The Great Good Place. Cafes, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons, and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community
Abstract
The Great Good Place argues that "third places" - where people can gather, put aside the concerns of work and home, and hang out simply for the pleasures of good company and lively conversation - are the heart of a community's social vitality and the grassroots of democracy.
... However, the concept of enhancing these stations as "third places" acknowledges their potential to become social, cultural, and economic centers within the community. Third places are public or semi-public spaces where people come together on neutral ground, socialize, relax, engage in community activities, and enjoy being part of a larger spatial community outside of their homes (the "first place") and workplaces (the "second place") (Oldenburg, 1999). Examples of third places include cafes, restaurants, parks, social centers, and public squares (Oldenburg, 1989). ...
... The ongoing population growth in cities, coupled with the continued urban expansion and changing urban lifestyle patterns, along with the influence of technological advancements, have led to the social aspect of life evolving apart from one another (Oldenburg, 1999). The extensive network of railroads weaving through the city, with their nodes and places, occupies significant urban spaces. ...
... In a world increasingly rationalized and managed, there must be an effective vocabulary and set of rationales to promote anything that is to survive (Oldenburg, 1999). Richard Goodwin observes that when a group is devoid of entertainment and meeting services, they tend to transform their leisure time into opportunities for consumption. ...
As cities prioritize transit-oriented development (TOD) to reduce automobile dependence and promote sustainable urban growth, the role of rail stations is evolving from mere transportation nodes to vibrant social hubs. This research addresses the gap between the functional role of rail stations and their capacity to foster third places, using Istanbul as a case study. Employing the Node-PlaceThird Place-Ridership-Time (NPTPRT) model, the study provides a multidimensional framework to evaluate the integration of rail stations with surrounding land uses, ridership trends with temporal dynamics, and social engagement. The research examines 29 stations across diverse urban and suburban settings to analyze the influence of station characteristics on ridership dynamics and community interactions. A comprehensive methodology was developed, incorporating field observations, geospatial analysis, and institutional data to measure the node, place, and third-place attributes of each station. The findings reveal that stations with high accessibility and integrated landuse characteristics not only attract greater ridership but also foster stronger community engagement, validating the hypothesis that TOD strategies enhance urban vitality when stations function as third places. Moreover, the study identifies stations where performance and ridership trends, influenced by temporal dynamics, deviate from the balance of integration, providing valuable insights for transit planning and station design. By incorporating the concept of third places into traditional TOD frameworks, this research highlights the potential for rail stations to act as centers of social life, extending their utility beyond transit. This study contributes to the TOD literature by demonstrating the dual role of rail transit stations as transportation nodes and community spaces. It underscores the importance of designing rail stations with a social dimension to create more sustainable and inclusive urban environments. While focused on Istanbul, the findings offer broader insights for cities worldwide navigating the challenges of rapid urbanization and expanding transit networks. By emphasizing the intersection of mobility and livability, this research presents actionable recommendations for enhancing urban vitality through integrated station planning and management.
... CWSs, relying on a vast social resource platform, provide information sharing, resource matching, and incubation services for startup teams or companies. They represent an integrated open entrepreneurial space [4]. ...
... The benchmark model results are shown in Table 3. Based on Equation (1), colum (1) to (4) in Table 3 report the regression results for the impact of the NIDZ policy on development of CWSs under different conditions. Irrespective of the inclusion of con variables, individual fixed effects exhibit a gradual decline, with increasing demands. ...
... The benchmark model results are shown in Table 3. Based on Equation (1), columns (1) to (4) in Table 3 report the regression results for the impact of the NIDZ policy on the development of CWSs under different conditions. Irrespective of the inclusion of control variables, individual fixed effects exhibit a gradual decline, with increasing demands. ...
The rise of information and communication technologies (ICT) has facilitated flexible working arrangements, giving rise to new workspaces like co-working spaces (CWSs). While existing research has focused on the distribution of CWSs within city, this study explores their location patterns and relationships with regional policies in China. Using data from 2015 to 2022, it employs a quasi-natural experiment at the prefecture level, primarily examining the impact of the National Innovation Demonstration Zone (NIDZ) policy. This pilot policy primarily aims to reform the science and technology innovation mechanism in the pilot cities. Notably, the research innovatively applies the multiple Difference-in-Differences (DID) model to compare CWS distribution pre- and post-policy implementation across diverse cities. The findings include the general promotion of CWS growth in NIDZs, yet with a policy focus leading to regional imbalances. Moreover, the positive effect of establishing demonstration zones on CWS growth is relatively smaller in economically developed cities. These insights shed light on the evolving dynamics and patterns of innovative activities, emphasizing the influence of regional policies on the spatial distribution of CWSs.
... Death Café (n.d.) is a place that aims to raise awareness about death through casual discussions over a cup of tea, helping people make the most of their lives (Baldwin, 2017;Death Café, n.d.;Fong, 2017;McLoughlin et al., 2016). Oldenburg (1989) presented the concept of a "third place" that is neither home nor work but a neutral place where conversations are held on an equal footing, and the interaction with various people provides the collective knowledge of the members and a healthy outlook on life. A café as a place for interaction is one such place, and Death Café for talking about death is also a third place (Fong, 2017;Koksvik & Richards, 2021). ...
... As long as we think of death as someone else's matter, we will not ponder on it. A sense of belonging promotes the provision of collective knowledge (Oldenburg, 1989). Although some participants joined this meeting without any intention of thinking about death, they developed a sense of belonging through interaction with others and became empowered to contemplate death through the benefit of common knowledge and activities. ...
... In the meeting, there were communality-oriented narratives that responded to and empathized with the narratives of others, and subjectivity-oriented narratives that asserted participants' own way of life. Oldenburg (1989) demonstrated that third-place interactions can bring about the perfect fusion of selfishness, to make oneself happy, and altruism to make others happy. In the meetings, positive attitudes such as cheerfulness and fun brought an equilibrium of "communion" and "agency" that transcended the conflict between individual and group. ...
Introduction: Views on life and death are the basis of everyday life for people at the end of life to express their intentions about where and how they want to spend their time, and for healthy people they are the basis for living life to the fullest. Research Aim: Community dialogue would be effective in helping community residents form views on life and death. This study aimed to create a place where healthy residents could talk about death and form views on life and death. Research Method: The study was conducted using the action research method. Residents of the study community who were unfamiliar with death met there and discussed a topic they had designated related to life and death. The meetings were held monthly for a year. About a dozen people attended each time. Notes from the meetings were subjected to qualitative analysis. Findings: A safe place to share time and space was created in the community. The process of creating the place was divided into three phases: the phase of raising interest, the phase of initiating participation and the phase of leading activity, by focusing on the theme of dialogue, participants’ awareness and the balance between the author and the participants. Conclusion: Study participants deepened their thoughts on death through internal and external dialogues and formed their unique views on life and death while pursuing psychological well-being. The group embraced dialogue with empathy, creating a collective narrative about death that recursively empowered participants. The dual dynamics of discovering death both individually and collectively were confirmed.
... However, the diversity in responses also highlights the variability in students' social preferences, with some preferring quieter spaces and others enjoying a livelier café atmosphere. This variability reflects the dynamic nature of third places, which can cater to a wide range of social preferences, aligning with Oldenburg's (1991) view of third places as flexible environments for both individual and collective experiences. ...
... The sense of belonging reported by many students within the campus cafes further supports the idea that these spaces function as important communal hubs. Oldenburg (1991) argues that third places help foster a shared sense of belonging, providing individuals with a sense of identity and connection to the wider community. In the context of campus cafes, students' feelings of comfort and inclusion suggest that these spaces are fulfilling an important social function. ...
... The study underscores the importance of accessibility in third places, with most students viewing campus cafés as accessible social spaces, aligning with Oldenburg's (1991) view on the need for physical accessibility. Accessibility involves not just proximity, but also affordability, design factors like seating, space availability, and movement flow, which contribute to the café's functionality, echoing global studies that stress the need for third places to serve diverse groups and ensure easy access (Torres, 2020). ...
This study explores the role of campus cafés as third places at the University of the Western Cape (UWC), focusing on their impact on student social interaction, inclusivity, and well-being. While third places have been widely studied in the global North, there is limited research within university settings in the global South. Through a mixed-methods approach, this research investigates student experiences and perceptions of campus cafés at UWC, aiming to highlight their significance in fostering community engagement and a sense of belonging. Data collection includes surveys distributed to students frequenting selected cafés, semi-structured interviews with a diverse student sample, and observation of the cafés' physical environments. Findings suggest that campus cafés at UWC enhance socialization, inclusivity, and a sense of belonging. However, challenges like overcrowding and limited seating capacity were also highlighted, indicating the need for targeted improvements to optimize their impact. This study provides insights into the role of third places within higher education environments in the global South, extending the concept beyond its traditional context. The findings offer valuable implications for urban planners, university administrators, and policymakers aiming to design inclusive social spaces that enhance student experiences, well-being, and community cohesion in diverse academic settings.
... Spaces like Starbucks, independent cafés, or coworking hubs mirror the Enlightenment coffeehouse model, offering environments conducive to innovation and progress. Much like their historical counterparts, these spaces emphasize a culture of focus and intellectual exchange, reflecting coffee's enduring role as a catalyst for productivity and connection (Oldenburg, 1999). ...
... As hubs of daily life and cultural expression, coffee shops are not merely places to drink coffee -they are third spaces (Oldenburg, 1999). Social interactions, personal reflection, and communal bonding converge in these informal settings. ...
... Beyond their observational value, coffee shops actively foster community engagement, making them integral to the social infrastructure of cities. As "third places" (Oldenburg, 1999) -informal spaces distinct from home (first place) and work (second place) -coffee shops provide a neutral ground where people from varied backgrounds can connect, build relationships, and form a sense of belonging. ...
The Brew of Nations: Coffee, Culture, and the Human Connection reveals how coffee has become a powerful bridge connecting people across the globe. This book is the result of author’s lifelong enthusiasm for coffee and my constant pursuit of understanding its significant impact on human civilization. This book is built around three central themes: coffee as a cultural crossroads, sustainability as a moral imperative, and the human connection that coffee fosters. Each chapter delves into coffee’s rich and complex background. The impact of social media on coffee culture, the role of local wisdom in building resilient coffee businesses, and how Gen Z is redefining the coffee value chain are also explored. May this book serve as a call for readers to see coffee as a common experience that unites, inspires, and drives people toward an increasingly sustainable and connected future.
... (boyd, 2014, p. 90) [13] Human connections are essential, whether at physical spaces, what Oldenburg termed "third places" (i.e., "informal public gathering places" [77]) or online. Third spaces are crucial for communityrelated collective efforts, including political participation and organizational change [48,83], but most critically, for fostering communities and nurturing interpersonal connections [12,21,78]. However, public places for casual hangouts are rapidly disappearing [77,82]. ...
... Oldenburg's "Third Place". Ray Oldenburg [78,79] defines "third places" as inclusive spaces outside the home (first place) and work (second place), where people form relationships through repeated interactions. Examples include cafes and libraries, which exhibit eight key characteristics: 1) "on neutral ground" where people can come and go freely; 2) social "leveling," making status irrelevant; 3) conversation as the main activity; 4) accessibility and accommodation; 5) regular visitors shaping the ambiance and welcoming newcomers; 6) a "low profile"; 7) a "playful mood"; and 8) a sense of "home away from home." ...
... Following this, the first and second authors coded four additional transcripts, iterating on the codes until saturation was reached. These codes were synthesized and mapped to specific elements from Oldenburg's framework of eight third-place characteristics [78]. This process led to the development of a taxonomy (see Table 2) that outlines how Discord, as a social media platform, is shaped into a third place. ...
In light of the diminishing presence of physical third places -- informal gathering spaces essential for social connection -- this study explores how the social media platform Discord fosters third-place experiences. Drawing on Oldenburg's conceptual framework, we analyze how Discord's design elements support the creation of virtual third places that foster both dyadic and community-based relationships. Through 25 semi-structured interviews with active Discord users, we identified 21 design elements aligned with Oldenburg's third-place characteristics. These elements cluster around four core principles: providing themed spaces for repeated interactions, supporting user autonomy and customization, facilitating mutually engaging activities, and enabling casual, low-pressure interactions. This work contributes to understanding how intentional platform design can cultivate virtual spaces that support meaningful social connections. The findings have implications for designing future social technologies that can help address growing concerns about social isolation in an increasingly digital world.
... Recent trends have witnessed the emergence of public libraries (Schopfel et al., 2015) and coworking spaces as alternative venues for individual and collaborative academic work (Bouncken, 2018). These "third spaces" (Oldenburg, 1989) are neither office nor home but can facilitate the relational aspects of academic work. In this paper, I use the term "other spaces" as an umbrella term to refer to all these environments which are not the office nor the home. ...
... In addition, descriptive results show that the time spent working from "other" spaces does not vary significantly across different groups of academics, except for life scientists, who exhibit a higher usage rate of these spaces. Life scientists are characterized by a higher rate of collaboration for research purposes (Huhtelin and Nenonen, 2019), making them a suitable group for future analysis on the impact of working from other spaces, particularly "third spaces," which are known for their socialization benefits (Oldenburg, 1989). ...
Purpose
This study aims to investigate whether hybrid, multilocational work (i.e. working from different workspaces) influences individual self-reported outcomes within an academic workforce. Prior studies have often associated academic work with a single environment, such as the campus or home, while the case of multilocational work in academia has received less attention. In addition, this paper explores spatial characteristics of office and home spaces in influencing work outcomes.
Design/methodology/approach
This exploratory study builds on survey data from 7,861 Italian academics that were merged with secondary data. Through descriptive statistics and econometric regressions, this study examines how working from the university office, the home and other spaces influences self-reported individual productivity, socialization, work−life balance and job satisfaction and whether these effects are related to some spatial characteristics of these locations.
Findings
The effects of working from both the university and home on self-reported individual productivity and work−life balance are contingent on certain physical characteristics of these spaces. Instead, job satisfaction and self-reported socialization are significantly affected by the three work environments (i.e. the university, the home and other spaces). This influence goes beyond just their physical characteristics.
Originality/value
This paper considers how working from different workspaces (i.e. the university office, the home and other spaces) influences various individual self-assessed outcomes differently. The results of this study need to be cautiously considered for the future of university space planning and management.
... Considering different concepts of public space, it's worth mentioning the theory of Oldenburg [8] on the third "place". He pro-poses to use the concept of "third place," which, from a functional standpoint, is synonymous with the concept of public space: it can act as a "neutral territory" or "organization point," provide the city with "public characters," organize joint leisure activities for adults and youth, and integrate the elderly into the local community. ...
... These are also the people who are likely to give newcomers their first welcome to the area. Amid this lengthy enumeration of third place functions, it may be well to point out that the fundamental motivation for this kind of belonging is neither personal advantage nor civic duty [8]. ...
This article will analyze the transformation process of public space on the example of the former Soviet city of Minsk. The goal is to analyze the relationship between the change in public space, the behavior of people in it and the development of a culture of consumption. The key principles of constructing the Soviet public space will also be outlined (they will be considered based on in-depth interviews of people living at that time). Ideological, social and economic shifts in the context of the post-Soviet city will be noted using the example of the city of Minsk. An analysis of the development of culture of consumption in the modern urban environment will be carried out as the main direction in the transformation of public space. The modern functions of the urban public space (communicative, organizational and recreational) will be defined and analyzed in the following article. This research is intended to find out the prospects for the development of the urban public space of the city of Minsk. The fundamental basis of this article is information from in-depth interviews both with residents of the Soviet period of the city of Minsk and with residents of present-day city of Minsk. The nature of this research can be classified as explanatory, since the aim is to find out the existence of a relationship between the two aspects (or its correlation), but besides, it is exploratory, since it aims to study an area where little is known. JEL: D12, L83, R21, Z13, R41.
... The concepts and theories related to coworking spaces 2.2.1 Third place and coworking spaces Oldenburg (1999) coined the concept "third place", referring to social spaces separate from home (first place) and work (second place) where people interact. Researchers like Gandini and Cossu (2021) and Tomaz, Moriset et al. (2022) consider CWSs as modern third places, offering temporary work environments and supporting activities beyond home and traditional workplaces. ...
The impact of COVID-19 on urban workplaces has led to an increasing demand for coworking spaces (CWSs) in Bangkok and has expanded CWSs into suburban areas. This study examines the impacts of COVID-19 on CWSs and focuses on the spatial pattern of CWSs in Bangkok. It seeks to answer the following question: Does the business operation of CWSs in Bangkok have a clustered pattern? Moran's I statistic was employed to investigate the spatial autocorrelation of CWSs in Bangkok before and during COVID-19. The locations and the business operational statuses of CWSs are the main variables.The results of spatial autocorrelation analysis of the CWSs in Bangkok show that before COVID-19, the overall CWSs in Bangkok were spatially clustered patterns with nearby CWSs. Surviving CWSs may not have been spatially related during the pandemic, while closed CWSs were spatially clustered patterns. Key findings show that the operational status of the overall CWSs and closed CWSs influenced nearby CWSs. However, the operational status of surviving CWSs may not have influenced nearby CWSs.The discussion of CWS spatial patterns and the impact of COVID-19 suggests that the spatial patterns of CWSs challenge the location theory. They blur the traditional workplace usage boundaries, particularly redefining the concept of third places, as people can now work from anywhere with flexibility. Furthermore, these patterns could influence future strategies for the development of urban workspace, infrastructure, and transportation network.
... The notion of 'third places' has been proposed by Oldenburg (1999). These are public spaces outside of the home and place of employment where people meet and interact, developing social ties (e.g. ...
Hot spot analysis has been used for many years to identify locations where crime is a concern and where resources can be distributed in a timely and targeted manner. While the hot spot approach focuses attention on preventing what we don’t want (high levels/concentrations of crime and fear of crime), we may be missing insights into why cold spot locations are successful. An in-parallel hot/cold spot approach would also focus on what we do want (safety, amenity, liveability, and resilience). We explore the relatively under-researched area of crime cold spots and advance the concept of a non-binary ‘crime heat spectrum’ that contains and expands hot/cold spots. We also demonstrate how this ‘crime heat spectrum’ can be linked to formal risk management methodology (ISO31000) to help quantify and manage ‘spots’ and better inform crime prevention strategies, planning and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED).
... In Japanese studies, research on rural return has predominantly focused on population mobility and social governance, with some attention given to spatial perspectives, such as spatial awareness, landscape conservation, and spatial utilization [18][19][20]. Regarding spatial studies of rural returns, research from the UK and the US has explored how in-migrants have driven changes in rural spaces, contributing to the emergence of "third spaces"-public spaces such as cafés, bookstores, and parks that are independent of the home (first space) and the workplace (second space) [21]. These third spaces have fostered greater social interaction and participation within local communities [22,23]. ...
In recent years, rural return has emerged as a significant trend in China, largely driven by central and local government policies promoting rural revitalization and urban-to-rural migration. This study aims to explore the impact of rural return on the evolution of rural spaces at the village level in China, with a particular focus on how urban-to-rural migration reshapes village spatial structures. This study examines the spatial implications of this phenomenon through case studies of three traditional villages in Zhejiang Province, utilizing qualitative fieldwork, spatial mapping, and in-depth interviews. By analyzing migration patterns, residential choices, and subsequent spatial transformations, this research elucidates how urban-to-rural migrants reshape spatial structures at the village level and integrate into local communities. The research findings reveal that the proportion of the migrant population is less than 30%, yet this relatively small proportion has brought significant changes to the village, manifested in the substantial increase in third spaces within the village. The study also identifies ten distinct migration types within the sample, with short-term residency comprising the majority, and migrants’ relocation needs play a crucial role in determining spatial adaptations. The predominant strategy for village integration involves the functional transformation of traditional dwellings into mixed-use commercial and residential spaces, as well as the renovation of existing structures to accommodate new social and economic activities. Additionally, the study underscores the active participation of migrants in public life and communal spaces as a key driver of spatial regeneration. This research contributes to the understanding of rural transformation in contemporary China by demonstrating that urban-to-rural migration not only reshapes village spatial configurations but also catalyzes social and functional revitalization. These insights provide a nuanced perspective on the evolving dynamics of rural settlements and inform future rural development strategies.
... Moreover, there is conceptual vagueness in the literature and in actual society as to the places involved in such multi-work settings (di Marino et al., 2018Marino et al., , 2024. Obviously, the traditional places where people spend their working time have moved beyond the office and their own home to third places (Oldenburg & Brissett, 1982;Oldenburg, 1989) -dedicated to work, but open to workers from different companiesbut also fourth places: places not dedicated to work, but still used for it, such as trains and coffee shops. In real life many workers use multiple places, often even on the same days, and are digitally present in meetings elsewhere for some of that time. ...
The geography of work has changed dramatically over the past years. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the flexibilization of labor, notably in spatial terms, but also in the way offices and other workplaces are organized. We discuss the role of new working spaces in the broader developments of digitization and flexibilization. The focus is on the factors behind the emergence of new workspaces and work models and their implications, including socioeconomic inequalities. In particular, we set out a research agenda for studying the spatialities of new ways of working.
... Walkable and transit-accessible neighborhoods also tend to provide residents with enhanced access to a variety of social and entertainment amenities (Carr et al., 2011). The former often includes an abundance of "third places", such as bars, coffee shops, and restaurants, that offer a setting outside of home and work for casual social interaction (Oldenburg, 1999). These spaces can also provide a neutral venue for inter-firm knowledge transfers, which may help drive innovation (Soares et al., 2022, Li et al., 2024. ...
... Para ilustrar melhor a importância destes fatores na construção de significado, examinamos situações sociais em que estas características dos sistemas de construção de significado estão ausentes. Especificamente, recorremos à análise do sociólogo Oldenburg (1999) sobre "terceiros lugares". Terceiros lugares são espaços fora de casa e do trabalho (portanto, terceiro lugar), onde as pessoas se reúnem e formam comunidades. ...
Tradução de Sport as a meaning-making system: insights from the study of religion, publicado originalmente na revista Religion, v. 13, n. 10, 2022, com as devidas permissões dos autores, dos editores acadêmicos (Hans Zollner e Carles Salazar) da revista Religion e da editora MDPI.
... cafés, hairdressers, stores). Third places, a component of social infrastructures, are the physical spaces within a community that provide opportunities for people to meet, connect and develop a sense of belonging (Oldenburg, 1998). Third places are also termed in-between or transitional spaces, spaces beyond the home (first place) and work (second place) in which different dimensions of community are created, and that feel homely to the people using them. ...
New parenthood is a time of change and upheaval in which a reorientation in/to/with place occurs. Local mobility poses a promising avenue of inquiry with potential to articulate place-based parent-centred health promotion strategies. We aimed to explore the affective, sensory and socio-material encounters of new parents on their walks in their local neighbourhoods, and their role in health and wellbeing. Through walking and photo-elicitation interviews with 22 parents of young children in Aotearoa New Zealand, we experienced diverse relationalities with their local neighbourhoods. Our inquiry taught us that parents use local walking as a tool in a range of different ways that impacts their health and wellbeing. We learnt that parents encounter (1) more-than-green-spaces in their walks, and that even small, not-noticeable and mundane aspects of the neighbourhood can affectively coagulate with parent-baby-walking-assemblages. In encountering how walks (2) nourished-minds-and-bodies we learnt the varied ways in which walking was a tool for affective release, emotion regulation and physical activity. Lastly, walking provided (3) unstructured-wandering-time for parents that slowed down, enmeshed, and transversed time. Our findings suggest that further inquiry into the health-promoting capacity of parental mobility in sub/urban neighbourhoods is promising. We propose that learning about the relationalities of socio-material micro-structures in parent-baby-assemblages can create localised health-promotion opportunities for new parents. We seek to raise the visibility of everyday place-based parental needs to inform policy and systems change.
... External interactions may also include interactions that occur in third places that are beyond the confines of the campus recreation facility that can still influence campus recreation participatory experiences. Third places have traditionally been defined as public places away from home or work where people may gather to socially interact and develop a sense of community (Oldenburg, 1999). More recently, scholars have argued that third places include social settings beyond the confines of where the primary activities take place and can help foster and reinforce relationships between people and communities (Sandiford, 2019). ...
The purpose of the article is to draw upon existing interdisciplinary experience frameworks directly related to sport, recreation, and higher education experiences and advance theoretical propositions for future research to test. The framework consists individual factors, the physical and psychological contributions of a student to the experience, objects that make up the experiencescape, and outcomes. For practitioners, the framework should draw attention to aspects of the campus recreation experiencescape that are not regularly considered.
... The introduction of popular music, a thriving nightlife, the emergence of varietés, and the growth of clubs led to a profound transformation in how people spent their leisure time, a phenomenon that echoed worldwide. This shift was closely tied to the progress of industrialisation, which elevated leisure venues to the status of "great third places" in people's lives, ranking just after family and work (Oldenburg 1999). Belgrade, as the capital of the newly formed state, found itself in a unique position. ...
This paper studies the role of popular music in shaping and contributing to the modernisation of interwar Yugoslav society. At the constant crossroads between the East and West, tradition and modernity, the Kingdom of SCS/Yugoslavia was trying to establish intensive contact with modern Western culture and to become a part of Europe. During that period, the entertainment industry was constantly growing. The entry and development of popular music in Yugoslavia can be traced through music publishing, gramophone records, radio, and the formation of popular music ensembles and bands. Therefore, archival sources, periodicals, record catalogues, printed sheet music, and other relevant literature were used to write the paper. By exploring musical genres, cultural influences, and socio-political contexts, this paper aims to highlight how popular music acted as a dynamic catalyst for change during an important period in Yugoslavia’s history.
... Many individuals seek refuge and peace in coffee houses, using them as coping mechanisms to alleviate stress and improve overall health and well-being. Oldenburg (1999a) defined these places as third places and further explained that they are not home or work but the places that help get them through the day. Oldenburg describes the third place as "a generic designation for a great variety of public places that host the regular, voluntary, informal, and happily anticipated gatherings of individuals beyond the realms of home and work." ...
Individuals spend more time in interiors, which affects their comfort, health, and well-being. It is known that coffee houses, which are increasing rapidly in line with various needs, are preferred for socializing and working in a new world. Creating a well-designed environment also positively impacts an individual’s social, psychological, and behavioral patterns. In this case, a salutogenic design creates interior environments promoting health and well-being. It is an evidence-based design strategy for improving human comfort, health, and well-being, including all environmental quality factors, such as natural and artificial lighting, color, acoustic, and thermal comfort. The lighting design can improve our performance, mood, focus, and overall well-being in an interior environment. A salutogenic design model, which is most prevalent in healthcare and workplace design and is supported by over three decades of research in the medical and design fields, provides an innovative design strategy to aid in comfort, health, and well-being. Based on this perspective, this study evaluates the health and well-being of the users in the selected coffee house with a salutogenic design approach by considering artificial lighting design. The differences between genders, age groups, and the adjectives measuring positive and negative subjective moods, and the correlation between the SOC-13 Scale and the Perceived Environmental Quality Index were analyzed. The “Results” section provides a thorough explanation of the test findings. While this study serve as an example of how individuals’ moods, feelings, health, and well-being can be linked to physical conditions in the space, it will also provide a better understanding of how a salutogenic design approach can be incorporated into coffee shops to improve user experience in various of aspects.
... s are public spaces not intentionally designed but "created" organically and autonomously through user interaction. These spaces aren't dependent on a fixed location but evolve based on the social space and the activity of users. Examples of such spaces, as mentioned in the previous examples include streets, courtyards, open fields, cafés and more.Oldenburg (1999, as cited in Carmona, Tiesdell, Heath, & Oc, 2010 introduces the concept of the "third place", describing it as: "a great variety of public places that host the regular, voluntary, informal, and happily anticipated gatherings of individuals beyond the realms of home and work" (p. 16). ...
This research observes the evolution of the role of public space in the city of Durrës, Albania. The work studies the dynamic political and historical transformations shaping its evolution over the past century through an urban lens. The goal is to understand the relationship between public spaces and social patterns, the interplay between planned and unplanned design, and how people use the space and respond to these changes. These insights can help identify recurring issues and risks in public space planning and future urban development.
The study is divided into two sections: historical and contemporary. By examining the historical and cultural significance of each era, the main public space typologies of each are identified and can be compared. A gradual transition from organically formed public spaces towards structured, planned ones is observed over time. However, informal public spaces persist, highlighting the impact of cultural heritage. This transition is analysed to understand its causes, effects, and the challenges it addresses or creates.
The study identifies patterns in the loss, adaptation, and use of public spaces through urban analysis, historical mapping, photographic documentation, and surveys. The main public spaces of the contemporary city are examined through their defining challenges. Patterns of misuse, underuse, and overuse often show the same or similar causes, even in different public space types. The main issues include the privatization of public land, commercial intrusion, identity loss, absence of climate sensibility and lack of accessibility. On the other hand, positive aspects are most evident in multifunctional or open public spaces, areas of historical significance, spaces shaped by practices, and those with close ties to nature.
By analysing the evolution of Durrës' urban fabric and assessing current challenges, and opportunities of public spaces in Durrës, this research provides insights for urban planners, policymakers, and scholars. It aims to contribute to developing more inclusive, adaptive, and resilient public spaces.
... These included the establishment of branch libraries and the launch of a designated children 's department. 9 Branching out in the community Local, cost-free, inclusive, assimilative, and unifying, third places ideally foster caring relationships and a sense of belonging (Oldenburg 1999). As a web of third places in a demographically diverse and geographically sprawling city, the FLP's branch system amounted to the endoskeleton of its community building activities. ...
Based on extensive archival research, this article argues that between 1903 and 1916, the Free Library of Philadelphia's (FLP's) story hours-and its children's work more broadly-represented a crucible of community building. This community building depended upon librarians' awareness and attentiveness (e.g., apprehending social, cultural, economic, and environmental concerns, needs, and wants), involvement (e.g., participating in community activities and community organizations), connection (e.g., integrating library services into the community as well as embedding community work in the library's organizational culture), and belief in their ability to make a profound difference in their users' lives. Community building was both local and national, place-based and imagined. Moreover, it was inextricable from librarians' professionalization efforts. The FLP's early twentieth century experience suggests that the process of community building is more ambivalent and nuanced than scholars recognize. Not merely a tool of the powerless, community building may be a tool of the powerful. Additionally, we problematize current storytelling scholarship. The practice may encourage belonging, on the one hand, but exclusion, on the other. In the FLP's case, story hours purveyed a distinctively hegemonic notion of American citizenship. These programs both reflected and perpetuated a pervasive tension between democratic universalism and ethnoracial particularism.
... Permanent claim of space of businesses Online Journal of Art and Design volume 13, issue 2, April 2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30935/ojad/2513031 184 done by placing furniture, fences etc. in the street could enable people to have long-term interactions with their peers in such forms as sitting, catering and chatting (Mehta, 2007(Mehta, , 2009(Mehta, , 2010Oldenburg, 1989). In this way, these become lively places that ensure passive, fleeting or enduring interactions among people, rather than remaining as spaces where people only walk through. ...
Urban design studies stress the importance of transformation of open public spaces into places and its role in supporting social behavior. Therefore, researchers frequently investigate the relevance between the place and the physical, activity and meaning characteristics of the environment. However, few studies refer to the importance of 'claim of space', which is composed as a result of the interaction of these characteristics and mankind, and its contribution to social diversity. This study aims at revealing the relationship between place making and social behavior through a conceptual model by pondering on the notion of 'claim of space' made by various types of users (businesses, outdoor sellers, regular users).
... Third places are locations where people gather, socialize, and spend time outside of home and work (Oldenburg, 1999). Parks, libraries, and community centers can serve as valuable third places for youth, providing spaces for recreation, learning, and social connection (Oldenburg & Brissett, 1982). ...
How do young people in different neighborhoods envision their ideal communities, and how do these visions diverge from their current lived realities? To explore these questions, we use geospatial analysis to analyze data from the Dream City workshop, a youth participatory action research project based in Nashville, Tennessee. The Dream City workshop, a place-based design-thinking exercise, engaged over 2000 young people across Metro Nashville-Davidson County in envisioning their ideal city and translating these ideas into actionable changes. In this study, we analyze survey responses (n = 415) from the workshop to assess the relative importance placed on seven neighborhood resources—libraries, community centers, parks, bike lanes, sidewalks, grocery stores, and affordable housing—and examine how young people’s ideal neighborhoods differ from their lived realities. The findings reveal geographic differences in how young people prioritized resources in their ideal neighborhoods, as well as patterns of alignment and divergence between youth ideals and their lived experiences. These patterns highlight key themes in how youth perceive and value neighborhood resources. Reflecting on these findings, we describe implications for theory and practice, particularly regarding engaging young people in urban design, planning, and decision making.
... Para que los equipamientos urbanos faciliten las conexiones sociales, Oldenburg (1999) señala que deben tener las siguientes características: ...
Este artículo presenta una serie de experiencias y buenas prácticas en materia de cohesión social, identificadas en el documento de bases Esteka Sarea. Estrategia comunitaria de Bizkaia para una sociedad cohesionada, realizado por el SIIS Servicio de Información e Investigación Social para el Departamento de Empleo, Cohesión Social e Igualdad de la Diputación Foral de Bizkaia en junio de 2024. A partir de una revisión de la literatura, el artículo describe un puñado de iniciativas del ámbito nacional e internacional, y propone una clasificación de líneas de acción en materia de cohesión social.
... The location of a store represents the fourth dimension and includes proximity to the home and the ease of trip chains (Bonfrer et al., 2022;Huff, 1963;Marshall, 2019). Beyond these dimensions, the social function of stores as meeting places or "third places" (Oldenburg, 1999) reflects the opportunity to encounter friends and acquaintances -a highly relevant aspect of rural life (Broadbridge and Calderwood, 2002;Miller and Kean, 1997;Oeser et al., 2019;Satyam et al., 2022). Because the beliefs about such attributes of a store are only weakly correlated with store choice (cf. ...
Purpose
Gravity models and analogue store approaches are inadequate in predicting purchases in neighbourhood stores. This requires a new theoretical and empirically tested approach.
Design/methodology/approach
We use the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to determine which factors predict the choice for a new neighbourhood store. We develop a suitable model using a structural equation model with survey data from two cases in which all households in the catchment areas were surveyed both before and after the store opened.
Findings
We find the TPB to be appropriate for predicting store choice. Beliefs about one-stop shopping, social pressure from family members and car availability are most important in explaining the intention to shop in the planned store. These factors also explain the actual shopping in this store after opening.
Originality/value
Our model predicts store choice before a store opens. Using a two-wave survey, we avoid ex-post rationalisation and show that, at least in our cases, quality, price and assortment do not predict store choice.
... In general, therefore, innovation places, although of various types and with different characteristics, are very close to the so-called third places defined by Oldenburg (2023), i.e. places where people spend their time between home (first place) and work (second place), exchanging ideas and building relationships. They are often hybrid, dynamic and plural spaces in facilities serving the community. ...
This study explores the intersection of social innovation, universities, and territorial dynamics, focusing on how these elements foster the development of social innovation hubs, specifically university incubators. Addressing gaps in existing literature, the research examines the institutional configurations, power relations, and strategies that support these processes, with a particular emphasis on the mutual relationship between social innovation and spatialisation processes. The research involved a comparative analysis of university incubators in Brazil, Argentina, and Italy, regions with significant yet distinct experiences of social innovation environments. Quantitative research analyzed 186 incubators in Brazil, 91 in Argentina, and 197 in Italy, followed by qualitative case studies of five incubators (two each in Brazil and Argentina, and one in Italy) deemed particularly relevant. The study employed qualitative methods, including biographical reconstructions of innovators and assessments of incubation approaches, to identify governance models of social incubators. Key findings reveal that in Latin American contexts, social incubators emerged as responses to economic crises, initially fostering grassroots solidarity and later serving as mechanisms for job creation and economic regeneration. The Brazilian and Argentinian incubators demonstrated a participatory and circular governance model, aligning with the Open Innovation paradigm, while the Italian case displayed a more unidirectional approach from university to territory. All the analyzed cases highlighted the critical role of universities in weaving relational networks among diverse actors, including educators, students, technicians, local businesses, artisans, and marginalized community members. This aligns with an infrastructuring approach that transcends traditional stakeholder frameworks, fostering ecosystem-based incubation to promote social and territorial innovation. The Latin American experiences were particularly notable for engaging traditionally marginalized actors through participatory methodologies, confirming the efficacy of quadruple and quintuple helix models in transforming social relations. Despite these advancements, the Italian case struggled to empower local actors fully, reflecting challenges in achieving capability-building—a key element in social innovation. The study identifies specific capabilities required to involve territorial actors in the quintuple helix model and emphasizes the importance of participatory, inclusive, and collaborative governance in transforming social relations to achieve economic, psychological, social, and political empowerment. While offering valuable insights into university-led social incubators, the study calls for further exploration of diverse forms of social innovation hubs across broader contexts and countries.
... Toplum odaklı hizmet anlayışı, kütüphanelerin bireylerin sosyal ve kültürel ihtiyaçlarına yönelik yenilikçi çözümler üretmesine olanak tanımıştır. Kütüphanelerin özellikle "üçüncü mekân" olarak işlevle üstlenmesi, bireylerin sosyal ve kültürel bağlarını güçlendiren bir platform sunmuştur (Oldenburg, 1999). Bu yaklaşım, kütüphaneleri sadece bilgi erişim noktalarından ibaret olmaktan çıkarıp bireylerin bir araya gelip öğrenebildiği, üretebildiği ve sosyalleşebildiği merkezlere dönüştürmüştür. ...
Bu çalışmada, kütüphanelerin bilgi depolarından toplumsal merkezlere dönüşüm süreci ele alınmaktadır. Dijitalleşme, toplum odaklı hizmet anlayışı ve yenilikçi mekânların kütüphaneler üzerindeki etkileri, literatürden derlenen veriler kapsamında incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, dijital teknolojilerin kütüphane hizmetlerini zenginleştirerek kullanıcı deneyimlerini nasıl dönüştürdüğü, bilgiye erişimi demokratikleştirme sürecine olan katkıları ve özellikle dezavantajlı gruplar için erişilebilirliğin nasıl artırılabileceği tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca, “üçüncü mekân” kavramı çerçevesinde kütüphanelerin bireylerin sosyal, kültürel ve entelektüel ihtiyaçlarına yönelik sunduğu yenilikçi çözümler değerlendirilmiş; makerspace ve dijital üretim laboratuvarları gibi alanların kullanıcıların bilgi üretimine katılımı üzerindeki etkileri vurgulanmıştır. Toplum odaklı kütüphane hizmetleriyle birlikte, yerel yönetimler ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarıyla yapılan iş birliklerinin toplumsal eşitlik ve sosyal dayanışmaya olan katkıları da ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada derlenen bilgiler, kütüphanelerin geleneksel rollerinin ötesine geçerek bilgiye erişim, sosyal etkileşim ve kültürel mirasın korunması gibi alanlarda çok yönlü yaşam merkezleri haline gelmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda, kütüphanelerin hem dijitalleşme sürecine adaptasyonu hem de fiziksel alan tasarımlarındaki dönüşüm stratejileri için somut öneriler sunulmaktadır.
Drawing on 40 interviews with owner-managers and eight enterprise hub managers, this study critically assesses the workspace preferences, motivations, and experiences of enterprise hub tenants. This provides a means to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of four types of entrepreneurial workspaces (home-based, conventional rented office space, enterprise hub, and coworking spaces), which differ in terms of their degree of openness. The paper contributes through an identification of the limitations of binary ‘open or closed’ equals ‘good or bad’ judgements of entrepreneurial workspaces, rather recognizing that the diverse multitasking that is inevitably involved in running a small business means that no single, fixed physical layout is optimal for all tasks. Moreover, the paper contributes to the literature on New Working Spaces, offering practical recommendations for the design of entrepreneurial workspaces, arguing that they should be informed by the ‘clopen’ principle—flexibly combining ‘open’ elements such as coworking spaces, shared kitchens, networking groups and breakout rooms/spaces, with ‘closed’ dedicated space for rent. The paper highlights how enterprise hubs can exemplify the clopen principle in practice, offering entrepreneurs a ‘goldilocks’ optimum combining the advantages of both open and closed workspaces.
У статті розглянуто одну з актуальних проблем упорядкування бібліотекознавчої термінології — визначення сутнісних ознак інноваційних термінів англомовного походження: «smart-бібліотека», «бібліохаб», «цифровий хаб», їх співвідношення з моделлю «чотирьох просторів» бібліотеки та концепцією бібліотеки — «третього місця». Проведено порівняльний аналіз дефініцій означених термінів у публікаціях українських та зарубіжних бібліотекознавців, виявлено спільні й відмінні підходи до визначення їхніх системних складових. Висновано, що сутнісні ознаки поняття «smart-бібліотека» дозволяють віднести його до узагальнюючих термінів, який ширший, ніж «бібліохаб» та «цифровий хаб». «Smart-бібліотека» як система передбачає обов’язкову наявність таких елементів, як «розумні технології» (штучний інтелект (ШІ) та інтернет речей (IoT)), «розумний простір», кваліфікований персонал, що забезпечує надання користувачам високотехнологічних послуг, спрямованих на навчання, організацію інтелектуального дозвілля, розвиток креативних навичок.
Geographic disparities in Alzheimer’s disease are often attributed to sociodemographic differences across communities or unequal access to opportunity structures whose use serves as protective mechanisms. Yet limited research considers the social dynamics between residents that are enabled by these opportunity structures. The authors adopt a population-level approach to evaluate how ethnoracial diversity and opportunity structures function jointly to facilitate the development of bridging social capital (i.e., mixing of dissimilar people) which is hypothesized to predict Alzhiemer’s disease mortality rates. Upon analyzing Alzheimer’s disease mortality records from 2,469 U.S. counties, the authors find that counties whose sociodemographic composition and opportunity structures combine to encourage bridging capital potential exhibit lower mortality rates than counties with fewer such opportunities. These findings consistently appear in environments whose composition and structure are conducive to social mixing (i.e., workhoods and civic organizations) but inconsistently in environments that are less conducive to social mixing (i.e., residential neighborhoods). The findings highlight the importance of structural factors that create opportunities for social capital.
Книжный розничный магазин — сложный объект, который является пересечением разных социальных запросов, будучи одновременно включенным как в систему торгового обмена и массового потребления, так и в систему культурных отношений и ценностей. В статье представлены результаты полевого исследования книжных магазинов и книжных отделов розничной торговли Москвы и Подмосковья, в котором собрана информация о разнообразии наименований представленной детской поэзии, зафиксированы имена поэтов и художников, приведены сравнения стилей оформления изданий классической и современной детской поэзии. Интересовали вопросы возможных повседневных практик детского и взрослого чтения и знакомства с книжной продукцией; репрезентации исследуемым ассортиментом массовых предпочтений; влияния выбора издательств и магазинов в пользу каких-то конкретных решений в розничной торговле на сегментацию покупательской аудитории. Исследование показало, что при формальном наличии численного разнообразия книг определенной линейки в сетевой розничной торговле можно говорить о его мнимом характере. Доминирует ограниченный список авторов и большой процент скрытых переизданий (использования ограниченного набора макетов под разными обложками). Практическое отсутствие книг современных авторов не позволяет покупателю увидеть полную картину состояния детской поэзии и иллюстрации. Скудость ассортимента может привести к серьезным пролонгированным последствиям, например, формированию для определенной части общества устойчивых представлений о «правильной, хорошей» иллюстрации в детской книге и линейке значимых авторов, не отражающих актуального состояния сегмента детской литературы.
Le arti del vivere male: vite postindustriali e il rifiuto come evento. – Questo articolo esamina le sfide ambientali ed economiche affrontate dalle comunità in aree con economie estrattive, in particolare nella parte settentrionale della Virginia Occidentale. L’articolo mette in evidenza gli effetti dannosi dell’inquinamento industriale sull’aria, sul suolo, sull’acqua e sugli organismi viventi, che persistono anche dopo il declino delle industrie estrattive. Allo stesso tempo, l’argomentazione cerca di comprendere in che misura questi elementi riflettano le preoccupazioni degli attori locali e pongano loro delle sfide. In questo contesto, affronto i rifiuti come un
fenomeno che rimane sullo sfondo, ma anche come elemento con una scalarità e una temporalità che, come mostrato nell’articolo, possono essere ritenute più o meno rilevanti dagli attori locali. Inoltre, esploro in che modo i residenti organizzino la loro vita quotidiana come qualcosa da sopportare, dove gli elementi strutturali dell’economia e le opportunità offerte dall’area sono spesso considerate più rilevanti di quanto emerge dalle indagini che hanno alimentato questo articolo.
This study investigated the subcultural leisure experiences in metal music venues in Ankara, through an analysis of visitor reviews from the Google Maps application within the framework of Oldenburg's “third place” paradigm. The aim was to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of subcultural spaces in urban life and the dynamics of subcultural participation in the digital age. In this context, visitor reviews of the Al-ways Rock Bar, Onaon Café, and Papaz Rock Bar were analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis. The data were imported into MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2024 and subjected to coding in accordance with the characteristics of the “third place” paradigm. The findings revealed how these venues act as central meeting points where subcultural identities are strengthened and social networks are built. This study provides valuable insights into the importance of these places for the formation and sustainability of subcultural communities and underlines the relevance of the “third place” paradigm in non-Western urban contexts. Further recommendations for future research include the investigation of similar phenomena in other cultural settings and the combination of digital data with traditional ethnographic methods.
Despite increased institutional awareness toward diversity, equity, and inclusion on college campuses, LGBTQ+ students–and especially LGBTQ+ students of color–continue to experience disproportionate mental and behavioral health burdens and food insecurity compared to their cisgender and heterosexual peers. To address this issue, QTPOC (Queer and Trans People of Color) is a student organization that supports students at the intersection of oppression based on race, gender, and/or sexuality on campus. This study aims to evaluate how well our organization serves QTPoC students and how student organizations can better serve QTPoC students in general. Specifically, we study the impact our programming model–which integrates educational elements with incentives to attend events including food and crafts–has on QTPoC's well-being and knowledge of mental health resources on campus in order to both understand the factors contributing to mental health disparities and to evaluate strategies aimed to remedy those disparities. We recruited QTPoC students to complete pre- and post-event surveys to assess attendance, motivation, well-being, and awareness of campus resources regarding both food insecurity and sexual and gender health. We find increases in knowledge and well-being among QTPoC students who attended QTPOC events. We also found that offering hot food significantly contributed to positive experiences, fostered community building, and alleviated concerns regarding food insecurity. We conclude that our programming model effectively combats mental health disparities and food insecurity among QTPoC students. Student-serving organizations looking to address disparities among marginalized students should consider adopting our programming model.
AUTHORS:
Sharon M. Jackson a, Rosa V. Espinoza b and Stella I. Diomantaraki c
a Director, The European Sustainability Academy, Crete, Greece.
b Founder and Director, Amazon Research Internacional, Lima, Perú.
c Sustainable Food Expert, The European Sustainability. Academy, Crete, Greece.
Academic and practitioner studies demonstrate increasing global sustainability crises including climate-change, biodiversity loss and waste. This has catalyzed the rise of terms ‘net-zero’, ‘green transition’ and ‘green-skills’. Many employees beyond the energy sector do not know what this means, nor the relevance of green-skills in their own roles. Management Institute studies reveal limited sustainability education and training in sectors including tourism and hospitality.
This study builds on existing sustainable tourism programs by focusing on the overlooked area of workplace learning, competencies development, for the people increasingly expected to manage and lead the green transition. Massive levels of change require new approaches and transversal skills. The aim is a multidisciplinary, conceptual framework for knowledge, skills and behaviours, in sustainable tourism management and leadership, informed by existing management competency frameworks and underpinned by theory in learning transfer and experiential learning. Proposed pedagogy is anchored in transferable community cultural insight, including bee-keeping, with storytelling for making sense of sustainable tourism.
Through a Greece tourism lens of enquiry, the methodology includes a review of academic and practitioner studies on existing sustainable tourism management education and citizen-science models from The Amazon. The validity of the conceptual framework is measured through a wide range of perspectives from tourism sector bodies, tourism education, citizen-science initiatives, management development institutions, policy makers and explorer researchers. A discourse analysis and coding approach makes sense of the data.
Findings suggest most Greek tourism professionals do not know what green management competencies are. This manifests in not knowing how to adapt operational decision making to meet net-zero and sustainability objectives, and feelings of inadequacy when responding to business partners and clients. Adaptation of citizen-science expedition tourism could play a role in developing sustainability management competencies for tourism sector employees. The emerging framework is a proposal for adaptation and escalation for other locations.
KEYWORDS: Sustainability; Tourism; Greece; Green-skills; Citizen-science, Management
Corresponding Author:
Sharon M. Jackson
Director, The European Sustainability Academy
Drapanos, Crete, Greece. 73008.
E-mail: Sharon.Jackson@Eurosustainability.org
Phone: +44 7785 901164
During the last three decades of the twentieth century, John Labatt Ltd., one of Canada’s oldest and most successful breweries, attempted to gain a share of the British beer market. This article examines the push and pull factors of why foreign brewers like Labatt decided to enter the competitive British marketplace and analyzes the strategies of the winners and losers of the “lager war.” The article pays attention to the branding efforts of marketing managers and how some used product–place associations to imbue their brands with authenticity. While positive country images often lead to a favorable assessment of the products from that country, it is also true that unfavorable perceptions often foster negative assessments of their products. By examining the entrepreneurship and structural barriers of the beer industry in the United Kingdom toward the end of the twentieth century, the article adds to our understanding of the dynamics of business failure.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.