![Differences of means (transmission of controls − transmission of hp) in % and 95% confidence intervals are shown. Previous and the present study are combined for CuSO4 and S8. The studies are weighed according to the number of measurement days, that is, 1 for [24], 6 for [23], and 5 for the present study.](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephan-Baumgartner-2/publication/235524502/figure/fig5/AS:1089000735555585@1636649416875/Differences-of-means-transmission-of-controls-transmission-of-hp-in-and-95_Q320.jpg)
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Research Article
Differences in Median Ultraviolet Light
Transmissions of Serial Homeopathic Dilutions of Copper
Sulfate, Hypericum perforatum, and Sulfur
Sabine D. Klein,
1
Annegret Sandig,
1
Stephan Baumgartner,
1, 2
and Ursula Wolf
1
1
Institute of Complementary Medicine (KIKOM), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
2
Society for Cancer Research, Hiscia Institute, 4144 Arlesheim, Switzerland
Hypericum
perforatum
1. Introduction
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2013, Article ID 370609, 11 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/370609
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials.
4
8
%
Ω
Ω
Ω
2.2. Sample Preparation.
4
8
4
8
2.3. Exposure to External Physical Factors.
∘
∘
2.4. UV Spectroscopy.
Ω
Ω
2.5. Data Analysis.
U
Time (days)
Preparation of samples
Measurement 1
Measurement 2
UV
EMF
Measurement 4
Measurement 3
Measurement 5
Measurement 5
0
1
28
35
36
42
43
49
105
161
204
Incubation
Autoclave
(CuSO
4
)
( , hypericum)S
8
∘
− %
%
4
8
3. Results
4
8
8
4
8
4
8
8
4
4
8
4
8
4
8
4
8
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
T 1: Comparison
a
between light transmissions of controls
b
and potencies (6c–30c)
c
of CuSO
4
, hypericum, and S
8
.
CuSO
4
Hypericum S
8
190 nm–340 nm 220 nm–340 nm 190 nm–340 nm 220 nm–340 nm 190 nm–340 nm 220 nm–340 nm
Measurement
1
Mean controls 0.999990 1.000002 0.999995 0.999999 0.999998 1.000001
SD controls 0.000573 0.000539 0.000279 0.000258 0.000260 0.000246
Mean hp 1.000037 1.000058 0.999826 0.999851 1.000093 1.000075
SD hp 0.000637 0.000601 0.000349 0.000331 0.000279 0.000266
0.910 0.955 0.160 0.171 0.299 0.363
−0.019 −0.010 −0.238 −0.232 −0.171 −0.149
Measurement
2
Mean controls 0.999996 0.999998 1.000004 1.000001 1.000010 1.000006
SD controls 0.000311 0.000311 0.000393 0.000371 0.000594 0.000578
Mean hp 1.000062 1.000058 1.000005 1.000053 1.000648 1.000583
SD hp 0.000500 0.000465 0.000460 0.000431 0.000676 0.000639
0.791 0.806 0.596 0.488 0.012 0.013
−0.045 −0.042 −0.090 −0.117 −0.411 −0.408
Measurement
3
Mean controls 0.999997 1.000007 1.000003 1.000020 1.000014 1.000010
SD controls 0.000383 0.000338 0.001094 0.000984 0.000493 0.000478
Mean hp 0.999810 0.999817 0.999663 0.999662 1.000684 1.000602
SD hp 0.000492 0.000422 0.000955 0.000893 0.000610 0.000576
0.449 0.241 0.454 0.476 0.004 0.005
−0.130 −0.201 −0.127 −0.120 −0.475 −0.464
Measurement
4
Mean controls 0.999992 1.000000 0.999999 0.999997 0.999997 0.999991
SD controls 0.001013 0.000905 0.000549 0.000484 0.000365 0.000366
Mean hp 0.999624 0.999670 0.999660 0.999721 1.000506 1.000478
SD hp 0.000896 0.000791 0.000780 0.000682 0.000844 0.000782
0.450 0.364 0.154 0.177 0.071 0.068
−0.130 −0.156 −0.241 −0.228 −0.297 −0.300
Measurement
5
Mean controls 1.000002 1.000009 1.000008 1.000008 0.999992 0.999994
SD controls 0.000860 0.000792 0.001375 0.001247 0.000712 0.000659
Mean hp 0.999926 0.999916 0.999673 0.999736 1.000170 1.000122
SD hp 0.000800 0.000718 0.001312 0.001205 0.000793 0.000735
0.985 0.821 0.701 0.688 0.973 0.864
−0.003 −0.039 −0.065 −0.068 −0.006 −0.028
Autoclave
Mean controls 0.999994 0.999997 0.999993 0.999997 1.000002 1.000002
SD controls 0.000629 0.000536 0.000557 0.000465 0.000519 0.000470
Mean hp 0.999915 0.999943 0.999801 0.999802 1.000557 1.000497
SD hp 0.000567 0.000517 0.000673 0.000587 0.000563 0.000520
0.610 0.664 0.391 0.298 0.011 0.014
−0.087 −0.075 −0.145 −0.176 −0.416 −0.403
EMF
Mean controls 1.000001 0.999998 1.000002 0.999996 1.000008 1.000002
SD controls 0.000409 0.000376 0.000333 0.000302 0.000567 0.000527
Mean hp 0.999765 0.999779 0.999845 0.999866 1.000661 1.000594
SD hp 0.000475 0.000423 0.000588 0.000519 0.000715 0.000677
0.198 0.219 0.913 0.942 0.013 0.013
−0.221 −0.211 −0.019 −0.012 −0.408 −0.408
Incubation
Mean controls 0.999998 1.000003 1.000009 0.999997 0.999986 0.999997
SD controls 0.000406 0.000371 0.000677 0.000632 0.001174 0.001122
Mean hp 0.999629 0.999649 0.999999 1.000009 1.000649 1.000571
SD hp 0.000431 0.000409 0.000383 0.000334 0.000623 0.000587
0.020 0.026 0.289 0.298 0.041 0.115
−0.399 −0.382 −0.179 −0.176 −0.336 −0.259
0.015 0.024 0.002 0.002
0.006 0.005
0.001 0.001 0.029 0.033
U
3.6. Comparison of Previous Works.
4. Discussion
4.1. Development of Light Spectroscopy Studies.
Control 3
Control 4
Control 5
Control 6
Control 7
Control 8
Control 9
Control 10
Control 2
Control 1
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
8
7
6
1.003
1.002
1.001
1
0.999
0.998
0.997
Normalised transmission
Potency (c)
(median 190 nm–340 nm)
Control 3
Control 4
Control 5
Control 6
Control 7
Control 8
Control 9
Control 10
Control 2
Control 1
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
8
9
7
6
Potency (c)
1.003
1.002
1.001
1
0.999
0.998
0.997
Normalised transmission
(median 190 nm–340 nm)
Control 3
Control 4
Control 5
Control 6
Control 7
Control 8
Control 9
Control 10
Control 11
Control 12
Control 2
Control 1
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
8
9
7
6
Potency (c)
1.003
1.002
1.001
1
0.999
0.998
0.997
Normalised transmission
(median 190 nm–340 nm)
∗∗
U
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
T 3: Comparison of publications investigating homeopathic preparations with UV, visible and/or near infrared light spectroscopy.
Publication Substances tested and controls Methods Findings
Ludwig, 1991 [18] Belladonna (30x, 200x), 43%ethanol
Absorbance 190–220 nm
comparison of spectra (no statistical
analysis)
Belladonna 30x and 200x showed different UV spectra with a
broader peak for 200x.
Zacharias, 1995
[21]
2 sets of samples of Lycopodium
clavatum (6c, 12c, 100c), 40%water
and ethanol mixture (unsuccussed, 3c,
6c)
Absorbance 220–800 nm (near zero
beyond 400 nm)
comparison of average spectra (5 spectra
for each sample; no statistical analysis)
e spectra for each set of Lycopodium and succussed solvent were
similar and differed from that of the inert solvent. e 2 sets of
succussed Lycopodium samples showed signi�cant differences.
e possible introduction of contaminants during the
dynamisation process was suggested.
Zacharias, 1995
[22]
3 sets of potentised hydroalcoholic
solutions, 2 prepared in pharmacies
(3c, 6c), one prepared under rigorous
conditions of cleanness (3c, 6c, 9c, 12c)
Absorbance 220–800 nm (near zero
beyond 400 nm)
comparison of average spectra (5 spectra
for each sample; no statistical analysis)
e dynamisation process caused changes in the UV absorption
spectra of hydroalcoholic solutions prepared in homeopathic
pharmacies, but not between unsuccussed and potentised
solutions prepared under more rigorous conditions.
It was concluded that the changes were caused by the introduction
of contaminants during preparation of the samples.
Sukul et al., 2001
[20]
Nux vomica 30c (succussed and
unsuccussed), 90%ethanol
Absorbance 190–500 nm
comparison of spectra (no statistical
analysis)
Unsuccussed Nux vomica 30 had its peak at 240 nm with an
absorbance of 3.67, succussed Nux vomica 30 had one at 242 nm
with an absorbance of 3.66. 90%ethanol had its peak at 206nm
with an absorbance of 2.23.
Korenbaum et al.,
2006 [17]
7 homoeopathic nosodes (DNA-tox,
bacteria, manus, fungus, toxic metal,
virus, vanilmandelic acid) and a blank
placebo were “imprinted” onto
ampoules with saline.
Absorbance 600–800 nm
centering of spectra, comparison of
electronic-homeopathic copies (EHC) to
every of the 3 placebo groups, registration
of all wavelengths between 700–800 nm
with signi�cant differences,
Mann-Whitney-test
e spectra of each placebo group did not essentially differ from
those of the other placebo groups.
e spectrum of EHC manus differed signi�cantly from all three
placebo groups. e spectra of EHCs DNA-tox and toxic metal
differed signi�cantly from two placebo groups. e spectra of
EHCs bacteria and vanilmandelic acid differed signi�cantly from
only one of the placebo groups. e spectra of EHCs fungus and
virus did not differ from any of the placebo groups.
Rao et al., 2007
[19]
Nux vomica, Natrum muriaticum (6c,
12c, 30c in 95%ethanol), unsuccussed
and succussed ethanol
Absorbance 200–500 nm
comparison of spectra (no statistical
analysis)
Natrum muriaticum and Nux vomica had different UV-spectra.
e spectrum of unsuccussed ethanol was signi�cantly different
from that of succussed ethanol and the succussed homeopathic
remedies, Natrum muriaticum and Nux vomica.
Wolf et al., 2011
[24]
SiO
2
(10c–30c), S
8
(11x–30x), CuSO
4
(11c–30c), water succussed but not
potentised
Transmission 190–290 nm, 215–290 nm
mean transmission, correction for daily
variations, -test, ANOVA
UV transmission of CuSO
4
hp (homeopathic preparations) was
signi�cantly lower than of controls. e transmission was also
lower for both SiO
2
and S
8
, but not signi�cantly. e presence of
contaminations was ruled out by inductively coupled plasma mass
spectroscopy.
An increase in the solvent’s molecular dynamics for homeopathic
preparations was suggested.
Marschollek et al.,
2010 [23]
S
8
(10x–30x), CuSO
4
(6c–30c), water
succussed but not potentised
Samples were additionally exposed to
UV light for 12 h, 37
∘
C for 24 h or 90
∘
C
for 15 min.
Transmission 190–340 nm, 220–340 nm
median transmission, correction for daily
variations, -test, Levene test
For CuSO
4
(butnotS
8
) lower UV transmission and higher variance
was found for aged (26–110 days) hp compared to controls.
Incubation of CuSO
4
(butnotS
8
)hpat37
∘
C resulted in
signi�cantly lower transmission compared to controls. For each
type of exposure, transmission of CuSO
4
hp was signi�cantly
reduced compared to unexposed hp. For S
8
, a signi�cant reduction
in transmission was observed aer incubation at 37
∘
C.
∘
∘
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Difference of means (%)
4
CuSO , 0.1 day [24]
CuSO
4
, 61 day [24]
CuSO
4
, 20 day [24]
SiO
2
, 7.5 days [24]
S
8
, 6 days [24]
CuSO
4
[23]
S
8
[23]
CuSO
4
(present study)
Hypericum (present study)
S
8
(present study)
CuSO
4
(all studies)
S
8
(all studies)
−0.1
−0.2
− % %
4
8
4.2. Reproducibility of Our Experiments.
4
4
8
8
8
4
∘
4
∘
8
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
4
4
8
4
4.3. Possibility of Contaminations in hp.
4.4. Models Assume Changes in Water Structure.
4
8
4.5. Limitations of is Work.
<%
4
4
∘
4
8
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