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A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology
Abstract
Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil, steam-distilled from the Australian native plant, Melaleuca alternifolia. It has a minimum content of terpinen-4-ol and a maximum content of 1, 8-cineole. Terpinen-4-ol is a major TTO component which exhibits strong antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Tea tree oil exerts antioxidant activity and has been reported to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections affecting skin and mucosa. Several studies have suggested the uses of TTO for the treatment of acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and chronic gingivitis. It also accelerates the wound healing process and exhibits anti-skin cancer activity. This review opens up new horizons for dermatologists in the use of this herbal agent.
... 6 Available treatment options like topical treatments (commonly salicylic acid), cryotherapy, LASER therapy, photodynamic therapy, surgical excision, immunotherapies and home remedies are used. [6][7][8] Many of these options disfigure the skin due to their destructive nature and some may be painful causing discomfort to the patient or even impairment of the epidermis. 6 Other less invasive options may result in a lack of complete response or an increased chance of recurrence. 4 Invasive procedures, side effects and costs can be influential factors 9 for the patient while choosing any treatment. ...
... Objective evidence: The signs of improvement were recorded by taking photographs (►Figs. 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) at every visit as proof of evidence. ...
... Photographs are presented as an objective piece of evidence (►Figs. 1, [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. It may be considered that the spontaneous improvement in verruca vulgaris might occur due to 'regression to the mean' 28 or any other factors which influenced the improvement in the skin lesions as well as the other associated complaint. ...
Background Verruca vulgaris commonly known as warts are characterised by common, benign, localised epidermal lesions caused by human papilloma viruses. Various treatment options are available but many of them are invasive and destructive, which may cause damage to the epidermis or discomfort to the patient.
Objective The main objective of this case report is to produce pieces of evidence systematically, favouring homoeopathy.
Method This is a reported case of verruca vulgaris, presented with multiple rough, itchy, cauliflowers like warty growth on the dorsal aspect of both the feet. Outcome Related to Impact on Daily Living (ORIDL) scale was used as a patient-reported outcome measure for subjective assessment. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire was used to assess the improvement in the quality of life. Photographs were taken as objective evidence. Lastly, possible causal attributions were evaluated by using Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy (MONARCH).
Result The case was improved on the ORIDL scale (score +4). Quality of life was improved (score 10 to 0) and documented through the DLQI questionnaire. Photographs were presented as objective evidence. The high total score (+9) of MONARCH established the possible causal attributions between the homoeopathic intervention and clinical improvement in the patient.
Conclusion In this case, individualised homoeopathic medicine, Thuja occidentalis, is proved to be effective in the resolution of all warts within a plausible time frame of medicine intake. Further documentation and studies are warranted in the future.
... The greatest concern and questioning of patients is the unpleasant aesthetic appearance of the skin, directly impacting their quality of life, both for their physical and mental health . Foley, 2015;Renati;Cukras;Bigby, 2015;Wang et al., 2020). Response to treatment is variable. ...
... The greatest concern and questioning of patients is the unpleasant aesthetic appearance of the skin, directly impacting their quality of life, both for their physical and mental health . Foley, 2015;Renati;Cukras;Bigby, 2015;Wang et al., 2020). Response to treatment is variable. ...
... The greatest concern and questioning of patients is the unpleasant aesthetic appearance of the skin, directly impacting their quality of life, both for their physical and mental health . Foley, 2015;Renati;Cukras;Bigby, 2015;Wang et al., 2020). Response to treatment is variable. ...
Pityriasis versicolor is caused by Malassezia spp. It's characterized by a superficial fungal infection that affects both sexes, mostly tennagers and young adults, accounting for 40% of the population in tropical regions. Malassezia proliferates in organisms with intense sweating with the use of oily and occlusive cosmetics, or with occlusive clothing, triggering an imbalance in the skin microbiota system. The clinical manifestations are discrete oval or confluent, scaly, dark or depigmented macules on seborrheic regions of the body. Essential oils (EOs), including Oregano (Origanum vulgare) and Melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia) contain compounds, such as carvacrol, thymol and terpenes, which demonstrate antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have an inhibitory and fungicidal effect, which can combat resistance biofilm forming species, such as Candida spp, Malassezia spp. Therefore, the association between EOs and AgNPs suggests great potential in the treatment of Pityriasis versicolor.
... It was originally exploited by aboriginal peoples of the Australian mainland as an antiseptic and herbal medicine to treat cough, cold or skin disease, and its medicinal properties were first reported in 1923 [2]. Several papers described its broadspectrum antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and antiviral activities, and nowadays TTO is incorporated in different dermatological and oral hygiene products [1,4]. Clinical studies demonstrated its efficacy in the decolonization of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and in treating skin and mucosal infections, including acne, seborrheic dermatitis, cold sores, oral candidiasis and chronic gingivitis, representing an effective natural approach for the treatment of infectious diseases [2,[4][5][6]. ...
... Several papers described its broadspectrum antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and antiviral activities, and nowadays TTO is incorporated in different dermatological and oral hygiene products [1,4]. Clinical studies demonstrated its efficacy in the decolonization of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and in treating skin and mucosal infections, including acne, seborrheic dermatitis, cold sores, oral candidiasis and chronic gingivitis, representing an effective natural approach for the treatment of infectious diseases [2,[4][5][6]. The possible use of TTO in handwash formulations for healthcare settings has also been suggested [7]. ...
... The possible use of TTO in handwash formulations for healthcare settings has also been suggested [7]. In addition to its antimicrobial properties, TTO can also accelerate the wound healing process and exhibits anti-inflammatory and antitumoral activities [4,8,9]. TTO contains about 100 different components, including aromatic terpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes and their associated alcohols [10]. ...
Tea Tree Oil (TTO) is an essential oil obtained from the distillation of Melaleuca alternifolia leaves and branches. Due to its beneficial properties, TTO is widely used as an active ingredient in antimicrobial preparations for topical use or in cosmetic products and contains about 100 different compounds, with terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene and 1,8-cineole (or eucalyptol) being the molecules most responsible for its biological activities. In this work, the antimicrobial activity of whole TTO and these three major components was evaluated in vitro against fungi, bacteria and viruses. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out on a bacterial membrane model and a Coxsackievirus B4 viral capsid, to propose an atomistic explanation of their mechanism of action. The obtained results indicate that the strong antimicrobial activity of TTO is attributable to the induction of an altered membrane functionality, mediated by the incorporation of its components within the lipid bilayer, and to a possible ability of the compounds to bind and alter the structural properties of the viral capsid.
... Topical use of TTO is generally associated with a low incidence of side effects, most of which are limited to irritating or allergic reactions to some of its chemical compounds. However, factors such as light, heat, exposure to air, moisture, and long-term storage may affect the stability of TTO, potentially increasing the content of active ingredients such as p-cymene [76,77]. The T4O component has been found to inhibit the production of several inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-1, interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and prostaglandin E2, highlighting its potential anti-inflammatory effects [77]. ...
... However, factors such as light, heat, exposure to air, moisture, and long-term storage may affect the stability of TTO, potentially increasing the content of active ingredients such as p-cymene [76,77]. The T4O component has been found to inhibit the production of several inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-1, interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and prostaglandin E2, highlighting its potential anti-inflammatory effects [77]. Although there is relatively little research on the use of TTO specifically for the treatment of scabies in humans, research by Walton et al. [78] has shown that a 5% solution of TTO and its active ingredient T4O are effective in reducing the survival time of mites. ...
Oxidative stress, characterized by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species that overwhelm the body's physiological defense mechanisms, is a key factor in the progression of parasitic diseases in both humans and animals. Scabies, a highly contagious dermatological condition caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, affects millions globally, particularly in developing regions. The infestation leads to severe itching and skin rashes, triggered by allergic reactions to the mites, their eggs, and feces. Conventional scabies treatments typically involve the use of scabicidal agents, which, although effective, are often associated with adverse side effects and the increasing threat of resistance. In light of these limitations, there is growing interest in the use of medicinal plants as alternative therapeutic options. Medicinal plants, rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties, offer a promising, safer, and potentially more effective approach to treatment. This review explores the role of oxidative stress in scabies pathogenesis and highlights how medicinal plants can mitigate this by reducing inflammation and oxidative damage, thereby alleviating symptoms and improving patient outcomes. Through their natural antioxidant potential, these plants may serve as viable alternatives or complementary therapies in the management of scabies, especially in cases where resistance to conventional treatments is emerging.
... However, the direct topical use of TTE has some disadvantages. When applied to the skin, it can cause contact dermatitis (an allergic skin rash), erythema, erythema multiforme-like eruption, linear IgA bullous disease, systemic hypersensitivity reactions, and anaphylaxis [17][18][19]. Additionally, its high commercial value poses a challenge, as approximately 300 kg of plant leaves are required to produce just 1 L of the oil. ...
... (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 2 July 2024 doi:10.20944/preprints202407.0242.v118 ...
This study presents, for the first time, the development of fibers with favorable properties for biodegradable wound dressings made from the Ecovio® (EC) polymer blend, composed of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), incorporated with tea tree essential oil (TTE). TTE presented antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, achieving minimal inhibitory concentrations of 15 and 7.5 mg/mL, respectively. The TTE was mixed with EC in a binary chloroform and formic acid (85/15 v/v) mixture, leading to homogeneous and wettable fibers by electrospinning. The EC/TTE fibers were characterized confirming the TTE in the fibers. The tests showed that TTE (0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mL) improved the polymer blend electrospinnability. TTE (1.5 mL or 75 w% concerning the EC) lead to homogeneous fibers with an average diameter of 278 nm. TTE (75 w%) increased the wettability of the EC fibers from 120±2° to 69±1°. Preliminary bacterial adhesion and proliferation assays demonstrated that the EC/TTE fibers have anti-adhesive activity e seems to be more toxic against P. aeruginosa compared to S. aureus after 24 hours of incubation. Compatibility tests with human blood indicated that the EC/TTE fibers accelerate blood coagulation. The EC/TTE fibers exhibit promising chemical and biological properties (in vitro) for the development of wound dressings.
... [42] Green tea extract Has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, helps protect against UV damage, and promotes healthy skin ageing [43] Retinoids Helps stimulate collagen production, improves skin texture and tone, and reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles [44] Oily skin Salicylic acid Helps unclog pores, reduces oiliness, and prevents breakouts [45] Tea tree oil Has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, helps reduce acne and oiliness [46] Zinc Helps regulate sebum production, has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, and promotes wound healing. ...
... The nanoparticle matrixʹs water-repellent properties can hinder the absorption of water-soluble drugs in the nanoprecipitation technique [100]. Nevertheless, several strategies have been proposed to enhance the incorporation of these substances [46]. ...
This article presents a comprehensive overview of the utilisation of nanotechnology in the cosmetics industry, with a specific focus on developing nanoparticles for the efficient delivery of active ingredients through skin penetration. The review delves into incorporating natural ingredients in cosmetics, exploring their therapeutic properties and the advantages and limitations associated with their use. Furthermore, the article examines the benefits of integrating natural ingredients into skincare products to enhance skin conditions, highlighting the application of nonfibrous technology in areas such as UV protection, anti-ageing effects, moisturisation improvement, and wound healing. Ultimately, the article emphasises the immense potential of nanotechnology to create innovative opportunities and positive societal impacts across various industries.
... therapeutic treatments of wounds and insect bites [1,2]. Tea tree oil is also known to consist of more than 100 components, mainly monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and their alcohol derivatives, giving TTO superior properties in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Consequently, TTO has been increasingly present and applied in a variety of products, for instance, in pharmaceuticals for injectable and topical treatments, as well as in personal care products like shampoos, soaps and mouthwashes [1][2][3][4][5]7]. ...
... Tea tree oil is also known to consist of more than 100 components, mainly monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and their alcohol derivatives, giving TTO superior properties in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Consequently, TTO has been increasingly present and applied in a variety of products, for instance, in pharmaceuticals for injectable and topical treatments, as well as in personal care products like shampoos, soaps and mouthwashes [1][2][3][4][5]7]. Particularly, TTO was often formulated in the forms of microemulsion, miniemulsion (nanoemulsion) and hydrogels in these products. ...
... The EOs isolated from M. alternifolia or their main constituents, such as terpinen-4-ol, have been demonstrated to be able to inhibit some pro-inflammatory cytokines by decreasing their expression in diverse cell lines, although very few have targeted skin inflammation. This can be observed in review articles in which the anti-inflammatory activity of TTO is reported but without references that support its application in dermatology [30,111,112]. ...
... The anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of TTO have been described and are mainly due to terpinen-4-ol [111], being widely used and studied in the treatment of acne. However, this compound does not have excellent antiseborrheic and keratolytic properties, and it may therefore be necessary to associate it with other compounds that not only reinforce but also complement its activity in the treatment of acne, as described above. ...
Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory dermatological pathology that affects mostly young people. However, it can also appear in adulthood, mainly in women. It has a high psychosocial impact, not only at the time of active lesions but also due to the consequences of lesions such as scarring and hyperpigmentation. Several factors are involved in the physiopathology of acne and the constant search for active ingredients is a reality, namely phytotherapeutic ingredients. Tea tree oil is an essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betch) Cheel with known antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making it a candidate for the treatment of acne. This review aims to describe the various properties of tea tree oil that make it a possible ingredient to use in the treatment of acne and to present several human studies that have evaluated the efficacy and safety of using tea tree oil in the treatment of acne. It can be concluded that tea tree oil has good antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties that result in a decrease in the number of inflammatory lesions, mainly papules, and pustules. However, given the diversity of study designs, it is not possible to draw concrete conclusions on the efficacy and safety of this oil in the treatment of acne.
... Oryza sativa (rice) water extract [14] and Salvia hispanica (chia) seed extract [15] are beneficial for nourishment and hydration, while Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) oil supports scalp health and stimulates hair follicles, while caffeine enhances hair shaft elongation [16]. Keratin and biotin strengthen hair structure, while Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil reduces dandruff and irritation [17]. Rosemary, a medicinal plant, is known for its medicinal properties, particularly in promoting hair growth and delaying gray hair onset. ...
... According to recent research, the ingredient 1,8-cineole is no longer considered the primary cause of hypersensitivity reactions, previously linked to adverse side effects like mucus and skin irritation. While high concentrations of the extract have been linked to cytotoxicity, the current evidence calls for additional in vivo testing to confirm this association (Pazyar et al., 2013). This investigation used a 5% oil concentration in broth to match the typical concentration found in several foods. ...
The practical application of Melaleuca alternifolia (M. alternifolia) essential oil, commonly referred to as tea tree oil, as a topical antiseptic is notable. Its chemical composition has been extensively characterized, comprising primarily cyclic monoterpenes. Approximately half of these compounds are oxygenated, while the other half are hydrocarbons. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), a gram-positive bacterium commonly inhabiting the human oral cavity, notably contributes to tooth decay. To ascertain the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of M. alternifolia essential oil, the broth microdilution method was employed. Subsequent to these determinations, antibiofilm investigations, quantification of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and growth curve analyses were carried out. The findings indicated that M. alternifolia essential oil inhibited S. mutans at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. Statistical examination of the biofilm assay demonstrated a 60.5% inhibition of biofilm formation at a subinhibitory concentration of 5 mg/mL, with no discernible impact on the growth of S. mutans. Furthermore, at this concentration, M. alternifolia essential oil reduced the production of EPS by S. mutans by 30.25%. In conclusion, M. alternifolia essential oil exhibits notable potential as a topical antiseptic, characterized by its predominantly terpene composition. This study underscores its efficacy in inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation and reducing EPS production, suggesting promising avenues for dental care applications.
... Essential oils enter the blood circulation in 30 seconds via mucosa and 4-12 minutes dermally. They reach internal organs and the nervous system within 20 min, resulting in systemic effects, and are excreted from the body through the kidneys (Pazyar, Yaghoobi &Kazerouni, 2013). Oral intake of the essential oil TTO lead to diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash, incoordination, and muscle weakness at relatively high doses, with these symptoms generally able to resolve within 36 hours. ...
... Results showed that 88 percent of people were able to manage illness by utilizing traditional medicinal plants, while just 12 percent needed extra medical assistance (allopathic medication). Using tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), which contains anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive active ingredients 1, 8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-terpineol, and gamma-terpinene, 93 percent (n =82) of the females were managed (Pazyar et al., 2013). The soybean (Foeniculum vulgare), which contains mefenamic acid, has a n = 27 (18%) response rate. ...
... [93] Green tea extract Has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, helps protect against UV damage, and promotes healthy skin ageing [79] Retinoids Helps stimulate collagen production, improves skin texture and tone, and reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles [94] Oily skin Salicylic acid Helps unclog pores, reduces oiliness, and prevents breakouts [95] Tea tree oil Has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, helps reduce acne and oiliness [96] Zinc ...
This article discusses the use of nanotechnology in the development of transdermal delivery systems for herbal extracts for dermatological therapeutics and skin care. Nanotechnology involves manipulating nanoscale materials to create nanoparticles that can penetrate the skin and deliver active ingredients more effectively. Natural products are commonly used in cosmetics because of their therapeutic properties and minimal side effects; however, the safety of nanoparticles in cosmetic products is a concern that requires further research. Chronic and nonhealing wounds pose a significant threat to patients' lives, and there is a pressing need for novel materials and approaches to wound healing. Nanomaterials exhibit unique physicochemical properties owing to their distinct structures, resulting in small size, surface, and macroscopic quantum tunnelling effects, making them ideal for use in wound dressings. Herbal transdermal patches offer advantages such as better patient tolerance, minimal side effects, renewable sources of medication, extensive availability, and cost-effectiveness; however, they also have disadvantages such as slower growth in demand, testing difficulties, and limited availability. This article concludes that by following a regimen that includes both natural ingredients and over-the-counter treatments, consumers can improve their skin health and appearance.
... These properties suggest a potential role in preventing and managing inflammatory conditions. Neem extracts, owing to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, are used for treating skin conditions like acne, eczema, and psoriasis (Pazyar et al., 2012). ...
The phytochemical screening of (Azadirachta indica) Neem leaf extract was conducted to identify and quantify the presence of bioactive compounds. The study conducted various tests to assess the phytochemical components. About 1kg of matured fresh leaves of (Azadirachta indica) neem was collected from five (5) different location in Bauchi metropolis, these locations are; Kobi Street, Gida Dubu, Yelwan Tudu, Wuntin dada and Federal Low-cost areas in Bauchi metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria. The leaves of the plant, which were ground into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle. An ethylacetate solvent was used to derive the A. indica leaf extract. The results of the research shows that the presence of alkaloids, saponins, phenols, and cardiac glycosides in the neem leaf extract is significant, and flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids were not detected in the neem leaf extract. The presence of alkaloids, saponins, phenols, and cardiac glycosides suggests that neem leaves may hold promise in traditional and contemporary medicinal practices. Alkaloids, known for their pharmacological significance, may contribute to the plant's therapeutic properties. Saponins, with their frothing and foaming characteristics, have been associated with immunomodulatory effects and their potential in agrochemical applications. Phenolic compounds, as evidenced by the positive response to the Ferric chloride test, indicate the antioxidant potential of neem leaves, which can combat oxidative stress. Conversely, the absence of flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids suggests that these specific phytochemical classes may be limited in neem leaves. These findings open avenues for further research and utilization of neem as a valuable natural resource.
... Tea tree oil contains terpinen-4-ol, which has strong antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Along with its antioxidant properties, tea tree oil has been demonstrated to be effective against bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal illnesses that affect the skin and mucosa [94]. By using GC and GC-MS to examine the essential oil's composition, freshly cut leaves and branchlets of the tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel) grown in India were compared to essential oils from Australia. ...
Concern over hair loss is frequent among individuals of different ages and genders. While various treatments are available for hair loss, therapeutic plants have gained attention in recent years. Green therapy, is successful in boosting hair development and reducing hair loss, as is the usage of therapeutic plants for hair loss treatment. This review explores the causes of hair loss and the different therapeutic plants that are beneficial for hair loss treatment, such as Aloe vera, rosemary, ginseng and saw palmetto, among others. These plants contain natural compounds that can stimulate hair growth, improve scalp health, and reduce inflammation. The use of green therapy for hair loss treatment offers a natural and safe alternative to conventional treatments, and it is becoming increasingly popular among individuals who seek to improve their hair health without harsh chemicals. Furthermore, this review highlights the importance of further research on therapeutic plants for hair loss treatment and encourages the use of natural remedies for hair health.
... A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology International Journal of Dermatology 125 27 Martin, KW ...
Introduction. Utilization of alternative and complementary therapies, such as medicinal plants, is on the rise and prevalent among acne patients. Increasing research is being conducted on the applications of essential oils in acne vulgaris, despite the fact that many more clinical studies are required to provide accurate safety and efficacy profiles of essential oils. However, there are no bibliometric analyses of publication trends and patterns regarding the use of essential oils for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
The objective of the study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of Web of Science database publications in this area of interest.
Materials and methods. The current study employs a bibliometric analysis approach, aiming to uncover collaborative networks, prominent countries, influential journals, and significant articles in the context of essential oils' utilization in treating acne vulgaris. Data for this study was extracted based on a predefined algorithm from the Web of Science and was subjected to analysis using both the Web of Science web interface and VOSviewer software.
Results. South Korea is the most prolific country in terms of research output and impact in the field [i.e., 13 papers (10.48% of the total) counting 298 citations], followed by India (i.e., 11 papers totaling 67 citations) and Australia (i.e., 8 papers totaling 307 citations). The most influential journals in the field are Phytotherapy Research, Molecules, and Planta Medica, with over 100 citations in total and over 21 average citations per paper. Moreover, Phytotherapy Research provides the most influential manuscript in the field (i.e., Aburjai, T. et al., Plants used in cosmetics, totaling 308 citations) in accordance with the algorithm used. Publication trends and citations received on the applicability of essential oils in the treatment of acne vulgaris are steadily increasing, with a peak in the number of publications obtained in 2021 and a peak in citations obtained by publications in the field in 2022. The most commonly used keywords generated based on the algorithm are essential oil, acne vulgaris, chemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant.
Conclusions. This research serves as a time-saving approach and a foundational reference for gaining a comprehensive understanding of this subject and facilitates the exploration of crucial bibliometric indicators during the pre-publication phases.
... TTO has antioxidant and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, especially against infections of the skin and mucosa. TTO can be utilized in the treatment of acne vulgaris and seborrheic dermatitis and in the improvement of the process of wound healing (Pazyar et al., 2013). Also, documents implicated a special ability of this plant in the treatment of oral pathogens and diseases (Francisconi et al., 2020;Hammer et al., 2003;Yadav et al., 2017). ...
Objective: Periodontitis is a type of prevalent chronic inflammatory disorder resulting in a failure in the function of tissues supporting the tooth, like gingiva, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligament. Although antibiotic therapy is a common therapy for periodontitis cases, this approach can cause some adverse effects in these patients. Thus, finding an effective curative option with low side effects is still a puzzle.
Materials and Methods: This narrative review was conducted on the effects of herbal and nano-based herbal medicine against periodontitis by searching different databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scientific Information Databases.
Results: According to published studies, some popular herbal formulations, such as Aloe vera, curcumin, Melaleuca alternifolia, and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, can be effective in periodontitis treatment. However, these herbal products may be accompanied by some pharmacological limitations, such as poor bioavailability, instability, and weak water solubility. On the other hand, harnessing nano-based herbal formulations can elevate the bioavailability, diminish toxicity, and omit repeated administration of drugs.
Conclusion: Herbal and nano-based herbal products can create a good chance to treat periodontitis efficiently.
... TTO is frequently used undiluted and is seen by many to be a beneficial treatment for a variety of skin disorders. Several biological activities, including analgesic, insecticidal, antibacterial, fungicide, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antineoplastic, and acaricide activity, have been linked to tea tree oil, which is made by steam distilling the leaves and terminal branchlets [ Many people believe it to be a remedy for several skin issues, like dandruff, warts, herpes simplex, and other skin infections as well as acne and eczema [100] likewise nail fungi [101]. It is promoted as a "natural" topical antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent, and its antimicrobial activities are extensively proven [102]. ...
... Ezgi Ersoy, PhD Biruni University, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacognosy, Istanbul, Turkey ezgie@biruni.edu.tr Katiyar et al., 2007Sharangi, 2009Mahmood et al., 2010Namita et al., 2012Asadi et al., 2013Hajiaghaalipour et al., 2013Al-Talib et al., 2016Koach et al., 2019Kouhihabibidehkordi et al., 2021 Ezgi Ersoy, Riley, 1993Koh et al., 2002Pazyar et al., 2013Yadav et al., 2017Malhi et al., 2017 Nayak et al., 2010Rao et al., 2013Fiume et al., 2014Insanu et al., 2021Nadhila and Widyawati, 2021 ...
The history of phytotherapy begins with dermatological applications primarily. Archeological findings suggest that healers of their eras were mostly using plants to treat skin diseases, especially wounds at all types and stages. In today’s world, the popularity of phytotherapy for skin-related problems is still huge and increasing. Extensive research has been conducted to provide scientific evidence for traditional knowledge, and several medicinal plants have been found to be effective for different dermatological disorders. Among them, acne, atopic
dermatitis, psoriasis, hyperpigmentation, Alopecia areata, and skin wounds are the most common complaints. The focus of the present chapter is on the most commonly used medicinal plants in the treatment of these problems, with safety concerns related to phytotherapy applications in dermatology.
... For example, tea tree oil, an essential oil derived from the Australian native plant Melaleuca alternifoliavia is traditionally used by the Bundjalung peoples who, in being connected to part of the mid-east coast of Australia, make tea for throat ailments. It has been a popular ingredient in a variety of household and cosmetic products due to its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antiprotozoal activities, and antioxidant properties [76,77]. Today, tea tree oil is marketed as a remedy for various ailments over the counter in Australia, Europe, and North America. ...
The Australian rainforest is a rich source of medicinal plants that have evolved in the face of dramatic environmental challenges over a million years due to its prolonged geographical isolation from other continents. The rainforest consists of an inherent richness of plant secondary metabolites that are the most intense in the rainforest. The search for more potent and more bioavailable compounds from other plant sources is ongoing, and our short review will outline the pathways from the discovery of bioactive plants to the structural identification of active compounds, testing for potency, and then neuroprotection in a triculture system, and finally, the validation in an appropriate neuro-inflammatory mouse model, using some examples from our current research. We will focus on neuroinflammation as a potential treatment target for neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s (PD), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) for these plant-derived, anti-inflammatory molecules and highlight cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs) as a better alternative to conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to treat neuroinflammatory disorders.
... 164,172 The essential oil from Melaleuca alternifolia also depicts antioxidant properties probably efficacious in dermatitis and skin cancers. 165,173 Therapeutic benefits to skin diseases are suggested for Agrimoniae herba (Agrimonia eupatoria; in secondary inflammation and superficial lacerations), Echinacea purpurea (in modest perfunctory wounds and mild acne), Soiae oleum (Glycine max; in benign periodic eczema), Juglandis folium (Juglans regia; in minor skin irritation), Matricariae aetheroleum (in anus and genitals inflammation), Matricariae fos (Matricaria recrutita; in mild skin allergies and sunburns and superfcial wounds), Melaleuca spp (in insects bites, mild acne, prickling, lesser skin irritation), Meliloti herba (Melitotus ofcinalis; in minor skin inflammation), Origani dictamni herba and Origani majoranae herba (Origanum spp.; in petty skin irritation and inflammation). Several others phytochemicals are reported in literature with prospective effects on skin, such as anti-senescence property, 174 photoprotection, 175 wound recuperation, 176 and anti-infection. ...
Toxicity arising from environmental contaminants has attracted global interest in the last few decades, due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with them. Efforts have been made to combat the consequential outcomes of environmental toxicity in humans through traditional remediation techniques and therapeutic measures which have been hampered by one or more limitations. Consequently, this scenario has triggered interest in the medicinal properties of phytochemicals. Thus, this review gives a succinct and in-depth elucidation of the various environmental contaminants and their toxicity effects on humans. It delves into the various classes of phytochemicals and their intervention roles. The study adopted a desk review of existing literatures from scientific reports and peer reviewed articles through triangulation of data sources. "Phytochemicals" are group of secondary metabolites obtained from plants with medicinal properties. These groups of compounds are included but not limited to flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, cardenoloids, terpenoids, and phytosteroids. This review corroborates the prophylactic and therapeutics efficacy of these phytochemicals as anti-metastatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and live saving substances with empirical findings from several laboratory, clinical trials and epidemiologic studies. It conclude that given the wide range of medicinal properties of phytochemicals, there is an urgent need for its full optimization in the pharmaceutical industry and future studies should focus on identifying the bioactive molecules in these compounds and its effectiveness against mixer toxicity.
... TEA berfungsi sebagai alkaline agent (penyeimbang asam-basa) dan penetral pH yang merupakan cairan jernih kental berwarna kuning pucat dan sedikit berbau amoniak [27], sedangkan carbomer 940 berfungsi sebagai basis gel yang memiliki kemampuan non-toksik dan non-iritan dalam penggunaan. Sementara itu, gliserin memiliki kemampuan untuk mengurangi penguapan air selama penyimpanan dan penggunaan [28] dan natrium metabisulfit dapat berfungsi sebagai pengawet yang memiliki kemampuan sebagai antimikroba [27], sedangkan tea tree essential oil dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai antiinflamasi yang mampu mengatasi infeksi dan Yahya, An Investigation into the Effectiveness … BERKALA SAINSTEK 2023, 11(2): 121-128 mengandung antioksidan yang dapat meminimalisir terjadinya kanker kulit [25] dan [29]. ...
Green betel (Piper betle L.) leaf contains anti-thrush, anti-cough, astringent, and antiseptic chemicals such as saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, and essential oils. Hand sanitizer can also be used as an antiseptic agent, which is a more practical option. The purpose of this study was to see how the composition of green betel leaf extract made by infusion affected its physical properties and bacterial inhibition. Hand sanitizer samples were made using different concentrations of green betel leaf extract (10 - 25 wt%) with and without the addition of tea tree essential oil. Sample testing included organoleptic tests, physical properties tests, and effectiveness tests on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. The results showed that the best composition was found to be at a concentration of 10 wt% green betel leaf extract without the addition of essential oil, with pH ranging from 5.2 to 5.8 and viscosities ranging from 1.32 to 1.99 cps, in the form of a watery gel and a clear yellow color. Meanwhile, hand sanitizer sensitivity testing revealed that none of the samples could inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. This indicates that the concentration of green betel leaf extract in the sample is still insufficient to inhibit bacterial growth.
... Tea tree oil has been found to possess antioxidant properties, and it has been reported to have a wide-range of antimicrobial activity against various types of skin and mucosa infections such as bacteria, virus, fungus and protozoa (Pazyar 2012). Several studies have shown promising antibacterial effects of Melaleuca alternifolia or tea tree essential oil. ...
Cryogel, a porous polymer material that is frequently used in recent years, has been evaluated in conjunction with alternative treatment methods. Natural polymers are well known for their high biocompatibility, and as a result, there are many studies that focus on the relationship between structure and function in plant-based biopolymers. To this end, various dressing materials, including gelatin, alginate, chitosan, and inorganic materials, have been developed as biopolymers. In this study, gelatin-based cryogels containing three different concentrations of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree plant) oil (TTO-GCry) were synthesized under specified conditions, and characterization studies were carried out. Their antibacterial activity was evaluated using two bacterial strains (E. coli and S. aureus). The results showed that the antibacterial effectiveness of the developed cryogels on E. coli was between 21–50%, and on S. aureus was between 28–72%. Furthermore, viability analysis using human keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT) showed no toxic effects. The cryogel exhibited biocompatibility, indicating promise for use in skin injury and wound healing applications. This environmentally friendly cryogel, with a macroporous structure and composed of natural materials, holds potential for diverse functions, bringing novelty to the literature.
... For example, chamomile essential oil has been used for centuries as an anti-inflammatory agent and for the treatment of eczema and dermatitis [116]. As another example, the broadspectrum antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil protects against bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections of the skin [117]. There are many cases in the literature highlighting the beneficial effects that essential oils provide to the skin [118,119]. ...
There has been interest in the history of cosmetics for the last several decades. In part, this renewed curiosity is probably due to the revolutionizing natural movement in the cosmetic industry. In this article, we provide an overview of the historical aspects of the use of natural ingredients in cosmetics, which mostly come from botanical and mineral sources. We begin with an introduction to the art and science of cosmetics in the ancient world, which includes accounts of Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, and Roman cosmetics as well as Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurvedic Medicine. These dermatological and cosmetic practices, which were advanced for the time, paved the way for the current revolution of natural ingredients in cosmetic products. Without providing a comprehensive historical account, we surveyed selected cultures during different periods of time to provide some perspective of our current understanding of natural ingredients in cosmetics. Attention is also given to the rich contributions of body art by tribal societies to our knowledge base, especially in the areas of dyes and pigments. Finally, we offer some perspective of natural ingredient cosmetics in the Information Age.
... The propidium iodide (PI) is increased and outflow of 280nm fascinating resources in all three suggested microorganisms that the decline in viability and decrease the respiration rate was accompanied by improved microorganism cell membrane permeability 12,31 . As a result, even negligible changes in the capacity of cell membrane structure can damage metabolism and show the way to cell death 32,34 . ...
This research aims to prepare microemulsion from Tea Tree and Rosemary essential oil to treat gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections. A phase titration has been used to make the proposed microemulsion, which contained 71% water, 23% of a 1:1 mixture of propylene glycol (surfactant), tween 80 (co-surfactant), and 6% of tea tree/rosemary essential oil. In Rosemary essential oil pale yellowish transparent microemulsion, droplet size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI) of 58.9, 883.6, and 0.678, respectively, showed a stable microemulsion. Tea tree oil loaded in a light, clear microemulsion with zeta potential, droplet size, and polydispersity index (PDI) values of 265.9, 746.8, and 0.987, respectively, indicated a stable microemulsion. The RMO/TTO micro emulsion's viscosity was 1.844/1.933 cps, and its pH ranged from 4.69 to 5.59. The formulation was determined to be a safe, reliable, and effective one in light and good in stability experiments. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans can all be treated using a microemulsion that contains 6% tea tree oil and rosemary oil by agar well diffusion method. Both the EOs-based microemulsion showed more zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans while Staphylococcus aureus is the less susceptible zone of inhibition. The microemulsion formulation's minimum inhibitory concentration was effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and E. coli on all physiological parameters. It can be concluded that TTO/RMO essential oil-loaded microemulsion is considered a promising substitute for the current gram-positive and gram-negative regimens.
Acne, a commonly treated skin disease, requires control of one’s daily routine for an optimal outcome. As skincare products continue to advance, and with the introduction of dermocosmetics (active cosmetics, functional cosmetics, cosmeceuticals), it is necessary for clinicians to stay updated and give professional guidance. Following a literature review, a panel discussed and, using an online review process, explored the available acne dermocosmetics and convened to develop consensus statements on acne skincare incorporating patient- and treatment-related factors. Recommendations tailored to several distinct patient subgroups, namely, preadolescent acne, adolescent/adult acne, acne with comorbid atopic dermatitis, acne in pregnancy, drug-induced acne, and acne cosmetica, were generated to maximize the use of dermocosmetics in acne management. In adolescent and adult acne, products with active ingredients that mark key aspects of acne pathophysiology are called for; in atopics, agents which protect and restore the skin barrier are primarily considered; and in the preadolescent age group and pregnant and lactating women, the use of acne dermocosmetics should be prioritized as there are limited treatment options. While skincare alone is often sufficient for mild acne and for maintenance, adjunctive skincare can enhance treatment efficacy as well as patient adherence in various settings. This guideline seeks to offer insights into acne dermocosmetics and provide skincare recommendation tailored to Asian patient subgroups.
This study presents the development of fibers with favorable properties for biodegradable wound dressings made from the Ecovio® (EC) polymer blend, composed of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), incorporated with tea tree essential oil (TTE). TTE presented antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, achieving minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 15 and 7.5 mg/mL, respectively. The TTE was mixed with EC in a binary chloroform and formic acid (85/15 v/v) mixture. The EC/TTE fibers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirming the TTE in the fibers. The tests showed that TTE (0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mL) improved the polymer blend’s electrospinnability, leading to bead-free, homogenous, and smaller fiber diameters. TTE (1.5 mL or 75 w% concerning the EC) leads to homogeneous fibers with an average diameter of 278 ± 59 nm. TTE (75 w%) increased the wettability of the EC fibers from 120 ± 2° to 69 ± 1°. Preliminary bacterial adhesion and proliferation assays demonstrated that the EC/TTE fibers have anti-adhesive activity and demonstrate greater toxicity, which seems more toxic against P. aeruginosa than S. aureus after 24 h of incubation. Fluorescence and coagulation kinetics tests performed with human blood indicated that the EC/TTE fibers accelerate blood coagulation. The EC/TTE fibers exhibit promising chemical and biological properties (in vitro) for developing wound dressings.
Cutaneous wounds are the most common surgical affections among living organisms worldwide, and their healing may be interrupted by several factors. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity of tea tree and jojoba oils nano-emulsions, additionally, investigating the cytotoxicity of the optimized formula was investigated on normal human lung fibroblast cells (WI-38) by MTT colorimetric assay, additionally its in-vivo wound healing. Nano-emulsions (NEs) were prepared using a high-energy method and characterized by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Zeta potential, droplet size, and poly dispersive index (PDI). Nano-emulgel (NEG) was formulated by mixing the standard NE with carbopol® 940. For in-vivo wound healing, thirty adult female albino rats were assigned into control, moist exposed burn ointment (Mebo), and NEG-treated groups. The healing was assessed by analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and histopathology in healed wound tissues. All formulations demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity against Bacillus Subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. The CC50 of the optimized formula was 453.82± 3.87 µg/mL, with a mean droplet size of 105.4 nm and a zeta potential of -39.2 ± 2.1 mV. NEG enhanced wound closure compared to Mebo-treated and control groups. Also, MDA significantly decreased and SOD significantly increased in NEG and Mebo-treated groups compared to the control (p ˂ 0.05). TNF-α, and IL-1β significantly decreased in NEG and Mebo-treated compared to the control (p < 0.05). Histopathology revealed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, rapid epithelization, and increased collagen deposition in NEG-treated wound tissues compared to the control and Mebo-treated wounds. In conclusion, the NEG containing tea tree and jojoba oils demonstrated significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing activities.
Background
Photoaging is a process of the architecture of normal skin damaged by ultraviolet radiation. Topical cosmeceuticals have been used to treat this condition. The authors aimed to understand the mechanism and level of evidence of different commonly used cosmeceuticals used to treat photodamaged skin.
Objective
A range of commonly used topical cosmeceuticals (botanicals, peptides, and hydroquinone) has been used in cosmetic medicine for many years to treat photodamaged skin. This review article compares their efficacy and level of evidence.
Material and methods
This study was a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of different topical cosmeceuticals. Keywords including “Photoaging,” “Azelaic acid,” “Soy,” “Green Tea,” “Chamomile,” “Ginkgo,” “Tea Tree Oil,” “Resveratrol,” “Cucumber,” “Ginseng,” “Centella asiatica,” “Licorice Root,” “Aloe Vera,” “Peptides,” “Argireline,” “Hydroquinone,” were typed on OVID, PUBMED, MEDLINE for relevant studies published on photoaging treatment.
Results
Most of the evidence behind cosmeceuticals is of high‐quality ranging from Level I to Level II. In particular, the evidence base behind peptides is the strongest with most studies achieving Level Ib status in the evidence hierarchy.
Conclusion
Topical cosmeceuticals like botanicals, peptides and hydroquinone can effectively treat photodamaged skin
Atopic dermatitis is a widespread and chronic dermatological disorder that affects a significant portion of the global population. The intricate etiology and pathophysiology necessitate multifaceted therapeutic approaches. Although existing treatments provide relief, their high dosage requirements and elevated systemic titer contribute to alarming side effects, often leading to the discontinuation of conventional therapy. To mitigate these side effects, there is a shift of focus from systemic delivery to site-specific delivery, specifically topical delivery. Moreover, the multifaceted role of phytoconstituents proves beneficial in effectively targeting atopic dermatitis without inducing extensive side effects. However, the clinical exploration of phytoconstituents is hindered by their poor physicochemical properties. Therefore, it is intriguing to investigate how newer formulation technologies, such as nanotechnology, can contribute to the success of these phytoconstituents. This review highlights the emerging role of nanotechnology, particularly lipid-based nanotherapies, in optimizing drug delivery and potentially improving atopic dermatitis management. The integration of these lipid-based monotherapies with phytotherapeutics (lipidic phytonanotherapeutics) is explored as a promising avenue for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Secondary metabolites are often among the major players in plants’ function, stability, support, bioactivities,
defense mechanisms, and therapeutic applications. One of the major components of these metabolites is volatile
oils. Essential oils are considered one of the most important ways in which plants express themselves through
aroma. The oils are also one of the reasons for therapy, mood-upliftment, life processes, plants and dependent
organisms’ survival, joy, happiness, aesthetic beauty, and attractions in several realms, as well as for various
interactive species, including insects, animals, and humans. In addition, essential oils participate in modern
industries and worldwide healthcare systems. Aromatic plants and their extracted and distilled volatile oils have
been used in different systems of traditional medicine and in all ancient civilizations. They are also still used as
part of modern healthcare systems and in folkloric therapeutic and prophylactic applications. Therefore, the
chemistry, bio-based diversity, geographic sources, biological activities, and clinical applications of volatile oils
have gained the momentum and continued attention of researchers, culminating in several thousand publications
each year. This review provides updated information on the biological activities and current applications of
essential oils in medicine and other healthcare uses. The underlined biomechanistic details of the volatile oils’
biological effects are also encompassed. The collected data unambiguously supported the biological importance
of this class of secondary metabolites, especially in cancer, inflammation, and microbial infection management.
The information contained in the data also highlighted the therapeutic importance of these molecules in various
aspects of medicine.
Aromatherapy is a medical practice that uses aromatic compounds or essential oils to influence mood and health. Essential oils used in aromatherapy are created from a wide variety of medicinal plants, flowers, herbs, roots, and trees that are found all over the world and have significant, well-documented benefits on enhancing physical, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing.
This book is a comprehensive reference on aromatic compounds present in essential oils and their therapeutic use. Starting from fundamentals of essential oil biosynthesis the book guides the reader through their basic biochemistry, toxicology, profiling, blending and clinical applications. The concluding chapters also present focused information about the therapeutic effects of essential oils on specific physiological systems, plant sources, skin treatment and cancer therapeutics.
The combination of basic and applied knowledge will provide readers with all the necessary information for understanding how to develop preclinical formulations and standard clinical therapies with essential oils. This is an essential reference for anyone interested in aromatherapy and the science of essential oils.
Atopic dermatitis is acknowledged as a vital inflammatory disorder associated with the integumentary system of the body and is characterized by the formation of thick reddish-grey scars and erythema formation on skin, prevalent amidst the populace. Numerous synthetic drugs are available for treatment like antihistamines, immunosuppressants, glucocorticoids etc., but contrarily, essential oil therapy is exclusively lime lighted to favour the purpose. The utilization of available engineered drugs, possess the marked adverse effects owing to prolonged duration of therapy and therefore, essential oils are explored well and proved to exhibit the anti-eczematic, anti-inflammatory and antipruritic properties. Ethereal distillates own the assorted and selective therapeutic properties attributable to presence of bioactive compounds liable to treat this torturous and integumentary disorder, likely lavender oil, patchouli oil, frankincense oil etc., have been found to exert their pharmacological actions by impeding the liberation and action of inflammatory mediators and immunological hyperactivities that are engaged in exacerbating this idiopathic illness. The current attempt provided the update with the aim to bring forth the naturally originated treatment that is pertinent to provide the invulnerable therapy by circumventing the noxious symptoms i.e. erythema formation and inflamed lesions.
The awareness and usage of aromatherapy applications are increasing day by day in society. The current study aims to evaluate the thoughts and attitudes of individuals toward aromatherapy in Türkiye and to determine factors affecting the use of aromatherapy. This community-based descriptive study is conducted throughout Türkiye. Nine hundred eighty-five questionnaires were suitable for data quality. SPSS 23.0 statistical package program was used, and the statistical significance level was accepted as P value of less than .05. Approximately 72.4% of the participants have heard of aromatherapy. The rate of hearing about the concept of aromatherapy was found to be statistically significantly higher among women (P = .000), those residing in a province/district (P = .011), and those working in an income-generating positions (P = .003). It was determined that 58.9% of the participants used any essential oil. The 5 most commonly used essential oils are lavender, tea tree, peppermint, rose, and thyme, respectively. The rate of essential oil use in women is higher than in men (P = .000). The conditions in which essential oils are most frequently used are to provide beauty to the skin (51.7%), skin diseases (51.0%), and respiratory tract diseases (46.0%), respectively. The most common sources of information about the essential oils used by the participants are the Internet/social media (57.6%) and pharmacists (53.4%). The results of this research revealed that the awareness and use of aromatherapy practice in the community are high according to the literature. Considering the high tendency to use these products among the public, physicians, pharmacists, and nurses must provide consultancy services on the use of these products.
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects more than a third of the world's population. The drugs used today to treat toxoplasmosis cause severe side effects in many people and have poor success in treating chronic infections. In the current study, extracted oil from tea leaf was loaded into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and its anti- Toxoplasma properties were analyzed. Double emulsification technique was employed to provide SLNs and its physical criteria was calculated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Cell toxicity and anti-intracellular Toxoplasma activity were investigated by a MTT assay. The anti- Toxoplasma activity of TTO-SLNs was evaluated by trypan-blue staining. The TTO-SLNs were round with a mean particle size of 85.23 nm and clear and stable margins. An association was seen between the cell toxicity of TTO-SLNs with the concentration of the component ( P -value = 0.009). The cytotoxic concentration (CC 50 ) against Toxoplasma was > 10 mg/mL, while it was concentration-dependent ( P -value < 0.0001). the viability of T. gondii - infected Vero cells was higher in lower concentrations of TTO-SLNs ( P -value = 0.0174), while at least 80% of T. gondii- infected Vero cells remained alive in the concentration ˃1 mg/mL. Overall, our findings demonstrated high anti- T. gondii properties of TTO-SLNs, suggesting the promising role of SLNs to carry TTO. In addition, our findings showed prolonged release of the TTO from SLNs capsulation of the can lead to, suggesting the capability of TTO-SLNs to be employed for chronic phase (cyst stages), which should be further investigated in animal models.
Background
Sleep is one of the most important factors affecting overall health. During the night, the skin repairs damage caused by daily stresses. Melatonin plays a key role in this process. Toxins are removed, and cellular repair and growth hormone production are increased. Inter alia, this also decreases signs of intrinsic aging.
Aims
The current study was intended to demonstrate the impact of a unique fraction of Melaleuca alternifolia (FMA) essential oil, on sleep and skin quality.
Methods
The effect of FMA was investigated in vitro on skin cells, evaluating its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, and in an ex‐vivo study on human skin biopsies treated with FMA following stress induction. In addition, two clinical studies were performed on volunteers with life‐style‐related sleep complaints. In one study, sleep was measured using a noncontact monitoring device (SleepScore Labs, Max). A second study was conducted to assess skin anti‐aging effects.
Results
In vitro application of FMA reduced IL‐8 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in skin cells. This was confirmed ex vivo through a decrease in inflammatory markers and an increase in antioxidant enzymes after stress induction. Interestingly, FMA also upregulated melatonin‐associated genes. Real‐world sleep tracking revealed that FMA significantly improved sleep quality, relative to unscented control. In vivo applications also showed a reduction in signs of aging.
Conclusion
These results provide initial data to suggest that this unique FMA delivers skin anti‐aging benefits via a two‐pronged mode of action, improving sleep quality, and reducing skin inflammatory and oxidative stress.
In this work, non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) films are synthesized from sunflower oil (SFO) with the object of using a renewable resource and establishing a nonpolluting process. SFO also has the advantage of having a higher level of unsaturation than other commercial oils, which provides more reactive sites to be chemically modified. This feature enables a higher degree of conversion to the two monomers, cyclocarbonate, and polyamine‐polyol. NIPU is obtained from their mixture and further crosslinking at 90°C allows the films with suitable mechanical properties to be used in biomedical applications. However, NIPU does not show antibacterial activity, so the surface must be modified. Two methods are used: layer‐by‐layer coating of alginate‐chitosan, and immersion in tea tree oil (TTO), previously activating the surface with acrylic acid (AANIPU). Surface modifications are confirmed by increased hydrophilicity, thermochemical changes, and a drop in mechanical performance. TTO on NIPU films inhibits bacterial growth against S. aureus and E. Coli. NIPU and AANIPU can be accepted as noncytotoxic, while incorporation of the two agents can produce cytotoxicity. No previous reports of such modifications have been found on NIPU films, which appear as promising alternatives for biomedical applications.
The current work aims to develop a shikonin and tea tree oil loaded nanoemulsion system stabilized by a mixture of GRAS grade surfactants (Tween 20 and monoolein) and a cosurfactant (Transcutol P). This system was designed to address the poor aqueous solubility and photostability issues of shikonin. The authenticity of shikonin employed in this study was confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The optimized nanoemulsion exhibited highly favorable characteristics in terms of zeta potential (-23.8 mV), polydispersity index (0.216) and particle size (22.97 nm). These findings were corroborated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs which confirmed the spherical and uniform nature of the nanoemulsion globules. Moreover, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) analysis affirmed improved chemical stability and amorphization, respectively. Photodegradation studies were performed by exposing pure shikonin and the developed nanoemulsion to ultraviolet light for 1 h using a UV lamp, followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The results confirmed that the developed nanoemulsion system imparts photoprotection to pure shikonin in the encapsulated system. Furthermore, the research investigated the effect of the nanoemulsion on biofilms formed by Candida albicans and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Scanning electron microscopy, florescence microscopy and phase contrast microscopy unveiled a remarkable reduction in biofilm area, accompanied by disruptions in the cell wall and abnormalities on the cell surface of the tested microorganisms. In conclusion, the nanoencapsulation of shikonin with tea tree oil as the lipid phase showcased significantly enhanced antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential compared to pure shikonin against resistant strains of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus.
Treatment of wounds is challenging due to bacterial infections including S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Using the merits of alternative antimicrobials like Tea Tree Oil (TTO) and Nanotechnology, they can be helpful in combatting bacterial infections. SLN and Chitosan nanoparticles show great potential as carriers for enhancing the stability and therapeutic benefits of oils. The aim of this study is to compare the influence of nano-carriers in enhancing the antibacterial effects of TTO. The study evaluates the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of TTO-SLN and TTO-CS, against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The TTO-SLN nanoparticles showed a clear round shape with the average diameter size of 477 nm, while the TTO-CS nanoparticles illustrated very homogeneous morphology with 144 nm size. The encapsulation efficiency for TTO-CS and TTO-SLN was approximately 88.3% and 73.5%, respectively. MIC against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa for TTO-CS, TTO-SLN, and pure TTO were 35 and 45 µgmL−1, 130 and 170 µgmL−1 and 380, 410 µgmL−1, respectively. Since, TTO-CS revealed an impressively higher antimicrobial effects in comparison with TTO-SLN and TTO alone, it can be considered as a nano-carrier which produces the same antimicrobial effects with lower required amounts of the active substance.
This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical in vivo study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a cosmetic formulation for non-inflammatory acne using essential oils. Fifty-three male participants were divided into four groups: a formulation containing a mixture of four essential oils (4EO), Melaleuca alternifolia (M.a.), nanoemulsion of M. alternifolia (Nanoem.), and a placebo group. The participants applied the formulation daily for 90 days and non-invasive skin imaging techniques were employed to assess the outcomes. Skin microrelief images and reflectance confocal microscopy images were captured in the malar region, and Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the terpene composition of the essential oils, oil mixture, and nanoemulsion. The results indicated that the nanoemulsion, M.a. essential oil, and 4EO formulation effectively reduced the overall number of comedone and improved follicular hyperkeratinization. The nanoemulsion of M.a. demonstrated the most promising outcomes in reducing comedone areas, especially in the infundibular region. This effect could be attributed to the presence of terpinene-4-ol in the essential oil and the enhanced penetration provided by the nanoemulsion formulation. These findings suggest that cosmetic formulations containing essential oils, particularly in nanoemulsion form, have potential against mild acne. This study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between terpene composition and clinical activity, highlighting the importance of innovative delivery systems.
There are many different types of pediculicides available OTC in Australia. In this study we compare the efficacy and safety of three topical pediculicides: a pediculicide containing melaleuca oil (tea tree oil) and lavender oil (TTO/LO); a head lice "suffocation" product; and a product containing pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (P/PB).
This study was a randomised, assessor-blind, comparative, parallel study of 123 subjects with live head lice. The head lice products were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions (the TTO/LO product and the "suffocation" product were applied three times at weekly intervals according to manufacturers instructions (on Day 0, Day 7 and Day 14) and the P/PB product was applied twice according to manufacturers instructions (on Day 0 and Day 7)). The presence or absence of live lice one day following the last treatment was determined.
The percentage of subjects who were louse-free one day after the last treatment with the product containing tea tree oil and lavender oil (41/42; 97.6%) and the head lice "suffocation" product (40/41, 97.6%) was significantly higher compared to the percentage of subjects who were louse-free one day after the last treatment with the product containing pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (10/40, 25.0%; adj. p < 0.0001).
The high efficacy of the TTO/LO product and the head lice "suffocation" product offers an alternative to the pyrethrins-based product.
The study was entered into the Australian/New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ACTRN12610000179033.
Systemic toxicity coupled with long treatment regimes of approved topical chemotherapeutic agents such as imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are limiting. There is now more focus on the potential use of topical terpene agents as skin cancer treatments. Here, we show for the first time that topical Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil (TTO), abundant in terpenes, has in vivo antitumour activity.
Topical TTO formulations applied to immunocompetent tumour-bearing mice were assessed for antitumour efficacy by monitoring tumour growth and by histological analysis following treatment.
Four, daily, topical treatments of 10% TTO/DMSO regressed subcutaneous AE17 mesotheliomas in mice for a period of 10 days and significantly retarded the growth of subcutaneous B16-F10 melanomas. The antitumour effect of topical 10% TTO/DMSO was accompanied by skin irritation similar to other topical chemotherapeutic agents, but unlike other approved topical agents, quickly and completely resolved. Furthermore, we show that topical 10% TTO/DMSO caused an influx of neutrophils and other immune effector cells in the treated area, with no evidence of systemic toxicity.
TTO combined with an effective carrier significantly inhibited the growth of aggressive, subcutaneous, chemo-resistant tumours in immunocompetent mice. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential of topical TTO as an alternative topical antitumour treatment.
In this study we present new data from experiments focused on the antitumor activity of tea tree oil (TTO), an essential oil distilled from Melaleuca alternifolia. TTO proved to be capable of inhibiting the growth of melanoma cells and of overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR), as we reported in our previous study. Moreover, the survival role of the MDR-marker P-glycoprotein appears to be involved in the mechanism of invasion of melanoma cells. The results reported herein indicate that TTO and its main active component, terpinen-4-ol, can also interfere with the migration and invasion processes of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant melanoma cells.
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential to summarize evidence relating to efficacy and safety of health care interventions accurately and reliably. The clarity and transparency of these reports, however, is not optimal. Poor reporting of systematic reviews diminishes their value to clinicians, policy makers, and other users.
Since the development of the QUOROM (QUality Of Reporting Of Meta-analysis) Statement—a reporting guideline published in 1999—there have been several conceptual, methodological, and practical advances regarding the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Also, reviews of published systematic reviews have found that key information about these studies is often poorly reported. Realizing these issues, an international group that included experienced authors and methodologists developed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) as an evolution of the original QUOROM guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evaluations of health care interventions.
The PRISMA Statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram. The checklist includes items deemed essential for transparent reporting of a systematic review. In this Explanation and Elaboration document, we explain the meaning and rationale for each checklist item. For each item, we include an example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature. The PRISMA Statement, this document, and the associated Web site (http://www.prisma-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Over the past ten years MRSA has become endemic in hospitals and is associated with increased healthcare costs. Critically ill patients are most at risk, in part because of the number of invasive therapies that they require in the intensive care unit (ICU). Washing with 5% tea tree oil (TTO) has been shown to be effective in removing MRSA on the skin. However, to date, no trials have evaluated the potential of TTO body wash to prevent MRSA colonization or infection. In addition, detecting MRSA by usual culture methods is slow. A faster method using a PCR assay has been developed in the laboratory, but requires evaluation in a large number of patients.
This study protocol describes the design of a multicentre, phase II/III prospective open-label randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate whether a concentration of 5% TTO is effective in preventing MRSA colonization in comparison with a standard body wash (Johnsons Baby Softwash) in the ICU. In addition we will evaluate the cost-effectiveness of TTO body wash and assess the effectiveness of the PCR assay in detecting MRSA in critically ill patients. On admission to intensive care, swabs from the nose and groin will be taken to screen for MRSA as per current practice. Patients will be randomly assigned to be washed with the standard body wash or TTO body wash. On discharge from the unit, swabs will be taken again to identify whether there is a difference in MRSA colonization between the two groups.
If TTO body wash is found to be effective, widespread implementation of such a simple colonization prevention tool has the potential to impact on patient outcomes, healthcare resource use and patient confidence both nationally and internationally.
The prevalence of onychomycosis, the most frequent cause of nail disease, ranges from 2% to 13%. Standard treatments include debridement, topical medications, and systemic therapies. This study assesses the efficacy and tolerability of topical application of 1% clotrimazole solution compared with that of 100% Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis.
A double-blind, multicenter, randomized controlled trial was performed at two primary care health and residency training centers and one private podiatrist's office. The participants included 117 patients with distal subungual onychomycosis proven by culture. Patients received twice-daily application of either 1% clotrimazole (CL) solution or 100% tea tree (TT) oil for 6 months. Debridement and clinical assessment were performed at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months. Cultures were obtained at 0 and 6 months. Each patient's subjective assessment was also obtained 3 months after the conclusion of therapy.
The baseline characteristics of the treatment groups did not differ significantly. After 6 months of therapy, the two treatment groups were comparable based on culture cure (CL = 11%, TT = 18%) and clinical assessment documenting partial or full resolution (CL = 61%, TT = 60%). Three months later, about one half of each group reported continued improvement or resolution (CL = 55%; TT = 56%).
All current therapies have high recurrence rates. Oral therapy has the added disadvantages of high cost and potentially serious adverse effects. Topical therapy, including the two preparations presented in this paper, provide improvement in nail appearance and symptomatology. The use of a topical preparation in conjunction with debridement is an appropriate initial treatment strategy.
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The in-vitro activity of a range of essential oils, including tea tree oil, against the yeast candida was examined. Of the 24 essential oils tested by the agar dilution method against Candida albicans ATCC 10231, three did not inhibit C. albicans at the highest concentration tested, which was 2.0% (v/v) oil. Sandalwood oil had the lowest MIC, inhibiting C. albicans at 0.06%. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil was investigated for activity against 81 C. albicans isolates and 33 non-albicans Candida isolates. By the broth microdilution method, the minimum concentration of oil inhibiting 90% of isolates for both C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species was 0.25% (v/v). The minimum concentration of oil killing 90% of isolates was 0.25% for C. albicans and 0.5% for non-albicans Candida species. Fifty-seven Candida isolates were tested for sensitivity to tea tree oil by the agar dilution method; the minimum concentration of oil inhibiting 90% of isolates was 0.5%. Tests on three intra-vaginal tea tree oil products showed these products to have MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations comparable to those of non-formulated tea tree oil, indicating that the tea tree oil contained in these products has retained its anticandidal activity. These data indicate that some essential oils are active against Candida spp., suggesting that they may be useful in the topical treatment of superficial candida infections.
Resistance of Sarcoptes scabiei to various topical therapies has been described, but clinical assessment of treatment failure is problematic and in-vitro
assays are generally not available. We describe a simple in-vitro analysis used to evaluate the relative efficacy of a range
of topical, oral, and herbal treatments available in Australia for the treatment of scabies. S. scabiei var. hominis mites were collected from skin scrapings obtained from 7 crusted scabies patients over a period of 2 years (1997 and 1998).
Larvae, nymphal instars, and adult mites were tested within 3 h of collection and continuously exposed to selected commercially
available treatment products until death, with the elapsed time recorded. Neem was the only product to show little acaricidal
activity. Survival curves indicated that, of the other agents, 5% permethrin (Lyclear) had the slowest killing time, with
35% of mites still alive after 3 h, and 4% still alive after 18–22 h of constant exposure. In contrast, no mites were alive
after 3 h exposure to 25% benzyl benzoate (Ascabiol), 1 % lindane (Quellada), 5% tea tree oil and 100–8000 ng/g of ivermectin
(Equimec). Despite the slower killing time with 5% permethrin, there was no evidence of any mite tolerance in vivo or treatment failure in any patients or contact cases.
To compare the acaricidal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil (TTO) and some of its individual active components on the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis.
In vitro acaricide sensitivity assessment.
The Menzies School of Health Research laboratory, located near the Infectious Diseases Ward of the Royal Darwin Hospital, Australia, where patients are admitted and treated for crusted scabies.
Scabies mites (S scabiei var hominis) were collected from a 20-year-old Aboriginal woman admitted to the Royal Darwin Hospital with crusted scabies. Interventions Within 3 hours of collection, scabies mites were placed in continuous direct contact with the TTO products and control acaricides and were observed at regular intervals.
Percentage of mites dead at regular observation intervals between 5 minutes and 24 hours during continuous exposure to the TTO products and acaricides.
The 5% TTO and active component terpinen-4-ol were highly effective in reducing mite survival times. Statistically significant differences in mite survival curves were observed for 5% TTO, 2.1% terpinen-4-ol, 5% permethrin, and ivermectin (100 microg/g of Emulsifying Ointment British Pharmacopoeia 88). In vivo effectiveness was also observed.
Documentation of resistance against antiectoparasitic compounds is increasing. Reported S scabiei treatment failures with lindane, crotamiton, and benzyl benzoate, as well as likely emerging resistance to 5% permethrin and oral ivermectin, are of concern and advocate for the identification and development of novel acaricidal drugs. Tea tree oil is a membrane-active biocide extracted from the tree M alternifolia. It is a principal antimicrobial in a wide range of pharmaceuticals sold in Australia, with the main active component being oxygenated terpenoids. The results suggest that TTO has a potential role as a new topical acaricide and confirm terpinen-4-ol as the primary active component.
To compare the in vitro killing effect of different agents on Demodex and to report the in vivo killing effect of tea tree oil (TTO) on ocular Demodex.
Survival time of Demodex was measured under the microscope. Sampling and counting of Demodex was performed by a modified method.
Demodex folliculorum survived for more than 150 minutes in 10% povidone-iodine, 75% alcohol, 50% baby shampoo, and 4% pilocarpine. However, the survival time was significantly shortened to within 15 minutes in 100% alcohol, 100% TTO, 100% caraway oil, or 100% dill weed oil. TTO's in vitro killing effect was dose dependent. Lid scrub with 50% TTO, but not with 50% baby shampoo, can further stimulate Demodex to move out to the skin. The Demodex count did not reach zero in any of the seven patients receiving daily lid scrub with baby shampoo for 40-350 days. In contrast, the Demodex count dropped to zero in seven of nine patients receiving TTO scrub in 4 weeks without recurrence.
Demodex is resistant to a wide range of antiseptic solutions. Weekly lid scrub with 50% TTO and daily lid scrub with tea tree shampoo is effective in eradicating ocular Demodex.
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Complementary and alternative medicines such as tea tree (melaleuca) oil have become increasingly popular in recent decades. This essential oil has been used for almost 100 years in Australia but is now available worldwide both as neat oil and as an active component in an array of products. The primary uses of tea tree oil have historically capitalized on the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions of the oil. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the oil and its components, as well as clinical efficacy. Specific mechanisms of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action are reviewed, and the toxicity of the oil is briefly discussed.
Recent investigations on the antifungal properties of essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel (Tea Tree Oil, TTO) have been performed with reference to the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. However, there is a lack of in vivo data supporting in vitro results, especially regarding the antifungal properties of TTO constituents. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the in vitro and the in vivo anti-Candida activity of two critical bioactive constituents of TTO, terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole.
Oophorectomized, pseudoestrus rats under estrogen treatment were used for experimental vaginal infection with azole (fluconazole, itraconazole) -susceptible or -resistant strains of C. albicans. All these strains were preliminarily tested for in vitro susceptibility to TTO, terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole for their antifungal properties, using a modification of the CLSI (formerly NCCLS) reference M27-A2 broth micro-dilution method.
In vitro minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) values were 0.06% (volume/volume) for terpinen-4-ol and 4% (volume/volume) for 1,8-cineole, regardless of susceptibility or resistance of the strains to fluconazole and itraconazole. Fungicidal concentrations of terpinen-4-ol were equivalent to the candidastatic activity. In the rat vaginal infection model, terpinen-4-ol was as active as TTO in accelerating clearance from the vagina of all Candida strains examined.
Our data suggest that terpinen-4-ol is a likely mediator of the in vitro and in vivo activity of TTO. This is the first in vivo demonstration that terpinen-4-ol could control C. albicans vaginal infections. The purified compound holds promise for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis, and particularly the azole-resistant forms.
Eumycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis is treated with surgery and high doses of itraconazole and ketoconazole. These agents are toxic, and new therapies are required.
MICs were determined for artemisinin and tea tree oil, two natural herbal compounds.
Artemisinin was not active against M. mycetomatis, but tea tree oil did inhibit its growth. Since tea tree oil's prime component easily penetrates the skin, tea tree oil could be a useful agent in the treatment of eumycetoma.
Tea tree oil is active in vitro against M. mycetomatis.
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Using a series of efflux mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the MexAB-OprM pump was identified as contributing to this organism's tolerance to the antimicrobial agent tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil and its monoterpene components terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, and alpha-terpineol. These data show that a multidrug efflux system of P. aeruginosa can extrude monoterpenes and related alcohols.
Psoriasis is a clinical skin disease that is characterized by erythematous scaling plaques and involves the extensor site of the extremities, the scalp and other surfaces of the skin. Tea tree oil (TTO) is considered an essential oil, obtained by steam distillation of the leaves and terminal branchlets of Melaleuca alternifolia. Notably,terpinen-4-ol, the major TTO constituent, has been found to have potent anti-inflammatory properties. It is suggested that terpinen-4-ol may be a novel potential agent against psoriasis. This article draws attention to the antipsoriatic effect of TTO and provides a theoretical molecular approach.
The composition and yield of oil in 615 trees representing the natural populations of Melaleuca alternifolia, or tea tree, was investigated. A sixth distinct oil chemotype was identified. Of the six chemotypes, one chemotype is dominated by terpinen-4-ol, one by 1,8-cineole, one by terpinolene and the remaining three chemotypes are all dominated by 1,8-cineole and differ in either terpinen-4-ol or terpinolene content. Whilst most chemotypes are present throughout the distribution range, a definite correspondence of oil types with geographic location was found. Terpinen-4-ol types predominate in and around the Bungawalbin basin in the Casino area of northern New South Wales (NSW), high 1,8-cineole types predominate toward the southern end of the distribution around Grafton and terpinolene types predominate in southern Queensland. Preliminary formulae have been developed to allow comparisons of oil data obtained by steam distillation with a static headspace gas chromatography method.
Synopsis
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of commercial essential oils: lavender, tea tree and lemon, antimicrobials in washing liquid and O/W soft body balm. The inhibition efficacy of essential oils in washing liquid (1% alone or in mixtures), in soft body balm (0.5% alone), as well as combined with the synthetic preservative DMDM hydantoin and 3‐iodo‐2‐propynyl butyl carbamate mixture (0.1 and 0.3%), was tested against S. aureus ATCC 6538, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Candida sp. ŁOCK 0008 and A. niger ATCC 16404 in compliance with the European Pharmacopoeia standards. The components of the system preserving soft body balm were supplemented with a solubilizer. Washing liquids containing only essential oils met Criterion A E.P. only for S. aureus , Candida sp. and A. niger . In soft body balm formulations, oils at a concentration of 0.5% did not reveal any preserving activity. The introduction of a solubilizer to a system containing 0.5% tea tree oil led to a substantial increase in the bacteriostatic activity of the formulation, but did not significantly affect its fungistatic properties. A combination of 0.5% tea tree oil, 5% solubilizer and 0.3% synthetic preservative ensured the microbiological stability of soft body balm in accordance with Criterion A E.P.
Tea tree oil (TTO) (Melaleuca alternifolia) has been used recently as an effective topical application for the treatment of skin infections due to a variety of aetiological microbial agents, including mainly bacterial infections. We detail the first report in the peer-reviewed literature of the successful treatment with TTO of a paediatric patient with warts on her right middle finger. TTO was applied topically once daily to the lesions for 12 days, with a successful outcome, including complete re-epithelization of the infected areas. The case highlights the potential use of TTO in the treatment of common warts due to human papilloma virus.
Seborrheic dermatitis is a common papulosquamous disorder of the skin, affecting 3% to 5% of the population. Dandruff, a less severe form of seborrheic dermatitis, affects a greater proportion of the population. The exact pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis is unknown, however colonization of the lipophilic yeast, Malasezzia furfur, and an inflammatory reaction to this yeast each seem to play a role in disease etiology. Therefore, treatment for seborrheic dermatitis is aimed at yeast elimination and inflammation control. Several treatment modalities are available for seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff including shampoos, which contain both active ingredients related to antimycotic or anti-inflammatory effects and also surfactant ingredients that allow these shampoos to replace regular shampoos in affected patients. The literature regarding the treatment of therapeutic shampoos is reviewed, and treatment strategies for managing seborrheic dermatitis with therapeutic shampoos are provided.
Tea-tree oil (an essential oil of the Australian native tree Melaleuca alternifolia) has long been regarded as a useful topical antiseptic agent in Australia and has been shown to have a variety of antimicrobial activities; however, only anecdotal evidence exists for its efficacy in the treatment of various skin conditions. We have performed a single-blind, randomised clinical trial on 124 patients to evaluate the efficacy and skin tolerance of 5% tea-tree oil gel in the treatment of mild to moderate acne when compared with 5% benzoyl peroxide lotion. The results of this study showed that both 5% tea-tree oil and 5% benzoyl peroxide had a significant effect in ameliorating the patients' acne by reducing the number of inflamed and non-inflamed lesions (open and closed comedones), although the onset of action in the case of tea-tree oil was slower. Encouragingly, fewer side effects were experienced by patients treated with tea-tree oil.
The prevalence of onychomycosis, a superficial fungal infection that destroys the entire nail unit, is rising, with no satisfactory cure. The objective of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to examine the clinical efficacy and tolerability of 2% butenafine hydrochloride and 5% Melaleuca alternifolia oil incorporated in a cream to manage toenail onychomycosis in a cohort. Sixty outpatients (39 M, 21 F) aged 18-80 years (mean 29.6) with 6-36 months duration of disease were randomized to two groups (40 and 20), active and placebo. After 16 weeks, 80% of patients using medicated cream were cured, as opposed to none in the placebo group. Four patients in the active treatment group experienced subjective mild inflammation without discontinuing treatment. During follow-up, no relapse occurred in cured patients and no improvement was seen in medication-resistant and placebo participants.
A study was undertaken to investigate the cooling and healing effect of different modalities: Melaleuca Alternifolia Hydrogel (Levtrade International (Pty) Ltd.) was compared with tap water as a coolant following application onto a fresh deep partial thickness hot water burn in a porcine model. Four identical circular scalds were created on the backs of 10 pigs. One wound was not treated and served as a control. The other 3 wounds were either cooled with tap water (15 degrees C) or had Melaleuca Hydrogel dressing applied immediately, or after a 30 min delay. Intradermal temperatures were monitored in all wounds: preburn, during the burn and at regular intervals for 1 h. The wounds were biopsied for histological assessment. These samples were repeated at 24 h and 3 weeks. The mean decrease in final temperature at 1 h was in comparison to the preburn temperature; control +0.44 degrees C (i.e. a temperature increase); water -7.82 degrees C; Melaleuca Hydrogel -3.87 degrees C; Melaleuca Hydrogel after 30 min delay -2.67 degrees C. Clinical and histological assessment at 21 days indicated more rapid healing in both the Melaleuca Hydrogel and water-cooled burns compared with the untreated controls. Effective cooling of the burn wound and an increased rate of wound healing was achieved by both repeated tap water compresses and by immediate or delayed application of Melaleuca Hydrogel. Cooling is an effective means to reduce tissue damage and increase wound healing.
The effect of different essential oils as well as of isolated mono- and sesquiterpenes on the viability of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei, promastigotes of Leishmania major and human HL-60 cells was evaluated using the Almar Blue assay. Of the 12 essential oils and 8 terpenes investigated, only three essential oils, Melissa officinalis (balmmint) oil, Thymus vulgaris (thyme) oil, and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil were about 50-fold and 80-fold more toxic to bloodstream forms of T. brucei than to HL-60 cells, respectively. Terpinen-4-ol, the main compound of the Australian tea tree oil, was even 1000-fold more toxic to trypanosomes than to the human cells. On the other hand, none of the essential oils and terpenes tested were more toxic to promastigotes of L. major than to HL-60 cells.
Phenolics antioxidant phytochemicals have been recently implicated for the lower rates of cardiac disease mortality among people consuming a Mediterranean diet. Essential oils are natural products extracted from vegetable materials, which can be used as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidants, and anti-carcinogenic agents or to preserve and give specific flavors to foods. The activities of 23 selected essential oils in inhibiting the copper-catalyzed oxidation of human-low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were determined in vitro. LDL oxidation was inhibited between 6, 2, and 83% by 2 microM (GAE) total phenolics. The relative inhibition of LDL oxidation was used to categorize the essential oils into four groups below 2% when they contained methylchavicol, anethol, p-cymen, apiole, cinnamic ether; 6-10% if they possessed a majority of carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene, or vanillin; 10-50% for moderate amounts of thymol, carvacrol, cuminol, or eugenol; and 50-100% when eugenol is the major component. Total phenol content of essential oils gave a correlation with LDL antioxidant activity of r = 0.75. The Activity of each phenolics compound could play a role in protecting LDL against oxidation if the substance is absorbed by the body.
The antiviral effect of Australian tea tree oil (TTO) and eucalyptus oil (EUO) against herpes simplex virus was examined. Cytotoxicity of TTO and EUO was evaluated in a standard neutral red dye uptake assay. Toxicity of TTO and EUO was moderate for RC-37 cells and approached 50% (TC50) at concentrations of 0.006% and 0.03%, respectively. Antiviral activity of TTO and EUO against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) was tested in vitro on RC-37 cells using a plaque reduction assay. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TTO for herpes simplex virus plaque formation was 0.0009% and 0.0008% and the IC50 of EUO was determined at 0.009% and 0.008% for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Australian tea tree oil exhibited high levels of virucidal activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in viral suspension tests. At noncytotoxic concentrations of TTO plaque formation was reduced by 98.2% and 93.0% for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Noncytotoxic concentrations of EUO reduced virus titers by 57.9% for HSV-1 and 75.4% for HSV-2. Virus titers were reduced significantly with TTO, whereas EUO exhibited distinct but less antiviral activity. In order to determine the mode of antiviral action of both essential oils, either cells were pretreated before viral infection or viruses were incubated with TTO or EUO before infection, during adsorption or after penetration into the host cells. Plaque formation was clearly reduced, when herpes simplex virus was pretreated with the essential oils prior to adsorption. These results indicate that TTO and EUO affect the virus before or during adsorption, but not after penetration into the host cell. Thus TTO and EUO are capable to exert a direct antiviral effect on HSV. Although the active antiherpes components of Australian tea tree and eucalyptus oil are not yet known, their possible application as antiviral agents in recurrent herpes infection is promising.
Plants are of relevance to dermatology for both their adverse and beneficial effects on skin and skin disorders respectively. Virtually all cultures worldwide have relied historically, or continue to rely on medicinal plants for primary health care. Approximately one-third of all traditional medicines are for treatment of wounds or skin disorders, compared to only 1-3% of modern drugs. The use of such medicinal plant extracts for the treatment of skin disorders arguably has been based largely on historical/anecdotal evidence, since there has been relatively little data available in the scientific literature, particularly with regard to the efficacy of plant extracts in controlled clinical trials. In this article therefore, adverse and beneficial aspects of medicinal plants relating to skin and skin disorders have been reviewed, based on recently available information from the peer-reviewed scientific literature. Beneficial aspects of medicinal plants on skin include: healing of wounds and burn injuries (especially Aloe vera); antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial and acaricidal activity against skin infections such as acne, herpes and scabies (especially tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil); activity against inflammatory/immune disorders affecting skin (e.g. psoriasis); and anti-tumour promoting activity against skin cancer (identified using chemically-induced two-stage carcinogenesis in mice). Adverse effects of plants on skin reviewed include: irritant contact dermatitis caused mechanically (spines, irritant hairs) or by irritant chemicals in plant sap (especially members of the Ranunculaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Compositae plant families); phytophotodermatitis resulting from skin contamination by plants containing furocoumarins, and subsequent exposure to UV light (notably members of the Umbelliferae and Rutaceae plant families); and immediate (type I) or delayed hypersensitivity contact reactions mediated by the immune system in individuals sensitized to plants or plant products (e.g. peanut allergy, poison ivy (Toxicodendron) poisoning).
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To examine the effect of topically applied tea tree oil (TTO) on histamine-induced oedema in the ears of mice.
For BALB/c mice, 10 microl undiluted TTO applied immediately after, but not 30 min before intradermal injection of 600 microg histamine in 10 microl, significantly suppressed oedema development. TTO applied after histamine injection also suppressed histamine-induced oedema in C57/BL6 mice. TTO applied immediately after intradermal injection of compound 48/80 (200 microg in 10 microl saline) also significantly reduced ear swelling. TTO suppressed histamine-induced oedema to the same extent in capsaicin-treated (neuropeptide-depleted) and control mice which suggests that TTO does not inhibit histamine-induced oedema by regulating the activity of peripheral sensory neurons. Terpinen-4-ol, the major water-soluble component of TTO, was equivalent in potency to TTO in the suppression of histamine-induced ear swelling.
Topical application of TTO, and in particular terpinen-4-ol, may be effective in controlling histamine-induced oedema often associated with Type I allergic immediate hypersensitivities.
Tea tree oil has been shown to have activity against dermatophytes in vitro. We have conducted a randomized, controlled, double-blinded study to determine the efficacy and safety of 25% and 50% tea tree oil in the treatment of interdigital tinea pedis. One hundred and fifty-eight patients with tinea pedis clinically and microscopy suggestive of a dermatophyte infection were randomized to receive either placebo, 25% or 50% tea tree oil solution. Patients applied the solution twice daily to affected areas for 4 weeks and were reviewed after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. There was a marked clinical response seen in 68% of the 50% tea tree oil group and 72% of the 25% tea tree oil group, compared to 39% in the placebo group. Mycological cure was assessed by culture of skin scrapings taken at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment. The mycological cure rate was 64% in the 50% tea tree oil group, compared to 31% in the placebo group. Four (3.8%) patients applying tea tree oil developed moderate to severe dermatitis that improved quickly on stopping the study medication.
Dandruff appears to be related to the yeast Pityrosporum ovale. Tea tree oil has antifungal properties with activity against P ovale and may be useful in the treatment of dandruff.
We conducted a randomized, single-blind, parallel-group study to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of 5% tea tree oil and placebo in patients with mild to moderate dandruff.
One hundred twenty-six male and female patients, aged 14 years and older, were randomly assigned to receive either 5% tea tree oil shampoo or placebo, which was used daily for 4 weeks. The dandruff was scored on a quadrant-area-severity scale and by patient self-assessment scores of scaliness, itchiness, and greasiness.
The 5% tea tree oil shampoo group showed a 41% improvement in the quadrant-area-severity score compared with 11% in the placebo group (P <.001). Statistically significant improvements were also observed in the total area of involvement score, the total severity score, and the itchiness and greasiness components of the patients' self-assessments. The scaliness component of patient self-assessment improved but was not statistically significant. There were no adverse effects.
Five percent tea tree oil appears to effective and well tolerated in the treatment of dandruff.
The tea tree oil (melaleuca alternifolia) has antiseptic, fungicide and bactericide effects. The efficiency against oral bacteria was also evident. Xylitol is known for counterattacking the cariogenic effect caused by the streptococcus mutans. Less plaque was developed during the time of the study.
Pediculosis is a widespread condition reported in schoolchildren. Treatment most commonly involves the physical removal of nits using fine-toothcombs and the chemical treatment of adult lice and eggs with topical preparations. The active constituents of these preparations frequently exert their effects through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7). Increasing resistance to many preparations has led to the search for more effective treatments. Tea Tree oil, otherwise known as Melaleuca oil, has been added to several preparations as an alternative treatment of head lice infestations. In this study two major constituents of Tea Tree oil, 1,8-cineole and terpinen-4-ol, were shown to inhibit acetylcholinesterase at IC50 values (inhibitor concentrations required to give 50% inhibition) of 0.04 and 10.30 mM, respectively. Four samples of Tea Tree oil tested (Tisserand, Body Treats, Main Camp and Irish Health Culture Association Pure Undiluted) showed anticholinesterase activity at IC50 values of 0.05, 0.10, 0.08 and 0.11 microL mL(-1), respectively. The results supported the hypothesis that the insecticidal activity of Tea Tree oil was attributable, in part, to the anticholinesterase activity of Tea Tree oil.
Antioxidant activity of Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) was determined using two different assays. In the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, 10 microL/mL crude TTO in methanol had approximately 80% free radical scavenging activity, and in the hexanal/hexanoic acid assay, 200 microL/mL crude TTO exhibited 60% inhibitory activity against the oxidation of hexanal to hexanoic acid over 30 days. These results were equivalent to the antioxidant activities of 30 mM butylated hydroxytoluene in both tests at the same experimental conditions. This indicated that the TTO could be a good alternative antioxidant. Inherent antioxidants, i.e., alpha-terpinene, alpha-terpinolene, and gamma-terpinene, in the crude TTO were separated and identified chromatographically using silica gel open chromatography, C(18)-high-pressure liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their antioxidant activities decreased in the following order in both assays: alpha-terpinene > alpha-terpinolene > gamma-terpinene.
[corrected] This clinical study assessed the effects of topically applied tea tree oil (TTO)-containing gel on dental plaque and chronic gingivitis.
This was a double-blind, longitudinal, non-crossover study in 49 medically fit non-smokers (24 males and 25 females) aged 18-60 years with severe chronic gingivitis. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups and given either TTO-gel (2.5 per cent), chlorhexidine (CHX) gel (0.2 per cent), or a placebo gel to apply with a toothbrush twice daily. Treatment effects were assessed using the Gingival Index (GI), Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI) and plaque staining score (PSS) at four and eight weeks.
No adverse reactions to any of the gels were reported. The data were separated into subsets by tooth (anterior and posterior) and tooth surface (buccal and lingual). The TTO group had significant reduction in PBI and GI scores. However,,TTO did not reduce plaque scores, which tended to increase over the latter weeks of the study period.
Although further studies are required, the anti-inflammatory properties of TTO-containing gel applied topically to inflamed gingival tissues may prove to be a useful non-toxic adjunct to chemotherapeutic periodontal therapy.
When applied 20 min after injection of histamine into human forearm skin, tea tree oil (TTO) reduces the developing cutaneous vascular response. In this study, the effect of TTO on inflammatory microvascular changes was dissected at the base of an experimental blister on rat skin. 1,8-Cineole, representing 2% of TTO, reduced vascular changes induced by sensory neuropeptides released when the distal portion of a cut sciatic nerve was electrically stimulated. The pre-terminal modulatory effect of 1,8-Cineole was confirmed in tests in sensory-denervated rats. Terpinen-4-ol (approximately 40% TTO) reduced substance P-induced microvascular changes and protein extravasation by a direct nitric oxide-mediated effect on the microvasculature, without sensory nerve involvement. alpha-Terpineol (3% of TTO) regulated both pre- and post-sensory nerve terminals. In human skin, terpinen-4-ol applied 10 min after histamine injection, but not alpha-terpineol or 1,8-cineole, regulated the developing wheal and flare suggesting that the histamine-induced responses in humans (at the dose used in this study, 50 microL of 330 microM histamine) are in large part determined by histamine directly affecting the vasculature via post-terminal-mediated events. The underlying strength of these studies is the use of a well-established rat physiologic model to differentiate the mechanism of regulation of microvascular changes by modulatory agents.