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General and Maladaptive Traits in a Five-Factor Framework for DSM-5 in a University Student Sample
Abstract
The relationships between two measures proposed to describe personality pathology, that is the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-3) and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), are examined in an undergraduate sample (N = 240). The NEO inventories are general trait measures, also considered relevant to assess disordered personality, whereas the PID-5 measure is specifically designed to assess pathological personality traits, as conceptualized in the DSM-5 proposal. A structural analysis of the 25 PID-5 traits confirmed the factor structure observed in the U.S. derivation sample, with higher order factors of Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism. A joint factor analysis of, respectively, the NEO domains and their facets with the PID-5 traits showed that general and maladaptive traits are subsumed under an umbrella of five to six major dimensions that can be interpreted from the perspective of the five-factor model or the Personality Psychopathology Five. Implications for the assessment of personality pathology and the construction of models of psychopathology grounded in personality are discussed.
... Krueger et al. (2012) developed the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) with five high-order domains (Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism) to operationalize the dimensional approach of personality disorders in DSM-5. The conjoint factor analyses and item response theory analysis of the PID-5 with general personality measures based on the five-factor model of personality structure supported that the PID-5 could represent a maladaptive variant of the normative five-factor personality structure (De Fruyt et al., 2013;Griffin & Samuel, 2014;Suzuki et al., 2015). ...
... Intelligence was considered as the most important personality descriptor through one lexical approach about personality traits from the Chinese perspective (Shao et al., 2019). Given that there are some overlaps between psychoticism and intelligence (De Fruyt et al., 2013;Gore & Widiger, 2013), we hypothesized that the maladaptive function of psychoticism in adolescence may not be significant. ...
... Indeed, there was some evidence that supported traits loaded in the Psychoticism domain are related to openness in five-factor personality traits. Although some studies found psychoticism had no significant relationship with openness in fivefactor personality traits (Ashton et al., 2012;Quilty et al., 2013;Zimmermann et al., 2014), other studies found they were at least moderately overlapped (De Fruyt et al., 2013;Gore & Widiger, 2013). The inconsistencies among the existing studies may attribute the combination of disordered openness and intellect in openness trait, both of which describe individual differences in cognitive exploration and have advantages over sensory and abstract information (DeYoung, 2015;DeYoung et al., 2012). ...
To evaluate the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in Chinese nonclinical
adolescents, a total of 1,442 Chinese middle school youths (Mage = 14.85, girls = 52.4%) were recruited in the present study. All the participants completed the full-length 220-item PID-5. Some participants (n = 1,003) were administered adolescents’ social adjustment as a criterion measure at the same time and 236 participants took part in longitudinal assessment of the PID-5 and adolescents’ social adjustment 6 months later. First, exploratory structural equation modeling analyses supported a six-factor structure of the PID-5 in our present sample. Second, Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonistic, and Disinhibition domains had positive correlations with negative social adjustment, and negativecorrelations
with positive social adjustment concurrently and longitudinally, with the exception of Constraint and Psychoticism. Third, Cronbach’s alpha for the PID-5 traits ranged from .57 to .91 in the full sample. The 6-month test–retest reliability by indexes of interclass correlation coefficient showed poor to good stability. As a whole, our findings provided preliminary evidence of the PID-5 as a reliable and valid measure of adolescents’ maladaptive personality traits in mainland China.
... In 2013, De Fruyt and colleagues examined the replicability of the DSM-5 personality trait model. They used a Dutch version of the PID-5 (checked via independent back translation) and furthermore explored the common structure of the PID-5 and the NEO-PI-3 (De Fruyt et al., 2013). The findings presented support for the validity of hierarchical conceptualization of personality traits, with both general and maladaptive traits being organized under an umbrella of higher order domains (Anderson et al., 2013;Thomas et al., 2013). ...
... This study did however provide support for construct validity of the DSM-5 trait model and underscored the psychometric properties of the PID-5. Finally, it suggested that the NEO measures can be used to supplement the PID-5 when both general and maladaptive traits want to be assessed (De Fruyt et al., 2013). Griffin and Samuel (2014) administered a joint EFA of the 30 NEO-PI-R trait scales and the 25 PID-5 trait scales having used a sample of 388 undergraduate psychology students. ...
... Griffin and Samuel (2014) administered a joint EFA of the 30 NEO-PI-R trait scales and the 25 PID-5 trait scales having used a sample of 388 undergraduate psychology students. Their results indicated a five-factor structure similar to the FFM, as supported by previous research having indicated the same (Anderson et al., 2013;De Fruyt et al., 2013;Griffin and Samuel, 2014;Krueger et al., 2012;Thomas et al., 2013;Wright et al., 2012). Their results furthermore indicated that the five joint factors obtained represent the same five factors materialized by normal-range personality measures. ...
Assessments are regularly used among clinicians within psychology, yet many are deemed too time-consuming and expensive. The Personality Inventory for— Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5)—Brief Form (PID-5-BF) was developed to measure maladaptive personality traits ( negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism), based on the “hybrid model” for personality disorders included in DSM- 5 Section III. Literature indicates that reliability and validity for the PID-5-BF has been established in other countries. We explored these psychometric properties within a South African population using the NEO Personality Inventory Revised and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview’s (MINI) Subscale K: psychotic disorders and mood disorder with psychotic features, as measures for comparison. Our results indicated support for the PID-5-BF with sufficient reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity. More research is needed on the PID-5-BF, especially in South Africa, but our findings indicate it to be a promising assessment tool that could greatly benefit clinicians in the mental health sector.
... This correspondence tends indirectly to confirm that Depressivity represents a personality facet that is specifically related to depressive disorders. However, several studies combining the PID-5 and the NEO PI-R (or other scales related to the Five Factor Model), found that Depressivity only had a meaningful loading on Negative Affectivity/Neuroticism (Crego et al., 2018;De Fruyt et al., 2013;. ...
... The Portuguese version of the PID-5 was found to present good psychometric properties. In the community sample, results on the internal consistency (Pires et al., 2017) were similar to those obtained with the original test and in other cross-cultural adaptations of the test (Al-Attiyah et al., 2017;Al-Dajani et al., 2016;Bach et al., 2016;De Clercq et al., 2014;De Fruyt et al., 2013;Fossati et al., 2013;Gutiérrez et al., 2017;Zimmermann et al., 2014). After four weeks, the high mean retest reliability of the facets (.79) and domains (.87) supported the dependability and stability of the test scores across time. ...
The alternative model for the classification of personality disorders presented in the DSM-5 is based on the hypothesis of continuity between normal personality and personality disorders. The main objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between depressive symptomatolo-gy and the domains and facets of the PID-5, especially the Depressivity facet. A convenience sample of the general population (N = 453) was used. Participants responded to the PID-5 and the CES-D. In a multiple regression model including all the PID-5 facets, only Depressivity and Anhedonia had a significant individual effect on predicting the CES-D score. Correlation analysis suggested that Depressivity and Anhedonia could be considered as defining the depressive traits of personality disorders and supported the continuity between these disorders and depressive sympto-matology. A Taxometric Analysis with the Depressivity facet and CES-D score as indicators supported the dimensional nature of depressivity in a broad sense (depressive traits / depressive symptomatology).
... The Arabic version of the PID-5 has been demonstrated to be reliable and to converge meaningfully with other conceptually related personality constructs. With regard to reliability, internal consistency indices for the facets and domains were good and similar to those obtained in the previous studies (De Fruyt et al., 2013;Fossati et al., 2013;Krueger et al., 2012;Roskam et al., 2015;Zimmermann et al., 2014). These results provide evidence supporting that the PID-5 scales are reliable measures of the traits they intend to measure. ...
... An extensively body of studies have examined the reliability and validity of the PID-5 and have consistently shown it to be a reliable tool with internal consistency coefficients (Al-Dajani, Gralnick & Bagby, 2016). The PID-5 has recently been translated into a number of different languages for example, Flemish(De Fruyt, De Clercq, De Bolle, Wille, Markon & Krueger, 2013), Italian(Fossati, Krueger, Markon, Borroni & Maffei, 2013), Dutch ( De Clercq, De Fruyt, De Bolle, Van Hiel, Markon & Krueger, 2014, German(Zimmermann, Altenstein, Krieger et al., 2014), French ...
... This may be due to the small number of items in this facet. Consistent with previous findings (7,10,12,16,23,24), eccentricity was the facet with the highest alpha values, and the lowest alpha value was observed for the facet of suspiciousness. ...
... The theoretical model with error covariance between the domains showed good fit indices and standardized regression coefficients were adequate. The five-factor structure of the PID-5 has been confirmed in different studies (7,11,12,23,28). ...
Background: The fundamental problems with the personality disorders diagnostic system in DSM-IV led to the revision of the DSM approach and proposition of a dimensional model for DSM-5. The DSM-5 Personality and personality disorders workgroup developed the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) to assess the pathological personality traits within this new model. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of PID-5 in psychiatric patients. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, the Persian translation of the PID-5 was administered to 400 psychiatric patients admitted to the Roozbeh Hospital. After data collection, the reliability of the inventory was investigated using internal consistency and test-retest methods. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis and convergent validity methods were used to evaluate the validity of the scale. Results: Adequate internal consistency coefficients were obtained for domains and facets. In addition, the test-retest coefficients (up to 0.70) suggested scale stability. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original five-factor model of the inventory. The convergent validity of the inventory with the TCI-R scale was appropriate. Conclusions: The results of the study supported the psychometric properties of the Persian version of PID-5 in psychiatric populations.
... Vanuit wetenschappelijk perspectief is dit enthousiasme te verklaren door de fundamentele link tussen de dimensionele structuur van het maladaptief trekkenmodel en de biologische organisatie van algemene psychopathologie (Kotov et al., 2017), alsook door de sterke empirische connectie met een van de meest universele en empirisch onderbouwde modellen voor de beschrijving van algemene persoonlijkheidseigenschappen, het vijffactorenmodel (VFM; Costa & McCrae, 1992;Digman, 1990). Hoewel de PID-5 aanvankelijk niet geïntroduceerd werd vanuit een hogereordeperspectief (Krueger et al., 2012), blijkt uit onderzoek dat de PID-5-domeinen een hogereordestructuur tonen die in overeenstemming is met het VFM, waardoor ze als 'maladaptieve varianten' of extreme uiteinden van de Big Five kunnen beschouwd worden (De Fruyt et al., 2013;Thomas et al., 2013): Negatieve Affectiviteit als extreem hoog Neuroticisme; ...
De introductie van het Alternatieve Model van Persoonlijkheidsstoornissen in de vijfde editie van de Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) betekende een ingrijpende verandering voor de klinische persoonlijkheidsdiagnostiek. Naast de evaluatie van het persoonlijkheidsfunctioneren (Criterium A), werden 25 maladaptieve
persoonlijkheidstrekken (Criterium B) geïntroduceerd die men als dispositionele bouwstenen van persoonlijkheidspathologie kan beschouwen. Ze kunnen worden gemeten aan de hand van de – gratis beschikbare – Personality Inventory of DSM-5 (PID-5). Hoewel dit dimensionele alternatief een antwoord biedt op tal van tekortkomingen in de traditionele categoriale diagnostiek, lijkt een
grootschalig gebruik in de klinische praktijk uit te blijven. Een belangrijk obstakel is een gebrek aan informatie over wat een verhoogde score op deze 25 PID-5-trekken precies inhoudt. Met deze bijdrage trachten we hieraan tegemoet te komen door leeftijds- en geslachtseffecten van de PID-5-trekken in een Vlaamse steekproef van volwassenen (N = 1930) te bespreken, die tevens de basis vormden voor
de ontwikkeling van leeftijds- en geslachtssensitieve populatienormen. De gevalideerde Nederlandstalige PID-5-vragenlijst, een scoringsformulier en de normtabellen staan in dit artikel opgenomen en kunnen clinici helpen bij het bepalen in welke mate een volwassen patiënt klinisch betekenisvolle verhoogde scores vertoont op de PID-5 maladaptieve persoonlijkheidstrekken.
... Personality traits are flexible and adaptable, allowing individuals to function and integrate into social life [5]. However, maladaptive personality traits result from negative life experiences and can influence the onset and evolution of a variety of psychopathological disorders [6]. ...
... In terms of external validity, prior research examining associations between the PID-5 and normal-range personality traits has largely relied on Big Five measures (see Freilich et al., 2022 for an overview). Researchers have conducted joint analyses of the PID-5 with the NEO-PI-3 (De Fruyt et al., 2013;Wright & Simms, 2014), the Five Factor Form/Five Factor Model Rating Form (FFF/FFMRF; Crego et al., 2018;Thomas et al., 2013), and the NEO-PI-R (García et al., 2022;Gore & Widiger, 2013), among other measures. Together, these studies support interpreting both normative and pathological personality trait dimensions using the Five-Factor Model, with particularly strong connections between Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness content. ...
The present study examined the extent to which the currently established factor structure of the Personality Inventory for DSM‐5 (PID‐5; Krueger et al., 2013) generalizes to a large Persian community sample, as well as relations between the resulting PID‐5 factors and two temperament measures. Cross‐sectional data came from 946 adults (65% female) from western Iran. With the use of exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) with target rotation, we found factor loadings that showed fairly similar patterns to those found in two previous meta‐analytic PID‐5 studies with predominantly North American and European samples (Watters & Bagby, 2018; Somma et al., 2019). Despite slight differences in each of the target rotations, there were moderate congruence coefficients (~0.85) between loadings for the five PID‐5 domains, with the weakest evidence supporting the Disinhibition factor. The resulting PID‐5 factors showed meaningful associations with temperament domains assessed via the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI; Cloninger, 1994) and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego‐Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS‐A; Akiskal et al., 2005). Overall, our findings suggest that the documented structure of personality pathology assessed by the PID‐5 generalizes somewhat to this sample of Persian participants, and pathological personality traits show important overlap with temperament, although these constructs are meaningfully distinct.
... In the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders [1], the specific pathological trait patterns (Criterion B) that characterize each PD may be assessed through the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5; [3]). Substantial research has been conducted on this inventory over the last decade in a range of countries across Western and Eastern cultures [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Notwithstanding the centrality of personality dysfunction in the diagnosis of PD, fewer studies have focused on the level of personality functioning (Criterion A) relative to traits (Criterion B) over the last decade. ...
The Level of Personality Functioning Scale–Self-Report (LPFS-SR) operationalizes Criterion A of the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders. The current study aimed 1) to examine the internal consistency of the Portuguese version of the LPFS-SR in a community sample and a clinical sample, 2) to compare non-clinical participants (N = 282, Mage = 48.01, SD = 10.87) with two samples of clinical participants, one composed of patients with a personality disorder diagnosis (PD sample, n = 40, Mage = 46.18, SD = 13.59) and the other of patients with other psychiatric diagnoses (OD sample, n = 148, Mage = 49.49, SD = 11.88), with respect to LPFS-SR dimensions and total score, 3) to examine the capacity of the LPFS-SR to discriminate between samples through the ROC curve analyses, and 4) to examine the factor structure of the Portuguese version of the LPFS-SR. The Portuguese version of the LPFS-SR revealed adequate internal consistency results, akin to the original data, in the community and clinical samples. The community sample differed significantly from both clinical samples in all the LPFS-SR dimensions and total score. The ROC curve analysis indicated an optimal cut-off for the total score of 272.00, corresponding to a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 89%, in the PD vs. community samples. The LPFS-SR total score discriminative capacity between the PD and OD samples was lower, albeit also significant (area-under-the-curve of .63; p = .027; 95% CI: .52-.74). The current study provided evidence of the LPFS-SR’s unidimensionality in both community and clinical samples. Although this study has limitations, its findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the LPFS-SR construct, as well as to its cross-cultural validation.
... 37 BFI-10 assesses adaptive personality dimensions including extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and emotional stability, 38 whereas PID-5-BF is based on the DSM-5 framework and assesses specific maladaptive personality traits. 39 The coherence between these two measures in predicting emotional loads suggests that specific personality characteristics influence dream emotions. Second, the modest increase in variance explained when combining the two measures could be due to the shared variance between the personality traits assessed by both instruments. ...
Background
It seems that personality and dreams are relatively stable interwoven constructs that show many shared characteristics across cultures. The present study aimed to predict the emotional load and content of dreams using both original constructs and two extracted spectrum factors of adaptive and maladaptive personalities.
Methods
The cross-sectional study data was collected from 704 Iranian adults using the brief version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5, the brief version of the Big Five Inventory, Schredl’s Dream Emotions Manual, and the Content Analysis of Dreams Manual. Pearson correlations, hierarchical regressions, exploratory factor analysis, and analysis of variance were used to analyse the data.
Results
Factor analysis revealed two factors for the adaptive and maladaptive spectrums of personality. Adaptive and maladaptive constructs of personality are almost equally related to both the negative and positive loads of dreams, while the negative load of dreams is more strongly predicted by the maladaptive spectrum factor ( R ² : 13% vs. 7%, ∆ R ² : 8% vs. 2%). Negative load is characterized by low agreeableness and high negative affectivity, while positive load is characterized by high agreeableness and low detachment. Compared to most negative dream content such as distress, dreamers with happy content reported higher adaptive traits and lower maladaptive traits.
Conclusions
The emotional load and content of dreams are significantly related to both specific constructs and spectrum factors of adaptive and maladaptive personalities. Psychologists can refer to personality profiles when analysing the emotional load and content of dreams of adults.
... Criterion A regards the self and interpersonal functioning, whereas Criterion B regards the presence of one or more of five pathological personality traits: negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism. A self-report assessment tool, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5; Krueger et al. 2012), was created to assess these pathological personality traits, which-in essence-capture the dysfunctional variants of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) dimensions (De Fruyt et al. 2013;Gore and Widiger 2013;Thomas et al. 2013;Wright et al. 2012). ...
Previous studies indicated that both maladaptive personality traits and mentalizing deficits significantly contribute to gambling severity in the adult population. Although the ability to mentalize plays a key role in the development of personality and youth age is critical for the development of personality traits, to date, no study has analyzed the interplay between personality and mentalization in youth gambling. Moreover, the studies until now have mainly focused on the personality domains, substantially neglecting the role of personality trait facets in gambling. The present study was aimed to clarify, for the first time, the role of specific maladaptive personality trait facets in youth gambling, as well as to explore the interplay between personality facets, mentalization, and gambling among high school students. Three hundred and sixty-five high school students administered the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescence (SOGS-RA), the 220-item Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), and the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8). Hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that male gender, older age, high scores on Uncertainty about mental states, Perceptual dysregulation, Deceitfulness, and Attention seeking significantly predict gambling severity. The mediation analysis revealed that the effect of Uncertainty about mental states on gambling severity was mediated by Perceptual dysregulation and Deceitfulness. Results indicated that impaired mentalizing could constitute a vulnerable condition for the development of maladaptive personality functioning that, in turn, could predispose to engage in gambling. The present study provides an important contribution, identifying the potential personality dimensions underlying gambling problems and shedding light on the role of mentalizing functioning in the personality, so it turns out to be useful in developing preventive interventions for gambling addiction in youth.
... Vanuit wetenschappelijk perspectief is dit enthousiasme te verklaren door de fundamentele link tussen de dimensionele structuur van het maladaptief trekkenmodel en de biologische organisatie van algemene psychopathologie (Kotov et al., 2017), alsook door de sterke empirische connectie met een van de meest universele en empirisch onderbouwde modellen voor de beschrijving van algemene persoonlijkheidseigenschappen, het vijffactorenmodel (VFM; Costa & McCrae, 1992;Digman, 1990). Hoewel de PID-5 aanvankelijk niet geïntroduceerd werd vanuit een hogereordeperspectief (Krueger et al., 2012), blijkt uit onderzoek dat de PID-5-domeinen een hogereordestructuur tonen die in overeenstemming is met het VFM, waardoor ze als 'maladaptieve varianten' of extreme uiteinden van de Big Five kunnen beschouwd worden (De Fruyt et al., 2013;Thomas et al., 2013): Negatieve Affectiviteit als extreem hoog Neuroticisme; ...
De introductie van het Alternatieve Model van Persoonlijkheidsstoornissen (AMPD) in de vijfde editie van de Diagnostic and Statistical Model of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) betekende een ingrijpende verandering voor de klinische persoonlijkheids-diagnostiek. Naast de evaluatie van het persoonlijkheidsfunctioneren (Criterium A), werden 25 maladaptieve persoonlijkheidstrekken (Criterium B) voorgesteld die men als dispositionele bouwstenen van persoonlijkheidspathologie kan beschouwen. Deze kunnen worden gemeten aan de hand van de –vrij beschikbare– PID-5 (Personality Inventory of DSM-5) vragenlijst. Hoewel dit dimensionele alternatief een antwoord biedt op tal van tekortkomingen in de traditionele categoriale diagnostiek, lijkt een grootschalig gebruik in de klinische praktijk achter te blijven. Een belangrijk obstakel is een gebrek aan informatie over wat een verhoogde score op deze 25 PID-5 trekken precies inhoudt. Met deze bijdrage trachten we hieraan tegemoet te komen, door leeftijds- en geslachtseffecten van de PID-5 trekken in een Vlaamse steekproef (N = 1930) te bespreken, die ook de basis vormden voor de constructie van leeftijds- en geslachtssensitieve normen voor de PID-5-100. De gevalideerde Nederlandstalige PID-5-100 vragenlijst, een scoringsformulier en de normtabellen in bijlage kunnen clinici helpen bepalen in welke mate een volwassen cliënt klinisch betekenisvolle verhoogde scores heeft op de PID-5 maladaptieve persoonlijkheidstrekken.
... The evidence also suggests that personality can be a predictor of self-blame in the parents of children with autism, such that extroversion and agreement in a negative way and psychologically ill health in a positive way can be associated with self-blame (Čolić & Milačić-Vidojević, 2019). As discussed in the literature, the five-element personality model does not adequately address the pathological aspects of personality (De Fruyt et al., 2013). Consequently, the relationship between these pathological elements and self-blame or other-blame is not well-elucidated. ...
It is crucial to consider the mental health of parents of children with autism to help them adapt to the situation and enhance their children's performance. This study aimed to develop a structural model of self-blame and other-blame among parents of children with autism according to pathological personality traits with the mediating role of rumination. This cross-sectional study utilized a structural equation design in which 250 parents of autistic children in Tehran were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. They were investigated using the Self-and Other-Blame Scale (SOBS), Ruminative Response Scale, and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Short Form (PID-5-SF). The data were analyzed using SPSS26 and AMOS24 software through structural equation modeling. The proposed model was suitable for data description. Results showed that pathological personality traits positively influence rumination, self-blame, and other blame. Rumination mediated the relationship between pathological personality traits (except for antagonism) and self-blame and other-blame. However, the effect paths of these traits on self-blame and other-blame were not similar. Negative affectivity, detachment, and psychoticism were more associated with self-blame, while antagonism and disinhibition were related to other blame. Pathological personality traits, through increasing destructive rumination in parents of children with autism, lead to self-blame and other-blame, which are considered maladaptive coping strategies. Personality components characterized by negative emotionality (negative emotion, psychoticism, and detachment) were associated with more self-blame, and those associated with lower empathy (antagonism and lack of inhibition) were associated with other blame.
... The Dutch Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (van der Heijden et al., 2014) was used. Psychometric properties of the Dutch PID-5 (including the factor structure) have been corroborated in samples of adolescents, undergraduates, older adults, and in community-dwelling and clinical settings (Ashton et al., 2017;De Clercq, et al., 2014;De Fruyt, et al., 2013;Debast et al., 2017Debast et al., , 2018Orbons et al., 2019;Van den Broeck et al., 2013. ...
The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5; Krueger et al., 2012) is a self-report questionnaire measuring pathological traits of personality disorders. Keeley and colleagues (2016) developed an Inconsistency Scale for the PID-5 (PID-5-INC) to detect random responses. We examined the ability of the PID-5-INC to detect inconsistent responders in a new linguistic context (Dutch) and age group (older adults). The Dutch PID-5 version (van der Heijden et al., 2014) was administered to two Dutch community-dwelling younger (18–64 years old: N = 439) and older adults (65 years or older: N = 251). The PID-5-INC item pairs showed large interitem correlations in the younger adult sample and at least medium interitem correlations, except for one item pair, in the older adult sample. Similarly to Keeley and colleagues, a cut-off score of 17 was the optimal cut-off point for both the younger and older adult samples. However, for the younger adult sample, a cut-off score of 16 provided an even better balance between specificity and sensitivity. We concluded that our results support the use of the PID-5-INC in Dutch-speaking community-dwelling younger and older adults and point out the importance of including validity scales for self-report questionnaires.
... For example, the statistical models reported in the current study did not identify any personality traits associated with some disordered behaviours, such as chewing and spitting in males and muscle building in females, whereas comparable models using the FFM did identify significant predictors (Gilmartin et al., 2023). The AMPD and associated PID-5 has been mostly found to represent maladaptive variants of FFM traits (Thomas et al., 2013;Watson et al., 2013;James et al., 2015;Fowler et al., 2017), with the exception of the Openness FFM domain and the PID-5 Psychoticism domain, where the research has been mixed (De Fruyt et al., 2013;Quilty et al., 2013;Watson et al., 2013;Suzuki et al., 2015;Fowler et al., 2017). The differences between this current paper and our other research (Gilmartin et al., 2023) may reflect the alternate functions of the constructs, in that the PID-5 represents maladaptive variants of normative FFM traits. ...
Introduction
The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) is a self-report measure of personality pathology designed to measure pathological personality traits outlined in the DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorders. Within the extensive literature exploring the relationship between personality and disordered eating, there are few that explore the relationship between the PID-5 and disordered eating behaviours in a non-clinical sample of males and females: restrictive eating, binge eating, purging, chewing and spitting, excessive exercising and muscle building.
Methods
An online survey assessed disordered eating, PID-5 traits and general psychopathology and was completed by 394 female and 167 male participants aged 16–30. Simultaneous equations path models were systematically generated for each disordered eating behaviour to identify how the PID-5 scales, body dissatisfaction and age predicted behaviour.
Results
The results indicated that each of the six disordered behaviours were associated with a unique pattern of maladaptive personality traits. The statistical models differed between males and females indicating possible differences in how dimensional personality pathology and disordered eating relate.
Discussion
It was concluded that understanding disordered eating behaviour in the context of personality pathology may assist formulating potentially risky behaviour.
... To address this need, the PID-5 is designed for assessing Criterion B of the alternative dimensional model. This inventory measures the 25 pathological personality traits that are arranged into five domains (i.e., negative affectivity, antagonism, disinhibition, detachment, and psychoticism) (1,12) and highly resembles the Five-Factor Model (FFM); negative affectivity is equivalent to neuroticism, detachment is a negative pole of extraversion, disinhibition is a negative pole of conscientiousness, and antagonism is a negative pole of agreeableness (16)(17)(18). Psychoticism is the only domain that has no counterpart in the FFM because of its weak association with the fifth FFM domain of openness to experience. Research has suggested that this lack of association is because the openness to experience domain focuses on adaptive states, with no clear method to examine the pathological characteristics of personality (19). ...
Objective: The Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (PID-5), is a trait-based measure of pathological personality designed to assess Criterion B of an alternative diagnostic system for personality disorders (PDs). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relations among the PID-5 and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF); a commonly used self-report instrument with a hierarchical structure.
Method: We examined the joint structure of the PID-5 scales along with levels of the MMPI-2-RF hierarchy to understand whether conceptually expected structures tend to be loaded with each other. Data were collected from 536 participants from the general population of Iran.
Results: Findings of Pearson’s correlation analyses exhibited the generally expected patterns between the two mentioned measures on most scales, with some divergences. Similarly, although applying a set of joint exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) exhibited some factor loadings for PID-5 facets within the hierarchical framework of MMPI-2-RF scales that were different to what was theoretically expected, both measures were generally loaded in a conceptually expected way, indicating that they have a similar dimensional structure.
Conclusion: Our findings provide support for adequate convergence of maladaptive personality traits and psychopathology structures, as well as for utilizing MMPI-2-RF to measure personality psychopathology from a dimensional perspective. The implications of these results are discussed by the authors.
... Watters and Bagby (2018) observed that some of the interstitial factor loadings vary significantly across samples, calling into the question the lower-order factor structure of the PID-5. For instance, Maples et al. (2015) reported that 19 of the 25 facets loaded substantively on at least two domains, whereas De Fruyt et al. (2013) found just six to be substantively interstitial. Watters and Bagby (2018) conducted a meta-analysis of the loadings across 14 samples and found that interstitiality decreased when samples were pooled, providing evidence that some of the inconsistency is likely the result of sampling error. ...
Now in its fourth edition, the acclaimed Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology aims for both depth and breadth, with a focus on adult disorders and special attention given to personality disorders. It provides an unparalleled guide for professionals and students alike. Esteemed editors Robert F. Krueger and Paul H. Blaney selected the most eminent researchers in abnormal psychology to provide thorough coverage and to discuss notable issues in the various pathologies which are their expertise. This fourth edition of the Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology is fully updated and also reflects alternative, emerging perspectives in the field (e.g., the National Institute of Mental Health’s Research Domain Criteria Initiative [RDoC, the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology [HiTOP]). The Textbook exposes readers to exceptional scholarship, the history and philosophy of psychopathology, the logic of the best approaches to current disorders, and an expert outlook on what researchers and mental health professionals will be facing in the years to come. This volume will be useful for all mental health workers, including clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers, and as a textbook focused on understanding psychopathology in depth for anyone wishing to be up to date on the latest developments in the field.
... To date, few studies have considered the relationship between DT and the recently introduced DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) maladaptive personality trait domains. These have been conceptualised in terms of continuous dimensions of maladaptive and dysfunctional personality, namely the PID-5 (Krueger et al., 2012): (i) antagonism, representing a tendency to callousness and resentment (counterpart of agreeableness); (ii) detachment, involving refrain and withdrawal from interpersonal relationships and interactions (low extraversion); (iii) disinhibition, representing a tendency to act without consideration of the consequences of one's own behavior (counterpart of conscientiousness); (iv) negative affect, involving a tendency to experience negative emotion (based on neuroticism); and (v) psychoticism, representing a tendency to eccentricity and odd behavior, which showed overlaps with openness to experience (De Fruyt et al., 2013). ...
Dark traits and emotional intelligence play a key role in contemporary personality theory. Still, the relationship
between these models deserves clarification, especially regarding the latent profiles characterized by a mixture of
traits from both models. The present research used a person-centred approach to explore the latent profiles
derivable from dark traits measured through the Short Dark Tetrad (SD4; Jones & Paulhus, 2014) and trait
emotional intelligence measured through Wong and Law's (2002) Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS), in two
non-clinical samples, from Romania (N = 311) and the UK (N = 222), respectively. We tested the invariance of
the solution across the two samples, then how the emerging profiles relate to PID-5 maladaptive trait domains by
using linear modeling. We found that a 3-profile solution represented the data best, with two profiles showing
SD4 values close to the mean and comparatively high and low values across the WLEIS facets, respectively,
whereas the third profile was characterized by high SD4 values and values of emotional intelligence close to the
mean. Significant differences between the profiles were found in maladaptive personality trait domains. Implications for theory and research are discussed.
... Even though the NEO-PI-R Test has been used sparingly in the US, there have, in fact, been a number of studies specifically examining personality and medical school performance with the majority of studies occurring outside of the United States [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. The results of these studies have been mixed with some showing added predictive value of certain personality traits over cognitive tests and others showing no added value. ...
Background
Allopathic medicine faces a daunting challenge of selecting the best applicants because of the very high applicant / matriculant ratio. The quality of graduates ultimately reflects the quality of medical practice. Alarming recent trends in physician burnout, misconduct and suicide raise questions of whether we are selecting the right candidates. The United States (US) lags far behind the United Kingdom (UK) and Europe in the study of non-cognitive tests in medical school admissions. Although more recently, medical schools in both the UK, Europe and the US have begun to use situational judgement tests such as the Computer-Based Assessment for Sampling Personal Characteristics (CASPer) and the situational judgement test (SJT), recently developed by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and that these tests are, in a sense non-cognitive in nature, direct personality tests per se have not been utilized. We have historically used, in the admissions process within the US, knowledge, reasoning and exam performance, all of which are largely influenced by intelligence and also improved with practice. Personality, though also undoubtedly influenced by intelligence, is fundamentally different and subject to different kinds of measurements.
Methods
A popular personality measurement used over the past two decades within the US in business and industry, but not medical school has been the Neo Personality Inventory – Revised (NEO-PI-R) Test. This test has not been utilized regularly in allopathic medicine probably because of the paucity of exploratory retrospective and validating prospective studies. The hypothesis which we tested was whether NEO-PI-R traits exhibited consistency between two institutions and whether their measurements showed probative value in predicting academic performance.
Results
Our retrospective findings indicated both interinstitutional consistencies and both positive and negative predictive values for certain traits whose correlative strengths exceeded traditional premed metrics: medical college admission test (MCAT) scores, grade point average (GPA), etc. for early academic performance.
Conclusions
Our exploratory studies should catalyze larger and more detailed confirmatory studies designed to validate the importance of personality traits not only in predicting early medical school performance but also later performance in one’s overall medical career.
... Another possible implication of our result is that it might be suggestive of an overlap between the neurocognitive mechanisms of openness to experience and psychosis. Several studies have shown that psychosis is associated with heightened openness to experience (Fyfe et al., 2008;DeYoung et al., 2012;De Fruyt et al., 2013;Gore and Widiger, 2013;Thomas et al., 2013), and emerging evidence suggest that default mode network and frontoparietal control network are associated to both psychosis proneness and openness to experience (Blain et al., 2019(Blain et al., , 2020. We speculate that openness to experience and psychosis might also have similar neural mechanisms at the level of structural connectivity. ...
Openness to experience is one of the big five traits of personality which recently has been the subject of several studies in neuroscience due to its importance in understanding various cognitive functions. However, the neural basis of openness to experience is still unclear. Previous studies have found largely heterogeneous results, suggesting that various brain regions may be involved in openness to experience. Here we suggested that performing structural connectome analysis may shed light on the neural underpinnings of openness to experience as it provides a more comprehensive look at the brain regions that are involved in this trait. Hence, we investigated the involvement of brain network structural features in openness to experience which has not yet been explored to date. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data along with the openness to experience trait score from the self-reported NEO Five-Factor Inventory of 100 healthy subjects were evaluated from Human Connectome Project (HCP). CSD-based whole-brain probabilistic tractography was performed using diffusion-weighted images as well as segmented T1-weighted images to create an adjacency matrix for each subject. Using graph theoretical analysis, we computed global efficiency (GE) and clustering coefficient (CC) which are measures of two important aspects of network organization in the brain: functional integration and functional segregation respectively. Results revealed a significant negative correlation between GE and openness to experience which means that the higher capacity of the brain in combining information from different regions may be related to lower openness to experience.
... The complexity of the theoretical model proposed by Krueger et al. (4) is also reflected at the level of facets/domains because it was impossible to replicate the original model using CFA, considering that the goodness of fit indexes was not satisfactory. Riegel et al. (20) Many other studies focused on the EFA of PID-5 internal structure (17,18,20,25,28,67,(73)(74)(75)(76)(77)(78) and reported models that partially diverged from the original model, especially regarding the composition of the Negative Affect domain. Many facets that initially belonged to other domains presented a higher factor loading in this domain, expanding it in the instrument's composition. ...
The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 - Self Reported Form (PID-5-SRF) operationalizes Criterion B of the personality alternative model of DSM-5 Section III and has already been cross-culturally adapted to many countries. The objective is to present evidence of validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of PID-5 (pencil-and-paper) in a Brazilian community sample. The sample was composed of 730 individuals from the general population [67.8% women, aged 33.84 (SD = ±15.2), 69.5% ≥ 12 years of schooling]. The participants were recruited in academic, organizational, healthcare, and business facilities in three Brazilian states. The snowball method was used. The PID-5 Brazilian version and the Revised NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI-R) were individually applied, and the retest was applied 30 days after. Satisfactory internal consistency (facets α ≥0.51; domains α ≥0.82) and test-retest reliability (facets ICC ≥ 0.45; domains ICC ≥0.76) were found, but a floor effect was verified in 97.7% of the items. Regarding convergent validity, strong correlations were found between the PID-5 and the NEO-FFI-R domains (r = −0.44 to 0.70). Ten facets did not fit the unidemensional structure. Confirmatory Factor Analyses did not present adequate goodness of fit, and Exploratory Analyses indicated that a five-factor model is more appropriate, though it presents some peculiarities concerning the original model. PID-5 also presented satisfactory goodness of fit to the personality hierarchical model. Generally, the instrument's psychometric indicators favor its use in the Brazilian context. However, some aspects demand attention, and more specific studies should be conducted to verify the impact of reverse-scored items, floor effect, and peculiarities of its internal structure (some facets' multidimensionality and interstitiality) concerning the original model.
... At least nine studies-one reporting data on two separate samples-have examined the PID-5 facets in relation to a measure of the FFM, including three studies that provided a full facet-level analysis. Table 2 provides a synthesis of the PID-5 facets' and FFM domains' factor loadings in six of the studies that reported a joint TRAIT MODEL OF THE AMPD: STRUCTURAL REVIEW factor analysis (De Fruyt et al., 2013;DeYoung et al., 2016;Griffin & Samuel, 2014;Thomas et al., 2013;Watson et al., 2013Watson et al., , 2015. ...
Publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), which included an alternative model of personality disorders (AMPD), was followed by an explosion of publications on the new model. The large majority of these publications focused on the AMPD's Criterion B, which consists of 25 trait facets arranged in 5 broad domains that bear strong similarity to the established five-factor model (FFM) of personality. The operationalization of AMPD traits that has received the most research attention is its self-report measure, the Personality Inventory for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (PID-5; Krueger et al., 2012). Much of this literature concerns its internal structure and relations with FFM measures. Many of these studies report that a number of the facets appear to be (a) interstitial (cross-loading on 2 or more factors), (b) placed in the wrong domain (i.e., considered by the AMPD to be a facet of a different domain from the one on which it typically loads), or (c) both. Clarifying the structural location of measures is fundamental in understanding their nomological net-and, thereby, the constructs they assess. Therefore, this review focuses on the PID-5 structure in the context of the broader domain of personality, especially the FFM, and primarily examines (1) which facets are interstitial and (2) the best domain(s) in which to place each facet. Also considered are important PD constructs-including multiple facets and one domain-that the AMPD does not include. The review ends with a set of recommendations for AMPD-5.1 and PID-5.1. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
... In this study, openness was found to strengthen the link between negative affect and life satisfaction. This may be because openness is associated with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (such as rumination, Barańczuk, 2019), risk-taking, unusual beliefs and experiences, eccentricity, and perceptual dysregulation, which are aspects of a disordered personality (De Fruyt et al., 2013;Ofrat et al., 2018). Openness may also contribute to adaptive emotion regulation, at least in some individuals (Barańczuk, 2019). ...
The present study aimed to examine whether the Big Five personality traits, self-compassion, and religiosity moderate the relationship between negative affect and life satisfaction. A large longitudinal data set collected annually over 6 years was used. The results of Bayesian multilevel analysis showed that only neuroticism and openness moderated the relationship between negative affect and life satisfaction. At higher levels of neuroticism and openness, the negative relationship between negative affect and life satisfaction was stronger. These two personality traits are associated with the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, which may explain why they exacerbate the effects of negative hedonic experiences.
... The PID-5 is a self-report questionnaire of 220 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all true) to 3 (very true) and assesses 25 maladaptive personality traits that cluster into five higher-order domains, being Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism. The validity of the PID-5 has been originally demonstrated by Krueger et al. (2012) and has been corroborated by numerous studies (Bastiaens et al., 2016;De Fruyt et al., 2013;Fossati et al., 2013;Wright et al., 2012;Zimmerman et al., 2014). Cronbach's alpha coefficients in this sample were 0.77, 0.80, 0.83, 0.82, and 0.85, respectively. ...
In Section III of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – fifth edition (DSM-5), an Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) is proposed, including a criterion for personality functioning impairment (Criterion A) to assess severity of personality pathology. The present study examined the structure, reliability, and convergent validity of the Dutch version of a five-item screening scale for Criterion A—the Five-Item Screening Scale for Personality Disorders (FISSPD; Skodol et al., in Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 2, 4-22, 2011)—in a community sample of 1,477 adolescents and 546 adults. To assess convergent validity, identity and personality (pathology) questionnaires were completed by adolescents and adults. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a single factor structure for the FISSPD, which proved to be (partially) invariant across age and gender. Adequate reliability coefficients were obtained for the FISSPD. In both the adolescent and adult sample, significant correlations were found between the FISSPD and consolidated identity (negative) and disturbed identity/lack of identity (positive). In the adult sample, the FISSPD showed significant correlations with several personality disorders (and especially with the borderline personality disorder), maladaptive personality traits (Criterion B of the AMPD), and general personality impairment. In the adolescent sample, the FISSPD was positively correlated with borderline personality disorder characteristics. Furthermore, significant correlations were found with the Big-Five personality traits in the adolescent sample: the FISSPD correlated significantly positive with neuroticism, and negative with extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. In sum, the present study supports the reliability and validity of the FISSPD to screen for (severity of) personality pathology.
... The DSM-5 PD workgroup introduced an empirically based model of pathological personality traits for PD assessment in Criterion B in the AMPD (36,37). According to this model, personality dimensions are organized in five higher order domains (negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism) that represent maladaptive variants of the Five Factor Model of normative personality (31,(38)(39)(40). Each domain comprises a set of subordinate trait facets (e.g., the domain antagonism is split up into the facets manipulativeness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, attention seeking, callousness, and hostility) (31). ...
Refugees are often exposed to a variety of stressors and traumatic events, posing a significant risk for the development of mental disorders. Young refugees may be particularly at risk because adverse life events affect identity formation, a developmental task that is typically expected in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Trauma and cultural changes may alter identity development, potentially leading to identity diffusion, a core concept of personality disorders. However, previous research on personality pathology among refugees is scarce. In this study, we examine identity development and maladaptive personality traits in young refugees and migrants. Refugees from 22 countries of origin were recruited in a German reception center (n = 120) and a group of adults with a migration background in first- or second generation was obtained via web-based recruitment (n = 281). Identity development was measured using the Assessment of Identity Development in Adolescence – Short Form. Maladaptive personality traits were assessed with the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form. Group differences between refugees and migrants regarding identity development and trait expression were investigated using t-tests. The relationship between the two measures and their corresponding subscales was examined by means of correlation analyses. Refugees reported significantly higher levels of identity diffusion, negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, and disinhibition compared to migrants. No significant differences were found for psychoticism. Correlation analyses revealed low to moderate positive associations between identity diffusion and maladaptive trait expression. Possible implications for early phase of resettlement, preventive psychiatric care and further research questions are discussed.
... Finally, psychoticism although distinctive, overlaps with open mindedness. The latter Big Five domain, tends to accentuate positive content such as intellectual curiosity and aesthetic sensitivity, whereby psychoticism assesses a far more negative content, such as problems with fantasies encroaching on daily life (De Fruyt et al., 2013). As the DSHS measures dark personalities from an alternative viewpoint and specifically assesses the darker side of human nature, the PID-5 will provide an alternative perspective, alongside the Big Five, on the normal and maladaptive facets and their relationships with the DSHS factors. ...
There has been an absence of consideration regarding measurement invariance across males and females in the widely available Dark Tetrad (DT) scales which measure psychopathy, Machiavellianism, narcissism and everyday sadism. This has resulted in criticisms of the measures, suggesting that the assessed constructs are not wholly relatable between the groups. This article documents the construction and validation of the Dark Side of Humanity Scale (DSHS), which measures dark personalities from an alternative viewpoint, determined by the constructs as they emerged from the male and female data, whilst aligning with theory and attaining invariance between sex. Across four samples (n = 2409), using a diverse range of statistical methods, including exploratory graph analysis, item response theory and confirmatory factor analysis, a divergence from the widely available DT measures emerged, whereby primary psychopathy and Machiavellianism were unified. This corroborated past research which had discussed the two constructs as being parallel. It further supported the DSHS with a shift away from the traditional DT conceptualisation. The resulting scale encompasses four factors which are sex invariant across samples and time. The first factor represents the successful psychopath, factor two addresses the grandiose form of entitlement, factor three taps into everyday sadism whilst the fourth factor pertains to narcissistic entitlement rage. Construct and external validity of the DSHS across two samples (n = 1338), as well as test-retest reliability (n = 413), was achieved. The DSHS provides an alternative approach to investigating the dark side of human nature, whilst also being sex invariant, thus making it highly suitable for use with mixed sex samples.
... Links between the fifth of the Big Five, labeled openness to experience or intellect, and the fifth factor of personality disorder symptoms, psychoticism, are more complicated, with two of the three IRT studies just cited not finding evidence that measures of these traits assess the same latent dimension. Nonetheless, various studies have found that measures of openness/intellect group together with measures of psychoticism (or positive schizotypy) in factor analysis (De Fruyt et al., 2013;Gore & Widiger, 2013;Thomas et al., 2013), and large molecular genetic studies have shown genetic correlations and overlapping genetic variants for openness/intellect and risk of schizophrenia (Lo et al., 2017;Smeland et al., 2017). It appears that some facets of the broader openness/intellect dimension (those related to aesthetic interest and fantasy proneness) confer risk of psychosis, whereas others (those related to intellectual engagement) do not, or are even protective (Allen et al., 2020;Chmielewski et al., 2014;DeYoung et al., 2012;DeYoung, Carey, Krueger, & Ross, 2016). ...
Traditionally, personality has been conceptualized in terms of dimensions of human experience – habitual ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. By contrast, psychopathology has traditionally been conceptualized in terms of categories of disorder – disordered thinking, feeling, and behaving. The empirical literature, however, routinely shows that psychopathology does not coalesce into readily distinguishable categories. Indeed, psychopathology tends to delineate dimensions that are relatively similar to dimensions of personality. In this special issue of Personality Neuroscience , authors took up the challenge of reconceptualizing personality and psychopathology in terms of connected and interrelated dimensions, and they considered the utility of pursuing neuroscientific inquiry from this more integrative perspective. In this editorial article, we provide the relevant background to the interface between personality, psychopathology, and neuroscience; summarize contributions to the special issue; and point toward directions for continued research and refinement. All told, it is evident that quantitatively derived, integrative models of personality–psychopathology represent a particularly promising conduit for advancing our understanding of the neurobiological foundation of human experience, both functional and dysfunctional.
... Support for this notion can be found in the PID-5 literature. For example, PID-5 Suspiciousness correlated at roughly the same magnitude with Neuroticism and Agreeableness factor scores in both Watson et al. (2013); 0.42 and −0.48, respectively) and Watson and Clark (2020); 0.51 and −0.53, respectively); loaded comparably on N, E, and low A when factored with either the NEO- PI-3 (0.35, 0.30, and 0.30, respectively;De Fruyt et al., 2013) or the Five-Factor Model Rating Form (Mullins-Sweatt et al., 2006;0.30, 0.25, and 0.30, respectively;Thomas et al., 2013); and equally with the Negative Emotionality and Psychoticism scales of the PSY-5 (Harkness et al., 1995) (0.40 and0.41, ...
The ICD-11 personality disorder model is the first fully dimensional assessment of personality pathology. It consists of a personality disorder (PD) dysfunction-severity dimension, which encompasses both self- and interpersonal dysfunction, and six optional qualifiers for five prominent personality traits—Negative Affectivity (NA), Detachment (DET), Dissociality (DSL), Disinhibition (DSN), and Anankastia (ANK)—plus a borderline pattern that is defined by the criteria of DSM-IV borderline PD. This article reports on the development of a new self-report measure to assess self- and interpersonal dysfunction and the five trait qualifiers. It is the first comprehensive measure of the ICD-11 PD model in that (a) it is the only one to include both PD dysfunction-severity as well as trait scales and because (b) it is based on the Clinical Description and Diagnostic Guidelines, which are more detailed than the “statistical” model description that is currently on the ICD-11 website. The authors wrote 992 items and then reduced the pool to 300 items by eliminating redundancy and selecting the consensus best few items for each subconstruct. Data were collected using an online sample of 383 Prolific workers. Using exploratory factor analysis, seven domain scales were developed, each of which contained two to four scales assessing components of the domain. These preliminary scales’ psychometrics were excellent, as were the domains’ and their components’ convergent and discriminant validity, with a few generally minor exceptions. Structural analyses at the component level revealed a three-factor structure consisting of two moderately correlated Internalizing factors, one centered on Self Dysfunction with two NA components and a DSN component (Distractibility) and the other on Interpersonal Dysfunction with DET and ANK components; as well as an Externalizing factor with DSL and a DSN component (Reckless Impulsivity) that was uncorrelated with the other two factors. Two aspects of the results in particular are striking: (1) ANK was not the opposite end of a DSN dimension, but rather contributed to an Internalizing Interpersonal Dysfunction dimension and (2) DSN had both an Internalizing and an Externalizing component. Implications of the findings and study limitations are discussed.
... However, both high and low Conscientiousness is associated with decreased functioning. Low Conscientiousness is characterized by disinhibition, irresponsibility, negligence, and rashness [31,32]; and inflexible high Conscientiousness can result in perfectionism, fastidiousness, punctiliousness, workaholism and other facets of compulsivity [33][34][35]. ...
Background
ADHD is a highly consequential disorder that is estimated to affect 2.5% of the adult population. Emerging models of psychopathology posit that disorders like ADHD can be usefully situated within general models of individual differences in personality, such as those recently implemented in the DSM and ICD for the diagnosis of personality disorder. Previous research and systematic reviews have linked adult ADHD to the personality traits Conscientious Inhibition and Negative Emotionality. However, there have been some inconsistencies in the literature and research embedding ADHD-personality connections in the DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality disorder models has been limited. The goal of this paper was to systematically review associations between adult ADHD and personality traits, organized within a maladaptive five factor framework.
Method
A comprehensive literature search yielded 13 papers whose effects were meta-analyzed.
Results
Results supported associations between ADHD and low Conscientious Inhibition and high Negative Emotionality. However, interesting patterns of variability were observed, potentially related to issues such as instrumentation and facet variation.
Conclusion
Results support the clinical application of personality assessment for suggesting risk for ADHD symptoms, and point to important directions for further research.
... Although the obtained values of internal consistency are significantly lower in comparison with the original version of PID-5 for both versions of PID-5BF+M, they were still largely satisfactory, both at the level of trait domains and the majority of individual trait facets. This indicates good reliability of the measure despite the substantial reduction in the number of items compared to the previously performed studies [e.g., (5,39,40)]. On the domain level, the only exception is Detachment, which showed the lowest reliability in both samples. ...
Background: Empirical soundness and international robustness of the PID5BF+M, a shortened version of the PID-5 developed for simultaneous evaluation of maladaptive personality traits in the DSM-5 AMPD and ICD-11 models for personality disorders, was recently confirmed in 16 samples from different countries. Because the modified PID5BF+ scale (36 items) was extracted from the complete 220-item PID-5, an independent evaluation of psychometric properties of a stand-alone PID5BF+M is still missing.
Objectives: The present study evaluated the validity and reliability of the 36-item PID5BF+M in comparison with the extracted version from the original PID-5. It also assessed associations between the Borderline Pattern qualifier and trait domain qualifiers.
Methods: Two non-clinical samples meeting the inclusion criteria were employed in the study. Sample 1 (n = 614) completed the 220-item PID-5; Sample 2 (n = 1,040) completed the independent 36-item PID5BF+M. Participants were from all 14 regions of the Czech Republic. The Borderline Pattern qualifier was evaluated using a shortened IPDEQ screener.
Results: The proposed latent structure of the independent PID5BF+M was confirmed, with an exception of the Disinhibition domain. The results confirmed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the measure, as well as some support for the measurement invariance of the independent PID5BF+M in comparison with the extracted version from the original PID-5. Significant associations between the Negative affectivity, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism qualifiers and the IPDEQ items for the emotionally unstable personality disorder of both impulsive and borderline types confirmed good predictive validity of the PID5BF+M in pursuing borderline psychopathology within the ICD-11 model.
Conclusions: The independent PID5BF+M was found to be a valid and reliable tool for evaluation of the ICD-11 trait model. However, the Disinhibition domain deserves further investigation in clinical samples as well as in international community samples.
... In summary, cultural differences in how one understands and interprets Items 10 and 19 may affect the factor loading of these two items. The unique structure of the DSM-5 personality trait model in Chinese respondents, compared to respondents from most other examined countries, may be related to cultural differences in general personality models [43,63]. Although the five-factor model has been widely used globally, it may not be fully applicable in a variety of cultural contexts due to its Western-central derivation. ...
Abstract Background The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form (PID-5-BF) is a 25-item measuring tool evaluating maladaptive personality traits for the diagnosis of personality disorders(PDs). As a promising scale, its impressive psychometric properties have been verified in some countries, however, there have been no studies about the utility of the PID-5-BF in Chinese settings. The current study aimed to explore the maladaptive personality factor model which was culturally adapted to China and to examine psychometric properties of the PID-5-BF among Chinese undergraduate students and clinical patients. Methods Seven thousand one hundred fifty-five undergraduate students and 451 clinical patients completed the Chinese version of the PID-5-BF. Two hundered twenty-eight students were chosen randomly for test-retest reliability at a 4-week interval. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to discover the most suitable factor structure in China, measurement invariance(MI), internal consistency, and external validity were also calculated. Results The theoretical five-factor model was acceptable, but the exploratory six-factor model was more applicable in both samples (Undergraduate sample: CFI = 0.905, TLI = 0.888, RMSEA = 0.044, SRMR = 0.039; Clinical sample: CFI = 0.904, TLI = 0.886, RMSEA = 0.047, SRMR = 0.060). In the Chinese six-factor model, the Negative Affect domain was divided into two factors and the new factor was named “Interpersonal Relationships”, which was in line with the Big-Six Personality model in Chinese. Measurement invariance across non-clinical and clinical sample was established (configural, weak, strong MI, and partial strict MI). Aside from acceptable internal consistency (Undergraduate sample: alpha = 0.84, MIC = 0.21; Clinical sample: alpha = 0.86, MIC = 0.19) and test-retest reliability(0.73), the correlation between the 25-item PID-5-BF and the 220-item PID-5 was significant(p
... However, the discussion continues and new methods may be able to provide further insight. While Moshagen et al. (2018) proposed a dark core of personality, De Fruyt et al. (2013) used factor analysis to uncover relations between FFM facets and facets of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Their results displayed a number of substantial cross-loadings that seemed uninterpretable then. ...
The present study aims to shed light onto the nomological network of the Dark Triad (DT) and the Five Factor Model (FFM) by investigating their facet levels using network analysis. Firstly, the networks of the DT and the FFM facets were analyzed separately and secondly, their combined network was considered in order to observe changes. 491 participants filled out several established measures to assess the constructs at facet level. Each model was analyzed regarding node strength, closeness and betweenness. Central-stability coefficients and bootstrapped difference tests were performed on these centrality indices. Our main findings indicate that interpersonal manipulation (psychopathy) is central in the DT network, while erratic lifestyle and callous affect (both psychopathy) are the most important DT facets in a combined network with FFM facets. The FFM network seems to change only slightly when the DT facets are added and DT facets cluster according to their domains.
... M = 0.83, SD = 0.52). Scores also show adequate variability and validity in non-clinical community and student samples with scores in the lower ranges of the scales(Bastiaens, Smits, De Hert, Vanwalleghem, & Claes, 2016;De Fruyt et al., 2013;Papousek et al., 2018). ...
Research is currently witnessing more investigations into malevolent creativity—creativity that is used to intentionally harm others. Inspired by previous methods to measure malevolent creativity, in the present study, we introduce a real‐world behavioral task designed to capture individuals’ capacity for using creativity for the purpose of attaining malevolent goals in response to everyday, provocative situations. In a sample of 105 students, we found malevolent creativity positively correlated with fluency in conventional creative ideation, as well as with self‐reported typical malevolent creativity behavior in daily life. Moreover, performance on the malevolent creativity task showed positive correlations with the maladaptive personality trait of antagonism (PID‐5) as well as individuals’ state anger at the beginning of the experiment. Further, our multiple regression analysis revealed that conventional creative ideation, antagonistic personality, and state anger all explained unique, non‐overlapping variance in the capacity for implementing malevolent creativity. As a whole, these findings suggest that different cognitive and affective factors, along with specific personality traits may each contribute to the expression of malevolent creativity in distinct ways. Future investigations striving to further decode the destructive potential of individuals toward others may benefit from this validated behavioral measurement approach to malevolent creativity.
With the publication of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a set of dimensional criteria was added as an emerging alternative model to the diagnosis of personality disorder (PD; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Parallel to this, within the object relations conceptualization of personality pathology, a structured interview, the Structured Interview of Personality Organization (STIPO), was developed to assess pathological personality and then revised (STIPO-R). In this study, the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the STIPO-R were tested on a sample of 236 Chinese participants, including both psychiatric patients and healthy individuals. Overall, the STIPO-R showed good internal consistency, interrater and test–retest reliability, and generally satisfactory results in structure and convergent validity. The STIPO-R also demonstrated discriminant validity (healthy individuals vs. psychiatric patients with PD vs. psychiatric patients without PD). Results are also discussed in light of cultural differences between Chinese and Western cultures.
The present study examined (1) the extent to which the documented factor structure of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5; Krueger et al., 2013) generalizes to a large Persian community sample and (2) relations between the resulting PID-5 factors and two temperament measures. Data came from 946 adults (65% female) from western Iran. We used exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) with target rotation to examine the structure of the PID-5. Factor loadings from the present sample showed similar patterns to loadings found in two previous meta-analytic PID-5 studies with predominantly American and European samples; there were moderate to high congruence coefficients (> 0.80) between loadings in the present sample and the original studies for each of the five PID-5 domains, except Antagonism (congruence coefficients 0.74 and 0.78). Together, these findings bolster claims of generalizability of the PID-5 factor structure beyond samples from North America and Europe. The resulting PID-5 factors also showed meaningful associations with temperament domains. Overall, our findings suggest that the documented structure of personality pathology assessed by the PID-5 extends to this sample of Persian participants and pathological personality shows important overlap with temperament, although the two constructs are distinct.
The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) was designed to measure the personality traits of the alternative model of personality disorders (AMPD). It is comprised of 25 lower order facet scales. Factor analytic investigation of these scales has consistently recovered five factors corresponding to the trait domains of the AMPD. Most of these factor analytic studies, however, have been conducted in the United States and Western European countries and languages. Fewer studies have examined the factor structure of the PID-5 in East Asian countries; and no studies have examined whether the five-factor structure found in Western countries/cultures/languages is congruent with those from East Asia. In this study, we examine the PID-5 factor structure in adult community samples from the People’s Republic of China (PRC; N = 233 [116 females], Mage = 35.88, range = 22–60) and the United States (N = 237 [118 females], Mage = 35.44, range = 22–60) using exploratory structural equation modelling and assess whether the factor structures across these samples are congruent using Tucker’s congruence coefficient. A five-factor solution was an adequate-to-good fit in both samples. The factor structure obtained from the U.S. sample was congruent with the PID-5 normative sample factor structure. The compositional configuration of the factors in the five-factor structure in the PRC sample, however, showed poor congruence with the U.S. sample. A six-factor model proved to be a better fitting model in the PRC sample. We conclude that the PID-5 does not have factor structure equivalence across U.S. and Chinese cultures/languages.
Der Fragebogen «Konfliktverhalten situativ» (KV-S) dient zur Diagnostik von Persönlichkeitsstörungen bzw. Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten bei Heranwachsenden und Erwachsenen. Der Fragebogen eignet sich zur Entwicklung therapeutischer Strategien, zur prognostischen Begutachtung und zur Evaluation der Wirkung von Therapieangeboten und sozialer Unterstützung.
Dem situativen Ansatz zufolge wird die Person nicht isoliert im situationsfreien Raum betrachtet, sondern im Kontext ihrer sozialen Bezüge. Der Fragebogen untersucht siebzehn Persönlichkeitsmerkmale in sechs verschiedenen Konfliktsituationen. Von Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten sollte erst dann die Rede sein, wenn bestimmte Problemlösungsmuster in mehreren Situationen auftreten. Es genügt nicht, nur allgemein zu fragen, welche Persönlichkeitsmerkmale eine Person bei sich beobachtet. Vielmehr ist die systematische Exploration zum Verhalten in unterschiedlichen sozialen Situationen der Kern der diagnostischen Strategie zur Feststellung von Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten. Zugleich wird damit eine faire Einschätzung der Persönlichkeit möglich, in die nicht nur Defizite, sondern auch Ressourcen einbezogen werden.
Die Auswertung beinhaltet Profile der klassischen Persönlichkeitsstörungen nach ICD-10 und Kennwerte für eine Persönlichkeitsstörung nach ICD-11 und DSM-5 AM. Anhand ipsativer Stärken-Schwächen-Werte können Verfälschungstendenzen minimiert werden.
Befragung und Auswertung können mit Hilfe des Programms THERAPLAN vereinfacht werden. In THERAPLAN steht der Fragebogen außer auf Deutsch in den Sprachen Englisch, Französisch, Spanisch, Portugiesisch, Russisch, Polnisch, Türkisch, Arabisch, Farsi und Vietnamesisch zur Verfügung.
In this cross-sectional study including a heterogeneous Belgian community sample of adults (N=1930), two central questions were addressed pertaining to age differences of self-reported PID-5 maladaptive personality traits: (1) What kind of mean-level changes occur in the PID-5 traits from age 21 to 65?; and (2) What kind of variance-level changes occur in the PID-5 traits from age 21 to 65? In exploring these research questions, we also aimed to examine potential sex differences. With regard to latent mean-level age differences of the PID-5 traits, changes across adulthood were overall small to moderate and included a mix of decreasing, flat, and increasing age trends. Regarding the decreasing trends, quadratic regressions showed that the initial downward trend often either stagnated at a certain age, or subtly started increasing again from a certain age onwards. In more than half of the PID-5 traits (15/25), small but significant sex differences were found in the latent mean-level changes across adulthood. In these cases, men tended to score overall higher, except for the Negative Affectivity facets, on which women tended to score higher. Furthermore, variance stability was found for the majority of the PID-5 personality traits (17/25), indicating that the magnitude of individual differences in PID-5 traits is relatively stable across adulthood. Implications for individual assessment and evaluation of PID-5 scores are discussed.
Background
There is a presumption that pathological narcissism, or narcissistic personality disorder per se, can be considered a precursor to addiction. Although the ICD-11 model does not distinguish specific personality disorders, narcissistic psychopathology should be captured through personality trait qualifiers.
Objectives
To verify the capacity of the ICD-11 model in the detection of narcissistic psychopathology in patients with addiction; to test its discrimination capacity, convergent validity, and specificity toward the gender and the type of addiction.
Materials and methods
Two samples were employed in the study. Sample 1 (n = 421) consisted of patients with addiction; Sample 2 (n = 567) consisted of general population volunteers. Age range was 18–75 years and a battery of self-assessment questionnaires containing Personality Inventory for DSM-5–Brief Form Plus Modified; Triarchic Psychopathy Measure; Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale; and Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Self-Report was administered by pencil-and-paper method.
Results
The following was confirmed: (1) capacity of the ICD-11 model in relation to capture narcissistic pathology; (2) the differentiation capacity between the clinical and non-clinical population; (3) gender specificity in relation to grandiose and vulnerable narcissism; (4) the connection between the overall degree of impairment in personality functioning and most of trait qualifiers; (5) certain specifics of patients with addiction in relation to the type of addiction.
Conclusion
Results support the empirical and clinical relevance of the ICD-11 model in capturing narcissistic pathology in addicted patients. Clinical implications concerning assessment and treatment in addiction settings, and certain limits regarding the Anankastia domain are discussed.
Резюме: В статията се представят резултати от ретест процедура на Личностен въпросник за DSM–5 – кратка форма (PID–5–BF, Krueger et al., 2013) с две случайни извадки. В първото изследване извадката се състои се от 10 – 18 годишни ученици в Софийска математическа гимназия, докато във втората извадка са участвали български граждани на възраст от 9 до 59 години от столицата и страната. Целта на изследването е да се удостовери повторно точността и чувствителността на скрийнинга след като са внесени корекции във формулировките на три твърдения. Бяха удостоверени някои от публикуваните ключови показатели за надеждност и валидност на скалите от PID–5–BF. Самооценъчната методика демонстрира високи нива на консистентност, а с получените данни при проучвателен факторен анализ почти напълно се потвърждава структурата на показателите. Също така се посочват и нови находки, които допринасят за разширяване номологичната мрежа от възможни съпътстващи психологически мерки за личностни аспекти, което определя обхвата и достоверността на въпросника. Проверени са редица предположения за взаимосвързаност между показателите за дезадаптивни и адаптивни черти. Нивото на взаимовръзки между показателите очертава и уточнява значението им за по–цялостна оценка на поведенческата адаптация. Представен е модел за профилиране на два случая на участници в консултативна практика през периода между втората и третата вълна на разпространение на Sars-Cov-2. [Abstract: The current article presents the results of the re–test procedure applied to Personality Inventory for DSM–5 Brief Form (PID–5–BF, Krueger et al., 2013) with two random samples. The first sample consists undergraduate students of the Sofia High School of Mathematics at 10 to 18 years old, while the second sample is consisted of Bulgarian citizens aged at 9 to 59 years old. The aim of the study is to reconfirm the accuracy, bandwith and sensitivity of the inventory after wording adjustments of three statements that have been made to. Some of the already published key correlates of PID–5–BF indicators were attested. The self–assessment measures demonstrates high levels of consistency, and the latent structure of the indicators is almost completely confirmed by the data obtained in the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. New findings are also contribute to the nomological network extension process and the breadth and fidelity of measurements are confirmed. During the analysis was found that some of the expected adjustment and dysfunctional traits are moderately to strongly interrelated. A useful profiling model of two participants’ cases considering the psychological counseling of level of behavioral and emotional disfunctions experienced during the period of second and third Sars-Cov-2 spreading.]
Résumé
Objectifs
Le modèle alternatif des troubles de la personnalité du DSM-5 se propose d’évaluer les troubles de la personnalité en fonction du niveau de fonctionnement (critère A) et des dimensions pathologiques (critères B). L’objectif de cet article est de mettre en évidence les seuils de dépistage en population non clinique de la traduction française de deux outils brefs, la LPFS-BF de Hutsebaut et Bach et le PID 5-BF de Kruger et al.
Méthode
Ces questionnaires et les items de l’évaluation symptomatique transversale de niveau 1 du DSM-5 mesurant le risque de trouble de la personnalité ont été proposés à un échantillon de 433 personnes issues de la population générale. Les seuils pour lesquels ces questionnaires dépistaient les mieux des personnes à risques de troubles de la personnalité modérés et sévères ont été déterminés à partir des indicateurs classiques des courbes ROC (sensibilité, spécificité, indice de Youden, faux positifs, faux négatifs, etc.).
Résultats
Un score de 24 à la LPFS-BF présente les caractéristiques suffisantes pour évaluer les critères A du MATP. Sur la base de ces résultats, une nouvelle analyse ROC montre que le PID5-BF permettrait d’évaluer les critères B.
Discussion
Les résultats sont discutés au regard de la composition de l’échantillon et des données de la littérature. L’examen des qualités du PID 5-BF à évaluer les critères B du MATP nécessiterait une recherche ultérieure prenant en compte l’évaluation des différents troubles de la personnalité et non pas la seule présence d’un trouble de la personnalité.
Objectives and methods
In order to assess the internal consistency, fit indexes, test-retest reliability, and validity of the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) and its associations with age, gender, and education, 471 non-clinical (69,6% female; mean age: 37,63) and 314 clinical participants (69,7% female, mean age: 37,41) were administered the Hungarian translation of the PID-5, as well as the SCL-90-R and the SCID-II Personality Questionnaire.
Results
We found that; (a) temporal consistency of the Hungarian PID-5 was confirmed by one-month test-retest reliability analysis, (b) validity of the PID-5 instrument is acceptable in the clinical and the non-clinical sample as well, based on significant correlations with SCID-II and SCL-90-R, (c) PID-5 facets’ and domains’ associations with gender, age, and level of education are in accordance with previous findings.
Conclusion
These findings support that the Hungarian PID-5 is a reliable and valid instrument for both clinical and non-clinical populations.
In the last 10 years, 2 instruments (the Personality Inventory for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition [PID-5] and the Personality Inventory for International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision [PiCD]) have been developed to measure the dimensional approach to personality disorders (PDs). Several studies have analyzed the relationships between both instruments and the five-factor model, although the PiCD has received less attention than the PID-5, given its more recent publication. For instance, the PiCD has never been related to the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). The aims of the present article were to explore the convergent validity of the NEO-PI-R, a short version of the PID-5 (PID-5-SF), and the PiCD, to compare these dimensional approaches as for their ability to predict categorical PDs measured through the screening questionnaire of the International Personality Disorder Examination and to explore the nature of 2 controversial pathological domains: Psychoticism (from the PID-5-SF) and Anankastia (from the PiCD). A total of 1,565 people from the Spanish general population completed the NEO-PI-R, PID-5-SF, and PiCD. A total of 758 also filled out the International Personality Disorder Examination. Results show a high convergent validity of the five-factor model, the PID-5-SF, and the PiCD. Especially relevant from a clinical perspective is the great convergence between the 2 measures of dimensional PDs. In light of the results, the personality correlates of Psychoticism are reconsidered, and the location of Anankastia as the opposite pole of Disinhibition instead of as a separate domain, suggested by previous authors, is supported. The advantages of a dimensional approach to PDs and the practical implications for their assessment are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
It has been argued that passion can take both harmonious and obsessive forms (Vallerand et al., 2003). This paper examines this dualistic model of passion specifically for passion in relation to work and contributes to this literature in two ways. First, an extensive set of both general (Big Five) and maladaptive personality traits are related to harmonious passion (HP) and obsessive passion (OP) for work. Second, HP and OP are linked to three relevant work-related outcomes, namely job satisfaction, burnout and job performance. In Study 1 (N = 213), a distinctive pattern of relationships with general and maladaptive traits was found for HP and OP for work, although the relative importance of maladaptive traits to understand work passion was not higher for OP, as compared to HP. Further, both HP and OP were positively related to job satisfaction even after controlling for Big Five traits. Only HP was related (negatively) to burnout. In Study 2 (N = 208), only HP remained significantly related to job satisfaction after controlling for OP. Moreover, HP was positively related to job performance as rated by supervisors (more specifically contextual and adaptive performance). Implications of these findings for the dualistic model of passion are discussed.
Резюме: В статията се представят резултати от ретест процедура на Личностен въпросник за DSM–5 – кратка форма (PID–5–BF, Krueger et al., 2013) с две случайни извадки. В първото изследване извадката се състои се от 10 – 18 годишни ученици в Софийска математическа гимназия, докато във втората извадка са участвали български граждани на възраст от 9 до 59 години от столицата и страната. Целта на изследването е да се удостовери повторно точността и чувствителността на скрийнинга след като са внесени корекции във формулировките на три твърдения. Бяха удостоверени някои от публикуваните ключови показатели за надеждност и валидност на скалите от PID–5–BF. Самооценъчната методика демонстрира високи нива на консистентност, а с получените данни при проучвателен факторен анализ почти напълно се потвърждава структурата на показателите. Също така се посочват и нови находки, които допринасят за разширяване номологичната мрежа от възможни съпътстващи психологически мерки за личностни аспекти, което определя обхвата и достоверността на въпросника. Проверени са редица предположения за взаимосвързаност между показателите за дезадаптивни и адаптивни черти. Нивото на взаимовръзки между показателите очертава и уточнява значението им за по–цялостна оценка на поведенческата адаптация. Представен е модел за профилиране на два случая на участници в консултативна практика през периода между втората и третата вълна на разпространение на Sars-Cov-2.
[Abstract: The current article presents the results of the re–test procedure applied to Personality Inventory for DSM–5 Brief Form (PID–5–BF, Krueger et al., 2013) with two random samples. The first sample consists undergraduate students of the Sofia High School of Mathematics at 10 to 18 years old, while the second sample is consisted of Bulgarian citizens aged at 9 to 59 years old. The aim of the study is to reconfirm the accuracy, bandwith and sensitivity of the inventory after wording adjustments of three statements that have been made to. Some of the already published key correlates of PID–5–BF indicators were attested. The self–assessment measures demonstrates high levels of consistency, and the latent structure of the indicators is almost completely confirmed by the data obtained in the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. New findings are also contribute to the nomological network extension process and the breadth and fidelity of measurements are confirmed. During the analysis was found that some of the expected adjustment and dysfunctional traits are moderately to strongly interrelated. A useful profiling model of two participants’ cases considering the psychological counseling of level of behavioral and emotional disfunctions experienced during the period of second and third Sars-Cov-2 spreading.]
Background: ADHD is a highly consequential disorder that is estimated to affect 2.5% of the adult population. Emerging models of psychopathology posit that disorders like ADHD can be usefully situated within general models of individual differences in personality, such as those recently implemented in the DSM and ICD for the diagnosis of personality disorder. Previous research and systematic reviews have linked adult ADHD to the personality traits Conscientious Inhibition and Negative Emotionality. However, there have been some inconsistencies in the literature and research embedding ADHD-personality connections in the DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality disorder models has been limited. The goal of this paper was to systematically review associations between adult ADHD and personality traits, organized within a maladaptive five factor framework.
Methods: A comprehensive literature search yielded 13 papers whose effects were meta-analyzed.
Results: Results supported associations between ADHD and low Conscientious Inhibition and high Negative Emotionality. However, interesting patterns of variability were observed, potentially related to issues such as instrumentation and facet variation.
Conclusion: Results support the clinical application of personality assessment for suggesting risk for ADHD symptoms, and point to important directions for further research.
This chapter examines the relationships between psychopathy and personality disorders (PDs) as defined in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5), with a focus on comorbidity, or the co‐occurrence of PDs with one another and with psychopathy. PDs listed in Section II of the DSM‐5 are grouped by thematic similarity. PDs in Section III of the DSM‐5 are described within a comprehensive dimensional model for conceptualizing pathological personality tendencies. The chapter discusses alternative definitions of psychopathy from the integrative perspective of the triarchic model of psychopathy. Psychopathy shows a high degree of comorbidity with a variety of other mental illnesses. The chapter reviews patterns of comorbidity between psychopathy and PDs, using trait models of personality and psychopathy as an aid in understanding potential descriptive and etiological similarities between PDs and psychopathy.
Secondary analyses of Revised NEO Personality Inventory data from 26 cultures (N = 23,031) suggest that gender differences are small relative to individual variation within genders; differences are replicated across cultures for both college-age and adult samples, and differences are broadly consistent with gender stereotypes: Women reported themselves to be higher in Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Warmth, and Openness to Feelings, whereas men were higher in Assertiveness and Openness to Ideas. Contrary to predictions from evolutionary theory, the magnitude of gender differences varied across cultures. Contrary to predictions from the social role model, gender differences were most pronounced in European and American cultures in which traditional sex roles are minimized. Possible explanations for this surprising finding are discussed, including the attribution of masculine and feminine behaviors to roles rather than traits in traditional cultures.
The structure and psychometric characteristics of the NEO-PI-3, a more readable version of the NEO-PI-R, are examined and compared with NEO-PI-R characteristics using data from college student observer ratings of 5,109 adolescents aged 12 to 17 from 24 cultures. Replacement items in the PI-3 showed on average stronger item/total correlations and slightly improved facet reliabilities compared with the NEO-PI-R in both English-and non-English-speaking samples. NEO-PI-3 replacement items did not substantially affect scale means compared with the original scales. Analyses across and within cultures confirmed the intended factor structure of both versions when used to describe young adolescents. We discuss implications of these cross-cultural findings for the advancement of studies in adolescence and personality development across the lifespan.
This 2nd edition reprints 15 chapters from the 1st edition with updated references and reframes their emphases in terms of the empirical and conceptual advances that have occurred in the last 5 or 6 years. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The authors previously describe how each of the 10 personality disorders (PDs) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) can be understood from the perspective of the five-factor model (FFM) of personality functioning. This translation is helpful to those who are familiar with the DSM-IV constructs and wish to understand how a person with one or more of these diagnoses would be described in terms of the FFM. This chapter describes how to use the FFM to diagnose a PD. First, the authors begin with a brief description of how PDs are diagnosed by DSM-IV, followed by a more detailed discussion of how they could be diagnosed with the FFM. The process for the diagnosis of PD includes four cumulative steps, not all of which are in fact necessary: (1) provide a description of the person's personality traits with respect to the 5 domains and 30 facets of the FFM; (2) identify the problems, difficulties, and impairments that are secondary to each trait; (3) determine whether the impairments are clinically significant; and (4) determine whether the constellation of FFM traits matches sufficiently the profile for a particular PD pattern. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Despite the empirical robustness of the 5-factor model of personality, recent confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) of NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) data suggest they do not fit the hypothesized model. In a replication study of 229 adults, a series of CFAs showed that Revised NEO-PI scales are not simple-structured but do approximate the normative 5-factor structure. CFA goodness-of-fit indices, however, were not high. Comparability analyses showed that no more than 5 factors were replicable, which calls into question some assumptions underlying the use of CFA. An alternative method that uses targeted rotation was presented and illustrated with data from Chinese and Japanese versions of the Revised NEO-PI that clearly replicated the 5-factor structure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 121(2) of
Journal of Abnormal Psychology (see record
2012-12966-002). This article contained computational errors. Specifically, Table 1 and Table 2 had data errors in the “Negative Affectivity” and “Disinhibition” rows
only. All versions of this article have been corrected.] Two issues pertinent to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) proposal for personality pathology, the recovery of DSM–IV personality disorders (PDs) by proposed DSM-5 traits and the validity of the proposed DSM-5 hybrid model, which incorporates both personality pathology symptoms and maladaptive traits, were evaluated in a large undergraduate sample (N = 808). Proposed DSM-5 traits as assessed with the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 explained a substantial proportion of variance in DSM–IV PDs as assessed with the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+, and trait indicators of the 6 proposed DSM-5 PDs were mostly specific to those disorders with some exceptions. Regression analyses support the DSM-5 hybrid model in that pathological traits, and an indicator of general personality pathology severity provided incremental information about PDs. Findings are discussed in the context of broader issues around the proposed DSM-5 model of personality disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
provide a five-factor translation of the personality disorders provided within and proposed for the American Psychiatric Association's DSM [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual] / indicate how each of the DSM-III-R (as well as fourth edition DSM [DSM-IV]) personality disorders can be translated as maladaptively extreme variants of the five basic factors of personality / after describing each of the 11 DSM-III-R personality disorder categories, we then consider three new diagnostic categories under review: negativistic (NEG), self-defeating (SDF), and depressive (DPS) personality disorders / end the chapter with a discussion of the sadistic disorder, which is a personality disorder category that, like the passive-aggressive disorder (PAG), is likely to be dropped from the DSM-III-R's set of 11 in the DSM-IV (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Provides an introduction to personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. The chapter provides a background on the five-factor model, a description of factors, methods of assessment, and introduces the contents of this edition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5; A. R. Harkness & J. L. McNulty, 1994) is a dimensional descriptive system for personality and its disorders. Replicated rational selection was used to generate Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; J. N. Butcher et al, 1989)-based scales for the PSY-5. The scales are Aggressiveness, 18 items; Psychoticism, 25 items; Constraint, 29 items; Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism, 33 items; and Positive Emotionality/Extraversion, 34 items. In three clinical samples with
Ns of 328, 156, and 1,196; a college sample with an
N of 2,928; and MMPI-2 normative samples with an
N of 2,567, alphas ranged from .65 to .88. For 838 college students who had also completed A. Tellegen's (1982) Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), correlations between PSY-5 scales and corresponding MPQ superfactors were as follows: Constraint,
r = .57, p
The DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorder Work Group have proposed diagnosing personality disorder based in part on 25 pathological traits. Initial research suggests that five factors explain the covariance among these traits and that these factors reflect the domains of the well-validated Five-Factor Model (FFM) of normative personality. This finding is important because it signifies the potential to apply normative trait research to personality disorder classification in the DSM-5. In this study, trait scale scores on the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) and domain scores from the FFM Rating Form (FFMRF) were subjected to a conjoint exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to test the higher-order convergence of the DSM-5 pathological trait model and the FFM in a nonclinical sample (N = 808). Results indicate that the five higher-order factors of the conjoint EFA reflect the domains of the FFM. The authors briefly discuss implications of this correspondence between the normative FFM and the pathological PID-5.
Popular statistical software packages do not have the proper procedures for determining the number of components in factor
and principal components analyses. Parallel analysis and Velicer’s minimum average partial (MAP) test are validated procedures,
recommended widely by statisticians. However, many researchers continue to use alternative, simpler, but flawed procedures,
such as the eigenvaluesgreater-than-one rule. Use of the proper procedures might be increased if these procedures could be
conducted within familiar software environments. This paper describes brief and efficient programs for using SPSS and SAS
to conduct parallel analyses and the MAP test.
This study investigated the continuity, pathoplasty, and complication models as plausible explanations for personality-psychopathology relations in a combined sample of community (n = 571) and referred (n = 146) children and adolescents. Multivariate structural equation modeling was used to examine the structural relations between latent personality and psychopathology change across a 2-year period. Item response theory models were fitted as an additional test of the continuity hypothesis. Even after correcting for item overlap, the results provided strong support for the continuity model, demonstrating that personality and psychopathology displayed dynamic change patterns across time. Item response theory models further supported the continuity conceptualization for understanding the association between internalizing problems and emotional stability and extraversion as well as between externalizing problems and benevolence and conscientiousness. In addition to the continuity model, particular personality and psychopathology combinations provided evidence for the pathoplasty and complication models. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed, and suggestions for future research are provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
A multidimensional trait system has been proposed for representing personality disorder (PD) features in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) to address problematic classification issues such as comorbidity. In this model, which may also assist in providing scaffolding for the underlying structure of major forms of psychopathology more generally, 25 primary traits are organized by 5 higher order dimensions: Negative Affect, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism. We examined (a) the generalizability of the structure proposed for DSM-5 PD traits, and (b) the potential for an integrative hierarchy based upon DSM-5 PD traits to represent the dimensions scaffolding psychopathology more generally. A large sample of student participants (N = 2,461) completed the Personality Inventory for DSM-5, which operationalizes the DSM-5 traits. Exploratory factor analysis replicated the initially reported 5-factor structure, as indicated by high factor congruencies. The 2-, 3-, and 4-factor solutions estimated in the hierarchy of the DSM-5 traits bear close resemblance to existing models of common mental disorders, temperament, and personality pathology. Thus, beyond the description of individual differences in personality disorder, the trait dimensions might provide a framework for the metastructure of psychopathology in the DSM-5 and the integration of a number of ostensibly competing models of personality trait covariation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
Comments on the original article Personality traits and the classification of mental Disorders: Toward a more complete integration in DSM-5 and an empirical model of psychopathology by Robert F. Krueger and Nicholas R. Eaton (see record 2010-13810-003). Some researchers had hoped the forthcoming Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) would ask psychiatrists (and the clinical psychologists and researchers who are also tied to the DSM) to leap the gap and embrace a trait-based taxonomy of personality pathology (Widiger & Trull, 2007). Krueger and Eaton (pp. 97-118, this issue) take a more pragmatic stance: They hope to coax psychiatrists across by introducing personality dimensions as an adjunct to familiar PD types; they envision that DSM-5 might serve "as a bridge" (p. 110, this issue) to a fully dimensional Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Sixth Edition (DSM-6). We acknowledge the wisdom of this strategy and suggest ways to strengthen it.
Personality trait dimensions are related to a wide variety of important life outcomes, such as mortality, physical and mental health, and interpersonal relationships. Nevertheless, the diagnostic system with arguably the most influence in mental health settings (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. [DSM-IV]) formally includes personality primarily in the form of 10 putatively categorical personality disorders. We advocate a more complete and extensive integration of personality in future DSMs, via the explicit inclusion of an empirically based, dimensional personality trait model. To justify this position, we provide a broad review of the ways in which personality traits have proven useful in the description and conceptualization of personality disorders and other mental disorders, as well as in the prediction of key clinical phenomena. We also discuss the importance of constructing a comprehensive quantitative model of psychopathology based on data, an endeavor that is motivated and informed by the close conceptual and empirical parallels between personality and psychopathology.
Mounting evidence suggests that several inventories assessing both normal personality and personality disorders measure common dimensional personality traits (i.e., Antagonism, Constraint, Emotional Instability, Extraversion, and Unconventionality), albeit providing unique information along the underlying trait continuum. We used Widiger and Simonsen's (2005) pantheoretical integrative model of dimensional personality assessment as a guide to create item pools. We then used Item Response Theory (IRT) to compare the assessment of these five personality traits across three established dimensional measures of personality: the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R). We found that items from each inventory map onto these five common personality traits in predictable ways. The IRT analyses, however, documented considerable variability in the item and test information derived from each inventory. Our findings support the notion that the integration of multiple perspectives will provide greater information about personality while minimizing the weaknesses of any single instrument.
The Personality Psychopathology-Five (PSY-5; Harkness & McNulty, 1994) is a model of individual differences relevant to adaptive functioning in both clinical and non-clinical populations. In this article, we review the development of the PSY-5 model (Harkness, 1992; Harkness & McNulty, 1994) and discuss the ways in which the PSY-5 model is related to and distinct from other 5-factor models. Using different methods and measures, the dimensions of the PSY-5 model have been constructively replicated (Lykken, 1968) by Tackett, Silberschmidt, Krueger, and Sponheim (2008) and by Watson, Clark, and Chmielewski (2008), and dimensions congruent with the PSY-5 have even been suggested for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; Krueger et al., 2011). PSY-5 Scales can be scored from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher et al., 2001), the MMPI-Adolescent version (MMPI-A; Butcher et al., 1992), and the Restructured Form of the MMPI-2 (MMPI-2-RF; Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008). Because the largest body of research exists for the MMPI-2-based scales, we focus our review of the literature on the MMPI-2-based PSY-5 scales (Harkness, McNulty, & Ben-Porath, 1995), but we briefly cover the small, but growing, body of MMPI-A and MMPI-2-RF PSY-5 scales research. We show that the PSY-5 research literature includes a wide variety of psychometric methodologies as well as diverse samples and clinical problems. An integrative summary reprises the theory behind each PSY-5 construct and links it to the reviewed literature. Advantages and limitations of MMPI-2-based PSY-5 scales are discussed.
The current study provides convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity data for a new measure of schizotypy from the perspective of the five-factor model (FFM) of general personality structure. Nine schizotypy scales were constructed as maladaptive variants of respective facets of the FFM (e.g., Aberrant Ideas as a maladaptive variant of FFM Openness to Ideas). On the basis of data from 143 undergraduates, the convergent validity of these nine scales was tested with respect to seven established measures of schizotypy and the respective facets of the FFM. Discriminant validity was tested with respect to facets from other FFM domains and components of schizotypy. Incremental validity was tested with respect to the ability of the FFM schizotypy scales to account for variance in two established measures of schizotypy, after variance accounted for by respective FFM facets and other established measures of schizotypy were first removed. The findings support the validity of these new scales as measures of schizotypal traits and as maladaptive variants of the FFM.
Informant reports can provide important information regarding the presence of pathological personality traits, and they can serve as useful supplements to self-report instruments. Ratings from a spouse may be a particularly valuable source of personality assessment because spouses are very well acquainted with the target person, have typically known the person for a long time, and witness behaviors across a variety of situations. In the current study, self- and spouse report measures based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) personality disorder criteria were collected from a nonclinical sample of 82 couples (N = 164). Agreement between self- and spouse report for several pathological personality factors was significant and somewhat higher than has been found for self and peer agreement. Nevertheless, the magnitude of self-spouse agreement was still moderate in size (mean r = .36). Findings are discussed with regard to using spouse report in the assessment of personality pathology.
A new self-report assessment of the basic traits of psychopathy was developed with a general trait model of personality (five-factor model [FFM]) as a framework. Scales were written to assess maladaptive variants of the 18 FFM traits that are robustly related to psychopathy across a variety of perspectives including empirical correlations, expert ratings, and translations of extant assessments. Across 3 independent undergraduate samples (N = 210-354), the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment (EPA) scales proved to be internally consistent and unidimensional, and were strongly related to the original FFM scales from which they were derived (mean convergent r = .66). The EPA scales also demonstrated substantial incremental validity in the prediction of existing psychopathy measures over their FFM counterparts. When summed to form a psychopathy total score, the EPA was substantially correlated with 3 commonly used psychopathy measures (mean r = .81). Finally, in a small male forensic sample (N = 70), the EPA was significantly correlated with scores on a widely used self-report psychopathy measure, disciplinary infractions, alcohol use, and antisocial behavior. The EPA provides an opportunity to examine psychopathy and its nomological network through smaller, more basic units of personality rather than by scales or factors that blend these elements.
The bulk of personality research has been built from self-report measures of personality. However, collecting personality ratings from other-raters, such as family, friends, and even strangers, is a dramatically underutilized method that allows better explanation and prediction of personality's role in many domains of psychology. Drawing hypotheses from D. C. Funder's (1995) realistic accuracy model about trait and information moderators of accuracy, we offer 3 meta-analyses to help researchers and applied psychologists understand and interpret both consistencies and unique insights afforded by other-ratings of personality. These meta-analyses integrate findings based on 44,178 target individuals rated across 263 independent samples. Each meta-analysis assessed the accuracy of observer ratings, as indexed by interrater consensus/reliability (Study 1), self-other correlations (Study 2), and predictions of behavior (Study 3). The results show that although increased frequency of interacting with targets does improve accuracy in rating personality, informants' interpersonal intimacy with the target is necessary for substantial increases in other-rating accuracy. Interpersonal intimacy improved accuracy especially for traits low in visibility (e.g., Emotional Stability) but only minimally for traits high in evaluativeness (e.g., Agreeableness). In addition, observer ratings were strong predictors of behaviors. When the criterion was academic achievement or job performance, other-ratings yielded predictive validities substantially greater than and incremental to self-ratings. These findings indicate that extraordinary value can gained by using other-reports to measure personality, and these findings provide guidelines toward enriching personality theory. Various subfields of psychology in which personality variables are systematically assessed and utilized in research and practice can benefit tremendously from use of others' ratings to measure personality variables.
NEO instruments are widely used to assess Big Five personality factors, but confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) conducted at the item level do not support their a priori structure due, in part, to the overly restrictive CFA assumptions. We demonstrate that exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), an integration of CFA and exploratory factor analysis (EFA), overcomes these problems with responses (N = 3,390) to the 60-item NEO-Five-Factor Inventory: (a) ESEM fits the data better and results in substantially more differentiated (less correlated) factors than does CFA; (b) tests of gender invariance with the 13-model ESEM taxonomy of full measurement invariance of factor loadings, factor variances-covariances, item uniquenesses, correlated uniquenesses, item intercepts, differential item functioning, and latent means show that women score higher on all NEO Big Five factors; (c) longitudinal analyses support measurement invariance over time and the maturity principle (decreases in Neuroticism and increases in Agreeableness, Openness, and Conscientiousness). Using ESEM, we addressed substantively important questions with broad applicability to personality research that could not be appropriately addressed with the traditional approaches of either EFA or CFA.
We applied different diagnostic rules for diagnosing personality disorders to the NESARC epidemiological study of over 40,000 individuals. Specifically, unlike previous NESARC publications, we required that each personality disorder criterion be associated with significant distress or impairment in order to be counted toward a personality disorder (PD) diagnosis. Results demonstrated significant reductions in prevalence rates for PDs (9.1% versus 21.5% using original NESARC algorithms), and these revised prevalence rates were much more consistent with recent epidemiological studies in the U.S. and Great Britain. We also found gender differences in the prevalence rate for most PDs. Comorbidity analyses revealed strong associations between PDs and alcohol dependence, drug dependence, and tobacco dependence. PD diagnoses were also associated with scores on dysfunction and impairment, perceived stress and less social support, lifetime history of suicide attempts, interpersonal difficulties, and problems with legal authorities.
Two studies were conducted to demonstrate that maladaptive aspects of high and low Openness to Experience were related to characterological impairment and that this aspect of personality may define a new domain of personality dysfunction. The 55-item Experiential Permeability Inventory (EPI; containing 4 scales) was developed and demonstrated to have acceptable psychometric properties. Evidence of convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity was provided. These studies provide a methodological framework for identifying and developing aspects of personality dysfunction that can expand the comprehensiveness of the current set of Axis II disorders. Theoretical implications of the EPI are discussed.
A common problem for both principal component analysis and image component analysis is determining how many components to retain. A number of solutions have been proposed, none of which is totally satisfactory. An alternative solution which employs a matrix of partial correlations is considered. No components are extracted after the average squared partial correlation reaches a minimum. This approach gives an exact stopping point, has a direct operational interpretation, and can be applied to any type of component analysis. The method is most appropriate when component analysis is employed as an alternative to, or a first-stage solution for, factor analysis.
Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality disorder (PD) counts have demonstrated significant convergent and discriminant validity with DSM-IV PD symptoms. However, these FFM PD counts are of limited clinical use without normative data because it is difficult to determine what a specific score means with regard to the relative level of elevation. The current study presents data from three large normative samples that can be used as norms for the FFM PD counts in the respective countries: United States (N = 1,000), France (N = 801), and Belgium-Netherlands (N = 549). The present study also examines the performance, with regard to diagnostic efficiency, of statistically-defined cut-offs at 1.5 standard deviations above the mean (T > or = 65) versus previously identified cut-offs using receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) analyses. These cut-offs are tested in three clinical samples-one from each of the aforementioned countries. In general, the T > or = 65 cut-offs performed similarly to those identified using ROC analyses and manifested properties relevant to a screening instrument. These normative data allow FFM data to be used in a flexible and comprehensive manner, which may include scoring this type of personality data in order to screen for DSM-IV PD constructs.
Theory and research have suggested that the personality disorders contained within the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) can be understood as maladaptive variants of the personality traits included within the five-factor model (FFM). The current meta-analysis of FFM personality disorder research both replicated and extended the 2004 work of Saulsman and Page (The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1055-1085) through a facet level analysis that provides a more specific and nuanced description of each DSM-IV-TR personality disorder. The empirical FFM profiles generated for each personality disorder were generally congruent at the facet level with hypothesized FFM translations of the DSM-IV-TR personality disorders. However, notable exceptions to the hypotheses did occur and even some findings that were consistent with FFM theory could be said to be instrument specific.