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... Linalool is usually used as a food additive and is considered to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) 2 . Linalool has different biological properties including sedative (Guzmán-Gutiérrez et al., 2012), anxiolytic ( Linck et al., 2010), anticonvulsant ( Elisabetsky et al., 1999), anesthetic ( Narusuye et al., 2005), analgesic ( Batista et al., 2010), anti-inflammatory ( Huo et al., 2013), antioxidant (Atsumi and Tonosaki, 2007), and antimicrobial (Park et al., 2012) activities. Compared to its other biological properties, studies on the antimicrobial activity of linalool are limited. ...
Listeria monocytogenes, which causes serious foodborne infections and public health problems worldwide, is one of the most important foodborne pathogens. Linalool has been identified as an antimicrobial agent against some microorganism, but its mechanism of action is currently unclear. Here, we investigated the efficacy of linalool against L. monocytogenes while planktonic and as a biofilm and explored potential mechanisms of action. Linalool exhibited strong anti-listeria activity in the planktonic stage. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed seven stages were classified of cells at microscopic level. Mesosome-like structures were observed for the first time in L. monocytogenes after linalool treatment. Linalool also showed significant anti-biofilm activity through both dispersal and killing of cells in the biofilm based on confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) and SEM imaging, crystal violet staining, XTT and COMSTAT assays. Moreover, comparative transcriptome analysis demonstrated many potential mechanisms of action for linalool and some important pathways were screened out through the analysis of GO enrichment and KEGG. Our study provides evidence that linalool exhibits a strong antimicrobial activity against both the planktonic and biofilm forms of L. monocytogenes and gives insight into its mechanism of action.
... An abundant (~90%) essential oil of the leaves of Aniba rosaeodora [46,47] that is used in the traditional medicine of the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon for its effects on the central nervous system, such as sedative, anticonvulsant, and antidepressant [19,47,48]. Additionally, linalool has anti-inflammatory [49], anticancer [50][51][52], antihyperlipidemic, antinociceptive, analgesic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties [53]. Several studies have demonstrated a gamma of anti-infectious activity like antiviral [54], antibacterial [55][56][57], antifungal [58,59], and antileishmanial [55,60,61]. ...
... Nessa espécie, um dos componentes químicos majoritários no óleo essencial é o linalol (Henriques et al., 1997), composto muito utilizado pela indústria da alta perfumaria (Letizia et al., 2003) que o considera um ingrediente floral insubstituível. Além disso, pesquisas evidenciam diversas atividades farmacológicas desse componente, inclusive ação antimicrobiana (Park et al., 2012), anti-inflamatória (Huo et al., 2013), antidepressiva (Guzmán-Gutierrez et al., 2012) anticonvulsionante (Elisabetsky et al., 1999) (2015); j Romagnolo & Souza (2004); k Sobral (2003). ...
This study aimed to describe the floristic-structural pattern, ecological characteristics and potentials of Myrtaceae in the Caveiras River Basin. The studied Myrtaceae communities are localized in Santa Catarina Southern Plateau – municipalities of Lages, São José do Cerrito and Urupema. Four sampling units were installed in each municipality, totaling a sampling area of 30,000 m2. All Myrtaceae individuals with DBH ≥ 5 cm were surveyed within the sampling units. The Myrtaceae community structure was assessed through phytosociological descriptors and the sampling sufficiency was verified using the rarefaction method. The ecological approach, as well as the indication of non-timber use of Myrtaceae resources was inferred from a specialized bibliography and scientific database. 1,480 Myrtaceae individuals were sampled, totaling 21 species and 11 genera. The most abundant species were Myrceugenia euosma, Siphoneugena reitzii and Myrcia palustris, which represent more than 50% of the community structure. Regarding the ecological classification, the late secondary group was the most expressive (57%). The sampled species are recommended for the restoration of altered areas, ornamental (100%) as well as phytotherapic use (60%). Despite the Myrtaceae representativeness and potentials, further research is necessary to support conservation through management plans.
... *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 when compared with control or ascorbic acid. inflammatory activity (Peana et al., 2002;Huo et al., effect on inhibition of edema formation (de Cassia da Silveira e Sa et al., 2013). The combination of all these oilcomponents may have synergistic effect, making the leaf oil more potent as an anti-inflammatory agent than the fruit peel oil. ...
The number of people diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and its complications is markedly increasing worldwide, leading to a worldwide epidemic across all age groups, from children to older adults. Diabetes is associated with premature aging. In recent years, it has been found that peripheral overactivation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), and in particular cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) signaling, plays a crucial role in the progression of insulin resistance, diabetes (especially type 2), and its aging-related comorbidities such as atherosclerosis, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Therefore, it is suggested that peripheral blockade of CB1R may ameliorate diabetes and diabetes-related comorbidities. The use of synthetic CB1R antagonists such as rimonabant has been prohibited because of their psychiatric side effects. In contrast, phytocannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), produced by cannabis, exhibit antagonistic activity on CB1R signaling and do not show any adverse side effects such as psychoactive effects, depression, or anxiety, thereby serving as potential candidates for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. In addition to these phytocannabinoids, cannabis also produces a substantial number of other phytocannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids with therapeutic potential against insulin resistance, diabetes, and its complications. In this review, the pathogenesis of diabetes, its complications, and the potential to use cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids for its treatment are discussed.
(−)-Linalool, a major component of many essential oils, is widely used in cosmetics and flavoring ingredients as well as in traditional medicines. Although various in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that (−)-linalool has anti-convulsant, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, its anti-ischemic/hypoxic effects have yet to be determined. This study assessed the neuroprotective effects of (−)-linalool against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced cortical neuronal injury, an in vitro model of ischemic stroke. (−)-Linalool significantly attenuated OGD/R-evoked cortical neuronal injury/death, although it did not inhibit N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxicity. (−)-Linalool significantly reduced intracellular oxidative stress during OGD/R-induced injury, as well as scavenging peroxyl radicals (Trolox equivalents or TE = 3.8). This anti-oxidant effect was found to correlate with the restoration of OGD/R-induced decreases in the activities of SOD and catalase. In addition, (−)-linalool inhibited microglial migration induced by monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a chemokine released by OGD/R. These findings show that (−)-linalool has neuroprotective effects against OGD/R-induced neuronal injury, which may be due to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Detailed examination of the anti-ischemic mechanisms of (−)-linalool may indicate strategies for the development of drugs to treat cerebral ischemic injury.
Linalool, a natural compound of the essential oils, has been shown to have antinociceptive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of linalool against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver injury in mice. Mice were administered with linalool 1h before receiving LPS (50μg/kg) and GalN (800mg/kg). The results demonstrated that linalool had a protective effect on LPS/GalN-induced acute liver injury, as evidenced by the attenuation of hepatic pathological damage, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, MPO activity and serum ALT and AST levels. Linalool alleviated serum and hepatic TNF-α and IL-6 production, as well as hepatic iNOS and COX-2 expression by inhibiting NF-κB activation. Treatment of linalool increased bcl-2 expression and inhibited caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression. In addition, linalool increased Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 expression up-regulation by LPS/GalN. In conclusion, our results suggested that linalool was protected against LPS/GalN-induced liver injury through induction of antioxidant defense via Nrf2 activating and reduction inflammatory response via NF-κB inhibition.
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