiva. ...
... Conforme pode ser visto na literatura, os projetistas tendem a conceber as peças em termos dos processos e materiais com os quais estão mais familiarizados (Boothroyd, 2002;Ashby, 2005;Rozenfeld et al., 2006;Ullman, 2010). Entretanto, no decurso do projeto, cada protótipo funcionou como um output intermediário, possibilitando avaliar aspectos de produção e montagem de modo iterativo, com novos ciclos processuais e aprimoramentos consecutivos. ...
Desarrollar soluciones tecnológicas para la población en forma de productos es un proceso que debe articular varios factores, como: los usuarios, sus necesidades, el contexto de uso del producto y los materiales y tecnologías disponibles para su construcción. El diseñador de productos articula estos factores mediante metodologías que conducen y vinculan las actividades del Proceso de Desarrollo de Productos (PDP). El prototipado es una de estas actividades, que permite probar aspectos prácticos de los artefactos y, por tanto, favorece mejoras y adaptaciones. Así, en la medida en que el producto se diseña teniendo en cuenta su proceso de fabricación y ensamblaje, enfoque conocido como Diseño para Fabricación y Ensamblaje (DFMA), se favorece el PDP. Este estudio demuestra cómo la aplicación del DFMA en el proceso de prototipado de un dispositivo tecnológico creado para la Atención Primaria de Salud, favoreció su desarrollo y mejora durante la pandemia, en un escenario limitado, especialmente en cuanto al acceso a materias primas y mano de obra. Los resultados presentados sugieren que la aplicación de DFMA en proyectos de innovación, que buscan crear productos físicos, contribuye no solo a la reducción de costos y tiempos del proyecto, sino también a su factibilidad en situaciones donde existen restricciones materiales y tecnológicas.
... The FS value was considered ideal if it was greater than 3.14, following the concept in Equation (8). In Equation (8), FS material is the FS related to the contribution of the material, FS loading is the FS related to the contribution of loading, FS geometry is the FS related to the geometry contribution, FS failure analysis is the FS related to the failure analysis contribution and FS reliability is the FS related to the reliability contribution; this value was chosen to generate a dimension, taking into account the reliability of the product and the extreme situations that it was subject to when in use [33]. ...
... To check whether the maximum stress estimated from Equation (6) would correspond to a maximum deformation consistent with the properties obtained for the composites with recycled CF from the flexural test, the calculation of the maximum deformation suffered by the sand ladder platform was carried out using Equation (9). In Equation (9), ε max is the maximum deformation suffered by the platform, and E BR is the average value of the tangent modulus of elasticity for composites produced with recycled CF [33]. ...
This work aims to obtain recycled carbon fibre and develop an application for this new material. The carbon fibres were obtained by recycling aerospace prepreg waste via the pyrolysis process. The recycled fibres were combined with an Araldite LH5052/Aradur LY5053 epoxy resin/hardener system using manual lay-up and vacuum bagging processes. For comparison, the same resin/hardener system was used to produce a composite using commercial carbon fibre. The recycled and commercial composites were subjected to flexural, tensile and Mode I testing. Fracture aspects were analysed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pyrolysis process did not affect the fibre surface as no degradation was observed. The fracture aspect showed a mixture of failure in the recycled composite laminate and interlaminar/translaminar failure near the surface of the commercial composite caused by flexural stress. Flexural and tensile tests showed a loss of mechanical strength due to the recycling process, but the tensile values were twice as high. The sand ladder platform was the project chosen for the development of a product made with recycled carbon fibres. The product was manufactured using the same manufacturing process as the specimens and tested with a 1243 kg car. The method chosen to design, manufacture and test the prototype sand ladder platform made of recycled carbon fibre was appropriate and gave satisfactory results in terms of high mechanical strength to bending and ease of use.
... Andersson (1997 argues that the achievable level of product robustness using these methods is determined by the early system design. In addition, the early design stages have a significant influence on product performance and cost (Ullman, 2010). Although early RD is crucial to robust product development, its application in practice remains challenging due to a lack of quantitative information (Eifler and Schleich, 2021;Jugulum and Frey, 2007). ...
Early robust design (RD) can lead to significant cost savings in the later stages of product development. In order to design systems that are insensitive to various sources of deviation in the early stages, specific design knowledge (SDK) plays a crucial role. Different design situations result in higher or lower levels of derivable SDK, which leads to different activities to achieve the development goal. Due to the variety of design situations, it is difficult for design engineers to choose a more robust concept to avoid the costly iterations that occur in the later development stages. Existing RD methods often do not adequately support these differences in design situations. To address the problem, this paper outlines an adaptive modeling method using the Embodiment Function Relation and Tolerance model. The method is developed in two contrasting design situations, each with a high and low level of derivable SDK, and evaluated in another two corresponding case studies. It has a consistent structure with five stages and gates. At each stage, the derivable SDK is taken into account and the individual modeling steps are adapted. This method provides design engineers with concrete support for early robustness evaluation of a product concept in different development scenarios.
... Para el desarrollo del diseño de la máquina para pruebas de absorción de vibraciones en estructuras fractales, se implementó la metodología de diseño mecánico descrito en (Ullman, 2010), principalmente la metodología de diseño a base de funciones. Esta metodología se implementó a partir del diseño conceptual, teniendo en cuenta dos etapas importantes para el desarrollo del proyecto, que son el diseño conceptual y el desarrollo del producto. ...
En este trabajo se presenta el diseño de un dispositivo para pruebas de absorción de vibraciones en metamateriales mecánicos fabricados por impresión 3D. Se presenta la metodología de diseño para obtener el diseño conceptual de la máquina de vibración, la selección de elementos electrónicos y mecánicos, y la instrumentación del sistema. Asimismo, se propone una metodología experimental para determinar las propiedades de absorción de vibraciones de metamateriales impresos en 3D con materiales poliméricos. Se analiza la absorción de vibraciones de un metamaterial mecánico impresos en material de resina. Por otro lado, se realizan simulaciones de vibración en un software de Ingeniería Asistida por Computadora, para comparar los resultados experimentales obtenidos con la máquina de vibraciones. También se evalúa numéricamente la capacidad de absorción de un metamaterial con geometría fractal. Se discuten las propiedades de absorción de vibraciones de los metamateriales y se analiza sus posibles aplicaciones como atenuadores de vibraciones en diferentes áreas de la ingeniería y la industria.
... Several models derived from design research describing regularities in design processes were proposed in the 1960s and 1970s, especially with a focus on engineering design (Asimow, 1962;Hubka, 1974;Ullman, 1992;Hubka and Eder, 1996;Pahl et al, 2007). These models have been used as a framework to locate specific design techniques and delineate different types of design, but also to propose guidelines for transforming a set of design goals into the structure of a design solution. ...
... Product development is the set of activities beginning with the perception of a market opportunity and ending in the production, sale, and delivery of a product (Ulrich et al., 2015). Product development theory focuses on creating products with new or improved characteristics that offer additional benefits to customers (Ullman, 2017). Products can be categorized as either tangible (physical objects) or intangible (services or other entities perceived indirectly). ...
Today, the rise of digitalization is reshaping how products are designed, produced, and
consumed, challenging conventional product development paradigms. In response,
manufacturing companies are increasingly adopting service-oriented business models
through digital servitization, driving the emergence of smart Product Service System
(sPSS). However, the inherent complexity and need for collaborative innovation in
smart PSS design requires manufacturing companies to adopt innovative design
approaches that enable value-adding solutions to customers. This research addresses
critical gaps in early-stage of smart PSS design, particularly in leveraging Digital Twins
(DT) technology to facilitate value co-creation and support design decision-making.
Despite growing interest in Digital Twins and virtual simulations, their practical
application in smart PSS design remains limited, highlighting the need for new design
approaches that foster collaboration and innovation in the early design stages.
To address these challenges and opportunities, this research integrates literature
reviews, case studies, and empirical analysis to propose the Future Innovation
Framework (FIF) and the Super-System Digital Twins (SSDT) approach for smart PSS
development. Through industrial case studies, the research provides practical insights
and introduces a Digital Twins approach that supports the successful implementation of
smart PSS design in the context of global manufacturing companies. The findings
indicate that the proposed Digital Twins approach significantly enhances concept
visualization, decision-making and design prototyping in smart PSS design. Future
research should focus on refining the Future Innovation Framework (FIF) and Super�System Digital Twins (SSDT) approach, exploring their scalability across various
industries, and incorporating advanced AI techniques to maximize their potential.
In summary, this research contributes to the theoretical and practical advancements in
smart PSS design by demonstrating how FIF and SSDT can foster a more effective and
innovative approach in global manufacturing companies. The proposed approach
provides a robust foundation for future research and industrial applications, promoting
the development of sustainable and competitive smart PSS solutions.
... Nowadays, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) for engineering design (e.g. [6][7][8][9][10]) can better support designers in early design phases. More specifically, in the context of designing air intake manifolds, the possibility of better managing the design process during the generation and the development of early ideas is expected to reduce the occurrences and then the costs of CFD simulations and/ or to avoid the related use when incompatible with budget limits (e.g. for complex solutions where massive use of the CFD is required). ...
The work described in this paper aims to present a systematic approach for efficiently exploiting Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations in early conceptual design phases. More specifically, the proposed procedure strives to use simplified CFD models with a limited amount of computational resources. It is then expected to better support preliminary evaluations of the fluid dynamic efficiency of early ideas, as well as to support idea generation. The proposed approach is focused on the conceptual design phase, intended here as the design stage where new ideas about forms and geometries for the fluid volume are generated. A systematic and iterative procedure has been devised and constitutes the core of the approach, which has been applied to a real case study, involving both industrial and academic staff. Five different concepts have been proposed and then evaluated from a manufacturing point of view by the industrial staff, who identified a preferred solution, which has been further developed and then verified through an additional simulation. The results show that by using the proposed systematic procedure, it has been possible to prevent the firm from developing a non-optimal solution, previously hypothesized by following a simple intuitive path based on precedent experiences. This work shows that the adoption of systematic design approaches integrated with modern tools like CFD can actually be a valid support also for SMEs.
... Of particular interest to this research is the system design process that is defined in both communities. Salient works such as Taguchi's House of Quality [9], Ullman's Mechanical Design Process [10], and Otto and Wood [11] share much in common with the system design process outlined by the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) community and realized through the "Vee Model," agile processes, and other system design process techniques [12][13][14][15]. ...
The pending development of a cryptographically relevant quantum computer (CRQC) puts cryptographic security relying on public key cryptography at risk. Such cryptography can be found throughout systems today, including cyber-physical systems , which raises a question on when to transition security to quantum resistant alternatives, i.e., post-quantum cryptography. Criticality of transition timeline and planning can be non-trivial for system managers and the cybersecurity risk of transition delay is often opaque. This paper investigates functional system modeling techniques for planning and risk mitigation against quantum threats to confidentiality in cyber-physical systems. The research in this paper applies systems engineering and design engineering tools such as Functional Modeling in the form of Functional Failure Identification and Propagation (FFIP) and Flow State Logic (FSL) to analyze flow paths and provide quantum vulnerability metrics for cyber-physical systems. Using this insight, this work further provides guidance on how such metrics can be used to plan system transition for quantum resistance. Timeline upgrade prioritization of functions and their component solutions to prepare for the threat of a CRQC is possible with the method proposed in this paper. A simplified case study of a polar research facility is presented to demonstrate the method. This paper introduces the concept of Quantum Vulnerability Information Timeline (QVIT) in the context of system modeling and demonstrates within the case study how QVIT values can be calculated for various system components to estimate preparation timelines against quantum threats.
... After clarifying the task and elaborating on respective specifications, problem identification, concept variant generation, and design optimization will be carried out. Ullman [27] presented a mechanical design process model to explain how the design process can be divided into project definition and planning, conceptual design, and product design. Suh [28] introduced an axiomatic design theory for mechanical systems, which provided a theoretical framework for the design process from customer needs, function requirements, and design parameters to process variables. ...
Design knowledge in the vast amount of design reports and documents can be an excellent resource for designers in their practice. However, capturing such domain-specific information embedded in long-length unstructured texts is always time-consuming and sometimes tricky. Therefore, it is highly desirable for a computer system to automatically extract the main knowledge points and their corresponding inner structures from given documents. In this study of document understanding for design support (DocUDS), a design-perspective knowledge extraction approach is proposed that uses phrase-level domain-specific labeled datasets to finetune a Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) model so that it can extract design knowledge from documents. The BERT model finetuning attempts to blend in the domain-specific knowledge of well-recognized domain concepts and is based on the datasets generated from design reports. The model is utilized to map the captured sentences to the main design entities , , and . In addition, this approach uncovers inner relationships among the sentences and constructs overall structures of documents to enhance understanding. The definitions of design perspectives, inter-perspective relations, and intra-perspective relations are introduced , which together capture the main design knowledge points and their relations and constitute an understanding of the design domain knowledge of a text. The case study results have demonstrated the proposed approach's effectiveness in understanding and extracting relevant design knowledge points.
... Outcomes 5 and 6 were assessed via a group project assigned near the end of each semester, which in part required students to complete Ullman's Team Health Assessment [6] based on their group experience. Their survey responses were used to assess Outcome 5. ...
... Desain rangka mesin pencacah plastik tipe LDPE (low density polyethylene) dan PETE (polyethylene terephthalate) ini mengacu pada standar yang diberikan dari hasil simulasi dengan kaidah-kaidah desain mekanikal [10,11], mulai dari displacement, von mises stress, safety factor, dan equivalent strain dengan bertujuan untuk menghasilkan pemilihan desain serta penggunaan material yang akan diproses untuk rangka untuk menghasilkan rangka maupun penggunaan material yang terbaik. Variasi desain yang dirancang dapat dilihat pada Gambar 1. Rancangan rangka mesin pencacah plastik ini merupakan rancangan yang mencakup 5 variasi, 1 dari rancangan tersebut merupakan rancangan rangka mesin pencacah plastik yang telah dimodifikasi guna mendapatkan perbandingan kekuatan dari rancangan rangka mesin pencacah plastik tersebut. ...
Di dunia industri kerangka/desain dalam sebuah proyek menjadi sebuah salah satu hal yang wajib ada. Baik model, konsep desain, perhitungan konsep, serta analisis kekuatan rangka menjadi hal yang harus di lengkapi agar mutu yang ada dalam desain tersebut terjamin kerangka mesin menjadi hal yang sangat berperan penting dalam sebuah konsep rancangan pembuatan alat mesin pencacah plastik Karena menjadi tempat beradanya/menempelnya mesin, komponen lainnya. Pada hal ini penulis memberlakukan atau mengambil topik analisis kekuatan rangka, yang terdapat pada rangka tersebut. Sehingga dapat diketahui nilai-nilai kritis dari rangka yang akan dibuat agar mendapatkan acuan untuk operator agar aman untuk digunakan. Pengujian kekuatan analisis rangka ini menggunakan software Autodesk Inventor versi student selanjutnya melaluisimulasi rangka mesin pencacah plastik mesin. Untuk selanjutnya didapatkan tegangan maksimum rangka dari segi perhitungan secara teoritis atau pun pengujian maksimum secara simulasi menggunakan. Sehingga didapatkan nilai tegangan maksimum secara teoritis dan tegangan maksimum secara simulasi. Desain rangka dengan besi hollow menunjukkan performa terbaik pada pengujian kekuatan, sehingga disarankan untuk digunakan pada rancang bangun alat pencacah plastik.
... The rule of thumb gives a target FoS based on the uncertainty of the material properties, load stress, geometry, failure analysis, and reliability; in our case, the target FoS is 1.7. 53 The weight of the mount bends the wedge, yielding the α-tilt and Z-and Y-decenters (Tables 2 and 3). The mass imbalance along the X-axis causes a little X-decenter and βand γ-tilts. ...
The fifth Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-V) Local Volume Mapper (LVM) is a wide-field integral field unit (IFU) survey that uses an array of four 160 mm fixed telescopes with siderostats to minimize the number of moving parts. Individual telescope observes the science field or calibration field independently and is synchronized with the science exposure. We developed the LVM Acquisition and Guiding Package (LVMAGP) optimized telescope control software program for LVM observations, which can simultaneously control four focusers, three K-mirrors, one fiber selector, four mounts (siderostats), and seven guide cameras. This software is built on a hierarchical architecture and the SDSS framework and provides three key sequences: autofocus, field acquisition, and autoguide. We designed and fabricated a proto-model siderostat to test the telescope pointing model and LVMAGP software. The mirrors of the proto-model were designed as an isogrid open-back type, which reduced the weight by 46% and enabled reaching thermal equilibrium quickly. Additionally, deflection due to bolting torque, self-gravity, and thermal deformation was simulated, and the maximum scatter of the pointing model induced by the tilt of optomechanics was predicted to be , which can be compensated for by the field acquisition sequence. We performed a real sky test of LVMAGP with the proto-model siderostat and obtained field acquisition and autoguide accuracies of and , respectively. It met all requirements except for the autoguide specification, which will be resolved by more precise alignment among the hardware components at Las Campanas Observatory.
... In the majority of research literature, functional modeling begins with an object centered view of functions [239,240,241,242,232,233,243,244,245]. That is, a function is part of the action that some component or set of components in the system performs. ...
In the context of model-based product and system design, the capability to assess the impact of potential component faults, undesired interactions, and fault propagation is important for design decision-making. Addressing these potential negative outcomes should occur as early in the design process as possible to enable designers to make impactful changes to the design. To this end, a set of tools and methods have been developed over the last 20 years that leverage a function-based approach assessing the potential faults and fault propagation and develop system health management strategies. These tools and methods must overcome challenges of high abstraction and satisfaction of safety or risk requirements with limited design specification. This paper provides a detailed survey of a particular function-based analysis tool as a lens to understanding the challenges for other tools in this domain. Specifically, development and evolution of the Function Failure Identification and Propagation Framework (FFIP) is used as a lens to survey the challenges of this field. The objective of this paper is to explore the specific challenges and advancements of the FFIP framework and related tools that address similar modeling and analysis challenges. We provide an overall categorization and summary of the research efforts to date and identify specific known limitations and unaddressed challenges in the area of design-stage system risk and safety analysis.
... Considerando la metodologia de diseño mecanico, se logra entender e interpretar la solicitud del cliente, desarrollar conceptos y refinarlo en especificaciones de fabricación (es decir, dibujos, listas de materiales y montaje instrucciones) [15]. Por otra parte, el proceso de diseño tiene un esquema definido para el proyecto inicial y es secuencial de acuerdo a [14], que categoriza como: 1) definición y planeación del proyecto, 2) especificaciones, 3) diseño conceptual, 4) desarrollo del producto, 5) soporte del producto, cada una de esas subfases deben pasar por un proceso de revisión y aprobación. ...
En este estudio, se desarrolló el diseño de un colector híbrido de humedad ambiental y agua de lluvia para la captación de agua, utilizando teorías y métodos de diseño. El diseño mecánico se llevó a cabo utilizando la metodología QFD (Despliegue de la Función de Calidad), que proporcionó herramientas para el modelado de un sistema de recolección de agua de lluvia y humedad que fuera económico, independiente energéticamente y fácil de implementar y manejar. La estructura del colector de agua de lluvia de material acrílico demostró una adecuada dureza y resistencia (con una energía necesaria 4.7 lb/ft), siendo capaz de soportar la carga de lluvia y el peso de los paneles solares, con una resistencia superior a la de un techo convencional elaborado de tejas. Además, se logró un diseño visualmente atractivo, óptimo para su instalación en parques y entradas de centros comerciales, debido a que proporciona agua potable, energía y sombra. Finalmente, se evidenció que un diseño sin la implementación del sistema de refrigeración podría ofrecer una solución óptima para el suministro de agua en áreas donde no existe acceso a agua potable y la cantidad de lluvia anual excede los 150 días.
... The safety factor can be estimated as a product of individual considerations of multiple different measures such as: material properties, load stress, geometry, failure analysis, and desired reliability [72]. As an example, SAE 316L steel, typically used in offshore structures, is a well-tested material, and so a material-safety factor of 1 would be sufficient. ...
In the decarbonization of the energy sector, the Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT) technology offers great potential as it allows deployment at deeper seas with stronger, more stable winds. The acceleration of the deployment of floating wind is especially dependant on decreasing in Levelized Cost Of Energy (LCOE) and this can be achieved through upscaling and reducing platform costs.
The 5 MW OC4 semi-submersible floating platform is upscaled to fit the 15 MW IEA reference wind turbine. This is based on a literature study investigating theoretical and practical scaling trends. The upscaling is done based on two key paremeters; the radius from center to offset column rMO and the diameter of the upper offset column dUC.
The upscaled 15 MW floater was optimized in order to reduce the steel mass of the substructure with the same key parameters (rMO and dUC) as design variables while ensuring hydrostatic stability and structural integrity.
The model is developed in Python, using OpenMDAO, an open source multi-disciplinary design analysis and optimization tool. The hydrostatic and -dynamic properties of the optimized design are analyzed in the frequency domain using RAFT. The structural constraints were based on assumptions of static equilibrium.
The design was optimized by increasing rMO and decreasing dUC. The dynamic analysis showed that the design was also optimized in regards to the system motion in surge and pitch and the maximum nacelle acceleration, while it worsened in heave motion.
A sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to investigate how the draught, ballast distribution, pontoon wall thickness and maximum allowable pitch angle respectively influenced the optimized design.
The optimization model demonstrated the potential of serving as a valuable tool in the design process for future semi-submersible platforms for FOWTs by providing fast and valuable insight into the relationships between variables and the impact of certain design parameters on both mass and dynamic behavior. The study highlights the importance of continuing to develop and refine optimization models for FOWT systems.
Keywords: Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation (OC4), semisubmersible, WT, Response Amplitudes of Floating Turbines (RAFT), NREL, Hydrostatic stiffness, Foundation
... As product solutions evolve dynamically throughout the design process, [45][46][47][48][49], the requirements that the product satisfies will also change in a similar manner [8,13,50,51]. It is clear that accurately capturing and articulating the requirements of all stakeholders, which the system's design solutions must meet, and determining the means to satisfy these needs, is crucial [52][53][54][55]. Research has shown that one of the largest requirement management obstacles is lack of proper planning before changing a singular requirement [55,56]. ...
Requirements are frequently revised due to iterative nature of the design process. If not properly managed, these changes may result in financial and time losses due to undesired propagating effect. Currently, predictive models to assist designers in making well informed decisions prior to change implementation do not exist. Current modeling methods for managing requirements do not offer formal reasoning necessary to manage requirement change and its propagation. The ability to predict change during the design process may lead to valuable insights in designing artifacts more efficiently by minimizing unanticipated changes due to mismanaged requirement changes. Two research questions (RQs) are addressed in this paper: (1) How do complex network metrics of requirements, considering both node and edge interference, influence the predictability of requirement change propagation across different case studies? (2) How does the performance of the complex network metrics approach compare to the Refined Automated Requirement Change Propagation Prediction (R-ARCPP) tool, developed from our prior study, in accurately predicting requirement change propagation? Requirement changes are simulated by applying the node interference and the edge interference methods. It is found that complex network metrics can be used to predict requirement change propagation. Based on the studied data, the performance ranking of metrics is characterized by edge interference across the changes. The results reveal that the R-ARCPP tool ranks higher than comparatively performing complex network metrics.
... Students are later able to better grasp the design actions of establishing needs, understanding the problem and generating potential solutions, evaluating those solutions, and documenting their work. 3 In the absence of a freshman-level design course in our curriculum, we find early design experiences in typical engineering science courses indispensable. This paper offers one example of an early design project in vibration engineering with strong instructional content that enhances the learning environment. ...
... İşletme kuvvetinin indirgenmiş faydalı direnç momenti (M fd ) işleme konumlarına göre hesaplanır; [10,11,12]. ...
Bu çalışmada makine imalat sanayinde vazgeçilmez yeri olan konvensiyonel
takım tezgahlarının tasarımına örnek olarak bir vargel tezgahının tasarlanması
incelenmiştir. Bunun için de Makine Kimya Endüstrisinin PY 600 tipli MKE FRITZWERNER lisanslı 4 kW motor gücündeki vargel tezgahı ele alınmıştır. İstenen
özellikteki bir vargel tezgahı ve literatüre göre tasarım için gerekli teknik veriler tertip
edilmiş ve imalat taleplerine bağlı olarak tezgahın kinematik şeması çizilmiştir.
Kinematik sentez, kinematik analiz, kinetostatik analiz ve dinamik analiz yapılıp,
tezgah elemanlarının malzemeleri seçilerek dayanım hesaplarına bağlı olarak takım
tezgahında kullanılan uzuvların boyutları belirlenmiştir. Son olarak tezgah için gerekli
güç değeri bulunup karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, geniş olarak ele alınmış
bir literatür ve teorik hesaplama çalışmasının genel özeti şeklinde verilmeye
çalışılmıştır.
... One suitable way of doing this is to monitor what takes place within project courses in a handful of cases in higher engineering education. Idea generation is essential in engineering design projects, where various methods exist to promote divergence and systematic thinking approaches to an area otherwise free of constraints and regulations [16]. In academia there is a tradition and a pedagogical structure to teach knowledge and theory. ...
A child's playfulness and ability to fantasize are also key creative mechanisms in adulthood. Allowing low formal control functions and high self determination is valuable for intrinsic motivation, triggering new ideas, curiosity, experimentation and the desire to impact and change traditional practices-creating innovativeness. This paper sets out to do three things: provide a literature review of the different aspects and angles of knowledge-and competence learning, and the area of creative techniques and an innovative team process; offer experiences and learning from the unique case studies used; and thirdly, to present the concept of Innovopoly-a new tool to better achieve creative learning and examination in higher education through both the innovative working process and the creative process. These elements together give us the ability to discuss how higher education could best implement courses and methods in order to prepare our students for the future.
... On the other hand, one of the challenges of dental implants is developing a threaded design that allows the mechanical anchorage of dental implants in the bone structure. Such tailored geometry is more challenging for ceramic materials due to the stress concentration on sharp edges and cracking susceptibility during threading, one of the surgical and dental implantation stages (Ullman, 1997). Several in vitro and in vivo investigations have established zirconia implant biocompatibility and osteogenic potential (Janner et al., 2018). ...
... A major number of charges accrued by an enterprise for the fabrication, maintenance, and end-oflife of products is predefined at the stage of product development. Ullman [9] mentioned that even if the decisions made during the design process cost very little (around 5% of the manufacturing cost), they have a great effect on the cost of a product (from 35% to 75% depending on the industries). Brundage et al. [10] confirmed this ascertainment by reporting that 70% to 80% of the total cost of a product is endorsed during the design stage. ...
The choices made in the early design stage (EDS) will largely define the environmental impacts of a product. The purpose of this paper is to develop an eco-design method used for assessing semi-quantitatively the sustainability of an additively manufactured product since the EDS. This article presents a semi-quantitative method to support EDS conscious environmental decision. A novel Sustainable-Failure Mode, Effect and Criticality Analysis (S-FMECA) tool is developed to support designers in the conceptual design phase, to guide the choices and to provide a valuable evaluation of the future additively manufactured product. Through the integration of the environmental aspects in FMECA analysis, systematic prevention of errors and enhancement of sustainability since the EDS would be the main advantage of this tool.
... CT skills such as explanation and self-regulation are essential during prototyping because they allow designers to effectively communicate their ideas and make necessary modifications based on feedback [25,26]. Finally, during the evaluation phase, designers employ analysis and evaluation skills to evaluate the performance of their prototypes against predefined criteria and constraints, allowing them to refine and optimize their designs [27,28]. Therefore, Facione's CT skills [14] are applicable and integral to the various stages of the design process, emphasizing the usefulness of CT in a design process, which is often an integral part of engineering education. ...
Critical Thinking (CT) skills are highly valued by employers, leading to their integration into engineering education through various design- and problem-based approaches. Despite their recognized importance, the varying perceptions of CT present challenges in achieving a unified approach to its development and assessment. This paper reviews CT assessment in engineering education, particularly mapping Facione's CT skills with assessment approaches to discern how CT is evaluated. We conducted a systematic keyword search in the SCOPUS database and identified 462 articles from 2010 to March 2023. These were reviewed and distilled down to 80 articles included in this study. We find that CT has been recognized as an essential skill set, but there are no consistent definitions or means to assess it. Further, while CT is a multifaced skill, we find that very few assessment methods assess CT holistically. We identify three goals for CT assessment: 1) understand and recognize CT, 2) demonstrate CT, and 3) identify if CT has changed due to intervention. We discuss how different assessment approaches, including rubrics, surveys, standardized tests, and customized assessments, have been used and propose recommendations to support reaching a better understanding of CT assessment in engineering education. Further research is needed to understand better how these skills can be taught and assessed as part of engineering education to meet the needs of employers.
... When developing a new product, it is very important to consider and quantify the allowed variation in each feature and property of the product. This needs to be done in early product development (Ullman 2009). This is done by specifying tolerances for each property, describing the upper and lower specification limit for which the property is acceptable. ...
... Desain rangka mesin pencacah plastik tipe LDPE (low density polyethylene) dan PETE (polyethylene terephthalate) ini mengacu pada standar yang diberikan dari hasil simulasi dengan kaidah-kaidah desain mekanikal [10,11], mulai dari displacement, von mises stress, safety factor, dan equivalent strain dengan bertujuan untuk menghasilkan pemilihan desain serta penggunaan material yang akan diproses untuk rangka untuk menghasilkan rangka maupun penggunaan material yang terbaik. Variasi desain yang dirancang dapat dilihat pada Gambar 1. Rancangan rangka mesin pencacah plastik ini merupakan rancangan yang mencakup 5 variasi, 1 dari rancangan tersebut merupakan rancangan rangka mesin pencacah plastik yang telah dimodifikasi guna mendapatkan perbandingan kekuatan dari rancangan rangka mesin pencacah plastik tersebut. ...
Di dunia industri kerangka/desain dalam sebuah proyek menjadi sebuah salah satu hal yang wajib ada. Baik model, konsep desain, perhitungan konsep, serta analisis kekuatan rangka menjadi hal yang harus di lengkapi agar mutu yang ada dalam desain tersebut terjamin kerangka mesin menjadi hal yang sangat berperan penting dalam sebuah konsep rancangan pembuatan alat mesin pencacah plastik Karena menjadi tempat beradanya/menempelnya mesin, komponen lainnya. Pada hal ini penulis memberlakukan atau mengambil topik analisis kekuatan rangka, yang terdapat pada rangka tersebut. Sehingga dapat diketahui nilai-nilai kritis dari rangka yang akan dibuat agar mendapatkan acuan untuk operator agar aman untuk digunakan. Pengujian kekuatan analisis rangka ini menggunakan software Autodesk Inventor versi student selanjutnya melalui simulasi rangka mesin pencacah plastik mesin. Untuk selanjutnya didapatkan tegangan maksimum rangka dari segi perhitungan secara teoritis atau pun pengujian maksimum secara simulasi menggunakan. Sehingga didapatkan nilai tegangan maksimum secara teoritis dan tegangan maksimum secara simulasi. Desain rangka dengan besi hollow menunjukkan performa terbaik pada pengujian kekuatan, sehingga disarankan untuk digunakan pada rancang bangun alat pencacah plastik.
... These products, however, have been optimized to be the best option for a wide range of customers. Entire sections and chapters in engineering design textbooks are devoted to the subject of how to do this [2]- [4]. Identifying customer needs and preferences is vital to designing a product that will be well-received by consumers. ...
Studies have shown gaze path data to be helpful in gaining consumer feedback. This study examines the applicability of utilizing eye tracking in collecting consumer preference data on a product’s design. During the study, the subjects are asked to indicate their preferences textually and verbally; concurrently, eye-tracking software collects gaze data from the test subjects. Both datasets are compared for correlation. The robustness of the study is tested against three variables: (1) product type; (2) design fidelity; and (3) product features. The study determines whether gaze data can be applied to a range of different products. The specific sample products used are cars, cellular phones, and microwaves. This tests viability when applied to a variety of products. The study also investigates preference data on various design fidelities: a sketch generated early in the design process (low fidelity), a drawing at an intermediate stage in the process (medium fidelity), or a picture/rendering of the final product (high fidelity). The last variable in the study examines the impact of the number of features that could be altered on each of the products. Due to the diversity of the product set, many features can be changed and analyzed. By comparing the preference data to the gaze data collected for these variables, we find that all product types can be examined; however, it is important to note that lower interest products presented as sketches (lower fidelity) with two changed features most accurately predicted preferences data of consumers.
... After clarifying the task and elaborating on respective specifications, problem identification, concept variant generation, and design optimization will be carried out. Ullman [29] presented a mechanical design process model to explain how the design process can be divided into project definition and planning, conceptual design, and product design. Suh [30] introduced an axiomatic design theory for mechanical systems, which provided a theoretical framework for the design process from customer needs, function requirements, and design parameters to process variables. ...
Design knowledge in the vast amount of design reports and documents can be a great resource for designers in their practice. However, capturing such domain-specific information embedded in long-length unstructured texts is always time-consuming and sometimes difficult. Therefore, it is highly desirable for a computer system to automatically extract the main knowledge points and their corresponding inner structures from given documents. In this study of document understanding for design support (DocUDS), a design-perspective knowledge extraction approach is proposed that uses phrase-level domain-specific labeled datasets to finetune a Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) model so that it can extract design knowledge from documents. The BERT model finetuning attempts to blend in the domain-specific knowledge of well-recognized domain concepts and is based on the datasets generated from design reports. The model is utilized to map the captured sentences to the main design entities , , and . In addition, this approach uncovers inner relationships among the sentences and constructs overall structures of documents to enhance understanding. The definitions of design perspectives, inter-perspective relations, and intra-perspective relations are introduced, which together capture the main design knowledge points and their relations and constitute an understanding of the design domain knowledge of a text. The case study results have demonstrated the proposed approach’s effectiveness in understanding and extracting relevant design knowledge points.
En el presente artículo se propone el diseño de una mesa vibratoria de tres grados de libertad para pruebas sísmicas en estructuras civiles a escala. El diseño conceptual de la máquina se desarrolló aplicando el método del diseño basado en funciones, en donde primero se establece una función global y, después, se desglosan las subfunciones y se identifica el orden de ejecución de las misma, así como el flujo de información. A partir del desglose de subfunciones, se establece una tabla morfológica de conceptos de para cada función y, me mediante la técnica de evaluación de conceptos de Pugh, se realiza la selección de componentes. La configuración definitiva de la mesa consiste en tres mesas paralelas, para lo cual se genera un modelo de dibujo asistido por computadora (CAD, por sus siglas en inglés) de SolidWorks®. El movimiento de la mesa se simula con base en un perfil de posición versus tiempo, calculados a partir de la integración numérica de los acelerogramas obtenidos de los eventos sísmicos de 1985 en la ciudad de México, utilizando un esquema de Matlab-Simulink. Finalmentre, se determinan los esfuerzos flexionantes máximos a soportar en las guías en función del desplazamiento del sistema
Se aborda el desarrollo de procedimientos efectivos de selección de
materiales refractarios, para el diseño de los revestimientos de las cazuelas de vaciado de acero mediante el modelado matemático de esta tarea de ingeniería como proceso de toma de decisiones, bajo un enfoque sistémico de análisis. La importancia de este tema, se relaciona con la persistencia en la actualidad de problemas relacionados con los elevados consumos demateriales y de recursos energéticos-financieros, como resultado de la baja eficiencia de los
métodos establecidos para la realización de esta actividad de diseño en el sector industrial.
La novedad de la investigación presentada en el campo del modelado, está dada por el perfeccionamiento de los modelos matemáticos de selección óptima de materiales refractarios y la obtención de procedimientos evolutivos que aportan poblaciones de soluciones eficientes, que se caracterizan por tener mejores valores de relación entre los indicadores de eficiencia.
Otro resultado importante a destacar, es la obtención de una herramienta computacional de diseño de revestimientos para el caso de las cazuelas de vaciado de acero con un alto valor metodológico en cuanto a las vías y métodos de análisis seguidos, los que pueden ser aplicados a otros casos de estudio
Industrial engineering and product design are fundamentally related to the imperative sustainability requirements. Products create environmental problems throughout their life cycle in several ways: during the extraction and process of raw materials, during manufacturing, during transportation, use, and maintenance, and finally, during their disposal. Decisions taken at the engineering design stage are influencing more than 80% of the environmental and social impacts of a product, incurred throughout its whole lifecycle. Current research in this field focuses on the development and implementation of design for environment methodologies, life cycle analysis, and on circular economy (CE). Recently, sustainable finance has systematically taken into account environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations when making investment decisions in the financial sector, leading to more long-term investments in sustainable activities and projects. ESG considerations might include the environment more broadly, for instance, pollution prevention and CE. This paper aims to illustrate the connection of engineering design with the goals and opportunities offered by the sustainable finance perspective. The stage of development of a theoretical framework that efficiently links the above concepts by taking also into account the challenges imposed by CE is presented and discussed.
Der Erfolg von Prototypen und die Entwicklung des richtigen Prototyps hängt von der Expertise der Entwickelnden ab, welche zum einen durch Ausbildung und zum anderen durch das Prototypisieren selbst erlangt werden kann. Die Vermittlung dieser Expertise in der Ausbildung ist relevant, damit frühzeitig im Prototypen-Prozess strategische Entscheidungen getroffen werden können. Jedoch existiert kein einheitliches Verständnis eines richtigen Prototyps, welches innerhalb von Schulungen vermittelt werden kann. In dieser Arbeit werden Aspekte für die Entwicklung eines richtigen Prototyps basierend auf einer Literaturanalyse vorgestellt, um ein solches Verständnis für einen richtigen Prototypen zu erstellen. Die Richtigkeit eines Prototyps wird als situations- und bedarfsgerecht verstanden, welche anschließend durch Aspekte konkretisiert wird. In einer daran anknüpfenden Schulung werden die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse Studierenden vermittelt, um diese in der Entwicklung eines richtigen Prototyps zu unterstützen. Die Schulung ist hierbei in drei Phasen unterteilt. Der Lerneffekt der Schulung konnte durch einen Prä- und Post-Wissenstest evaluiert werden, da ein nachhaltiger Wissenszuwachs bei den Studierende gemessen werden konnte.
The use of data-driven techniques can support the trade-off between different PSS design concepts by allowing dynamic indexing and retrieval of information to detect correlations and emerging trends. The chapter presents a data-driven approach exploiting historical PSS operational data and Computer Aided Design (CAD) models to populate value models for alternative design configurations inside the feasible design space. The approach encompasses the use of the Design of Experiment techniques and machine learning (ML) to create surrogate models of value for each potential PSS design configuration. The application of the approach is described through two case studies run in collaboration with a tier-one aero-engine sub-system manufacturer and an original equipment manufacturer in the construction equipment field.
Product-Service Systems (PSS) design is far from reaching maturity when dealing with early concept generation and selection tasks. Several methods and models for Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) are proposed in the literature to augment the ability of the design team to identify, early on in the process, the most valuable solution option(s). The aim of this chapter is to review how MCDM is applied today to guide design concept selection activities in PSS realm. It lists and discusses the most popular techniques used by the research community to deal with the choice, ranking and sorting problems for design decision making, pointing to application cases across several industrial sectors. Building from the results of a multiple case study analysis, it further proposes 5 ‘questions to be asked’, reflecting on the selection and usage of the MCDM techniques when approaching PSS design vs. classical product development and systems engineering.
Undergraduate engineering students are commonly introduced to design in their first year and tackle a more authentic design challenge during senior year, with intervening courses focused on technical problem solving. Along this trajectory, students should acquire skills related to the development of engineering requirements, which are important to the technical framing of design problems. Through the lens of framing agency, this mixed-methods study explores first-year and senior students' knowledge of engineering requirements as they engaged problems within their respective courses. Findings suggest that learning about requirements as a framing mechanism was not well-supported across the curriculum. Implications include a need to engage students in requirements development during the middle years and improve support for iterative framing and solving activities.
The CADMD conference series started in Warsaw in 1994 and has been organized
annually since then in Poland and Ukraine.
In 2023 the XXXI CADMD conference took place in Supraśl and has been dedicated
to the memory of Professor Jerzy Wróbel.
A short history of the conference can be found on its website (http://cadmd.lpnu.ua/).
The organizers are as follows:
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Białystok University of Technology, Białystok,
Poland;
Department of Automated Design Systems, Lviv Polytechnic National University,
Lviv, Ukraine;
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Science
and Technology, Krakow, Poland;
Institute of Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering, Warsaw University
of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
The aim of the conference is to exchange experiences between scientists in modern
information technology, the development of CAx systems, teaching methods
and the implementation of automated systems in the educational process, and establishing closer ties between researchers.
The conference papers are presented on problems in the field of MCAD and ECAD
techniques and CAx tools in automation of machine and mechanism design, identification, modelling of processes and systems, UAV, UGV, robotics, automation,
electromechanical systems, application of information technologies in engineering,
software, programming and algorithms, additive technologies, reverse engineering,
databases, CAx engineering education, educational methods and Internet technologies
in education.
The XXXI International Conference CAD in Machinery Design – Implementation
and Educational Issues occurred under the patronage of:
Rector of Białystok University of Technology
Rector of L’viv Polytechnic National University
Rector of AGH University of Science and Technology
Rector of Warsaw University of Technology
Main Board of SIMP (Polish Society of Mechanical Engineers and Technicians)
President of ProCAx Association
The conference took place in Supraśl, Poland, on October 26–28, 2023.
Conference CADMD_2023 was co-financed from the state budget under the programme of the Ministry of Education and Science of Poland called “Doskonała Nauka” project no. DNK/SP/548614/2022.
A large percentage of the world population is currently affected by functional impairments. In this context, the prescription of assistive technology products and services contributes to an individual’s quality of life. However, high abandonment rates of such devices have been reported and are commonly associated with the non-correspondence to users’ needs. The design of customized products requires a systematization level that is not well achieved by traditional methods, and customization-oriented approaches usually promote restricted user participation. This paper introduces an iterative participatory procedure focused on both early and conception stages of the design of assistive technology. It integrates data collection tools with field-specific assessment protocols, the house of quality technique for decision-making, and an effective participation of potential users. Due to the lack of functional adequacy observed in shower chairs for adults, such equipment was selected for a case study. The procedure comprises an iterative, spiral-shaped flowchart interspersed with interdisciplinary tasks, and the case study revealed complex and intricate interactions with the final user in both phase of design cross-domain establishment and different conceptual design presentations. The use of design techniques integrated with assistive technology assessment protocols provided greater fluidity in the communication between the interdisciplinary design team, represented by researchers in engineering design and occupational therapy. Three versions of the conceptual design were generated through the implementation of user feedback and technical improvements, showing a good correspondence with the initially gathered requirements and being satisfactorily evaluated by health professionals.
The objective of this work is to analyze modern design approaches and explore their potential application in developing a contemporary system approach to designing roller briquette presses. The analysis and classification of fundamental approaches in the theory and methodology of design have been conducted. It is emphasized that there is still no universally accepted approach to the design of roller presses. This lack of uniformity arises from the diverse array of structural solutions, components, and details inherent in presses. Furthermore, methods for determining briquetting process parameters and press equipment operation modes are actively evolving. The nomenclature of briquetting materials is expanding, and there are ongoing changes in equipment management systems. The design field is witnessing the active incorporation of new materials, structural details, and components. In addition to covering the fundamentals of general theory and design methodology, this work offers an overview and analysis of established methods for designing machines, technical systems, and processes. These methods are closely related to the specified theory and can be applied to enhance the system approach to designing roller presses.
There are some problems with the drying process in the concrete tiles local industry, especially due to uncertain weather, where the drying process relies on sunlight. In addition, roof tile dryers have not yet hit the market. A laboratory-scale dryer is needed to develop a full-scale concrete roof tile dryer. This research aims to design and manufacture a laboratory-scale concrete tile dryer. The dryer will be used to investigate the characteristics of the concrete roof drying. The design was carried out using the Pahl and Beitz method, in three stages, namely planning, conceptual design, and detailed design. In the planning stage, a requirement list was stated, in the conceptual design stage, selected tools are determined for every sub-function, while in the detail design stage, shop drawings were produced. To produce a better distribution of air velocity and temperature, at this detailed design stage, a Solidworks CFD numerical analysis was used. The dimension of the drier is 1600 x 1100 x 1100 mm³, with a capacity of 60 - 180 kg, with air velocity of 3 m/s and variable temperature. The drying chamber consists of 3 layers. The heat source is LPG flame and electric heater. The fresh air is flown to the LPG burner, through a circulating fan into the drying chamber, where the concrete roof tiles are situated. The roof tile dryer was constructed and tested. The test results show that the air velocity at the top layer accorded with the CFD result, while in the second layer and third layer of the drying chamber, the air velocity was relatively small. The temperature in each layer of the drying chamber shows the same value, in this case, the temperature for each layer is 38°C, while the set point at the thermostat was 40°C. The relative humidity of the drying air was 21.7% while the ambient air relative humidity was 52%.
Technology changes the physical conditions in which people live. Technology is created for a specific purpose or utility, causing changes in the physical environment. The concepts of form and function offer a perspective for interpreting physical objects. Form describes the material properties and physical characteristics of an object.
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