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Antimicrobial activities of sterols from Pycnarrhena manillensis
Abstract
The dichloromethane extract of the air-dried leaves of Pycnarrhena manillensis afforded stigmast-4-en-3,6-dione (1) and stigmast-4-en-3-one (2) by silica gel chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. 1 and 2 exhibited moderate antifungal activity against C. albicans and low antibacterial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. 2 was slightly active against S. aureus, while 1 was inactive against this bacterium. Both compounds were inactive against B. subtilis, T. mentagrophytes and A. niger.
... Rubberwood Benzaldehyde 9 ± 0.9 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural 1 ± 0.2 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde 1 ± 0.2 Pentadecane 2 ± 0.1 Heptadecane 1 ± 0.2 Octadecane 1 ± 0.2 Nonadecane 1 ± 0.2 n-Hexadecanoic acid 26 ± 3.9 Oleic acid 6 ± 0.7 6-Octadecenoic acid 32 ± 2.3 Octadecanoic acid 4 ± 1.2 1-Octadecene 29 ± 0.2 Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester 1 ± 0.3 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl elaidate 2 ± 0.2 γ-Sitosterol 9 ± 1.0 fungal properties (Ragasa et al., 2009;Cheng et al., 2012;Xu et al., 2015). α-Cedrene (4%), β-cedrene (2%), α-cadinol (2%), and γ-sitosterol (6%) were also responsible for the durability of WPC. ...
... It also showed strong anti-microbial activities against some bacteria and fungi (Zhang et al., 2011). In addition, stigmast-4-en-3-one (11%) and cedrol (2%) also provided significant resistance to mold growth due to their strong anti-fungal properties (Ragasa et al., 2009;Cheng et al., 2012). Hence, the ultimate resistance of red gum filled composites to molds is the comprehensive effect of these three compounds. ...
... Penelitian Ragasa et al., (2009) ...
Fungi malassezia furfur merupakan fungi yang menyebabkan penyakit tinea versicolor yang menyerang stratum coeneum pada epidermis kulit. Salah satu tanaman yang memiliki potensi sebagai antifungi adalah tanaman sengkubak (P. cauliflora). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi ekstrak metanol daun sengkubak (P. cauliflora) yang efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan fungi M. furfur. Penelitian ini menggunkan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri atas 7 perlakuan yaitu kontrol positif (ketokonazol), kontrol negatif (DMSO 10%) dan konsentrasi ekstrak daun sengkubak 0,50; 1; 1,5; 2 dan 2,5 g/mL. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ekstrak metanol daun sengkubak (P. cauliflora) dapat menghambat fungi M. furfur yang ditandai dengan adanya zona hambat yang dihasilkan. Konsentrasi ekstrak metanol daun sengkubak (P. cauliflora) yang efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan fungi M. furfur yaitu konsentrasi 1,5 g/mL dengan zona hambat sebesar 13,21 mm yang bersifat fungistatik.
... Stigmasterol, a phytosterol which was present in X. spekei, G. tembensis stem bark, and leaf extracts, has been previously shown to have antibacterial activities [46]. Stigmast-4-en-3-one, also a phytosterol, present in both X. spekei and G. tembensis stem bark extracts, has been shown to have antibacterial effects [47]. ...
Conventional antibiotics are associated with various side-effects. Therefore, there is need of using plant-derived antibiotics with fewer side-effects. Grewia tembensis and Xerophyta spekei, which have been extensively utilized in the Mbeere community, were studied to support their folkloric use and demonstrate their antibacterial capabilities. Salmonella Typhi ATCC 1408, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were all used in this study. As a standard reference, Ciprofloxacin (100 μg/ml) was employed, and 5% DMSO was used as a negative reference. Tests for antibacterial activities included disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentrations, and bactericidal concentrations. G. tembensis exhibited effects on S. aureus only with Mean Zone Inhibition (MZI) of 07.07 ± 0.07 to 12.33 ± 0.33 mm and 08.33 ± 0.33 to 11.67 ± 0.33 mm for stem bark and leaf extracts respectively. While X. spekei extract had effects on S. aureus with MZI of 07.67 ± 0.33 to 14.67 ± 0.33 mm and B. subtilis with MZI of 09.67 ± 0.33 to 14.33 ± 0.33 mm. Ciprofloxacin demonstrated significantly higher activities as compared to the plant extracts in all the concentrations (p
... The phytochemical screening result showed there is no sterol in the methanolic extract which is one of the possible reasons for its loss of activity. Sterols are an important terpene subclass that is responsible for multiple pharmacological activities [49][50][51]. ...
Background
Though there are reports about V. auriculifera antimicrobial activity, there is not enough information about its activity on some bacterial and fungal species. Besides, there was no quantitative evaluation done for phytochemicals previously. Therefore, the main purpose of this research work is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and quantitative evaluation of the phenol and flavonoid contents of V. auriculifera.
Objectives
The objective of this study was to conduct the antimicrobial and quantitative evaluation of a sequentially extracted leaf of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern.
Methods
The leaves of the plant were cleaned with tap water and air-dried. The grounded leaf product was subsequently extracted by hexane, chloroform, and methanol in maceration flasks. Then the total phenol and total flavonoid content in each extract were determined. Standard strains of bacterial and fungal species were used to assess the antibacterial, and antifungal susceptibility test and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of crude extract.
Result
Extraction yield for hexane, chloroform, and methanol was 0.6 ± 0.05%, 1.7 ± 0.02%, and 3.3 ± 0.01% respectively. The total phenolic content of methanol extract was 72.998 ± 0.002 mg GAE /g. The total flavonoid content of hexane and chloroform extracts were 2.59 ± 0.004 mg QE/g and 9.6 ± 0.02 mg QE/g respectively. The antimicrobial activity test showed the chloroform extract was the most active against all test microorganisms.
Conclusion
This study has shown the activity of V. auriculifera against selected microorganisms of study. The chloroform extract was the most active as compared to the hexane and methanol extracts.
... which is maybe one of the possible reasons for its loss of activity. Sterols are an important terpene subclass that is responsible for multiple pharmacological activities (38)(39)(40). ...
Background: Though there are reports about V. auriculifera antimicrobial activity, there is not enough information about its activity on some of the bacterial and fungal species. Besides, there was no quantitative evaluation done for phytochemicals previously. Therefore, the main purpose of this research work is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and quantitative evaluation of the phenol and flavonoid contents of V. auriculifera.
Objectives: The objective of this study was to conduct the antimicrobial and quantitative evaluation of a sequentially extracted leaf of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern.
Methods: The leaves of the plant were cleaned with tap water and air-dried. The grounded leaf product was subsequently extracted by hexane, chloroform, and methanol in maceration flasks. Then the total phenol and total flavonoid content in each extract were determined. Standard strains of bacterial and fungal species were used to assess the antibacterial, antifungal susceptibility test and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of crude extract.
Result: Extraction yield for hexane, chloroform, and methanol was 0.6±0.05%, 1.7±0.02%, and 3.3±0.01% respectively. The total phenolic content of methanol extract was 72.998 ± 0.002 mg GAE /g. The total flavonoid content of hexane and chloroform extracts were 2.59 ± 0.004 mg QE/g and 9.6 ± 0.02 mg QE/g respectively. The antimicrobial activity test showed the chloroform extract was the most active against all test microorganisms.
Conclusion: This study has shown the activity of V. auriculifera against selected microorganisms of study. The chloroform extract was the most active as compared to the hexane and methanol extracts.
... which is maybe one of the possible reasons for its loss of activity. Sterols are an important terpene subclass that is responsible for multiple pharmacological activities (38)(39)(40). ...
Background: Though there are reports about V. auriculifera antimicrobial activity, there is not enough information about its activity on some of the bacterial and fungal species. Besides, there was no quantitative evaluation done for phytochemicals previously. Therefore, the main purpose of this research work is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and quantitative evaluation of the phenol and flavonoid contents V. auriculifera. Objectives: The objective of this study was to conduct the antimicrobial and quantitative evaluation of a sequentially extracted leaf of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern.
Methods: The leave samples of Vernonia auriculifera were collected from Hawassa Zuria woreda, Sidama region of Ethiopia. The collected leaves of the plant were cleaned with tap water and air-dried. Then, it was coarsely powdered by mortar and pestle. The extractive value of the leaf part of the plant was determined in different solvents. The grounded leaf product was subsequently extracted by hexane, chloroform, and methanol in maceration conical flasks. The phytochemical screening was done for each extract. Then the total phenol and total flavonoid content in each extract were determined. Standard strains of bacterial and fungal species were used to assess the antibacterial, antifungal susceptibility test and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of crude extract.
Result: Extraction yield for hexane, chloroform, and methanol was 0.6±0.05%, 1.7±0.02%, and 3.3±0.01% respectively. Phytochemical screening has shown the presence of multiple constituents. The TLC analysis depicted the presence of a different number of constituents in three extracts. The total phenolic content of methanol extract was 72.998 ± 0.002 mg GAE /g. The total flavonoid content of hexane and chloroform extracts were 2.59 ± 0.004 mg QE/g and 9.6 ± 0.02 mg QE/g respectively. The antimicrobial activity test showed the chloroform extract was the most active against all test microorganisms.
Conclusion: This study has shown the activity of V. auriculifera against selected microorganisms of study. This plant could be used as a crude drug to treat infection caused by these pathogenic microorganisms. It had enough phenol and flavonoid amount that made V. auriculifera exhibit its biological activity.
... Pycnarrhena manillensis included Philippine endemic medicinal plant, it leaves contained alkaloids and steroids (Ragasa, Tepora, & Rideout, 2009). Another genus from West Kalimantan, Indonesia known locally as sengkubak root (Pycnarrhena cauliflora) has been determined for its alkaloid content which is identified as an anticancer compound (Masriani et al., 2014). ...
The "tasty" cuisine tends to use chemical flavour agent containing monosodium glutamate (M.S.G.). M.S.G. utilizations, in long-term, may cause health problems, especially triggering cancer cells. Therefore necessary to introducing and increasing a natural flavouring agent to eliminate those health problem, such as bekai leaf. Bekai (Pycnarrhena tumefacta Miers) is familiar as a natural flavour agent (bio-vetsin) in cuisine for forest communities in Nyapa Indah Village, Berau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. However, until now there has been no proper analysis support for widespread utilization of bekai leaf. This paper studies the presence of phytochemicals, antioxidant and GC MS analysis from bekai leaf extracts, as well as five hedonic classifications of organoleptic test, to reinforce the need for a better understanding of consumers reaction in terms of possible acceptance of additional bekai leaves applied in soup as bio-vetsin. Present study showed that the qualitative screening of phytochemical compounds in bekai leaves ethanolic extracts revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and steroids. Antioxidants of bekai leaves using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) method showed that concentrated extract has 80.1%, which predicted can improve immune for inhibitory action of cancer cells. GC MS analysis suspected that bekai leaf extract contained 5 (five) major compounds, i.e. oxirane dodecyl, gamma sitosterol, vitamin E (α tokoferol), 9.12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (natural linoleic acid), and 3-Tetradecanynoic acid (myristic acid). These chemical compound in related with their phytochemical were predicted to contained strong antioxidant activities and some of them commonly used as flavour agent in cuisine for some food industries. Meanwhile, results of organoleptic tests presence in three soup variant have been provided that soup with additional Bekai leaves has best acceptance in the children's perception due to it has an unique smell, tasty and no colour changing compared with M.S.G. added and control. Thus bekai leaf can be used as an innovation for healthy food and new market opportunities for M.S.G. substitutes.
... Previous study of other Pycnarrhena genus stated that Pycnarrhena longifolia leaves contained alkaloid (Masriani et al., 2013) and flavonoids (Mohammed et al, 2020). Meanwhile, others Pycnarrhena manillensis included Philippine endemic medicinal plant, it leaves contained alkaloids and steroids (Ragasa et al., 2009). Another genus from West Kalimantan, Indonesia known locally as Sengkubak root (Pycnarrhena cauliflora) has been determined for its alkaloid content which is identified as an anticancer compound (Masriani et al., 2014. ...
Abstract
The "tasty" cuisine tends to use chemical flavour agent containing monosodium glutamate (M.S.G.). M.S.G. utilizations, in long-term, may cause health problems, especially triggering cancer cells. Therefore necessary to introducing and increasing a natural flavouring agent to eliminate those health problem, such as bekai leaf. Bekai (Pycnarrhena tumefacta Miers) is familiar as a natural flavour agent (bio-vetsin) in cuisine for forest communities in Nyapa Indah Village, Berau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. However, until now there has been no proper analysis support for widespread utilization of bekai leaf. This paper studies the presence of phytochemicals, antioxidant and GC MS analysis from bekai leaf extracts, as well as five hedonic classifications of organoleptic test, to reinforce the need for a better understanding of consumers reaction in terms of possible acceptance of additional bekai leaves applied in soup as bio-vetsin. Present study showed that the qualitative screening of phytochemical compounds in bekai leaves ethanolic extracts revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and steroids. Antioxidants of bekai leaves using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) method showed that concentrated extract has 80.1%, which predicted can improve immune for inhibitory action of cancer cells. GC MS analysis suspected that bekai leaf extract contained 5 (five) major compounds, i.e. oxirane dodecyl, gamma sitosterol, vitamin E (α tokoferol), 9.12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (natural linoleic acid), and 3-Tetradecanynoic acid (myristic acid). These chemical compound in related with their phytochemical were predicted to contained strong antioxidant activities and some of them commonly used as flavour agent in cuisine for some food industries. Meanwhile, results of organoleptic tests presence in three soup variant have been provided that soup with additional Bekai leaves has best acceptance in the children's perception due to it has an unique smell, tasty and no colour changing compared with M.S.G. added and control. Thus bekai leaf can be used as an innovation for healthy food and new market opportunities for M.S.G. substitutes.
Keywords
Bekai (Pycnarrhena tumefacta Miers) leaf; phytochemicals; antioxidants; GC-MS, flavouring agent; organoleptic
Objectives:
Coronaviruses (CoVs) cause infections that affect the respiratory tract, liver, central nervous, and the digestive systems in humans and animals. This study focused on the main protease (Mpro) in CoVs (PDB ID: 6LU7) that is used as a potential drug target to combat 2019-CoV. In this study, a total of 35 secondary metabolites from medical plants was selected and docked into the active site of 6LU7 by molecular docking studies to find a potential inhibitory compound that may be used to inhibit Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection pathway.
Materials and methods:
The chemical structures of the ligands were obtained from the Drug Bank (https://www.drugbank.ca/). AutoDockTools (ADT ver. 1.5.6) was used for molecular docking studies. The docking results were evaluated using BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer and PyMOL (ver. 2.3.3, Schrodinger, LLC).
Results:
Pycnamine, tetrahydrocannabinol, oleuropein, quercetin, primulic acid, kaempferol, dicannabidiol, lobelin, colchicine, piperidine, medicagenic acid, and narcotine is found to be potential inhibitors of the COVID-19 Mpro. Among these compounds, pycnamine, which was evaluated against COVID-19 for the first time, showed a high affinity to the COVID-19 Mpro compared with other seconder metabolites and reference drugs.
Conclusion:
Our results obtained from docking studies suggest that pycnamine should be examined in vitro to combat 2019-CoV. Moreover, pycnamine might be a promising lead compound for anti-CoV drugs.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.