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Abstract
Cupping therapy of Chinese medicine is able to relieve a variety of diseases or clinical conditions, which results from the comprehensive effects of multiple types of stimulation exerted onto the regional acupoint areas. Among the stimuli, the negative pressure from cupping is one of the main factors inducing therapeutic effects. In the present paper, the authors review development of researches on the underlying mechanism of therapeutic effects of cupping-negative pressure from 1) the factor of intra-cup negative pressure; 2) influence of intra-cup negative pressure on cup-blackspot formation; 3) influence of cupping on regional blood vessels and blood flow; 4) effect of cupping on regional ultrastructure of the capillary in the raw-surface tissue; 5) effect of cupping-negative pressure on regional endothelial cells; and 6) biological effects of negative pressure drainage. Generally, cupping induced negative pressure can dilate local blood vessels to improve microcirculation, promote capillary endothelial cells repair, accelerate granulation and angiogenesis, etc., in the regional tissues, normalizing the patients' functional state at last.
... Therefore, dry cupping is a noninvasive and inexpensive technique [15]. More specifically, in this technique, the skin and underlying tissues are pulled into the suctioning cupping glass by heat production to increase the local blood and lymphatic circulation [16,17], also, this technique has been used in the management of many pathological conditions as excessive menstrual bleeding, edema, sciatica, postpartum perineal pain, chronic neck pain and low back pain [17,18]. There are many studies using acupuncture stimulation by needle or electrical stimulation in treatment of morning sickness during pregnancy In this study we use the cupping therapy to stimulate the acupuncture point(p6) without pain or electrical sensation. ...
... The results of study are in line with with Farhadi et al. [25] who suggested that dry cupping treatments at the acupressure P6 decrease nausea, vomiting, and need for rescue therapy after laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery. The mechanism of cupping therapy was explained by Cui [16], who suggested that, the application used in dry cupping is similar to acupuncture. The mechanisms of acupuncture's effects have been explained that it can stimulate and release neurochemicals, such as β endorphins, enkephalins, and serotonin [26]. ...
... This explanation in line with Lin et al. [30] who state that, electrical stimulation of acupuncture points improve the regularity of gastric mobility and decrease secretion of gastric acid and improvement in stomach motion. Also, the mechanism of cupping therapy explained by Cui, [16] who suggested that it can maintain the balance between Yin and Yang and promote the flow of "Qi," which signifies power and movement similar to energy. [17] also the result is agree with Smith et al. [31] who suggested that acupuncture on P6 point is an effective treatment for women who experience nausea and dry retching in early pregnancy, and in improving women's physical and psychological well-being. ...
... Despite many studies performed to explore effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) methods on treating breastfeeding difficulties and increasing prolactin secretions, the effectiveness of the dry CT has yet to be sufficiently clarified. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of two techniques, dry CT and breast/oxytocin massage on sufficient breastfeeding [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. ...
... Therefore, breastfeeding is the most efficient health intervention. The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) such as progressive muscle relaxation, aromatherapy, meditation yoga and music, therapeutic contact, Kangaroo care, hand expression, pumping, hypnosis, mindfulness, cold or warmth compression, herbal, reflexology, acupressure, acupuncture, oxytocin breast massage, including CT to ensure effective breastfeeding has increased significantly in recent years [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. ...
Background: Insufficient breastfeeding is a common problem that affects the baby's well-being.
... [17] More specifically, in this technique, the underlying tissues are pulled into the suctioning cupping glass by heat production to increase the local blood and lymphatic circulation. [18] Although this technique has been used in the treatment of numerous conditions including excessive menstrual bleeding, edema, scrotal hernia, sciatica, hydrocele, postpartum perineal pain, chronic neck pain, and low back pain, [19][20][21][22][23][24] we are not aware of any previous studies testing the effectiveness of dry cupping in the treatment of PONV. ...
... This prompts capillary endothelial cell repair, accelerating granulation and angiogenesis in regional tissues. [18] This is the first study testing the effectiveness of dry cupping in reducing PONV. The technique used in dry cupping is similar to acupuncture. ...
Background:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common complication after general anesthesia, and the prevalence ranges between 25% and 30%. The aim of this study was to determine the preventive effects of dry cupping on PONV by stimulating point P6 in the wrist.
Methods:
This was a randomized controlled trial conducted at the Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran. The final study sample included 206 patients (107 experimental and 99 controls). Inclusion criteria included the following: female sex; age>18 years; ASA Class I-II; type of surgery: laparoscopic cholecystectomy; type of anesthesia: general anesthesia. Exclusion criteria included: change in the type of surgery, that is, from laparoscopic cholecystectomy to laparotomy, and ASA-classification III or more. Interventions are as follows: pre surgery, before the induction of anesthesia, the experimental group received dry cupping on point P6 of the dominant hand's wrist with activation of intermittent negative pressure. The sham group received cupping without activation of negative pressure at the same point. Main outcome was that the visual analogue scale was used to measure the severity of PONV.
Results:
The experimental group who received dry cupping had significantly lower levels of PONV severity after surgery (P?<?0.001) than the control group. The differences in measure were maintained after controlling for age and ASA in regression models (P?<?0.01).
Conclusion:
Traditional dry cupping delivered in an operation room setting prevented PONV in laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients.
... Cupping therapy is an ancient Chinese form of alternative medicine in which a local suction is created on the skin [7]. A partial vacuum is created in cups placed on the skin either by means of heat or suction. ...
... Cupping is used on back, neck, shoulder, and other musculoskeletal conditions (Figure 2). Cupping is also claimed by proponents to treat a broad range of medical conditions such as blood disorders (anaemia, haemophilia), rheumatic diseases (arthritic joint and muscular conditions), fertility and gynaecological disorders, and skin problems (eczema, acne) and help general physical and psychological wellbeing [7][8][9]. In order to address the clinical question if cupping is useful for childhood eczema, a clinical search on PubMed using key words of "cupping, " "eczema, " and "atopic dermatitis" was performed. ...
Eczema is a common childhood atopic condition and treatment is with emollients, topical corticosteroids, and avoidance of possible triggers. S. aureus colonization is a common complication. As there is no immediate cure, many parents seek alternative therapies that claim unproven therapeutic efficacy. We report a girl with long history of treatment noncompliance. After practicing a long period of dietary avoidance and supplementation, the grandparents took her to an alternative medicine practitioner. Following cupping therapy and acupuncture, the child developed blistering and oozing over her back the next day, which rapidly evolved to two large irregular-edge deep ulcers. She was treated with intravenous antibiotics and received multidisciplinary supportive intervention. Using search words of "cupping," "eczema," and "atopic dermatitis," only two reports were found on PubMed. Therapeutic efficacy was claimed but not scientifically documented in these reports. Childhood eczema is an eminently treatable atopic disease. Extreme alternative therapy seems not to be efficacious and may even be associated with serious undesirable sequelae. Physicians should be aware of various alternative treatment modalities and be prepared to offer evidence-based advice to the patients with eczema and their families.
... There is evidence that cupping can induce comfort and relaxation on a systemic level and the resulting increase in endogenous opioid production in the brain leads to improved pain control [51] . Other researches proposed that the main action of cupping therapy is to enhance the circulation of blood and to remove toxins, and waste from the body [52] , which could be achieved through improving micro-circulation, promoting capillary endothelial cells repair, accelerating granulation and angiogenesis in the regional tissues, thus helping normalize the patient's functional state and progressive muscle relaxation [53,54] . Cupping also removes noxious materials from the skin, micro-circulation, and interstitial compartment [55] , which benefit the patient. ...
... In fact, CT is an ancient method of treatment that can be divided into two general forms; dry CT (non-invasive) is used on the affected skin by creating a vacuum effect within cups, which uses a mechanical device. In wet CT (Hijama-invasive), the skin is lacerated by superficial incisions so that blood is drawn into the cup using a vacuum since antiquity in the symptomatic treatment of various diseases through the world [23,24]. ...
Background: Perineal pain is an important complaint in the postpartum period for several weeks. This study aimed to examine the effect of dry cupping therapy with lavender oil massage on the intensity of postpartum perineal pain. Methods: A 33 years old female had suffered with postpartum perineal pain. She experienced bilateral episiotomy on the third birth. Dry cupping therapy was administrated on selected areas two times. Before giving cupping therapy , at the 4th and 24th hours of birth was investigated effectiveness of dry cupping therapy on postpartum perineal pain based on the short-form of McGill pain scale. Results: According to the McGill pain scale, the mean of postpartum perineal pain intensity decreased from 37.9 ± 10.5 before the dry cupping therapy with lavender oil massage to 12.1 ± 5.3 in 4th hour, and 6.3 ± 1.3.2 in 24th hour after delivery. The patient on cupping therapy with lavender oil message showed better results terms of pain intensity (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The study confirmed that dry cupping therapy with lavender oil massage reduced postpartum perineal pain. In this regard, this intervention may be considered as affective method for reducing postpartum perineal pain. However, further trials are required to identify the effectiveness of this therapy regiment.
... Peneliti lain mengatakan bahwa tujuan utama dari terapi bekam adalah untuk memperlancar peredaran darah dan membuang racun dan limbah dari tubuh (Yoo Simon S et al. 2004). Hal tersebut bisa dicapai melalui peningkatan mikrosirkulasi, mempercepat perbaikan sel, mempercepat granulasi dan angiogenesis di jaringan regional, sehingga membantu menormalkan fungsi keadaaan pasien dan relaksasi otot progresif (Lauche et al., 2013 ;Cui et al., 2012). Bekam juga menghilangkan bahan berbahaya dari mikrosirkulasi kulit dan interstisial kompartemen (Goodwin, et al., 2011) yang menguntungkan pasien. ...
This community service activity aims to increase people's knowledge of how to do cupping properly and correctly, to create a healthy village during the pandemic, and as an effort to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 by promoting and preventive health measures. The method of implementing this service activity is by combining theories (discussion) 25% and practice 75%, as well as entrepreneurial provisions. There were 25 participants in the training. The evaluation instruments used were interviews, observation, and documentation. After all series of activities were carried out, the results of the service activity showed that the majority of participants had mastered the pre-cupping, cupping, and post-cupping procedures following the rules and procedures for the safety of the medical world.
... 27 This could presumably be accomplished by facilitating microcirculation, capillary endothelial cell repair, granulation, and angiogenesis in local tissues, resulting in a normalized functional state and muscle relaxation. 28,29 It should be noted that these mechanisms may have worked in tandem to produce such beneficial effects. Future studies focusing on these mechanisms, or their interaction, are needed to shed light on such anti-inflammatory effects of cupping. ...
Purpose
The aim of the present study was to investigate potential anti-inflammatory effects of wet-cupping prior to a moderate-to-vigorous exercise test among martial arts athletes.
Methods
Twenty-one male karate athletes voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into 3 groups: vigorous exercise (VE, n = 7), cupping (CT, n = 7) and cupping plus vigorous exercise (VECT, n = 7). Participants in exercise groups performed an exercise test while participants in CT received cupping therapy, and participants in VECT received cupping therapy plus exercise. Inflammatory markers (i.e., interlukin-6, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) were assessed prior to, immediately, 30 min, and 24 h after cupping therapy, vigorous exercise test, and their combination.
Results
IL-6 values were significantly lower immediately after cupping intervention in CT as compared to baseline (P < 0.025). IL-6 significantly increased immediately and 30 min post-exercise in VE in comparison with baseline (P < 0.025). IL-6 was also significantly higher at 24 h post-exercise in CTVE as compared to baseline (P < 0.025). TNF-α values were significantly lower in CT as compared to VE and CTVE at immediately and 30 min post-exercise (P < 0.01). TNF-α significantly decreased immediately and 30 min after cupping intervention in CT as compared to baseline (P < 0.01). Conversely, TNF-α significantly increased immediately after exercise in VE as compared to baseline (P < 0.025). TNF-α also significantly increased at 30 min and 24 h post-exercise in CTVE in comparison with baseline (P < 0.025).
Conclusion
Our findings showed that exercise-induced augmentation in inflammatory markers were lower in athletes who received cupping therapy, suggesting such therapy may be an avenue to mitigate the inflammatory response to vigorous exercise among martial arts athletes. A large-scale clinical study is needed to confirm the findings of the present study.
... It has been suggested that cup placement over selected acupoints on the skin produces hyperemia or hemostasis with therapeutic results. 26 Cupping has been used for painful conditions, respiratory symptoms, hypertension and herpes zoster. 27 In Saudi Arabia cupping is often used to treat various chronic illnesses including cancer and diabetes. ...
A number of social and cultural practices are prevalent in the Middle-East celebrating various occasions or to treat health conditions. These often result in dermatoses that are unfamiliar and confusing to dermatologists outside this region. This paper reviews skin manifestations emanating from traditional and ritual practices in Arab countries, particularly those from Saudi Arabia.
... It mainly involves improving microcirculation, promoting capillary endothelial cell repair, accelerating granulation, and angiogenesis in the regional tissues [14,15] . Cupping therapy has been traditionally recommended for inflammatory conditions and in modern times it is often used for conditions involving pain, such as back pain, arthritis etc [16] . The patient was given oral medicines that have specific activities. ...
A 38-year-old female patient was diagnosed with third episode of breast abscess that was evacuated and drained by cupping therapy, followed by application of raw papaya dressing. Unani medicines were prescribed during the course of the treatment for fifty days. It was observed that the wound healed up with no episode of recurrence of breast abscess. The breast abscess was successfully treated with Unani therapeutic approach.
... Practitioners of cupping believe this maneuver invigorates blood flow and promotes healing. Cupping is commonly used on back, neck, shoulders, and buttocks [6,7]. ...
Background: Cupping therapy is an ancient traditional and complementary medicine used in the treatment of a broad range of medical conditions. It is very popular in many countries, especially in China, Korea, and Japan. It is used in the Muslim world, as well as in North Africa, Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cupping involves applying a heated cup to generate a partial vacuum that mobilizes the blood flow and promotes effective healing. Till now, there is no certain scientific base for using cupping in treating any medical problem especially skin diseases. Many skin diseases have tendency to appear at the site of injury or damage to the skin, the so called koebners phenomena. Our observation is that hijama induces skin diseases at the site of cupping in patients with skin dis-eases with koebner phenomenon. Objective: to present cases with koebner phenomenon after cupping with primary lesions seen at the site of cupping. Patients and method: a total of 24 male patients previously diagnosed with skin diseases; 16 with psoriasis, 6 with lichen planus, one patient with dermatitis herpetiformis, and one with seborrheic dermatitis. Results: All patients had stable skin diseases prior to cupping but new lesions appeared at the site of cupping around two weeks after the procedure. Conclusion: cupping should not be encouraged for skin diseases with positive koebner phenomenon commonly psoriasis and lichen planus and possibly contraindicated as till now there is no scientific basis for using this procedure.
... The basic mechanism of cupping for health management is described by Cui and Cui as cupping-induced negative pressure can dilate local blood vessels to improve microcirculation, promote capillary endothelial cells repair, and accelerate granulation and angiogenesis. [2] This can be accompanied with basic mechanism of chheam, which is similar to therapeutic phlebotomy, [3] to promote the advantage of the combined practice. Now, the improved safety standards of the practice have become the important issue [4] that can increase the utility of this classical Indochina health-care wisdom. ...
... The research has included specific changes in local tissue structure, stretching of the nerves and muscles, increased blood circulation, and auto hemolysis. Still, these were considered as multiple types of stimulation exerted onto the regional acupoint areas [31]. ...
Cupping therapy (CT) is common in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. In Muslim communities, the influence of religion has resulted in its greater prevalence, as it is recommended by the Prophet of Islam. When modern medical practitioners became interested in CT, they severed CT from its roots, viewing it as a medical technique. The majority of medical practitioners have tried to keep their distance from the mechanisms proposed by traditional medicine and to focus on theories advanced from the modern medical perspective. However, these have failed to offer a valid explanation for the mechanism of action or to prove the efficacy of CT. The growing evidence of CT’s effectiveness—specifically in chronic pain management—against inactive control, but not against sham treatment, has demonstrated that there are different combined nonspecific effects with CT.. New research should take into consideration the holistic research approach and the compound effect of the entire specifics and the contextual effects included in the therapy. CT, specifically if accompanied by religion and prayer, as it is in Muslim communities, cannot be considered as equivalent to any procedure used in modern medicine. It is an ancient practice that takes as its point of departure the complex connectivity between the mind and the body. No one can dispute the importance of placebos in efficacy trials. However, comparative effectiveness trial with the usual care and Whole System Research may be the most appropriate design pending for the development of a novel placebo for the min-body interventions.
... 21 That could be achieved through improving microcirculation, promoting capillary endothelial cell repair, accelerating granulation and angiogenesis in the regional tissues, thus helping normalize the patient's functional state and progressive muscle relaxation. 22,23 Cupping also removes noxious materials from skin microcirculation and interstitial compartment 24 which benefit the patient. Cupping may be an effective method of reducing low density lipoprotein (LDL) in men and consequently may have a preventive effect against atherosclerosis 25 and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). ...
Cupping Therapy (CT) is an ancient method and currently used in the treatment of a broad range of medical conditions. Nonetheless the mechanism of action of (CT) is not fully understood. This review aimed to identify possible mechanisms of action of (CT) from modern medicine perspective and offer possible explanations of its effects. English literature in PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar was searched using key words. Only 223 articles identified, 149 records screened, and 74 articles excluded for irrelevancy. Only 75 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, included studies in this review were 64. Six theories have been suggested to explain the effects produced by cupping therapy. Pain reduction and changes in biomechanical properties of the skin could be explained by “Pain-Gate Theory” “Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls” and “Reflex zone theory”. Muscle relaxation, changes in local tissue structures and increase in blood circulation might be explained by “Nitric Oxide theory”. Immunological effects and hormonal adjustments might be attributed to “Activation of immune system theory”. Releasing of toxins and removal of wastes and heavy metals might be explained by “Blood Detoxification Theory”. These theories may overlap or work interchangeably to produce various therapeutic effects in specific ailments and diseases. Apparently, no single theory exists to explain the whole effects of cupping. Further researches are needed to support or refute the aforesaid theories, and also develop innovative conceptualizations of (CT) in future. © 2018 Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University
... This helps in normalizing the patient's functional state and progressive muscle relaxation. 34,35 In traditional Chinese medicine, cupping plays the role of leak or purging. 36 Cupping is the best deep tissue massage. ...
Since ancient times, complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) have played an important role in human health and welfare. Many therapeutic approaches in healthcare outside the realm of conventional medicine persist in various parts of the world. There is considerable scientific and commercial potential in CAM, which needs to be explored precisely. Cupping therapy (拔罐療法 bá guàn liáo fǎ), one of the CAM, is practiced across the world. This therapy is believed to act by correcting imbalances in the internal bio field, such as by restoring the flow of qi. Cupping involves applying a heated cup to generate a partial vacuum that mobilizes the blood flow and promotes effective healing. This review outlines various tools and techniques of cupping therapy.
... In fact, cupping is applied to increase the local blood and lymphatic circulation and to relieve painful muscle tension. 17,18 In this study, BL23 point or Shenshu was selected for cupping therapy. This point is located 1.5 cun lateral to the posterior midline, on the level of the lower border of the spinous process of the second lumbar vertebra, thereby providing the ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir opportunity for appropriately placing the cups on a flat space. ...
Background: Continuous low back pain is associated with the symptoms of the pregnancy period. In spite of the improvement of low back pain within 6 months after the delivery, some women may develop chronic problems. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dry cupping therapy at BL23 point on the intensity of low back pain in primiparous women.
Methods: In the present randomized clinical trial, 100 samples were randomly allocated to either the cupping therapy or the control group (each containing 50 subjects). Cupping therapy was performed for 15-20 minutes every day up to 4 consecutive times. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and short-form McGill pain questionnaire were completed by the two groups before the intervention and immediately, 24 hours, and 2 weeks after that. Then, the data were entered into the SPSS statistical software (v. 16) and analyzed using chi-square test and repeated measures ANOVA.
Results: According to VAS, the mean intensity of low back pain in the cupping therapy group decreased from 7.8±2.7 before the intervention to 3.7±1.8, 2.5±1.7, and 1.4±1.4 immediately, 24 hours, and 2 weeks after the intervention, respectively. Besides, these measures were respectively obtained as 31.8±10.8, 9.0±6.7, 7.5±6.6, and 3.6±4.1 in the short-form McGill pain questionnaire. According to repeated measures ANOVA, a significant difference was observed among the various stages of follow-up (P=0.01).
Conclusion: The study results showed cupping therapy to be effective in sedation of pain. Thus, it can be used as an effective treatment for reducing the low back pain.
Trial Registration Number: 2013072611944N3
... 5 Generally, cupping-induced negative pressure can dilate local blood vessels to improve microcirculation, promote capillary endothelial cell repair, and accelerate granulation and angiogenesis in the regional tissues, normalizing the patients' functional state at last. 12 In addition, cupping therapy removes different stresses and exhaustion from the human body that cause the sympathovagal imbalances. In addition, it can be suggested that cupping therapy restores homeostasis disturbances by stimulating acupuncture points or sites or by using another mechanism mentioned above. ...
... Additionally, it may prompt inflammatory lesion absorption. Generally, negative pressure can extend local blood vessels to improve microcirculation, accelerate angiogenesis, and promote capillary endothelial cell repair [193]. One study treated 26 cases of CPID by the combination of acupuncture and cupping therapy. ...
Genital infection is a common worldwide disease among females with clinical features such as bilateral lower abdominal tenderness, abnormal vaginal or cervical discharge, fever, abnormal vaginal bleeding, dyspareunia, vaginal itching, and adnexal tenderness, which can significantly impair women's health and quality of life. Genital infection is commonly treated with antibiotics, leading to an imbalance in gut flora due to prolonged use of antibiotics. Therefore, it is necessary to discover safe and efficacious alternative treatment strategies for patients with genital infection. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is becoming increasingly prevalent among women with genital infection. CAM has interested the western mainstream medical community because of its less invasive, safe, effective, economical, and convenient therapies. CAM focuses on the prevention and treatment of disease and has become an important force in treating chronic disease. During the last few decades, the popularity of CAM has gradually increased. To further understand the efficacy of CAM in treating genital infection, our paper will review the current progress of treating genital infection including vulvitis, vaginitis, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) with CAM therapies. Several CAM strategies including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), acupuncture, Psychology interference, and physical therapy are introduced in this review.
... 11,12 Muscle tone and blood flow are inversely correlated in erector spinae muscles. 13 Cupping results in visible redness of the skin of the treated area, local vasodilatation and has been reported to improve microcirculation 14 which might improve these conditions. Also the glucose metabolism seems to be disturbed in painful muscles of the neck because intramuscular lactate and pyruvate levels have been different to neck muscles of healthy controls. ...
Cupping worldwide has been part of traditional medicine systems and is in the western world used as CAM therapy mainly for treating pain syndromes. The mode of action is up to now unclear. In order to investigate its mechanism we measured in parallel metabolic changes in the tissue under the cupping glass and pressure pain thresholds.
In 12 volunteers (6 healthy subjects and 6 patients with chronic neck pain) a microdialysis system was implanted subcutaneously on both sides (left and right) above the trapezius muscle. After baseline measures cupping was performed at one randomly selected side (left or right), the other side served as control. Every 20min during baseline measures and for 280min after cupping, microdialysis probes for detection of lactate, pyruvate, glucose and glycerin were taken. In addition, pain thresholds were measured before and after cupping with algometry.
Cupping resulted in a strong increase of lactate (beginning 160min after cupping until the end of the measurements) and the lactate/pyruvate ratio, indicating an anaerobe metabolism in the surrounding tissue. Baseline pain thresholds were non-significantly lower in neck pain patients compared to healthy controls and slightly increased immediately after cupping (p<0.05 compared to baseline close to the area of cupping in healthy subjects and on the foot in neck pain patients). After 280min no more significant changes of pain thresholds were detected.
Cupping induces >280min lasting anaerobe metabolism in the subcutaneous tissue and increases immediate pressure pain thresholds in some areas.
... 5 Generally, cupping-induced negative pressure can dilate local blood vessels to improve microcirculation, promote capillary endothelial cell repair, and accelerate granulation and angiogenesis in the regional tissues, normalizing the patients' functional state at last. 12 In addition, cupping therapy removes different stresses and exhaustion from the human body that cause the sympathovagal imbalances. In addition, it can be suggested that cupping therapy restores homeostasis disturbances by stimulating acupuncture points or sites or by using another mechanism mentioned above. ...
Objectives:
A recent study showed that cupping had therapeutic effects in rats with myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmias. The current studyaimed to investigate the possible useful effects of cupping therapy on cardiac rhythm in terms of heart rate variability (HRV).
Materials and methods:
Forty healthy participants were included. Classic wet cupping therapy was applied on five points of the back. Recording electrocardiography (to determine HRV) was applied 1 hour before and 1 hour after cupping therapy.
Results:
All HRV parameters increased after cupping therapy compared with before cupping therapy in healthy persons.
Conclusions:
These results indicate for the first time in humans that cupping might be cardioprotective. In this study, cupping therapy restored sympathovagal imbalances by stimulating the peripheral nervous system.
Avabahuka is one of the Vatavyadhi and it is considered as a disease that affects the Amsa sandhi and is produced by the vata associated with kapha dosha, the vitiated vata dosha in Amsa pradesha produces constriction of bahugata sira and causes restricted movements or pain while moving the shoulder. The signs and symptoms of Avabahuka resemble that of frozen shoulder in modern science. Frozen shoulder is a painful condition in which movement of the shoulder becomes severely restricted. The condition can vary in severity from mild to severe pain and/or from some to severe restriction in movement. It was first described in 1875 by the French pathologist Duplay, who named it péri-arthrite scapula-humérale. The most well-known definition and name for the condition was provided in 1934 by an American surgeon EA Codman. According to the basic theory frozen shoulder progresses through three stages of pain, stiffness and gradual recovery. Frozen shoulder is often described as 'self-limiting meaning that recovery will be achieved over time, regardless of treatment approach. A 46-year-old female tailor with type II diabetes has been complaining for the past five months about a left-dominant shoulder pain, stiffness, and actively restricted shoulder joint movement. This case report demonstrates that primary frozen shoulder was successfully handled by Siravedha in one session with follow-up. A Visual Analog Scale score and active range of motion were used to evaluate the patient.
A forty-three-year-old male patient was diagnosed with an acute abscess in the dorsum of the right hand. On the 5th day of conventional pharmacological therapy the patient was still suffering, and was referred to the Outpatient department (OPD) to evacuate and drain the abscess and treat the edema around the area with Hijama (wet cupping therapy, WCT). The hand abscess was successfully cured within a week using an integrative approach of wet cupping therapy together with conventional drug therapy.
COVID-19 is a running story with an unexpected end. Despite the large effort to provide effective treatment and prophylaxis, many people are still getting infected. This may be explained by the continuous virus mutations, and hence, the attenuation of the vaccine’s efficacy. Therefore, long-life boosting of the body’s immunity is a hopeful way against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Medicinal plants and other complementary and alternative remedies were used effectively in treating numerous mankind’s health problems. Recently, a lot of studies have confirmed the effect of natural products, cupping therapy, and acupuncture against SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this chapter is to remind ourselves of the natural pharmacy that God gave us, by shedding the light on the importance of some herbs and traditional remedies in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
With the evolution of society, an increasing number of people have realized the importance of sports on human health. However, participation in sports is a double-edged sword as improperly exercising can lead to injury. Many athletes and patients with sports injuries choose traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) when modern medicine fails to relieve their musculoskeletal symptoms. TCM is a splendid legacy of Chinese civilization whose therapies are effective, economical, and convenient, with some administration by trained patients at home. This review analyzes the literature on the application of acupuncture, moxibustion, massage, and cupping in sports injuries to provide novel ideas for the application of TCM in sports medicine.
Cupping therapy (cup-bottle cupping) has been used as a popular treatment method in China for centuries. Cupping therapy is partial vacuum application with heat source or suction on specific area especially on points of acupuncture on skin. The basic actually of this technique is to provide increase of blood circulation on application region. Erythema, edema and ecchymosis are common complication of the technique. A 35 year-old man, presented with multiple bullae secondary to cupping therapy on back region, was reported in this text.
Current data suggests up to half of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients will use complementary or alternative therapies for their disease. These modalities include acupuncture and its variants, cupping therapy, and herbal therapies such as tea and caffeine. In this chapter, we summarize existing evidence for complementary therapies in AD and provide clinical pearls for the integrative management of AD. Several of these modalities are safe and may be implemented as supplemental therapy to the current standard of care. Acupuncture shows promise for AD severity and may help with pruritus while cupping therapy is supported by limited evidence. Herbal therapies, tea, and caffeine have improved disease severity in a limited number of trials. However, the data for traditional Chinese medicine is sparse and existing evidence is complicated by studies with small sample sizes, confounding variables, and design flaws. Patient interest in these therapies necessitates the need for the dermatologic community to understand the safety and efficacy of these treatments.
Background:
There are still controversies between the curative effect of acupuncture combined with cupping therapy and western medicine for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). Our meta-analysis fully incorporates the research of acupuncture combined with cupping therapy versus Western medicine for PHN, aiming to explore the difference in the efficacy of the 2 therapies, so as to provide guidance for clinical treatment.
Methods:
We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, CQVIP, CBM, from establishment of the database to September, 2020. Include studies that are clearly defined as PHN or herpes zoster, and exclude duplicate publications; studies with no full text, incomplete information, or inability to extract data; the definition of exposure is quite different from most literature; animal experiments.
Results:
The total effective rate (relative ratio [RR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.31) and the rate of remarkable effect (RR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.30-1.63) of acupuncture and moxibustion combined with cupping in the treatment of PHN were significantly higher than that of conventional western medicine. The visual analogue scale score of acupuncture and moxibustion combined with cupping for PHN was significantly lower than that of conventional western medicine treatment (WMD = -1.77, 95% CI [-2.79, -0.75]). In addition, acupuncture and moxibustion combined with cupping therapy significantly reduced the occurrence of PHN compared with conventional western medicine treatment after treatment of acute herpes zoster (RR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.20-0.45). In order to explore the differences in the efficacy and preventive effects of different types of acupuncture and cupping therapy, we have further conducted a subgroup analysis.
Conclusion:
The effect of acupuncture and moxibustion combined with cupping in the treatment of PHN is significantly higher than that of conventional western medicine, and it can significantly prevent the occurrence of PHN. Chinese medicine should be used more widely in the treatment of PHN.
Cupping therapy has been widely used in treating musculoskeletal impairments. However, there is no specific guideline on selecting the intensity of cupping therapy, including the pressure and duration. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different pressures and durations of cupping therapy on skin blood flow responses. A 2 × 2 factorial design, including two negative pressures at −225 and −300 mmHg and two durations at 5 and 10 min, was tested in 12 healthy participants. The four protocols of cupping therapy were tested in four different days. Skin blood flow was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry on the left triceps (the SJ12 acupoint). Skin blood flow after cupping therapy was expressed as a ratio of skin blood flow before cupping therapy. The results showed that −300 mmHg caused a significant increase in peak skin blood flow (16.7 ± 2.6 times) compared to −225 mmHg (11.1 ± 2.2 times, p < 0.05) under 5-min duration. The largest difference in skin blood flow is between −300 mmHg for 5 min (16.7 ± 2.6 times) and −225 mmHg for 10 min (8.1 ± 2.3 times, p < 0.01). Our findings demonstrated that a higher value (300 mmHg) of negative pressure is more effective on increasing skin blood flow compared to a lower value (225 mmHg). Also, a shorter duration (5 min) causes a larger peak and total skin blood flow compared to a longer duration (10 min). This study provides the first evidence showing the effect of pressures and durations of cupping therapy on skin blood flow responses.
Background:
Overcoming the skin barrier to achieve the transdermal penetration of drugs across the stratum corneum (SC) remains a significant challenge. Our previous study showed that Fu’s cupping therapy (FCT) contributes to the transdermal enhancement and percutaneous absorption rate of representative drugs and improves their clinical effects. This work was to evaluate the transdermal enhancement effect of FCT on drugs with different molecular weights (MW).
Methods:
we investigated the enhancements in the transdermal penetration of eight types of model drugs through the skin from BALB/c-nu mice and Sprague Dawley rats using Franz diffusion devices. In addition, 3% azone, 5% azone, 3% pep-permint oil, and 5% peppermint oil were used as penetration enhancers to study the transdermal behaviour of these drugs.
Results:
Our results showed that the BALB/c-nu mouse skin was the best transdermal media, and the optimal time for FCT was 10 min. Compared with other penetration enhancers, FCT exerted a significantly improved effect on enhancing the per-cutaneous penetration of the selected log(P)-model drugs in addition to the two large MW drugs (ginsenoside Rg1 and noto-ginsenoside R1). A statistical analysis revealed that the relationship between the log(P) of various model drugs and the per-meability coefficient [log(Pcm)] of the FCT group was log(Pcm)=0.080(log(P))2-0.136(log(P))-0.282.
Conclusion:
FCT may be used as a novel method for enhancing the physical penetration and thus effectively promoting the transdermal absorption of drugs and might lay a foundation for future research on drug transdermal technology.
The combined treatment of cangguitanxue (green turtle probing its cave) needling technique and cupping method achieved the significant therapeutic effects on 1 case of traumatic soft tissue injury. Such therapeutic method provides the reference for the clinical treatment of soft tissue swelling due to injury.
This article deals with path planning of a mobile robot based on a grid map. Essential assumption for path planning is a mobile robot with functional and reliable reactive navigation and SLAM. Therefore, such issues are not addressed in this article. The main body of the article introduces several modifications (Basic Theta*, Phi*) and improvements (RSR, JPS) of A star algorithm. These modifications are focused primarily on computational time and the path optimality. Individual modifications were evaluated in several scenarios, which varied in the complexity of environment. On the basis of these evaluations, it is possible to choose path planning method suitable for individual scenario.
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