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African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 6(31), pp. 2340-2345, 22 August, 2012
Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPP
DOI: 10.5897/AJPP12.901
ISSN 1996-0816 © 2012 Academic Journals
Review
Phytochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal
properties of Coriandrum sativum L.
Jinous Asgarpanah* and Nastaran Kazemivash
Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran.
Accepted 6 August, 2012
Coriandrum sativum L. commonly known as “Coriander” is an annual herb, indicated for a number of
medical properties in traditional medicine. For a long time, C. sativum has been used in traditional
medicines as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial agent. Its essential oil is also used as a
natural fragrance with some medicinal properties. C. sativum has recently been shown to have
antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Volatile components,
flavonoids, and isocoumarins are the main constituents of C. sativum. 2-decenoic acid, E-11-
tetradecenoic acid, and capric acid were identified as the major components for C. sativum leaves
essential oil. The seed oil contained linalool and geranyl acetate. Due to the easy collection of the plant
and being widespread and also remarkable biological activities, this plant has become both food and
medicine in many parts of the world. This review presents comprehensive analyzed information on the
botanical, chemical, and pharmacological aspects of C. sativum.
Key words: Coriandrum sativum, apiaceae, phytochemistry, pharmacology.
INTRODUCTION
Coriandrum sativum L. commonly known as “Coriander”
is an annual small plant like parsley which dates back to
around 1550 BC, and is one of the oldest spice crops in
the world (Coskuner and Karababa, 2007). It belongs to
Apiaceae family in the order of Apiales that contains
about 300 genera and more than 3000 species
(Asgarpanah et al., 2012).
C. sativum probably originated from Eastern
Mediterranean and it is spread as a spice plant to India,
China, Russia, Central Europe, and Morocco, and has
been cultivated since human antiquity (Small, 1997).
India is the largest producer of coriander which is used
extensively in curry powder (Coskuner and Karababa,
2007). Coriander has been known as “Geshniz” in Iran.
C. sativum is an annual, herbaceous plant that grows
25 to 60 cm in height. It has thin, spindle-shaped roots,
erect stalk, alternate leaves (Figure 1), and small,
pinkish-white flowers. The plant flowers from June to July
and yields round fruits consisting of two pericarps
*Corresponding author. E-mail: asgarpanah@iaups.ac.ir. Tel:
22640051. Fax: 22602059.
(Burdock and Carabin, 2009). These fruits are almost
ovate globular and there are many longitudinal ridges on
the surface. The length of this fruit is 3 to 5 mm and the
color, when dried, is usually brown, but may be green,
straw-colored or off white (Figure 2) (Coskuner and
Karababa, 2007).
The plant is grown widely all over the world for seed, as
a spice, or for essential oil production (Bhuiyan et al.,
2009). The whole or ground seed (fruit) is an ingredient of
pickling spices also used to flavor various commercial
foods, particularly, to prepare some instant soups and
dishes, in many cakes, breads and other pastries,
alcoholic beverages, frozen dairy desserts, candy, and
puddings. The fruit‟s essential oil is a common ingredient
in creams, detergents, surfactants, emulsifiers, lotions,
and perfumes (Coskuner and Karababa, 2007). There
are two varieties of C. sativum: vulgare Alef. and
microcarpum DC. These varieties differ in the fruit size
and oil yield: vulgare has fruits of 3 to 5 mm diameter and
yields 0.1 to 0.35% essential oil, while microcarpum fruits
are 1.5 to 3 mm and yield 0.8 to 1.8% essential oil (Small,
1997).
The green leaves of coriander are known as "cilantro"
in the United States, and are consumed as fresh herb in
Asgarpanah and Kazemivash 2341
Figure 1. C. sativum L. (Coriander).
Figure 2. C. sativum fruits (seeds).
preparing chutneys, sauces, in flavoring curries and
soups. The fruits are mainly responsible for the medical
use of coriander and have been used as a drug for
indigestion, against worms, rheumatism, and pain in the
joints (Wangensteen et al., 2004). The fruit extract is
used in lotions and shampoos as an antibacterial agent
2342 Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
O
O
OOMe
A
H2C
CH3
H3C OH
CH3
B
Figure 3. Structures of (A) coriandrin and (B) linalool from C. sativum.
(Bhuiyan et al., 2009). There are records that it is
effective for relief of insomnia, anxiety, and convulsion
(Emamghoreishi and Heidari-Hamedani, 2008). It is also
used for sub-acid gastritis, diarrhea, and dyspepsia of
various origins as well as for its digestive stimulation,
stomachic, and antibilious properties (Platel and
Srinivasan, 2004). In folk medicine, coriander is used
against intestinal parasites (Wichtl, 1994). Coriander has
been reported to possess strong lipolytic activity (Leung
and Foster, 1996), and, as a member of Apiaceae family,
its use has been suggested with caution, because of
potential allergic reactions from furanocoumarins
(Burdock and Carabin, 2009). Coriander leaves are
widely used as folk medicine as carminative, spasmolytic,
digestive, and galactagogue. It has the advantage of
being more stable and of retaining its agreeable odor
longer than any other oil of its class (Eikani et al., 2007).
A number of chemical constituents such as volatile
constituents, flavonoids, isocoumarins, and coriandrones
have been isolated from different parts of the plant
(Taniguchi et al., 1996). From current pharmaceutical
studies, additional pharmaceutical applications of C.
sativum have revealed antibacterial (Silva et al., 2011a),
antifungal (Silva et al., 2011b), antioxidant (Wangensteen
et al., 2004), hepatoprotective (Sreelatha et al., 2009),
antihelmintic (Eguale et al., 2007), anticonvulsant
(Emamghoreishi and Heidari-Hamedani, 2008),
protection of gastric mucosal damage (Al-Mofleh et al.,
2006), hypocholestrolemia (Dhanapakiam et al., 2008)
and antileishmania (Rondon et al., 2011), gut modulatory,
blood pressure lowering, and diuretic (Jabeen et al.,
2009) activities among others.
Since review and systemic analysis of chemistry,
pharmacology, and clinical properties of C. sativum have
not been reported, we were prompted to provide the
currently available information on the traditional and local
knowledge, ethno biological and ethno medicinal issues,
identification of pharmacologically important molecules,
and pharmacological studies on this useful plant. The aim
of this paper is to introduce C. sativum as a potent
medicinal plant by highlighting its traditional applications
as well as the recent findings for novel pharmacological
and clinical applications.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
The odor and flavor of mature fruits and fresh herbage
are completely different. While aliphatic aldehydes
(mainly C10 to C16 aldehydes) with fetid-like aroma are
predominant in the fresh herb oil (Potter, 1996), major
components in the oil isolated from coriander fruit include
oxygenated monoterpenes and monoterpene
hydrocarbons (Bhuiyan et al., 2009).
The most important constituents of coriander fruits are
the essential oil and fatty oil. The essential oil content of
dried coriander fruits varies between 0.03 and 2.6%,
while the fatty oil content varies between 9.9 and 27.7%.
Other constituents including crude protein, fat, crude
fiber, and ash contents vary from 11.5 to 21.3%, 17.8 to
19.15%, 28.4 to 29.1%, and 4.9 to 6.0%, respectively
(Coskuner and Karababa, 2007).
The essential oil content of the dried coriander fruits
varies from 0.1 to 0.36%. Linalool (40.9 to 79.9%) (Figure
3), neryl acetate (2.3 to 14.2%), γ-terpinene (0.1 to
13.6%), and α-pinene (1.2 to 7.1%) were identified as the
main components in the oil of the coriander fruits
cultivated in Iran (Nejad et al., 2010), while linalool
(37.7%), geranyl acetate (17.6%), and γ-terpinene
(14.4%) were characterized as the main ones in
Bangladesh coriander cultivars (Bhuiyan et al., 2009).
The leaf oil contained mostly aromatic acids, including 2-
decenoic acid (30.8%), E-11-tetradecenoic acid (13.4%),
capric acid (12.7%), undecyl alcohol (6.4%), tridecanoic
acid (5.5%), and undecanoic acid (7.1%) as major
constituents (Bhuiyan et al., 2009). Analysis of Kenya
coriander leaves essential oil showed the presence of
2E-decenal (15.9%), decanal (14.3%), 2E-decen-1-ol
(14.2%), and n-decanol (13.6%) as the main ones
(Matasyoh et al., 2009). The commonly known
phytochemicals from C. sativum are volatile components,
flavonoids, isocoumarins, fatty acids, sterols, and
coriandrones, coumarins, catechins, polyphenolic
compounds (Taniguchi et al., 1996; Sriti et al., 2009; Al-
Mofleh et al., 2006).
Two new isocoumarins, coriandrone A and B were
isolated from the aerial parts of C. sativum together with
two known isocoumarins, coriandrin and
dihydrocoriandrin (Baba et al., 1991) (Figure 3). Three
new isocoumarins, coriandrones C, D, and E were also
isolated from C. sativum whole plants (Taniguchi et al.,
1996).
Caffeic acid, protocatechinic acid, and glycitin were
characterized as the major polyphenolics of coriander
aerial parts (Melo et al., 2005).
POTENTIAL OF C. SATIVUM IN PHYTOTHERAPIES
Antibacterial and antifungal properties
C. sativum essential oil has been reported to inhibit a
broad spectrum of micro-organisms (Silva et al., 2011b).
The effective antibacterial activity of C. sativum essential
oil against Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative
bacterial strains including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two clinical multidrug-
resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates has been
shown. The primary mechanism of action of coriander oil
is membrane damage, which leads to cell death (Silva et
al., 2011b). Aliphatic (2E)-alkenals and alkanals
characterized from the fresh leaves of C. sativum were
found to possess bactericidal activity against the food-
borne bacterium, Salmonella choleraesuis subsp.
choleraesuis with the minimum bactericidal concentration
(MBC) of 6.25 μg/ml (34 μM) and 12.5 µg/ml (74 μM),
respectively (Kubo et al., 2004).
Coriander essential oil has a fungicidal activity against
the Candida strains tested with minimal lethal
concentrations (MLC) values equal to the MIC value and
ranging from 0.05 to 0.4% (v/v). The fungicidal effect is
as a result of cytoplasmic membrane damage and
subsequent leakage of intracellular components such as
Asgarpanah and Kazemivash 2343
DNA (Silva et al., 2011a). The efficacy of C. sativum
essential oil has also been shown against Candida
species isolates from the oral cavity of patients with
periodontal disease. 2-hexen-1-ol, 3-hexen-1-ol and
cyclodecane were characterized as the active
constituents in the oil (Furletti et al., 2011).
Antioxidant activity
An antioxidant is defined as „any substance that, when
present at low concentrations as compared to those of an
oxidizable substrate, significantly delays or prevents
oxidation of that substrate‟ (Rhee et al., 2009; Halliwell
and Gutteridge, 1995; Wiseman et al., 1997; Mates et al.,
1999). Antioxidants are of interest to biologists and
clinicians, because they help to protect the human body
against damages induced by reactive free radicals
generated in atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease,
cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and
even in aging process (Aruoma, 2003; Hemati et al.,
2010). There are many evidences that natural products
and their derivatives have efficient anti-oxidative
characteristics, consequently linked to anti-cancer,
hypolipidemic, anti aging, and anti-inflammatory activities
(Rhee et al., 2009; Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1995;
Wiseman et al., 1997; Hogg, 1998; Mates et al., 1999;
Aruoma, 2003; Cho et al., 2006).
Anti-oxidative capacities of different parts of C. sativum
were evaluated by three methods, including determining
its effect on scavenging the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) radical, inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO),
and inhibition of Fe2+ induced porcine brain phospholipid
peroxidation. The leaves showed stronger antioxidant
activity than the fruits. Positive correlations were found
between total phenolic content in the extracts and
antioxidant activity (Wangensteen et al., 2004).
Polyphenolic compounds are present in C. sativum,
and are known to be excellent antioxidants. They have
the capacity to reduce free-radical formation by
scavenging free radicals and protecting antioxidant
defenses. The antioxidant potencies of polyphenolic
compounds from C. sativum against hydrogen peroxide-
induced oxidative damage in human lymphocytes have
also been shown. H2O2 treatment significantly decreased
the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide
dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione
reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and caused
decreased glutathione content and increased
thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS).
Treatment with polyphenolic fractions (50 μg/ml)
increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and
glutathione content and reduced the levels of TBARS
significantly. Polyphenolic compounds are effectively
responsible for suppression of hydrogen peroxide-
induced oxidative stress (Hashim et al., 2005).
Analyses also showed that caffeic acid, protocatechinic
acid, and glycitin were present in high concentration
2344 Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
(6.98, 6.43, and 3.27 μg/ml) in coriander aerial parts.
They are principal components responsible for the
antioxidant activity of the aqueous coriander extract
(Melo et al., 2005).
Hepatoprotective activity
C. sativum extract protects liver from oxidative stress
induced by carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4) and thus helps in
evaluation of traditional claim on this plant. Pretreatment
of rats with different doses of plant extract (100 and 200
mg/kg) significantly lowered serum glutamate
oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate
pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and TBARS levels
against CCl4 treated rats. Hepatic enzymes like
superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and
glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly increased
by treatment with plant extract, against CCl4 treated rats.
Oral administration of the leaf extract at a dose of 200
mg/kg significantly reduced the toxic effects of CCl4. The
activity of leaf extract at this dose was comparable to the
standard drug, silymarin (Sreelatha et al., 2009).
Antidiabetic effects
Sub-chronic oral administration of C. sativum extract (20
mg/kg) in obese-hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic
animal model normalized glycemia and decreased the
elevated levels of insulin, insulin resistance (IR), total
cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL)-
cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG). Since C. sativum
extract decreased several components of the metabolic
syndrome and decreased atherosclerotic and increased
cardioprotective indices, its extract may have
cardiovascular protective effect (Aissaoui et al., 2011).
It has been demonstrated that C. sativum extract was
able to decrease hyperglycemia and increase glucose
uptake and metabolism, and insulin secretion (Gray and
Flatt, 1999; Swanston-Flatt et al., 1990).
Safety of C. sativum essential oil
Coriander essential oil is obtained by steam distillation of
the dried fully ripe fruits (seeds). Based on the results of
a 28 day oral gavage study in rats, a no-observed effect-
level (NOEL) for coriander oil is approximately 160
mg/kg/day. In a developmental toxicity study, the
maternal no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of
coriander oil was 250 mg/kg/day and the developmental
NOAEL was 500 mg/kg/day. Coriander oil is not
clastogenic, but results of mutagenicity studies for the
spice and some extracts are mixed. The major
component of the essential oil, linalool, is non-mutagenic.
Coriander oil has broad-spectrum, antimicrobial activity.
Coriander oil is irritating to rabbits, but not to
humans; it is not a sensitizer, although, the whole spice
may be. Based on the history of consumption of
coriander oil without reported adverse effects, lack of its
toxicity in limited studies and lack of toxicity of its major
constituent, linalool, the use of coriander oil as an added
food ingredient is considered safe at present levels of use
(Burdock and Carabin, 2009). The median lethal dose
(LD50) of C. sativum essential oil was determined as
2.257 ml/kg (Özbek et al., 2006).
C. sativum as an oilseed crop grown in Italy was
investigated regarding anti-nutritive compounds such as
glucosinolates, sinapine, inositol phosphates, and
condensed tannins, which can adversely affect the
nutritional value of residues from the oilseed processing.
All these compounds were found in C. sativum fruits in
different amounts (Matthäus and Angelini, 2005).
CONCLUSION
The objective of this review has been to show the recent
advances in the exploration of C. sativum as
phytotherapy and to illustrate its potential as a
therapeutic agent. With this present information, it is
evident that C. sativum has pharmacological functions
including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal,
antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and antihyperlipidemic
activities, among others. As this present information
shows, it is also possible that the fruit‟s essential oil or
the whole plant extract might be useful in the
development of new drugs to treat various diseases.
However, the present results suggest a possibility that
volatile components and polyphenolics can be further
developed as a potential disease-curing remedy. It must
be kept in mind that clinicians should remain cautious
until more definitive studies demonstrate the quality and
efficacy of C. sativum. For these reasons, extensive
pharmacological and chemical experiments, together with
human metabolism will be a focus for future studies.
Finally, this review emphasizes the potential of C.
sativum to be employed in new therapeutic drugs and
provides the basis for future research on the application
of transitional medicinal plants.
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