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Phylogeny of Calonectria and selected Hypocrealean genera with cylindrical macroconidia
Abstract
This study employs DNA sequence analysis to infer the phylogeny of Calonectria species and species of other hypocrealean genera with cylindrical macroconidia. The taxonomy of Cylindrocladiella species was also investigated. Calonectria forms a monophyletic lineage, as do the anamorph genera Cylindrocladiella, Cylindrocarpon, Curvicladium, Gliocephalotrichum, Gliocladiopsis and Xenocylindrocladium. Based on molecular data and distinctive anamorph morphology, new holomorph genera are proposed for the teleomorphs of Cylindrocladiella (Nectricladiella), Gliocladiopsis (Glionectria) and Xenocylindrocladium (Xenocalonectria). The data also support the recognition of previously proposed holomorph genera for Cylindrocarpon (Neonectria) and Gliocephalotrichum (Leuconectria). To date, no teleomorph has been reported for Curvicladium cigneum, although our results suggest that C. cigneum is closely related to Xenocalonectria. Eight species of Cylindrocladiella are recognized, with two having known teleomorphs in Nectricladiella, namely N. camelliae (Cylindrocladiella microcylindrica) and N. infestans (Ce. infestons). A key to holomorph genera, based primarily on anamorphic characters, is appended.
... References- Hendrichs et al. (2003), Jiang and Kirschner (2016), Kakishima et al. (2017a, b) (morphology, phylogeny) 80. Cylindrocladiella Boesew., Canadian Journal of Botany 60 (11): 2289 (1982) = Nectricladiella Crous & C.L. Schoch, Studies in Mycology 45: 54 (2000) Background Boeswinkel (1982) established Cylindrocladiella to accommodate five Cylindrocladium-like species producing small, cylindrical conidia. Even though the generic status of Cylindrocladiella was initially opposed by Crous and Wingfield (1993), later studies on morphological comparisons by Crous et al. (1994) and molecular data (Victor et al. 1998;Schoch et al. 2000) supported the establishment of Cylindrocladiella as a genus. This genus is commonly confused with the asexual morph of Calonectria but can be distinguished by clear morphological differences, such as aseptate stipe extensions, different branching patterns of the conidiophores and comparatively small, aseptate conidia. ...
... The generic status of Cylindrocladiella was earlier strongly contested (Sharma and Mohanan 1991), however, based on morphological evaluation and comparisons by Crous and Wingfield (1993) and Crous et al. (2017) confirmed its generic status. Victor et al. (1998) and Schoch et al. (2000) provided molecular data to support generic status. Lombard et al. (2012) in his revision of Cylindrocladiella mentioned that only two species have been recognized with their respective Nectricladiella sexual morph. ...
... Using RFLPs and AT-DNA data, Victor et al. (1998) recognised seven species in the genus. Schoch et al. (2000) added another species based on ITS and partial tub2. Van Coller et al. (2005) introduced the use of his3 sequence data for this group. ...
This is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and fungus-like organisms. This paper focuses on one family: Erysiphaceae and 24 phytopathogenic genera: Armillaria, Barriopsis, Cercospora, Cladosporium, Clinoconidium, Colletotrichum, Cylindrocladiella, Dothidotthia,, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Golovinomyces, Heterobasidium, Meliola, Mucor, Neoerysiphe, Nothophoma, Phellinus, Phytophthora, Pseudoseptoria, Pythium, Rhizopus, Stemphylium, Thyrostroma and Wojnowiciella. Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background, distribution, hosts, disease symptoms, and updated backbone trees. Species confirmed with pathogenicity studies are denoted when data are available. Six of the genera are updated from previous entries as many new species have been described.
... Although several researchers continued to consider Cylindrocladiella and Cylindrocladium as a single genus (Mandal and Dasgupta 1983; Peerally 1991; Sharma and Mohanan 1991), Crous et al. (1994) confirmed the two genera to be distinct, with Cylindrocladium having Calonectria de Not. teleomorphs (Rossman 1979; Crous 2002), and Cylindrocladiella having Nectricladiella Crous & C.L. Schoch teleomorphs (Schoch et al. 2000). Victor et al. (1998 recognised seven species in the genus Cylindrocladiella that could be distinguished on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) and AT-DNA data (A + T-rich), as well as morphology. ...
... . teleomorphs (Rossman 1979; Crous 2002), and Cylindrocladiella having Nectricladiella Crous & C.L. Schoch teleomorphs (Schoch et al. 2000). Victor et al. (1998 recognised seven species in the genus Cylindrocladiella that could be distinguished on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) and AT-DNA data (A + T-rich), as well as morphology. Schoch et al. (2000) compared phylogenies derived from the ITS regions flanking the 5.8S rRNA gene and the 5 end of the β-tubulin gene of various Cylindrocladiella isolates. Based on these data, they distinguished the same seven species recognised by Victor et al. (1998), as well as a further species, C. microcylindrica Crous & D. Victor. The latter taxon w ...
... The latter taxon was hitherto incorrectly treated as C. infestans Boesew. As was further noted by Schoch et al. (2000), and Crous (2002), significant DNA sequence variation was observed within isolates identified as C. infestans, and these strains were thus best treated as a species complex until their status could be resolved. In South Africa, five species of Acacia mearnsii De Wild., Eucalyptus spp., Protea sp. and V. vinifera (Crous and Wingfield 1993; Victor et al. 1998; Crous 2002). ...
Species of Cylindrocladiella occur on a variety of hosts, where they are known to act as pathogens or saprobes. Eight species from this genus are currently recognised, of which five have been reported previously in South Africa: C. camelliae, C. elegans, C. lageniformis, C. parva and C. peruviana. Isolates of Cylindrocladiella were obtained from a newly established 99-Richter grapevine mother vine block exhibiting decline symptoms. The DNA phylogeny of these and additional isolates, also obtained from declining grapevines, was determined by sequencing the ITS (ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S) as well as β-tubulin and histone H3 gene regions. This identified four species of Cylindrocladiella on grapevines in South Africa: C. lageniformis, C. parva, C. peruviana and a new species described here as C. viticola, which forms part of the C. infestans species complex. Pathogenicity trials, using stem inoculations on green and 1-year-old 99-Richter cuttings to determine the pathogenicity of selected isolates of these species, gave inconclusive results.
... ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and partial 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA were used to solve the phylogenetic problems of selected genera of nectriaceous fungi (Schoch et al. 2000, Crous et al. 2005, Samuels et al. 2009, 2010b, Zhao et al. 2011. PCR amplification and sequencing of complete ITS and partial 28S nrDNA were conducted with the methods described by Luo and Zhuang (2010b). ...
... Understanding the whole fungus has long been a task of mycologists (Kendrick 1979). As to nectriaceous fungi, small-sized perithecia and a Cosmospora-like perithecial wall structure are common in several genera like Chaetopsinectria, Cosmospora, Cyanonectria, Nectricladiella, Pseudonectria, Volutellonectria, etc. (Rossman et al. 1999, Schoch et al. 2000, Samuels et al. 2009, Luo and Zhuang 2010b. It is clear that teleomorphic morphology alone provides insufficient information to outline a genus within these fungi. ...
... Mycologists aim to establish holomorphic and monophyletic genera and a natural fungal classification system. Increasing numbers of holomorphic genera are being proposed on the basis of morphological and molecular analyses, such as Cyanonectria/Fusarium, Leuconectria/Gliocephalotrichum, Glionectria Crous & S.L. Schoch/Gliocladiopsis S.B. Saksena, and Xenocalonectria Crous & C.L. Schoch/Xenocylindrocladium Decock, Hennebert & Crous (Schoch et al. 2000, Zhuang et al. 2007, Samuels et al. 2009). Chaetopsinectria/Chaetopsina Rambelli, Nectricladiella/Cylindrocladiella, and Volutellonectria/ Volutella are all segregates of Cosmospora and represent well-established holomorphic genera. ...
A new genus, Volutellonectria with Volutella anamorphs is established, based on and typified by Cosmospora consors. It is characterized by small, red perithecia which may collapse laterally when dry, a Cosmospora-like perithecial wall structure, clavate asci with an apical ring, fusiform ascospores with smooth surface, and growing on decaying plant debris or woody substrates. Two new species are added to the new genus and described as Volutellonectria asiana and V. ciliata. Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS and 28S partial) strongly support the separation of Volutellonectria from Cosmospora and some other species with Volutella anamorphs in Nectriaceae, as well as recognition of the new species.
... Although several researchers continued to consider Cylindrocladiella and Cylindrocladium as a single genus (Mandal and Dasgupta 1983;Peerally 1991;Sharma and Mohanan 1991), confirmed the two genera to be distinct, with Cylindrocladium having Calonectria de Not. teleomorphs (Rossman 1979;Crous 2002), and Cylindrocladiella having Nectricladiella Crous & C.L. Schoch teleomorphs (Schoch et al. 2000). Victor et al. (1998) recognised seven species in the genus Cylindrocladiella that could be distinguished on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) and AT-DNA data (A + T-rich), as well as morphology. ...
... Victor et al. (1998) recognised seven species in the genus Cylindrocladiella that could be distinguished on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) and AT-DNA data (A + T-rich), as well as morphology. Schoch et al. (2000) compared phylogenies derived from the ITS regions flanking the 5.8S rRNA gene and the 5 end of the β-tubulin gene of various Cylindrocladiella isolates. Based on these data, they distinguished the same seven species recognised by Victor et al. (1998), as well as a further species, C. microcylindrica Crous & D. Victor. ...
... The latter taxon was hitherto incorrectly treated as C. infestans Boesew. As was further noted by Schoch et al. (2000), and Crous (2002), significant DNA sequence variation was observed within isolates identified as C. infestans, and these strains were thus best treated as a species complex until their status could be resolved. ...
... Cylindrocladiella, which is based on C. parva, is distinguished from the anamorph state of Calonectria (0 Cylindrocladium) by its symmetrically branched conidiophores that can be penicillate and/or subverticillate , producing an asymmetrical bundle of small, cylindrical , 1-septate conidia (<20 μm in length), aseptate stipe extensions, and having Nectricladiella teleomorphs (Boesewinkel 1982, Crous and Wingfield 1993, Schoch et al. 2000). The Nectricladiella teleomorphs are characterised by their perithecia having smooth walls that collapse laterally when dry, and brown setae arising from the perithecial wall surface (Schoch et al. 2000). Initially, the generic status of Cylindrocladiella was strongly contested (Peerally 1991, Sharma and Mohanan 1991). ...
... Victor et al. (1998 used RFLPs, AT- DNA data and morphological comparisons, to recognise seven species in the genus. This was later supported by phylogenetic inference of the ITS and partial β-tubulin gene regions, resulting in the addition of another species to the genus (Schoch et al. 2000). To date, nine species of Cylindrocladiella are recognized, with only two connected to their respective Nectricladiella teleomorph states (Crous 2002, van Coller et al. 2005). ...
... Naming these novel species in the anamorph genus Cylindrocladiella and not the teleomorph genus Nectricladiella follows the " strict priority " option as applied by Gräfenhan et al. (2011), which continued the approach of Lombard et al. (2009 Lombard et al. ( , 2010a–c), and Schroers et al. (2011) of naming fungi in the Hyprocreales with the oldest generic name, irrespective of its morph typification. Consequently, the novel species found in this study were named in the genus Cylindrocladiella (Boesewinkel 1982) rather than in the teleomorph genus Nectricladiella (Schoch et al. 2000). Five species complexes could be identified in this study based on phylogenetic inference supported by morphological characterisation. ...
The genus Cylindrocladiella was established to accommodate Cylindrocladium-like fungi that have small, cylindrical conidia and aseptate stipe extensions. Contemporary taxonomic studies of these fungi have relied on morphology and to a lesser extent on DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS 1, 2 and 5.8S gene) of the ribosomal RNA and the β-tubulin gene regions. In the present study, the identity of several Cylindrocladiella isolates collected over two decades was determined using morphology and phylogenetic inference. A phylogeny constructed for these isolates employing the β-tubulin, histone H3, ITS, 28S large subunit and translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene regions resulted in the identification of several cryptic species in the genus. In spite of the 18 new Cylindrocladiella species described in this study based on morphological and sequence data, several species complexes remain unresolved.
... Additional support for the monophyly of Neonectria was obtained by Schoch et al. (2000). In their broader, ITS-based study of hypocrealean anamorphs with cylindrical conidia, C. destructans (anamorph of N. radicicola var. ...
... Samuels and Brayford (1990) postulated a close relationship of N. radicicola to Calonectria because of similarity in perithecial anatomy. While perithecial wall anatomy of N. radicicola is different from that of other Cylindrocarponforming Nectria species, it is strikingly similar to perithecial anatomy in Calonectria deNot., and in other genera that produce cylindrical conidia (Rossman 1983;Crous and Wing-field 1994;Schoch et al. 2000). Data presented here indicate that N. radicicola has been derived from other species of Cylindrocarpon-forming holomorphs. ...
... Data presented here indicate that N. radicicola has been derived from other species of Cylindrocarpon-forming holomorphs. Schoch et al. (2000), in their study of the ITS region of rDNA, found that N. radicicola (as C. destructans) and C. microconidialide constituted a clade that was sister to but distinct from a clade that included Xenocalonectria Crous & C.L. Schoch and Calonectria deNot. Because of strong similarities in the teleomorphs, Schoch et al. (2000) commented that it would be impossible to recognize three well supported genera, Calonectria, Xenocalonectria and Nectricladiella Crous & C.L. Schoch without knowing the anamorphs. ...
Mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rDNA sequences elucidated phylogenetic relationships in Neonectria Wollenw. (anamorphs = Cylindrocarpon Wollenw.; Ascomycetes, Hypocreales). Twelve isolates representing seven species in five taxonomically informal groups of Neonectria were subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Fusarium inflexum R. Schneid. (teleomorph: Gibberella) and Nectria cinnabarina (Fr.) Fr. (= Nectria s.str.) were outgroups. All of the Neonectria species formed a strongly supported clade with respect to the outgroups, indicating a single ascomycete genus for the holomorphs of Cylindrocarpon. Within the Neonectria clade there were three well-supported subclades that only partially corresponded to phenotype-defined groups. DNA sequence divergence among the twelve Neonectria isolates, 2.3-7.4%, was sufficient to resolve them. The results suggest that the mtSSU rDNA region is appropriate for phylogenetic analysis of Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon. The following new combinations are proposed: Neonectria coronata, Neonectria discophora, Neonectria neomacrospora, Neonectria radicicola, Neonectria rugulosa, Neonectria veuillotiana.Key words: Ascomycetes, Hypocreales, Nectria, systematics, tree pathogens.
... Notes — Gliocladiopsis pseudotenuis is introduced as a new name for Glionectria tenuis in the genus Gliocladiopsis, which was incorrectly linked to its purported anamorph G. tenuis (Schoch et al. 2000 ). Gliocladiopsis pseudotenuis is morphologically similar to G. tenuis, but can be distinguished based on the slightly smaller conidia of G. pseudotenuis (14–)15–19(–21) × 2–4 µm; av. ...
... This resulted in the identification of seven novel taxa. Following the 'strict priority' option as applied by Gräfenhan et al. (2011) and Lombard et al. (2010c), these novel taxa were named in the anamorph genus Gliocladiopsis (Saksena 1954) and not the teleomorph genus Glionectria (Schoch et al. 2000). Two unique phylogenetic lineages could not be provided with names in this study as the isolates were sterile. ...
... Gliocladiopsis elghollii, a novel taxon described here, is closely related to G. sagariensis , but could be distinguished morphologically, supported by the multigene sequence data. Glionectria tenuis was described by Schoch et al. (2000) as the teleomorph state of Gliocladiopsis tenuis from a soil isolate collected from China that produced perithecia in culture. With additional sequence data supporting morphological observations Glionectria tenuis has been provided with a new name, Gliocladiopsis pseudotenuis. ...
Using a global set of isolates and a phylogenetic approach employing DNA sequence data from five genes (β-tubulin, histone H3, internal transcribed spacer region, 28S large subunit region and translation elongation factor 1-α), the taxonomic status of the genus Gliocladiopsis (Glionectria) (Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) was re-evaluated. Gliocladiopsis sagariensis is reinstated as type species for the genus, which proved to be distinct from its former synonym, G. tenuis. The purported teleomorph state of G. tenuis, Glionectria tenuis, is shown to be distinct based on morphological comparisons supported by phylogenetic inference, and is provided with a new name, Gliocladiopsis pseudotenuis. A further four species, mostly isolated from soil, are newly described, namely G. curvata (New Zealand, Ecuador and Indonesia), G. elghollii (USA), G. indonesiensis (Indonesia) and G. mexicana (Mexico). Although species of Gliocladiopsis are frequently isolated from roots of diseased plants or plant litter in soil, little is presently known of their ecology, or potential role as plant pathogens.
... (Schoch et al., 2000 ...
... Schoch, is a homothallic species, and is distinguished from Calonectria by having long cylindrical asci with flattened apices, refractive apical apparati, and 1-sep- tare, ellipsoidal ascospores. Furthermore, a phylogeny derived from ITS1 and ITS2 data (Schoch et al., 2000) showed Xenocylindrocladiurn to be closely related to Curvicladium Decock & Crous (1998), but distinct from ...
... Single conidial isolates selected for DNA comparison were grown on MEA platess 9 DNA extraction methods and amplification conditions were as explained by Crous et al. (2000)) 9 PCR reactions and conditions were as specified by Schoch et al. (1999, 2000)) 9 DNA was amplified using the primers ITS1 and ITS4 (White et al., 1990) for the ITS region, as well as T1 (O'Donnell and Cigelnik, 1997) and Bt2b (Glass and Donaldson, 1995) for the >-tubulin gene. ...
Two new species of hyphomycetes,Xenocylindrocladium guianense andX. subverticillatum, are described from plant debris collected in French Guiana and Singapore, respectively. The genusXenocylindrocladium has thus far been known from one species,X. serpens, which was described from plant debris collected in Ecuador. The two new taxa are compared with and distinguished fromX. serpens based on morphology, cultural characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence data of the 5.8S rDNA with flanking
ITS1 and ITS2 regions and the 5′ end of the β-tubulin gene. These species are also compared with other closely related hypocrealean
taxa. Present collection data suggest that species ofXenocylindrocladium could be restricted to the tropics.
... So far, connection to a teleomorph is known only for G. pseudotenuis (syn. Glionectria tenuis Crous & C.L. Schoch;Schoch et al. 2000). ...
... So far, connection to a teleomorph is known only for G. pseudotenuis (syn. Glionectria tenuis Crous & C.L. Schoch;Schoch et al. 2000). ...
Aquanectria and Gliocladiopsis are two closely related genera of Hypocreales. They are also morphologically similar, forming hyaline, penicillate conidiophores and hyaline, straight to sinuous, 0–1-septate phialoconidia. During a revision of gliocladiopsis-like isolates originating from rain forest areas of South America (Ecuador, French Guiana) and Southeast Asia (Singapore), multilocus phylogenetic inferences, based on DNA sequences encoding partial β-tubulin (TUB2), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1- α), histone H3 (HIS3) genes and the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), revealed the occurrence of seven new phylogenetic species. These phylogenetic species also revealed unique combinations of phenotypes, allowing morphological distinction from their closest phylogenetic relatives. Four new species of Aquanectria and three new species of Gliocladiopsis are described and illustrated. Three of the four Aquanectria species deviate from the other species in the genus by having shorter conidia, which are in the size range observed in Gliocladiopsis species. They are placed in Aquanectria based on the phylogenetic analysis, but this also makes the morphological distinction between these two genera obsolete.
... Macroconidial dimensions and septation, and shape of the vesicle are the best diagnostic characters for identification of Calonectria (Schoch et al. 2000;Crous 2002;Li et al. 2017). Perithecial colour, ascospore number within the asci, and ascospore septation and dimensions are also important for sexual morph identification (Lombard et al. 2010a). ...
... Bipolaris species are pathogens, saprobes or endophytes of a wide range of hosts . Bipolaris oryzae critically damaged the rice cultivation in Bengal province in India and caused a devastating famine during 1943-1944(Scheffer 1997Hyde et al. 2014). Although not resulting in human starvation, Southern corn leaf blight caused by Bipolaris maydis in the 1970s resulted in catastrophic losses in maize crops in the USA and UK . ...
This paper is the second in a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi. It focuses on 25 phytopathogenic genera: Alternaria, Bipolaris, Boeremia, Botryosphaeria, Calonectria, Coniella, Corticiaceae, Curvularia, Elsinoe, Entyloma, Erythricium, Fomitiporia, Fulviformes, Laetisaria, Limonomyces, Neofabraea, Neofusicoccum, Phaeoacremonium, Phellinotus, Phyllosticta, Plenodomus, Pseudopyricularia, Tilletia, Venturia and Waitea, using recent molecular data, up to date names and the latest taxonomic insights. For each genus a taxonomic background, diversity aspects, species identification and classification based on molecular phylogeny and recommended genetic markers are provided. In this study, varieties of the genus Boeremia have been elevated to species level. Botryosphaeria, Bipolaris, Curvularia, Neofusicoccum and Phyllosticta that were included in the One Stop Shop 1 paper are provided with updated entries, as many new species have been introduced to these genera.
... Initially, Cylindrocladiella spp. were linked to the sexual genus Nectricladiella (Crous & Wingfield 1993, Schoch et al. 2000. Following the implementation of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants ( ICN;McNeill et al. 2012), Rossman et al. (2013) proposed that the generic name Cylindrocladiella be retained over Nectricladiella. ...
... Recently, Lombard et al. (2015) showed that the genus Cylindrocladiella formed a monophyletic group in the Nectriaceae, closely related to the genera Aquanectria and Gliocladiopsis. To date, 36 species of Cylindrocladiella have been recognised (Crous & Wingfield 1993, van Coller et al. 2005, Inderbitzin et al. 2012, Lombard et al. 2012Crous et al. 2017a), of which two are linked to nectricladiella-like sexual morphs (Schoch et al. 2000, Crous 2002, Lombard et al. 2012. These fungi are generally soil-borne and regarded as saprobes or weak pathogens of numerous plant hosts (Crous 2002, van Coller et al. 2005, Scattolin & Montecchio 2007, Lombard et al. 2012. ...
This paper represents the second contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series
provides morphological descriptions and information regarding the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms for the
treated genera. In addition, primary and secondary DNA barcodes for the currently accepted species are inlcuded. This second
paper in the GOPHY series treats 20 genera of phytopathogenic fungi and their relatives including: Allantophomopsiella,
Apoharknessia, Cylindrocladiella, Diaporthe, Dichotomophthora, Gaeumannomyces, Harknessia, Huntiella, Macgarvieomyces,
Metulocladosporiella, Microdochium, Oculimacula, Paraphoma, Phaeoacremonium, Phyllosticta, Proxypiricularia, Pyricularia,
Stenocarpella, Utrechtiana and Wojnowiciella. This study includes the new genus Pyriculariomyces, 20 new species, five new
combinations, and six typifications for older names.
... by their aseptate stipe extensions, distinctive conidiophore branching patterns and their small 1-septate conidia. In addition, they have sexual morphs in Nectricladiella that are very different to those in Calonectria (Boesewinkel 1982, Crous and Wingfield 1993, Schoch et al. 2000, Crous 2002. Multigene phylogenetic inference has led to the description of a relatively large number of novel species and to the delimitation of cryptic species (Schoch et al. 2000, van Coller et al. 2005, Lombard et al. 2012. ...
... In addition, they have sexual morphs in Nectricladiella that are very different to those in Calonectria (Boesewinkel 1982, Crous and Wingfield 1993, Schoch et al. 2000, Crous 2002. Multigene phylogenetic inference has led to the description of a relatively large number of novel species and to the delimitation of cryptic species (Schoch et al. 2000, van Coller et al. 2005, Lombard et al. 2012. Currently, Cylindrocladiella accommodates 35 species (Crous 2002, van Coller et al. 2005, Inderbitzin et al. 2012, Lombard et al. 2012. ...
Cylindrocladiella spp. are widely distributed especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions, where they are mainly known as saprobes although some species are plant pathogens. Very little is known about these fungi in South-East Asia. The aim of this study was to identify a collection of Cylindrocladiella isolates from soils collected in forest nurseries and plantations in Vietnam and Malaysia. This was achieved using DNA sequence comparisons and morphological observations. The study revealed two previously described species, Cy.lageniformis and Cy.peruviana as well as five novel taxa, described here as Cy.arbustasp. nov. , Cy.malesianasp. nov. , Cy.obpyriformissp. nov. , Cy.parvisporasp. nov. and Cy.solicolasp. nov. A relatively small collection of isolates from a limited geographic sampling revealed an unexpectedly high level of Cylindrocladiella diversity suggesting that many more species in this genus await discovery in South-East Asia.
... Analysis conditions were: tree bisection addition branch swapping (TBR), starting tree obtained via stepwise addition, steepest descent not in effect, MulTrees effective. In the ITS analysis, Xenocalonectria serpens (Decock et al) P.W. Crous & C.L. Schoch was used as outgroup, based on the results of Schoch et al (2000). In the ß-Tubulin analysis, Curvicladium cygneum Decock & P.W. Crous was used as outgroup. ...
... 16). The tree topologies regarding the different clades and their relative position conformed to a previously published phylogeny (Schoch et al 2000). Two MPTs resulted from the ß-Tubulin based heuristic search (230 steps in length, CI 5 0.648, RI 5 0.827, RC 5 0.535) (FIG. ...
Morphological and molecular studies of Gliocephalotrichum collections from rain forest leaf litter in French Guyana revealed the occurrence of two undescribed species, described here as G. bacillisporum and G. longibrachium. Both species have a whorl of sterile stipe extensions directly subtending the conidiogenous penicilli. Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium also was isolated from leaf litter in French Guyana. Two sequences in GenBank, of uncultured ascomycetes from Gabon, Africa, cluster in the Gliocephalotrichum clade, suggesting the probable existence of additional undescribed taxa from the Central African rainforest.
... The genus was defined as having conidiophores consisting of a penicillate conidiogenous apparatus terminating in phialides producing ellipsoidal, aseptate conidia, and subtended by sterile stipe extensions. Morphologically, this genus closely resembles the asexual morph of Calonectria (= Cylindrocladium) but is distinguished by the point of origin of the sterile stipe extension (Rossman et al. 1993, Schoch et al. 2000. In Gliocephalotrichum, the stipe extension develops directly below (Ellis & Hesseltine 1962) or some distance below (Wiley & Simmons 1971) the penicillus, whereas the stipe extension originates from within the conidiogenous apparatus of Calonectria (Rossman et al. 1993, Lombard et al. 2010b). ...
... With the exception of G. ohiense (Huang & Schmitt 1973), all species are regarded as tropical or subtropical fungi (Rossman et al. 1993, Decock et al. 2006. Recently, several new reports have appeared of fruit rots associated with species of Gliocephalotrichum, namely of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) in Hawaii (Nishijima et al. 2002), Malaysia (Intan Sakinah & Latiffah 2013), The Philippines (Pordesimo & Luna-Ilag 1982), Puerto Rico (Serrato-Diaz et al. 2012), Sri Lanka (Sivakumar et al. 1997(Sivakumar et al. , 1999(Sivakumar et al. , 2000 and Thailand (Farungsang et al. 1992, guava (Psidium guajava) in Hawaii (Constantelos et al. 2011), durian (Durio graveolens and D. kutejensis) in Brunei Darussalam (Sivapalan et al. 1998), Terminalia chebula in India (Singh et al. 2012), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) in Thailand (Sangchote & Pongpisutta 1998) and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in the USA (Constantelos et al. 2011). ...
Species in the genus Gliocephalotrichum (= Leuconectria) (Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) are soilborne
fungi, associated with post-harvest fruit spoilage of several important tropical fruit crops. Contemporary taxonomic studies of these fungi have relied on morphology and DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear rDNA (ITS) and the β-tubulin gene regions. Employing DNA sequence data from four loci (β-tubulin, histone H3, ITS, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha) and morphological comparisons, the taxonomic status of the genus Gliocephalotrichum was re-evaluated. As a result five species are newly described, namely G. humicola (Thailand, soil), G. mexicanum (rambutan fruit from Mexico), G. nephelii (rambutan fruit from Guatemala), G. queenslandicum (Australia, endophytic isolations) and G. simmonsii (rambutan fruit from Guatemala). Although species of Gliocephalotrichum are generally not regarded as important plant pathogens, their ability to cause postharvest fruit rot could have an impact on fruit export and storage.
... The genus Cylindrocladiella comprises a small, monophyletic group of fungi in the Nectriaceae related to Cylindrocladium (Schoch et al. 2000). Cylindrocladium and Cylindrocladiella are morphologically similar, they form two different synanamorphs that resemble Penicillium and Verticillium in terms of branching pattern and phialide arrangement, but may bear long hyphal projections with swollen tips that are referred to as filaments with terminal vesicles. ...
... Differences between Cylindrocladiella and Cylindrocladium include aspects of conidiophore branching, filament morphology, appearance in culture, and conidia morphology and size (Boesewinkel 1982). The teleomorph of Cylindrocladiella where known, belongs to Nectricladiella (Schoch et al. 2000). Cylindrocladiella comprises ten species that have been isolated from soil as well as plant tissues where they may act as pathogens (van Coller et al. 2005;Zhang and Chi 1996). ...
We used phylogenetic analyses based on ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and beta-tubulin (TUB) sequences and determined that the correct name of 'Verticillium hahajimaense' was Cylindrocla-diella hahajimaensis. A closest relative could not be determined, since C. hahajimaensis clustered within the C. infestans species complex, a poorly resolved group of taxa. Cylindrocladiella hahajimaensis differed from all other members of the C. infestans species complex by at least 18 substitutions at the two loci. Morphological characters supported the placement within Cylindrocladiella. In addition to the verticillate conidiophores mentioned in the type description, we found evidence for the presence of penicillate con-idiophores. Other differences to the type description included the presence of yellow to brown-pigmented hyphae, and the hyaline instead of pigmented chlamydospores.
... Glionectria, a teleomorph of Gliocladiopsis, has been reported to have the following morphological characteristics: perithecia that are obovoid to broadly obpyriform, with warted, red-brown walls and dark red stromatic bases, producing ellipsoidal, 1-septate ascospores [9]. The first molecular genetic discussion of Gliocladiopsis was made by Schoch et al., which showed that Gliocladiopsis is a closely related genus to Gliocephalotrichum and Leuconectria [10]. Gliocladiopsis includes 16 species, including G. curvata, G. elghollii, G. indonesiensis, G. mexicana, and G. pseudotenuis, as reported by Gordillo and Decock [11]. ...
In this study, three novel fungal species belonging to the Nectriaceae family, Gliocladiopsis koreensis sp. nov., Ilyonectria koreensis sp. nov., and Mariannaea koreensis sp. nov., were discovered from soil samples collected at Iseung-ak Oreum on Jeju Island and the Upo Wetland in Changnyeong, Republic of Korea. They were confirmed as distinct species through molecular phylogenetic analyses using the ITS, TUB, Tef1, HIS3, and LSU sequences. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference trees show that G. koreensis forms a sister clade with G. curvata, G. singaporiensis, and G. peggii, I. koreensis clusters closely with I. qitaiheensis and I. changbaiensis, and M. koreensis is phylogenetically related to M. atlantica, M. fusiformis, M. elegans var. punicea, and M. terricola. While all three new species exhibit unique morphological characteristics such as colony growth patterns, pigmentation, and microstructures that differentiate them from their closest relatives. The findings of these novel species contribute to the understanding of fungal diversity in these ecologically significant regions and highlight their potential applications in agriculture, nutrient cycling, and environmental restoration.
... pseudotenuis) has been reported in Gliocladiopsis. Gliocladiopsis pseudotenuis was iniality introduced by Schoch et al. (2000) as Glionectria tenuis and it was incorrectly linked to the asexual morph of Gliocladiopsis tenuis. However, Phylogenetic analysis and morphological observations showed that it is a distinct species wihtin Gliocladiopsis. ...
Hypocreomycetidae is a highly diverse group with species from various habitats. This subclass has been reported as pathogenic, endophytic, parasitic, saprobic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, algicolous, coprophilous and insect fungi from aquatic and terrestrial habitats. In this study, we focused on freshwater fungi of Hypocreomycetidae which resulted 41 fresh collections from China and Thailand. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we identified 26 species that belong to two orders (Hypocreales and Microascales) and six families (Bionectriaceae, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae, Nectriaceae, Sarocladiaceae and Stachybotryaceae). Ten new species are introduced and 13 new habitats and geographic records are reported. Mariannaea superimposita, Stachybotrys chartarum and S. chlorohalonatus are recollected from freshwater habitats in China. Based on phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, ITS, SSU, rpb2 and tef1-α sequences data, Emericellopsis is transferred to Hypocreales genera incertae sedis; Pseudoacremonium is transferred to Bionectriaceae; Sedecimiella is placed in Nectriaceae; Nautosphaeria and Tubakiella are excluded from Halosphaeriaceae and placed in Microascales genera incertae sedis; and Faurelina is excluded from Hypocreomycetidae. Varicosporella is placed under Atractium as a synonym of Atractium. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimates showed that Ascocodina, Campylospora, Cornuvesica and Xenodactylariaceae form distinct lineages in Hypocreomycetidae and they evolved in the family/order time frame. Hence, a new order (Xenodactylariales) and three new families (Ascocodinaceae, Campylosporaceae and Cornuvesicaceae) are introduced based on phylogenetic analysis, divergence time estimations and morphological characters. Ancestral character state analysis is performed for different habitats of Hypocreomycetidae including freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa. The result indicates that marine and freshwater fungi evolved independently from terrestrial ancestors. The results further support those early diverging clades of this subclass, mostly comprising terrestrial taxa and freshwater and marine taxa have been secondarily derived, while the crown clade (Nectriaceae) is represented in all three habitats. The evolution of various morphological adaptations towards their habitual changes are also discussed.
... Many anamorphs of the Hypocreales are characteristic of their corresponding teleomorph genera (Samuels and Seifert 1987;O'Donnell 1996;Rossman 2000;Kirk et al. 2001). Although phylogenetic analysis has supported genera in the nectrioid fungi that are defi ned on the basis of combined anamorph and teleomorph data (e.g., Schoch et al. 2000;Mantiri et al. 2001;Rossman et al. 2001;Schroers 2001), most genera of the Nectriaceae have not been subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Among these is Cosmospora, which has been linked to seven anamorph genera (Acremonium, Chaetopsina, Cylindrocladiella, Fusarium, Stilbella, Verticillium, and Volutella), as was mentioned earlier. ...
Seven species of the genus Cosmospora collected in Japan are reported in this article. Among them, Cosmospora japonica is described as a new species. Cosmospora henanensis, C. rishbethii, and C. triqua, all of which are known only from their type localities, are added to the Japanese mycobiota. The other species, C. chaetopsinaecatenulatae, C. diminuta, and C. peponum, are new records for Japan. Additional distribution records are given for Cosmospora species hitherto known in Japan.
... Recently, nectrioid fungi have been noted for their biological activities, for parasitism on plants, fungi, and insects, and as producers of antibiotics and/or mycotoxins (Rossman 1996). About 600 species have been recognized throughout the world, in 23 genera of Nectriaceae and 27 genera of Bionectriaceae, after detailed reexamination (Rossman et al. 1999;Schroers et al. 1999;Schoch et al. 2000). However, only about 80 species of 9 genera belonging to these two families have been recorded in Japan. ...
Five species of the genus Neonectria (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales) collected from Japan are described with discussion and illustrated. Among them, one found on dead twigs of a broad-leaved tree is described as a new species, Neonectria tokyoensis (anamorph: Cylindrocarpon tokyoense). Neonectria cinnamomea and Neo. discophora are newly added to the Japanese mycobiota. Nectria azureoostiolata, recorded in 1977 from Japan, is reexamined as a synonym of Neo. jungneri. Neonectria radicicola, teleomorph of Cy. destructans, a well-known soil-borne plant pathogen in Japan, is newly recorded from Japan. Additional distribution records are provided for the Neonectria species hitherto recorded in Japan.
... Asexual morphs treated in Cylindrocladium were recognized as providing more distinguishing characters than sexual morphs (Crous, 2002;Liu et al., 2020;Lombard et al., 2010bLombard et al., , 2016Rossman, 1979). This especially concerned the shapes and diameters of the vesicles as well as the septation and dimensions of the conidia (Crous, 2002;Lombard et al., 2010bLombard et al., , 2016Schoch et al., 2000a). ...
The genus Calonectria includes many aggressive plant pathogens causing diseases on various agricultural crops as well as forestry and ornamental tree species. Some species have been accidentally introduced into new environments via international trade of putatively asymptomatic plant germplasm or contaminated soil, resulting in significant economic losses. This review provides an overview of the taxonomy, population biology, and pathology of Calonectria species, specifically emerging from contemporary studies that have relied on DNA‐based technologies. The growing importance of genomics in future research is highlighted. A life cycle is proposed for Calonectria species, aimed at improving our ability to manage diseases caused by these pathogens. The taxonomy, population biology, pathology, and genomics of Calonectria, an important but relatively unknown group of pathogens of agricultural crops as well as forestry and ornamental trees, are reviewed.
... To devise a natural classification, ideally, any morphological or molecular characters of the anamorph that indicate teleomorph affinities should be considered in generic delimitation (Seifert 1993, Seifert andSamuels 2000). The large hypocrealean genus Calonectria and its allies were segregated into a series of monophyletic genera that each had a distinctive anamorph and support from molecular data (Rossman et al 1999, Rossman 2000, Schoch et al 2000. Anamorph genera, along with molecular data, were useful also in delineating sections in Mycosphaerella (Crous et al , 2001. ...
Three genera of asexual, helical-spored fungi, Helicoma, Helicomyces and Helicosporium traditionally have been differentiated by the morphology of their conidia and conidiophores. In this paper we assessed their phylogenetic relationships from ribosomal sequences from ITS, 5.8S and partial LSU regions using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis. Forty-five isolates from the three genera were closely related and were within the teleomorphic genus Tubeufia sensu Barr (Tubeufiaceae, Ascomycota). Most of the species could be placed in one of the seven clades that each received 78% or greater bootstrap support. However none of the anamorphic genera were monophyletic and all but one of the clades contained species from more than one genus. The 15 isolates of Helicoma were scattered through the phylogeny and appeared in five of the clades. None of the four sections within the genus were monophyletic, although species from Helicoma sect. helicoma were concentrated in Clade A. The Helicosporium species also appeared in five clades. The four Helicomyces species were distributed among three clades. Most of the clades supported by sequence data lacked unifying morphological characters. Traditional characters such as the thickness of the conidial filament and whether conidiophores were conspicuous or reduced proved to be poor predictors of phylogenetic relationships. However some combinations of characters including conidium colour and the presence of lateral, tooth-like conidiogenous cells did appear to be predictive of genetic relationships.
... Cylindrocladiella (Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) genus includes soil-borne fungi, often reported in several studies with the name of Cylindrocladium, lately separated in two distinct genera, having Calonectria and Nectricladiella teleomorphs respectively (Boesewinkel 1982;Crous and Wingfield 1993;Crous et al. 1994;Schoch et al. 2000;Crous 2002). Cylindrocladiella spp. ...
During the winter of 2018, 3-years-old trees
of avocado (Persea americana) cv “Hass” from Trapani
province (Sicily, Italy) showed symptoms of stem and
crown rot. Two different fungi were consistently isolated
from infected tissues. Morphological characterization
and multi-locus phylogenies using five genomic loci
(ITS, tef1, tub2, his3, and rpb2) identified these fungi
as Cylindrocladiella peruviana and Pleiocarpon
algeriense. Pathogenicity tests on healthy 5-monthsold
seedlings and 3-year-old trees of avocado
reproduced similar symptoms as those observed in nature,
and Koch’s postulates were fulfilled for both pathogens.
Moreover, the tested fungal isolates revealed a
different pathogenic behaviour among two species. Two
isolates of Pleiocarpon algeriense resulted more aggressive
than Cylindrocladiella peruviana isolates causing
major lesions on young seedlings. This study is the first
to report of stem and crown rot on avocado caused by
Cylindrocladiella peruviana and Pleiocarpon
algeriense
... The asexual morphs produce branched conidiophores, cylindrical, septate conidia and stipe extensions with terminal vesicles of characteristic shape (Crous 2002, Lombard et al. 2010c, 2016. These asexual morphs provide the best diagnostic characters for identification, especially in conidial and vesicle morphology (Schoch et al. 2000, Crous 2002. Based on phylogenetic inference that matches with the distribution of vesicle shapes, species of Calonectria are divided into two main groups. ...
Diseases caused by species of Calonectria (Ca.) represent a serious threat to the growth and sustainability of Eucalyptus plantations in China. Symptoms caused by these fungi mainly include leaf blight on trees in plantations and rotting of stems and leaves in nurseries. Extensive surveys have recently been conducted where Calonectria species were collected in Eucalyptus plantations and nurseries in the FuJian, GuangDong, GuangXi, and YunNan Provinces of South China. Additional isolates were baited from soil samples in the Hong Kong Region. The aim of this study was to identify the 115 Calonectria isolates obtained using comparisons of DNA sequence data for the β-tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (cmdA), histone H3 (his3) and partial translation elongation factor-1α (tef1) gene regions as well as their morphological features. Seven known species were identified, including Calonectria arbusta, Ca. asiatica, Ca. chinensis, Ca. eucalypti, Ca. hongkongensis, Ca. mossambicensis and Ca. pentaseptata. In addition, six novel taxa were collected and are described here as Ca. aciculata, Ca. honghensis, Ca. lantauensis, Ca. pseudoturangicola, Ca. pseudoyunnanensis, and Ca. yunnanensis spp. nov. Overall, the results reflect a high diversity of Calonectria species in China.
... The type species of Xenocylindrocladium, X. serpens, was described as the asexual morph of Nectria serpens (Decock et al. 1997), a name that was later transferred to the monotypic Xenocalonectria (Schoch et al. 2000), thus these generic names are synonyms. Given the three names in that genus and its priority, we recommend the use of Xenocylindrocladium. ...
With the change to one scientific name for fungal species, numerous papers have been
published with recommendations for use or protection of competing generic names in major groups
of ascomycetes. Although genera in each group of fungi were carefully considered, some competing
generic names were overlooked. This paper makes recommendations for additional competing genera
not considered in previous papers. Chairs of relevant Working Groups of the ICTF were consulted in
the development of these recommendations. A number of generic names need protection, specifically
Amarenographium over Amarenomyces, Amniculicola over Anguillospora, Balansia over Ephelis,
Claviceps over Sphacelia, Drepanopeziza over Gloeosporidiella and Gloeosporium, Golovinomyces
over Euoidium, Holwaya over Crinium, Hypocrella over Aschersonia, Labridella over Griphosphaerioma,
Metacapnodium over Antennularia, and Neonectria over Cylindrocarpon and Heliscus. The following
new combinations are made: Amniculicola longissima, Atichia maunauluana, Diaporthe columnaris, D.
liquidambaris, D. longiparaphysata, D. palmicola, D. tersa, Elsinoë bucidae, E.caricae, E. choisyae,
E. paeoniae, E. psidii, E. zorniae, Eupelte shoemakeri, Godronia myrtilli, G. raduloides, Sarcinella
mirabilis, S. pulchra, Schizothyrium jamaicense, and Trichothallus niger. Finally, one new species name,
Diaporthe azadirachte, is introduced to validate an earlier name, and the conservation of Discula with a
new type, D. destructiva, is recommended.
... The remaining cosmospora-like fungi were transferred to Chaetopsina Rambelli, Cylindrocladiella Boesew., Dialonectria, Fusicolla Bonord., Macroconia (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan, Seifert & Schroers, Microcera Desm., Pseudocosmospora C. Herrera & P. Chaverri, Stylonectria and Volutella Fr. (Schoch et al. 2000;Zhuang 2010a, 2012;Gräfenhan et al. 2011;Herrera et al. 2013;Lombard et al. 2015). ...
A new fungicolous species, Cosmospora inonoticola, is described and illustrated based on a specimen collected from northeast China. It is characterized by the occurrence of fruitbodies of Inonotus sp.; perithecia nonstromatic, subglobose to pyriform, not collapsing when dry; clavate asci containing (3–)6(−8) spores; ascospores ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, pale brown, finely warted, bicellular, conspicuously constricted at septum; and producing a verticillium-like asexual state. A multi-locus analysis of the combined ITS, rpb1 and tub sequences confirmed its taxonomic position, and revealed the distinction from its morphologically similar species including the type species, C. coccinea, which occurs also on Inonotus. A specimen with sexual state of C. lavitskiae is reported for the first time, and a reference specimen is indicated.
... (sensu lato; Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Nectriaceae; a mycoparasite, which means a fungus that parasitizes other fungi) and their fungal hosts. Cosmospora is a fungal genus that at some point was determined to be polyphyletic and thus segregated into many monophyletic genera (e.g., Cosmospora sensu stricto, Dialonectria, Microcera, and Pseudocosmospora, among others; Schoch et al. 2000;Luo and Zhuang 2010;Luo and Zhuang 2012;Gr€ afenhan et al. 2011;Herrera et al. 2013). The sexual fruiting bodies (perithecia) in Cosmospora sensu lato (hereafter "Cosmospora-like") are highly conserved to the degree of being indistinguishable. ...
Species of Cosmospora are parasites of other fungi (mycoparasites), including species belonging to the Xylariales. Based on prior taxonomic work, these fungi were determined to be highly host specific. We suspected that the association of Cosmospora and their hosts could not be a result of random chance, and tested the cospeciation of Cosmospora and the their hosts with contemporary methods (e.g., ParaFit, PACo, and Jane). The cophylogeny of Cosmospora and their hosts was found to be congruent, but only host-parasite links in more recent evolutionary lineages of the host were determined as coevolutionary. Reconciliation reconstructions determined at least five host-switch events early in the evolution of Cosmospora. Additionally, the rates of evolution between Cosmospora and their hosts were unequal. This pattern is more likely to be explained by pseudocospeciation (i.e., host switches followed by cospeciation), which also produces congruent cophylogenies.
... Notes: The genus Xenocylindrocladium includes three species described from the tropics, isolated from plant debris (Decock et al. 1997, Crous et al. 2001. At the same time, Decock et al. (1997) introduced the sexual morph of X. serpens as Nectria serpens, which was later transferred to the genus Xenocalonectria by Schoch et al. (2000). Given the name changes required if the genus name Xenocalonectria was used, we propose that the generic name Xenocalonectria be suppressed in favour of Xenocylindrocladium, which also has priority by date and therefore no new combinations are required. ...
Presentation at The 29th meeting of the KNVP working group on Fusarium.
... This had the consequence, for example, that whenever a sexual morph was discovered, it had to be given a new and independent name, even though it was known to be a morph of a known species. Schoch et al. (85), for example, introduced new sexual genera for Cylindrocladiella (as Nectricladiella), Gliocladiopsis (as Glionectria), and Xenocylindrocladium (as Xenocalonectria). On the basis of the new ICN adopted in 2011, however, these genera are now treated as synonyms of the earlier, well-established asexual genera (81). ...
Scientific names are crucial in communicating knowledge about fungi. In plant pathology, they link information regarding the biology, host range, distribution, and potential risk. Our understanding of fungal biodiversity and fungal systematics has undergone an exponential leap, incorporating genomics, web-based systems, and DNA data for rapid identification to link species to metadata. The impact of our ability to recognize hitherto unknown organisms on plant pathology and trade is enormous and continues to grow. Major challenges for phytomycology are intertwined with the Genera of Fungi project, which adds DNA barcodes to known biodiversity and corrects the application of old, established names via epi- or neotypification. Implementing the one fungus-one name system and linking names to validated type specimens, cultures, and reference sequences will provide the foundation on which the future of plant pathology and the communication of names of plant pathogens will rest. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology Volume 53 is August 04, 2015. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/catalog/pubdates.aspx for revised estimates.
... No género Neonectria foram incluídas as espécies cujas peritecas eram distintas morfológica e anatomicamente das de Nectria sensu stricto e cujos anamorfos pertenciam ao género Cylindrocarpon (Rossman et al., 1999). Mais recentemente, Schoch et al. (2000) provaram que o género Neonectria é verdadeiramente monofilético, com base na amplificação de uma região correspondente ao gene do ribossoma 5,8S, bem como das regiões ITS1 (Espaçador Internamente Transcrito) e ITS2 que o flanqueiam, e ainda da extremidade 5' do gene da -tubulina. Semelhantes resultados foram obtidos por Mantiri et al. (2001), quando analisaram as sequências da sub-unidade menor de rDNA mitocondrial (mtSSU) em combinação com o estudo das características fenotípicas observadas. ...
... 60(11): 2289Bot. 60(11): (1982 The sexual morph-typified genus Nectricladiella was introduced with N. camelliae (Shipton) Crous & C.L. Schoch as the type species (Schoch et al. 2000). These genera are linked and Rossman et al. (2013) proposed that Cylindrocladiella should be used over Nectricladiella, which is followed here. ...
Sordariomycetesis one of the largest classes of Ascomycota
and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate
unitunicate asci. The class includes many important plant
pathogens, as well as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, and
fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. The class includes freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa and has a
worldwide distribution. This paper provides an updated outline of theSordariomycetesand a backbone tree incorporating
asexual and sexual genera in the class. Based on phylogeny
and morphology we introduced three subclasses;
Diaporthomycetidae, Lulworthiomycetidaeand
Meliolomycetidaeand five orders;Amplistromatales,
Annulatascales, Falcocladiales, Jobellisiales and Togniniales. The outline is based on literature to the end of
2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper. Notes for
397 taxa with information, such as new family and genera
novelties, novel molecular data published since the Outline
of Ascomycota 2009, and new links between sexual and asexual genera and thus synonymies, are provided. The Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 28 orders,
90 families and 1344 genera. In addition a list of 829 genera
with uncertain placement in Sordariomycetesis also provided.
... PCR amplification of partial sequences of the ITS, btub, CaM, H3 and MAT1-2-1 DNA regions of 28 Calonectria isolates (Table 1, isolate set a) was conducted using the ITS1/ITS4, T1/ T2, Cal228F/Cal737R, H3-1A/H3-1B and ColHMG1/Col-HMG2 primer pairs (White et al., 1990;Glass & Donaldson, 1995;O'Donnell & Cigelnik, 1997;Carbone & Kohn, 1999;Schoch et al., 2000), respectively. PCR reactions (50 lL) contained 50-100 ng of target DNA, 0Á3 lM of each primer and 19 DreamTaq PCR Master mix (Fermentas) and were performed in a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 PE (Life Technologies). ...
Calonectria pseudonaviculata, the causal agent of the disease of Buxus spp. known as “box blight”, was first detected in the mid 1990s in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Since then, the geographic range of box blight has rapidly expanded to at least 21 countries throughout temperate regions of the world, causing significant losses in nurseries, gardens and wild boxwood populations. We determined the genetic diversity in a collection of 234 Calonectria isolates from diseased Buxus plants, originating from 15 countries and four continents. Two genetic clades, G1 and G2, were identified within this sample using multilocus phylogenetic analysis. The application of Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR) criteria using four independent nuclear loci determined that the Calonectria isolates in these two clades are separate phylogenetic species. The isolates in the G1 clade were upheld as C. pseudonaviculuta sensu stricto. Based on phylogenetic distinctiveness and the lack of mating, we propose a new species, Calonectria henricotiae sp. nov., for the Calonectria isolates in the G2 clade. We developed a PCR-RFLP assay and real-time PCR assays to easily and reproducibly differentiate these species. To assess the practical implications of the identification of the two species, we compared their physiology, fungicide susceptibility and pathogenicity. No differences in pathogenicity were observed. However, C. henricotiae isolates exhibited greater thermotolerance and reduced sensitivity to specific triazole as well as strobilurine fungicides. The identification of a second phylogenetic species causing box blight may have a substantial impact on the epidemiology and control of this destructive disease.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Gräfenhan et al., Microcera Desm., Pseudocosmospora C. Herrera & P. Chaverri, Stylonectria Höhn. and Volutella (Schoch et al. 2000;Luo andZhang 2010, 2012;Gräfenhan et al. 2011;Herrera et al. 2013a). ...
The genus Cosmospora includes nectrioid fungi that grow on polypores and xylariaceous fungi. The collections growing on xylariaceous fungi have been identified recently as Cosmospora viliuscula. In this paper the phylogeny and taxonomy of C. viliuscula are investigated. A phylogeny was generated with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods applied to a three-partition dataset (ITS, 28S, MCM7-RPB1-TUB2). Based on these results, we demonstrate that Cosmospora viliuscula represents a diverse species complex comprising more than 10 species. Seven new species are described, including three single-strain lineages, and the sexual states of C. arxii and C. khandalensis are described for the first time. The sexual states of these fungi tend to have a high degree of morphological homoplasy, making it difficult to differentiate among them based on morphological characters alone. However, the apparent host specificity of species in this complex aide in the diagnosis of these fungi. In addition, the RPB1 marker provides sufficient resolution to distinguish these fungi.
Copyright © 2015, Mycologia.
... Notes: The genus Xenocylindrocladium includes three species described from the tropics, isolated from plant debris (Decock et al. 1997, Crous et al. 2001. At the same time, Decock et al. (1997) introduced the sexual morph of X. serpens as Nectria serpens, which was later transferred to the genus Xenocalonectria by Schoch et al. (2000). Given the name changes required if the genus name Xenocalonectria was used, we propose that the generic name Xenocalonectria be suppressed in favour of Xenocylindrocladium, which also has priority by date and therefore no new combinations are required. ...
The ascomycete family Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) includes numerous important plant and human pathogens, as well as several species used extensively in industrial and commercial applications as biodegraders and biocontrol agents. Members of the family are unified by phenotypic characters such as uniloculate ascomata that are yellow, orange-red to purple, and with phialidic asexual morphs. The generic concepts in Nectriaceae are poorly defined, since DNA sequence data have not been available for many of these genera. To address this issue we performed a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences for the 28S large subunit (LSU) nrDNA, the internal transcribed spacer region and intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene (ITS), the large subunit of the ATP citrate lyase (acl1), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (rpb1), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), α-actin (act), β-tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (cmdA), histone H3 (his3), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene regions for available type and authentic strains representing known genera in Nectriaceae, including several genera for which no sequence data were previously available. Supported by morphological observations, the data resolved 47 genera in the Nectriaceae. We re-evaluated the status of several genera, which resulted in the introduction of six new genera to accommodate species that were initially classified based solely on morphological characters. Several generic names are proposed for synonymy based on the abolishment of dual nomenclature. Additionally, a new family is introduced for two genera that were previously accommodated in the Nectriaceae.
... Following the genus-for-genus concept, that is the delimitation of a genus based on the correlation of the teleomorph to its corresponding anamorph (Rossman 1993), Cosmospora was segregated into new or revived genera that correlate roughly with these anamorphs: Chaetopsinectria, Cyanonectria Samuels & P. Chaverri, Nectricladiella Crous & Schoch, Fusicolla Bonord., Macroconia (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan et al., Microcera, Stylonectria Hö hn. and Volutellonectria (see Schoch et al. 2000;Samuels et al. 2009;Luo andZhuang 2010, 2012;Gräfenhan et al. 2011). With the change to one scientific name for each species as directed in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (ICN) (McNeill et al. 2012), Chaetopsinectria and Volutellonectria are considered synonyms of the older genera Chaetopsina Rambelli and Volutella Fr. ...
Cosmospora sensu Rossman accommodated nectroid fungi with small, reddish, smooth, thin-walled perithecia but recently was found to be polyphyletic and has been segregated into multiple genera. Not all Cosmospora-like fungi have been treated systematically. Some of these species include C. vilior and many specimens often labeled "Cosmospora sp." The objectives of this research were to establish the identity of C. vilior through epitypication using a recent collection that agrees with the type specimen in morphology, host and geography and to determine its phylogenetic position within Cosmospora sensu lato and the Nectriaceae. A multilocus phylogeny was constructed based on six loci (ITS, LSU, MCM7, rpb1, tef1, tub) to estimate a phylogeny. Results from the phylogenetic analyses indicated that C. vilior forms a monophyletic group with other cosmospora-like fungi that have an acremonium-like anamorph and that parasitize Eutypa and Eutypella (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Xylariales, Diatrypaceae). The group is phylogenetically distinct from other previously segregated genera. A new genus, Pseudocosmospora, is described to accommodate the type species, P. eutypellae, and nine additional species in this clade.
... netic inference using multigene sequence data has significantly changed the taxonomy of Calonectria by identifying species complexes. The first major phylogenetic study of Calonectria by Schoch et al. (2000) using β-tubulin (BTUB) sequence data only laid the foundation for this taxonomic approach. Subsequently multigene DNA sequence data relative to the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), BTUB, Histone H3 (HIS3) and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF-1α) were used in taxonomic studies of the genus Calonectria. ...
Species of Calonectria and their cylindrocladium-like asexual morphs are important plant pathogens of agronomic and forestry crops, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Calonectria species have been associated with a wide range of disease symptoms on a large number of plant hosts. On horticultural crops, most records of Calonectria species come from the Northern Hemisphere, where they occur mainly in gardens and ornamental nurseries. In Europe and the Mediterranean basin, several species are widespread in nurseries and cause extensive damage to ornamental plants. In the past, identification of species was based on phenotypic characters and sexual compatibility using standardised media. More recently, morphological characteristics, phylogenetic studies (DNA sequence data of the β-tubulin, histone H3 and translation elongation factor-1α gene regions) and mating studies have revealed the presence of several cryptic species complexes that were formerly treated as single Calonectria species. These studies resulted in the introduction of several new species. Other studies aimed at understanding environmental sustainability focused attention on soil solarisation and biological control as means for controlling these pathogens. The potential use of biological control agents (BCAs) and chemicals for controlling Calonectria-induced diseases has recently been addressed. In this review we discuss the Calonectria species detected in Europe and the Mediterranean basin, and the disease management strategies. In view of the mandatory implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) for all European countries by 2014, this paper provides basic information as a platform for the adaptation of more sustainable integrated measures to control Calonectria diseases in European nurseries.
... This genus was initially synonymized under Cylindrocarpon (Agnihothrudu 1959) and Cylindrocladium (Barron 1968), but resurrected by Crous & Wingfield (1993) and characterized by dense, penicillate conidiophores producing aseptate to 1-septate cylindrical conidia and lacking sterile stipe extensions distinguishing it from Cylindrocladiella and Cylindrocladium. The generic status of Gliocladiopsis was further confirmed by Schoch et al. (2000) ...
With the recent changes concerning pleomorphic fungi in the new International
Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), it is necessary to propose the acceptance or protection of sexual morph-typified or asexual morph-typified generic names that do not have priority, or to propose the rejection or suppression1 of competing names. In addition, sexual morph-typified generic names, where widely used, must be proposed for rejection or suppression in favour of asexual morph-typified names that have priority, or the latter must be proposed for conservation or protection. Some pragmatic criteria used for deciding the acceptance or rejection of generic names include: the number of name changes required when one generic name is used over another, the clarity of the generic concept, their relative frequencies of use in the scientific literature, and a vote of interested mycologists. Here, twelve widely used generic names in three families of Hypocreales are proposed for acceptance, either by conservation or protection, despite their lack of priority of publication, or because they are widely used asexual morph-typified names. Each pair of generic names is evaluated, with a recommendation as to the generic name to be used, and safeguarded, either through conservation or protection. Four generic names typified by a species with a sexual morph as type that are younger than competing generic names typified by a species with an asexual morph type, are proposed for use. Eight older generic names typified by species with an asexual morph as type are proposed for use over younger competing generic names typified by a species with a sexual morph as type. Within Bionectriaceae,
Clonostachys is recommended over Bionectria; in Hypocreaceae,
Hypomyces is recommended over Cladobotryum, Sphaerostilbella over Gliocladium, and Trichoderma over Hypocrea; and in Nectriaceae,
Actinostilbe is recommended over Lanatonectria, Cylindrocladiella over Nectricladiella, Fusarium over Gibberella, Gliocephalotrichum over Leuconectria, Gliocladiopsis over Glionectria, Nalanthamala over Rubrinectria, Nectria over Tubercularia, and Neonectria over Cylindrocarpon.
This is a continuation of a series of studies incorporating asexually reproducing fungi in a natural classification. Over 3653 genera (ca. 30,000 morphological species) are known from asexual reproduction (1388 coelomycetes and 2265 hyphomycetes) in their life cycle. Among these, 687 genera are pleomorphic (305 coelomycetous; 378 hyphomycetous and four genera show both coelomycetous and hyphomycetous morphs). We provide notes for these pleomorphic genera in this paper. The 1544 unlinked genera without molecular data (which comprise ca. 3850 species) are listed as Ascomycota genera incertae sedis. It is essential to recollect the fungi which are placed in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis and subject them to DNA based phylogenetic analysis as they might represent new fungal lineages.
Species of Cylindrocladiella (Nectriaceae) are generally regarded as saprobes or weak plant pathogens, typically causing problems in nurseries under high humidity conditions. Although the genus Cylindrocladiella is a common soil inhabitant in tropical and subtropical countries, only seven species have thus far been reported from Thailand. The aim of this study was thus to investigate various soil samples from northern Thailand for the presence of Cylindrocladiella, and to identify isolates to species level using a combination of cultural studies, morphology and DNA phylogeny (ITS, tef1 and tub2 gene regions). From the various isolates obtained, six new Cylindrocladiella species could be identified, described here as C. brevistipitata, C. horticola, C. humicola, C. lateralis, C. reginae, and C. terrestris. Further studies are required to establish the ecology of the new species, and also to determine which potential species occur in other as yet unsampled regions in Thailand.
A leaf and twig blight disease of Buxus spp. was found to be associated with a new species of Cylindrocladium. The novel species status was confirmed using morphological characters, sequencing of the ribosomal 5.8S RNA gene and the flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS), the β-tubulin gene, and the high mobility group (HMG) of the MAT2 mating type gene. Cylindrocladium buxicola is proposed as a new name. Fifteen isolates from the UK and one isolate from New Zealand were paired in all combinations but no fertile perithecia were obtained suggesting that C. buxicola is heterothallic and all isolates belonged to one mating type. AFLP analysis showed that the isolates collected in the UK and New Zealand are genetically homogenous. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that this species falls within a new lineage.
This thesis investigates the taxonomic utilities of DNA sequence data in
selected groups of anamorphic ascomycetes. The historical practice and limitations
of the dual classification system are reviewed in light of recent molecular
phylogenetic studies.
The morphocentric classification scheme for Sporidesmium and
morphologically similar fungi was tested using a multi-gene phylogenetic approach.
The sporidesmium-like taxa are not monophyletic and are found to be
phylogenetically associated with members of the Dothideomycetes and
Sordariomycetes. Morpho-taxonomic characters, such as conidial septation,
presence or absence of distinct conidiophores, and the type of conidiophore
proliferation have undergone convergent evolution. These anamorphic characters are,
therefore, not significant in the phylogeny-based classification of sporidesmium-like
taxa.
The taxonomy of Diplococcium and Spadicoides was also revisited based on
phylogenetic analyses of partial ribosomal DNA and RNA polymerase II second
largest subunit (RPB2) gene sequence data. Phylogenies indicate that both
Diplococcium and Spadicoides are polyphyletic and conidial catenation is not a
reliable phylotaxonomic character. The diplococcium-like taxa are related to the
Dothideomycetes and Leotiomycetes. Members of Spadicoides are distributed in
Pleosporaceae (Dothideomycetes) and Sordariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). Two
spadicoides-like genera, Paliphora and Polyschema are related to Chaetosphaeriales
(Sordariomycetes) and Pleosporales (Dothideomycetes), respectively.
Colletotrichum capsici is characterised and epitypified based on morphomolecular
characters. The type specimen of Colletotrichum capsici is in relatively
good condition, but could not provide viable cultures necessary to obtain DNA
sequence data. Fresh specimens of this species were, therefore, collected from chilli
fruit (Capsicum frutescens) in the proximity of the original location as stated in the
protologue. An epitype for the name Colletotrichum capsici is designated using
living cultures in order to stabilise the application of the species name. Multi-gene
phylogenies suggest a close phylogenetic relationship of the epitype with strains of
Colletotrichum capsici from Thailand. Future studies, however, are needed to test
this hypothesis as species-delineation in Colletotrichum is still unresolved.
Investigating the phylogenetic history of some anamorphic taxa has provided
insights into the current morphocentric classification schemes. This thesis supports
the view that many of the anamorphic taxa are derived from polyphyletic lineages.
Molecular and other biological data need to be incorporated to refine the
morphology-based classification systems of anamorphic taxa.
Examination of senescent culms of monocotyledons in Hong Kong and India
has revealed four interesting taxa. Oxydothis bambusicola sp. nov. and
Pseudohalonectria miscanthicola sp. nov. – teleomorphic fungi with unknown
anamorphs – are described from graminaceous hosts in Hong Kong. Massariothea
themedae, a graminicolous anamorphic taxon collected from Kudremukh National
Park in India, is re-described and shown to have multi-locular pycnidia and 4–7-
distoseptate conidia. Oxydothis oraniopsis is reported from decaying fronds of a
palm as the first record of Oxydothis from India.
The relationship of two species of Neonectria associated with beech bark canker in North America was eval- uated by comparing isolates of these and additional species of the Neonectria coccinea (Pers.:Fr.) Rossman & Samuels group found on Fagus. Gene regions in the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-a), RNA polymerase II second larg- est subunit (RPB2), and b-tubulin were sequenced and analyzed. Results indicate that the fungus associated with beech bark disease previously known as Neonectria coccinea var. faginata Lohman et al. (: Nectria coccinea (Pers.:Fr.) Fr. var. faginata Lohman et al.) should be recognized as a separate species, Neonectria faginata, distinct from Neonectria cocci- nea. Neonectria faginata including its anamorphic state, Cylindrocarpon faginatum C. Booth, is known only on Fagus in North America. A second species associated with beech bark disease in North America is Neonectria ditissima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman, which can be distinguished morphologically from Neonectria faginata based on ascospore size, conidial size and shape, and colony pigmentation. Morphological and molecular data indicate that Neonectria ditis- sima represents an older name for Neonectria galligena Bres. Similarly, the anamorphic state of Neonectria ditissima is the older epithet Cylindrocarpon heteronema with Cylindrocarpon willkommii as a synonym. Neonectria ditissima occurs on a variety of hardwood trees in North America and Europe. Neonectria coccinea occurs only on Fagus in Europe. Neon- ectria major (Wollenw.) Castl. & Rossman is recognized as a species that occurs only on Alnus in Canada (British Colum- bia), France, Norway, and the United States (Washington). The following nomenclatural changes are proposed: Neonectria
A species of Calonectria, isolated from a leaf spot of water lily (Nymphaea tetragona) in Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China was shown to be pathogenic by applying Koch's postulates. Identification based on morphological characters and a comparison of sequences from beta-tubulin
and translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef1) genes supported its status as a new species. Calonectria nymphaeae sp. nov. is introduced and compared with similar taxa.
Species in the genus Calonectria (Hypocreales) represent an important group of plant pathogenic fungi that cause serious losses to plant crops in tropical and subtropical climates. Calonectria leaf blight is currently one of the main impediments to Eucalyptus cultivation in Brazil, and various species of Calonectria have been associated with this disease. Since most previous identifications were solely based on morphological characters, much of the published literature needs to be re-evaluated. The aim of this study was thus to identify and determine the phylogenetic relationships among species that occur in the Eucalyptus growing regions of Brazil by using partial sequences of the β-tubulin, calmodulin, translation elongation factor 1-α and histone H3 gene regions. Based on extensive collections from soil and infected eucalypt leaf samples from plantations, phylogenetic inference revealed the Ca. pteridis complex to be the most common species complex present in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. By elucidating taxa in the Ca. pteridis, Ca. cylindrospora and Ca. candelabra species complexes, 20 novel Calonectria species were identified, and a new name in Calonectria provided for Cylindrocladium macrosporum as Ca. pseudopteridis.
Gliocladiopsis guangdongensis sp. nov. is introduced on the basis of both morphological and on multilocus phylogenetic analysis (beta-tubulin, histone H3, internal transcribed spacer region and translation elongation factor 1-alpha). The species is compared to other morphologically similar and phylogenetically closely related taxa. Species of Gliocladiopsis are mostly known from soil and terrestrial plants whereas this new species is the first isolation from decaying wood from freshwater habitat.
Cylindrocladium pauciramosum is well established in South America, and has recently been collected from nurseries in South Africa, Italy, and the United States. Isolates were compared with respect to the percentages of hermaphrodites and the respective mating types in the different samples. Based on these data, the effective population size could be determined for the different areas studied. All nurseries had mating type ratios significantly different from an idealized 1:1 ratio. In the South African nursery, the MAT-1 mating type was dominant, while the MAT-2 mating type dominated in other samplings. This is consistent with an introduction of a small starter population. High percentages of hermaphrodites also agreed with recent introductions into nurseries in Italy and the United States. Variability of DNA sequences of the 5' end of the beta -tubulin gene from a set of C. pauciramosum isolates from different geographic regions was low to high. Isolates from South Africa, the United States, and Australia had identical beta -tubulin DNA sequences; this sequence was also found in the Italian sample, along with another unique group. Finally, a group of isolates obtained from South and Central America had the highest variation of all isolates investigated, and also included isolates that shared single nucleotide variations with another species, C. candelabrum. These findings suggest that C. pauciramosum most likely has a Central or South American center of origin.
2007). Impact of DNA sequence-data on the taxonomy of anamorphic fungi. Fungal Diversity 26: 1-54. Fungal systematics is an essential part of biological research especially in the context of its ecological and economic implications. The classification of pleomorphic and non-pleomorphic anamorphs, however, is unsettled, which can be attributed to the historical practice of the dual nomenclature/classification system. This paper reviews the historical establishment and limitations of the dual system of classification, and narrates the possible utilities of DNA sequence-data in developing a system of classification based on evolutionary relationships. The dual classification system is a failed hypothesis. DNA sequence-data are now routinely used to link anamorphs with a holomorph and to provide phylogenetic placement for anamorphs with unknown teleomorphs. Emerging phylogenetic and nomenclatural scenarios in the Botryosphaeriales, Chaetosphaeriales, Fusarium graminearum, pestalotiopsis-like anamorphs, and the Mycosphaerella complex are illustrated to indicate potential nomenclatural and taxonomic complexities associated with the dual nomenclature/classification system. The mycological community has a daunting task of developing a system of classification that fulfils the needs of diverse taxonomic users. Molecular characters and tools are, undoubtedly, an indispensable part of fungal systematics.
Five species of the genus Neonectria (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales) collected from Japan are described with discussion and illustrated. Among them, one found on dead
twigs of a broad-leaved tree is described as a new species, Neonectria tokyoensis (anamorph: Cylindrocarpon tokyoense). Neonectria cinnamomea and Neo. discophora are newly added to the Japanese mycobiota. Nectria azureo-ostiolata, recorded in 1977 from Japan, is reexamined as a synonym of Neo. jungneri. Neonectria radicicola, teleomorph of Cy. destructans, a well-known soil-borne plant pathogen in Japan, is newly recorded from Japan. Additional distribution records are provided
for the Neonectria species hitherto recorded in Japan.
Cladistic analysis of partial sequences (840 nucleotide positions) from the nuclear encoded small subunit ribosomal DNA was performed to infer the higher taxonomic placement of the Clavicipitales within unitunicate perithecial ascomycetes. Two major classifications exist concerning the placement of this order of ascomycetes; one places it as a sister group to the Hypocreales and the other, as a member of or a near relative to the Xylariales. A strict consensus of 10 equally most parsimonious trees was in agreement with the placement of the Clavicipitales as a monophyletic sister group to the Hypocreales; relationships within the Clavicipitales were not fully resolved in the strict consensus. The taxa sampled from the Hypocreales comprised a paraphyletic lineage in the strict consensus. Characters derived from anamorphs, stromata, centrum anatomy and nutritional modes were reviewed with respect to their level of congruence with the results inferred from the molecular data.
Acremonium is generally considered to be a highly polyphyletic form genus containing distantly related fungi. Sectional divisions within Acremonium distinguish the clavicipitaceous grass endophytes of sect. Albolanosa from the generally saprobic species of sections Acremonium, Chaetomioides, Gliomastix, and Nectrioidea. In an effort to assess the possible number of lineages currently placed within Acremonium and to determine which groups of sexual ascomycetes are phylogenetically affiliated with Acremonium species, maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining analyses were performed using partial sequences of the nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA). Acremonium was shown to be a polyphyletic taxon with affiliations to at least three ascomycetous orders: 1) most of the examined species from the sections Acremonium, Gliomastix, and Nectrioidea showed a relationship to the Hypocreaceae even though many of these species have never been associated with any teleomorph; 2) the grass endophytes of sect. Albolanosa and other taxa from the Clavicipitaceae formed a monophyletic group derived from within the Hypocreales; 3) the thermophilic A. alabamense of sect. Chaetomioides was derived from within the Sordariales. Acremonium alternatum, the type species of the genus, was one of the species showing affiliation to the Hypocreaceae. In order to eliminate some of the heterogeneity within Acremonium while also emphasizing the unique biological, morphological, and ecological characteristics of the grass endophytes, we are proposing that the anamorphs of Epichloe and closely related asexual grass endophytes be reclassified into the ne cv form genus Neotyphodium. Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations are also presented for other taxa.
Phylogenetic relationships of the phytopathogenic Gibberella fujikuroi species complex were investigated by maximum parsimony analysis of DNA sequences from multiple loci. Gene trees inferred from the beta-tubulin gene exons and introns, mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rDNA, and 5' portion of the nuclear 28S rDNA were largely concordant, and in a combined analysis, provide strong statistical support for a phylogeny consistent with species radiations in South America, Africa, and Asia. These analyses place the American clads as a monophyletic sister-group of an African-Asian clade. Africa is the most phylogenetically diverse area examined with 16 species, followed by America (12 species) and Asia (8 species). The biogeographic hypothesis proposed from the phylogenetic evidence is based primarily on the formation of natural barriers associated with the fragmentation of the ancient super-continent Gondwana. Discordance of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) based tree with gene trees from the other loci sequenced is due to nonorthologous ITS2 sequences. The molecular evidence suggests the divergent ITS2 types were combined by an ancient interspecific hybridization (xenologous origin) or gene duplication (paralogous origin) that predates the evolutionary radiation of the G. fujikuroi complex. Two highly divergent nonorthologous ITS2 types designated type I and type II were identified and characterized with conserved ITS and ITS2 type-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and DNA sequence analysis. Only the major ITS2 type is discernible when conserved ITS primers are used; however, a minor ITS2 type was amplified from every strain tested with type-specific PCR primers. The evolutionary pattern exhibited by the major ITS2 type is homoplastic when mapped onto the species lineages inferred from the combined nuclear 28S rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and beta-tubulin gene sequences. Remarkably, the data indicate the major ITS2 type has switched between a type I and type II sequence at least three times during the evolution of the G. fujikuroi complex, but neither type has been fixed in any of the 45 species examined. Twenty-six of the 45 species included in this study represent either new species (23 species), new combinations (F. bulbicola and F. phyllophilum), or a rediscovered species (F. lactis). The results further indicate that traditional sectional and species-level taxonomic schemes for this lineage are artificial and a more natural classification is proposed.
A Cylindrocladium-like hyphomycete was isolated from seeds and leaves of an unknown angiosperm in French Guiana. Based on the sporodochial arrangement of its colorless conidiophores, its multiple stipe extensions that terminate in prominantly curved, verruculose, thick-walled, light brown apical cells, as well as its septate, cylindrical conidia, a new genus, Curvicladium, is proposed to accommodate these collections.
Several Calonectria (Ca.) and Cylindrocladium (Cy.) species were recovered from alfalfa-baited soil samples gathered in Colombia and Venezuela. Perithecia of Calonectria naviculata sp. nov. formed in culture when Venezuelan strains of Cy. naviculatum were crossed with ex-type Brazilian strains. Calonectria gracilipes sp. nov. (anam. Cy. gracilioideum sp. nov.), a homothallic species, was isolated from Colombian soils. Cylindrocladium graciloideum, Cy. gracile Cy. pteridis and Cy. pseudogracile form a complex of morphologically similar species characterized by clavate vesicles and primarily l-septate conidia. Each species could, however, be distinguished using RFLP banding patterns. A key to Calonectria spp. having Cylindrocladium anamorphs with 1-septate conidia is also presented.
Decrease in osmotic potential of growth media resulted in changes to vesicle and conidial morphology in Cylindrocladium scoparium, C. floridanum and Cylindrocladiella camelliae. Radial growth and the presence of chlamydospores also decreased for these species when the osmotic potential of the growth medium was decreased. Vesicle shape varied on different culture media as well as with age and conditions of incubation. Extended incubation periods induced a change in osmotic potentials of the culture media directly influencing vesicle shape. Carnation-leaf apr is proposed as a standard medium for the characterization of morphological criteria in Cylindrocladium and Cylindrocladiella. Moreover, an incubation period of 7 days at 25 C under alternating light and dark cycles is proposed for vesicle examination
The relationship of the important cellulase producing asexual fungus Trichoderma reesei to its putative teleomorphic (sexual) ancestor Hypocrea jecorina and other species of the Trichoderma sect. Longibrachiatum was studied by PCR-fingerprinting and sequence analyses of the nuclear ribosomal DNA region containing the internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene. The differences in the corresponding ITS sequences allowed a grouping of anamorphic (asexual) species of Trichoderma sect. Longibrachiatum into Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma pseudokoningii, and Trichoderma reesei. The sexual species Hypocrea schweinitzii and H. jecorina were also clearly separated from each other. H. jecorina and T. reesei exhibited identical sequences, suggesting close relatedness or even species identity. Intraspecific and interspecific variation in the PCR-fingerprinting patterns supported the differentiation of species based on ITS sequences, the grouping of the strains, and the assignment of these strains to individual species. The variations between T. reesei and H. jecorina were at the same order of magnitude as found between all strains of H. jecorina, but much lower than the observed interspecific variations. Identical ITS sequences and the high similarity of PCR-fingerprinting patterns indicate a very close relationship between T. reesei and H. jecorina, whereas differences of the ITS sequences and the PCR-fingerprinting patterns show a clear phylogenetic distance between T. reesei/H. jecorina and T. longibrachiatum. T. reesei is considered to be an asexual, clonal line derived from a population of the tropical ascomycete H. jecorina.
Unidentified strains of Cylindrocladium that were baited from soil in the Amazonas state of Brazil or isolated from Adiantum in the Netherlands were examined morphologically and analysed phylogenetically in comparison with reference strains. Phylogenetic trees inferred from the 5.8S subunit and flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of rDNA, as well as the beta-tubulin gene, separated species in accordance with their morphological features and characteristics. Although species differences based on ITS sequences were consistent, there were only a few informative sites available, making it difficult to clearly identify the unknown strains. Better resolution in separation of species was achieved from the beta-tubulin data. The strains baited from soil in Brazil were found to represent two species, namely Cylindrocladium gracile (Bugnic.) Boesew. and Cylindrocladium pseudogracile Crous. Morphologically, these two species are similar, except that the latter has slightly narrower, 1(-3)-septate conidia, and produces a Calonectria teleomorph. Furthermore, the strain from the Netherlands represents Cylindrocladium rumohrae El-Gholl & Alfenas, a species previously known only from Panama. Results of this study also indicated that the beta-tubulin gene is phylogenetically more informative than the ITS regions for distinguishing species of Cylindrocladium.
The ascomycetous order Hypocreales and its anamorphs include fungi of economic importance ranging from virulent plant pathogens to effective agents of biological control, and from producers of powerful antibiotics to the sources of potent mycotoxins. In the last twenty years progress toward understanding the systematics of the Hypocreales has been made primarily through descriptive accounts of species within the complexes centered around the genera Hypocrea, Hypomyces and Nectria. Through a reexamination of type specimens, the number of genera in the Hypocreales has been reduced from over 200 to about 80. Careful study of hypocrealean fungi has revealed relationships among species that are based on suites of correlated characters including those of the anamorph. These serve as the basis for newly revised generic concepts, particularly for those species previously classified as Nectria sensu lato. Recent molecular studies have supported these generic concepts and presented new insights into traditional concepts of the order. Integration of teleomorphic-anamorphic taxa may be possible by combining results of morphological and molecular data.
Three Cylindrocladium species, i.e., C. tenue comb. nov., C. camelliae and C. colhounii, were isolated from seedlings of Phellodendron amurense in Japan. Cylindrocladium tenue characteristically smells of soil. Morphology, temperature responses, and taxonomy of these fungi are described together with photomicrographs.
Variation within the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1 and ITS-2) regions of ribosomal DNA of 103 strains was studied to examine relationships within Trichoderma sect. Longibrachiatum and related teleomorphs, Hypocrea schweinitzii and H. jecorina. The four species, T. longibrachiatum, T. pseudokoningii, T. parceramosum and T. citrinoviride, that were originally assigned by morphological criteria to this section were recognized by sequence analysis. Trichoderma reesei, which was previously considered to be synonymous with T. longibrachiatum, and T. saturnisporum which was placed originally in sect. Saturnisporum because of its warted conidia, are assigned to the section. ITS sequences of T. ghanense, originally assigned to sect. Saturnisporum, could not be distinguished from the sequence of T. parceramosum, indicating that the two may be synonymous. Trichoderma "todica", an unpublished name based on the antiviral strain NRRL 3091, is T. parceramosum. Interspecific variability within sect. Longibrachiatum was low (2.2-4.8% in ITS-1, 0-10.2% in ITS-2) when compared with species of other sections. Phylogenetic analysis showed strong support for the monophyly of sect. Longibrachiatum. The Hypocrea teleomorphs with anamorphs that could be assigned to sect. Longibrachiatum fall into at least 6 in part geographically defined groups on the basis of ITS sequences. The anamorphs of three of these groups can be assigned to T. longibrachiatum, T. citrinoviride, and T. pseudokoningii, respectively. Variability among these teleomorph groups is in the same order of magnitude as among the six anamorph species of sect. Longibrachiatum. Hypocrea jecorina and T. reesei showed 100% sequence homology. Classification derived from ITS sequences is discussed in comparison with results from other molecular methods.
A new genus in the Hypocreales, Leuconectria, is described for Pseudonectria clusiae based on its unique perithecial wall anatomy and the anamorph Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium produced from single ascospores of L. clusiae. The teleomorph had previously been placed in Pseudonectria, a genus defined for Nectria-like species with nonseptate ascospores. Pseudonectria is redefined based on the type species P. rousseliana and its anamorph Volutella buxi. Pseudonectria rousseliana causes a disease of boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) in the Buxaceae. The two other species included in Pseudonectria, P. coronata and P. pachysandricola, also occur on members of the Buxaceae. All three species are described and illustrated, and a key to species is provided.
Nine species of Nectria with didymosporous ascospores are described or redescribed. Cylindrocarpon anamorphs are redescribed or newly described for eight of these species. A new group within Nectria is introduced centered on N. veuillotiana. Nectria veuillotiana and its C. candidulum anamorph are redescribed and its known geographical range extended. Cylindrocarpon coronatum is newly described as the anamorph of N. coronata. Nectria acrotyla (C. mirum) and N. platycephala (C. permirum) are described as new species in the group. The new species N. polylepidis was not grown in pure culture but also belongs to this group and is assumed to have a Cylindrocarpon anamorph. Nectria cinnamomea (C. cinnamomeum), N. neblinensis (C. neblinense), N. rubrococca (C. arcuatum) and N. verrucospora (C. torpidum) are also described as new species, but not assigned to any known Nectria group. N. veuillotiana is predominantly temperate whereas the other taxa have tropical distributions.
Cylindrocladium, candelabrum-like isolates were collected from a wide variety of geographic locations and compared based on their morphology), sexual compatibility) and the nucleotide sequences of their rDNA ITS regions. All isolates included in this study mated to produce Calonectria teleomorphs with viable progeny. Four distinct mating po,populations were identified, each representing a genetically isolated, biallelic, heterothallic population. Several representative isolates of each mating population, reflecting geographic diversity, were chosen for sequence comparisons. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2 that flank the 5.8S rDNA gene, as well as the gene itself, were sequenced and compared. All isolates representing the same group yielded similar sequences, but small, consistent differences were found between the groups. Based on these results we recognise Calonectria scoparia (anamorph Cylindrocladium candelabrum), and describe three new species, namely Calonectria pauciramosa (anamorph Cylindrocladium pauciramosum), Calonectria insularis (anamorph Cylindrocladium insularae) and Calonectria mexicana (anamorph Cylindrocladium mexicanum).
Cylindrocladiella is confirmed as distinct from Cylindrocladium. Species of Cylindrocladium are primarily distinguished from Cylindrocladiella by septate stipes, more numerously branched conidiophores, only penicillate conidiophores and Calonectria teleomorphs. Cylindrocladiella, however, has non-septate stipes, small 1-septate conidia, penicillate and subverticillate conidiophores, chlamydospores that are arranged in chains, phialides with extending, prominent collarettes, conidia in slimy masses (as opposed to clusters), strong cultural odours and Nectria teleomorphs. Six Cylindrocladiella spp. are recognized. C. peruviana is placed in synonymy with C. camelliae, while C. elegans and C. lageniformis are described as new. Gliocladiopsis is distinguished from Cylindrocladiella by the absence of a stipe, the presence of more numerous conidiophore branches and the formation of conidia in slimy yellow masses. Gliocladiopsis is distinguished from Cylindrocarpon by having uniformly cylindrical conidia, more numerous conidiophore branches, and more numerous phialides per branch. Cylindrocarpon tenue is shown to be better accommodated in Gliocladiopsis, and the name G. tenuis proposed. The taxonomic position of Acontiopsis is uncertain, due to its vague generic description and the absence of type material.
Twenty-four strains of six Cylindrocladiella spp. were compared with respect to their morphology, nuclear ribosomal DNA (nuclear rDNA) polymorphisms, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of A + T-rich DNA (AT-DNA). Two distinct DNA profiles were observed for the ten strains of C. camelliae / peruviana -complex studied. One profile corresponded with the type strain of C. peruviana, which was earlier regarded as a synonym of C. camelliae. Based on Southern analyses and AT-DNA, C. parva, C. elegans and C. lageniformis were confirmed to be distinct species with little intraspecific variation. Although C. infestans was shown to have some variation among the four strains studied, they could not clearly be distinguished as separate taxa. Based on general morphology, nuclear rDNA and AT-DNA polymorphisms, seven species of Cylindrocladiella are recognized.
A homothallic species of Nectria producing a Cylindrocladium-like anamorph was collected from bark of a fallen tree in the Amazonian forest in Ecuador. The anamorph, which is placed in a new genus, Xenocylindrocladium, is characterized by forming straight, cylindrical, 1-septate conidia borne on penicillate conidiophores with coiled, avesiculate stipe extensions. The teleomorph, which is best accommodated in Nectria, is distinct in forming yellow-orange perithecia with red ostiolar regions, ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline, 1-septate ascospores, and long-stalked, cylindrical asci with apical discharge mechanisms. Both the teleomorph and anamorph states are newly described as Nectria serpens and Xenocylindrocladium serpens.
A brief review of the taxonomic history of the order Hypocreales (Fungi, Ascomycetes) is presented. A modified characterization of the Hypocreales with one family, Hypocreaceae, and the acceptance and characterization of the Clavicipitales with one family, Clavicipitaceae, are given together with a key to the orders of the Ascomycetes subclass Ascomycetidae, and keys to the genera of the Hypocreales and the Clavicipitales. A total of 104 genera are tentatively maintained in the Hypocreales; 33 additional genera are indicated in synonymy. A total of 23 genera are included in the Clavicipitales, an additional 8 are indicated in synonymy.
The evolutionary history of the phytopathogenic Gibberella fujikuroi complex of Fusarium and related species was investigated by cladistic analysis of DNA sequences obtained from multiple unlinked loci. Gene phylogenies inferred from the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rDNA, nuclear 28S rDNA, and beta-tubulin gene were generally concordant, providing strong support for a fully resolved phylogeny of all biological and most morphological species. Discordance of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) gene tree is due to paralogous or xenologous ITS2 sequences. PCR and sequence analysis demonstrated that every strain of the ingroup species tested possesses two highly divergent nonorthologous ITS2 types designated type I and type II. Only the major ITS2 type, however, is discernable when PCR products are amplified and sequenced directly with conserved primers. The minor ITS2 type was recovered using ITS2 type-specific PCR primers. Distribution of the major ITS2 type within the species lineages exhibits a homoplastic pattern of evolution, thus obscuring true phylogenetic relationships. The results suggest that the ancestral ITS2 types may have arisen following an ancient interspecific hybridization or gene duplication which occurred prior to the evolutionary radiation of the Gibberella fujikuroi complex and related species of Fusarium. The results also indicate that current morphological-based taxonomic schemes for these fungi are unnatural and a new classification is required.