The Hidden Dimension
... Encroaching too closely into someone's personal space may be perceived as an invasion, leading to significant discomfort and potentially fostering negative sentiments, which can be detrimental to all parties involved (Hall, 1966). Proxemics are not standardized across countries but are influenced by cultural norms, as noted by Hall (1966). ...
... Encroaching too closely into someone's personal space may be perceived as an invasion, leading to significant discomfort and potentially fostering negative sentiments, which can be detrimental to all parties involved (Hall, 1966). Proxemics are not standardized across countries but are influenced by cultural norms, as noted by Hall (1966). He categorized nations into high-contact cultures, where individuals tend to stand closer, engage in more physical touch, and display greater physical intimacy, and low-contact cultures, where interactions are more indirect, and individuals maintain a greater 200 distance. ...
... Individuals from low contact cultures, often associated with low-context countries, tend to have a strong sense of ownership and a heightened need for security. In contrast, high contact cultures, typically found in high-context countries, are less focused on establishing clear boundaries and exhibit a more flexible approach to space and territory (Hall, 1966). ...
This article explores Stuart Hall’s dimensions of culture and their impacts on international business negotiations, focusing on the influence of context, time, and proxemics. Hall's cultural framework, which emphasizes the significance of high-context and low-context communication, as well as varying perceptions of time and spatial dimensions, provides a nuanced lens through which to analyze negotiation practices across different cultural settings. The study examines how these dimensions affect negotiation strategies, interactions, and outcomes by comparing practices in diverse cultural contexts. By integrating Hall's theoretical insights with empirical findings, the study highlights the essential role of cultural context as well as temporal and spatial perspectives in shaping negotiation behaviors and strategies. It also presents practical recommendations for negotiators to adapt their approaches to better align with cultural expectations and provides valuable insights for improving the effectiveness of cross-cultural negotiations and fostering successful international business relationships.
... An important form of nonverbal behavior is how people move in the space in relation to another person, i.e, navigating proxemic behavior. Proxemics serves as a theoretical framework for understanding how users establish and maintain comfortable spatial experiences [15]. These nonverbal behaviors account for approximately 60% of human interaction [7,29] and define the dynamics of social interactions [25]. ...
... In this paper, we examine how proxemic behavior influence gesture understanding and interpretation across different visual representations of a communication partner. For that, we carried out a study using a mixed methods approach, combining withinsubject comparisons, F2F vs. AR using volumetric videos (VV), and between-subject factors based on Hall's proxemic zones (public, social, and personal distances) [15]. Participants performed a charades game task in which they guessed different words based only on the gestures/acting of their game partner. ...
... A total of 54 participants took part in the study. To control for factors based on Hall's theory [15], participants were explicitly assigned to groups in which they were paired only with strangers. This design ensured that all interactions took place between unfamiliar individuals, each experiencing both conditions, once in VV and once in F2F. ...
We aim at exploring how people navigate different interpersonal distances during a charades game and how that affects the effectiveness of charades guessing. We conducted a study (N = 54) using a split-plot design. In each trial, one participant acted as the actor , while another served as the guesser, positioned at personal, social, or public distances (between-participants factor) from their partner. The study featured two conditions: face-to-face (F2F) and augmented reality (AR) (within-participant factor), with participants wearing an Oculus Quest 3 to view the volumetric video of their game partner in the AR condition. Our results show that participants tend to remain within personal and social distances, with a more exploratory movement when watching the volumetric video of their partner. Also, participants tended to move towards the social distance when starting at the public distance. Finally, guessing effectiveness was higher in the F2F condition and at the social distance.
... "A socially aware navigation is the strategy exhibited by a social robot which identifies and follows social conventions (regarding physical space management) to preserve a comfortable interaction with humans." (page 146) [2]. ...
... Humans subconsciously consider other humans' personal space when interacting socially and navigating an environment [5]. The idea of proxemics between humans was introduced in 1966 by Hall [2] who proposed a fixed measure for personal space, defining it as a set of circular regions around a person. In this model, the expected distance and intimacy define four regions ( Fig. 1) for interaction and communication with other people. ...
... In this paper, we extend this theory and present the need for a more complex approach for defining proxemics in the social navigation of robots. 1 Hall's circular proxemics zones [2] For humans and robots to share space and interact effectively, robot navigation must consider social factors and human comfort (or discomfort) [18] while avoiding inappropriate interaction conditions. Researchers widely agree that robots should adhere to social norms [6], [14], [19], [20], [21] concerning physical and psychological distance to ensure successful interaction with humans. ...
Deploying robots in human environments requires effective social robot navigation. This article focuses on proxemics, proposing a new taxonomy and suggesting future directions by analyzing state-of-the-art studies and identifying research gaps. The various factors that affect the dynamic properties of proxemics patterns in human-robot interaction are thoroughly explored. We identified and organized the key parameters and attributes that shape proxemics behavior to establish a coherent proxemics framework. Building on this framework, we introduce a novel approach to define proxemics in robot navigation, emphasizing the significant attributes that influence its structure and size. This leads to the development of a new taxonomy that serves as a foundation for guiding future research and development. Our findings underscore the complexity of defining personal distance, revealing it as a complex, multi-dimensional challenge. Furthermore, we highlight the flexible and dynamic nature of personal zone boundaries, which should be adaptable to different contexts and circumstances. Additionally, we propose a new layer for implementing proxemics in the navigation of social robots.
... While existing literature underscores the role of culture in regulating politeness and maintaining social harmony [11], there is limited research on how these factors specifically influence the perception of politeness in group joining scenarios in human-agent interactions. Integrating Hofstede's cultural dimensions, Brown and Levinson's politeness theory, Hall's proxemics [12], and Kendon's group theory provides a comprehensive framework for initial understanding and improving human-agent interactions within small freestanding groups in diverse cultural contexts. ...
... Groups and Proxemics: When agents are integrated into social contexts, understanding group dynamics becomes essential. In particular, when individuals form a free-standing conversational group [19], spatial management, as outlined in Hall's proxemics theory [12], is crucial for maintaining social cohesion. Hall defines distinct spatial zones: intimate space (0-45 cm), personal space (45-120 cm), social space (120-365 cm), and public space (greater than 365 cm). ...
... The experiment was set up by positioning two agents in a face-to-face group formation, separated by a distance of 125 cm, in a room measuring 5 by 6 meters, as shown in Figure 2. This distance was chosen to mark the boundary of social space [12]. The primary agent, labeled A1, faced a participant and invited her/him to join the group using a combination of verbal and non-verbal politeness behaviors. ...
This cross-cultural study (N=108) examines how cultural differences between Japan and Sweden influence participants social behaviors and perceptions when joining a free-standing group of two agents. Agents within the group, embodied as humans, robots, and virtual characters, respectively, use three distinct behaviors, varying with respect to politeness strategy, to request the participant to join on a specific side and position in the group. The experimental results showed that Japanese participants, from a culture characterized by higher power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, restraint, and collectivism, were more likely to comply with the agent's request regarding the joining position, compared to Swedish participants. This trend was even more pronounced when comparing different types of embodiment: Japanese participants more strictly complied with human agents than with non-human agents. Additionally, Japanese females and Swedish males adhered more to social norms by avoiding walking between group members (i.e. through the group's o-space) when joining. Second, cultural differences also significantly impacted the perception of agents' politeness behaviors, while the effect of embodiment on feelings of friendliness and closeness varied depending on the culture. We reflect on our results as a basis for highlighting key challenges involved in the design of culturally adapted agents and their behaviors toward enhancing the localization of human-agent interaction.
... It critiques the traditional pedagogical approach that views translation merely as reproducing equivalent texts in the target language. To address this, the study employs Katan's framework, informed by Hall's (1982Hall's ( , 1959Hall's ( /1990) Iceberg Theory and Triad of Culture, alongside Katan's (2009b) Hierarchical Learning Levels (Intercultural Competencies for Translators) aimed at developing intercultural competence in translating journalistic texts. It is due to the fact in journalistic texts language can be used as a tool to impart ideological undertones, necessitating that students understand their position not just as conduits for ideas (Davies, 2012;Cheung, 2014), but as intercultural mediators who reconcile cultural conflicts from differing worldviews and understand the implications of their mediating actions (Katan, 2009b). ...
... 4). Drawing on Hall's (1982Hall's ( , 1959Hall's ( /1990 (Katan, 2013) and language with a referential function (Katan, 2009a). This level represents communication at a scientific or factual level (Katan, 1999(Katan, /2004), focusing on objective information. ...
This research challenges the traditional 'read and translate' approach to translation pedagogy, arguing that it overlooks the crucial role of translation as intercultural communication. The study introduces the concept of translation as intercultural mediation, drawing on Katan's exploration of Hall's Iceberg Theory and Triad of Culture, as well as Katan's Hierarchical Learning Levels. Employing a qualitative approach involving diagnostic, formative, and summative assessment types, this study assesses, monitors, and evaluates 19 students at the beginning, during, and at the end of the course, respectively, in an Iranian academic context, to track students' learning trajectory and identify changes in students' performance. The findings revealed a significant shift in students' understanding of translation. Initially viewing translation as a linguistic task, they developed a deeper understanding of it as an act of intercultural mediation. This shift was marked by students' improved critical engagement with their own cultural perspectives and an increased capacity for mediating cultural conflicts by developing a third perceptual position. The research concludes that this framework empowers students to shift their perceptual positions based on the specific context of the translation, enabling them to consciously choose their level of intervention based on how they engage with the context: as a mediator or activist.
... Therefore, a nonverbal behavior training program is needed to include verbal and nonverbal components related to emotions for counselors' professional training. With formal training, factors such as gestures and nonverbal components of the voice, which are other dimensions of nonverbal behavior, can be taught (e.g., Hall, 1973;Knapp et al., 2013;Matsumoto et al., 2020;Mehrabian, 1971Mehrabian, , 1972. Incorporating the science of nonverbal behavior into a training program may be important for training counselors. ...
... The development of NOBET was based on modular curriculum design. The theoretical basis of the NOBET, which was developed by considering the modular curriculum design, is based on the studies of researchers such as Ekman (2007), Izard (1977), Mehrabian (1972), Hall (1966), who put forward theories on nonverbal communication. These researchers study nonverbal behaviors and emotions extensively. ...
Reading nonverbal behavior is important for mental health professionals in terms of helping clients understand their feelings and intentions. The current study aims to develop a training program for nonverbal behavior and evaluate the program’s effectiveness in terms of counselors’ ability to understand and interpret nonverbal behavior. This study uses a mixed method (2 × 2 factorial design (experimental-control group/pre-test-post-test) and case study design). Subjects in the experimental study consisted of 46 counselors. Data was collected using a personal information form, Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE), Momentary Emotion Recognition Test (MOERT), Nonverbal Behavior Knowledge Level Assessment Test (NOBEKLAT), and a semi-structured interview form. The results show a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the counselors in the experimental and control groups’ pre-test and post-test for JACFEE (F (1.44) = 18.804, p < .001, η2 = 0.30), MOERT (F (1.44) = 16,780, p < .001, η2 = 0.28) and NOBEKLAT (F (1.44) = 9.381, p < .01, η2 = 0.18). The follow-up test conducted two months later results did not differ from the post-test. As a result of the content analysis of the qualitative research, subjects’ opinions about NOBET were grouped under four themes: Characteristics of NOBET, its contribution to behavioral analysis, its contribution to self-awareness, and suggestions. The findings suggest that NOBET contributes to counselors’ ability to read nonverbal communication.
... 11 12 are of different types. Second, both auditory and visual cues can be obtained even from far 4 away compared to olfaction, taste (gustation), and touch (Hall, 1966; Ruzeviciute et al., 5 2020). In other words, audition and vision are distal senses, whereas olfaction, taste, and 6 touch are primarily proximal senses (Elder et al., 2017; Rodaway, 1994). ...
Conducting online, controlled laboratory, and more realistic laboratory experiments, this study investigates how the connotative congruency between instrumental timbre and visual design affects consumer evaluation and choice behaviour. The results demonstrate that consumers are more likely to positively respond to the target when the instrumental timbre of background music shares connotative meanings like bright, smooth, or heavy with a visual feature of the target. In addition, we identified that the connotative congruency effect is mediated by the sense of feeling right and excitement (i.e., high arousal positive emotion). A carefully-controlled Study 3 and Study 5, which measured behavioural outcomes in a more realistic mock-up corner drugstore, enhanced the ecological and external validity of the timbre-vision connotative congruency effects. This is the first empirical marketing study on timbre-vision congruency that covers comprehensive sets of connotative descriptions and reveals the mediating role of both feeling right and excitement.
... (1) Spatial design guidelines (e.g. Alexander et al., 1977;Coeterier, 1996;Gibson, 1977;Hall, 1988;Kaplan, 1987;Lynch, 1960;Newman, 1972;Van Damme et al., 2017) cover themes like scale, accessibility, coherence, rhythm, resilience, functionality, identity, beauty, readability, mystery, and safety. Landscape architecture literature adds ecology, air quality, soil quality, energy, and vegetation. ...
... L'une des dimensions clés de cette contextualisation matérielle des savoirs provient de la spatialité des phénomènes culturels. Les espaces documentaires peuvent être étudiés à la lumière des travaux d'Edward T. Hall et Michel de Certeau, en tant que « lieux pratiqués » qui sont relationnels (Hall, 1966 ;Certeau, 1984) plutôt qu'immobiles ou « géométriques » (Adell, 2011). On retrouve cette préoccupation chez certains auteurs en Library And Information Science tels qu'Annemaree Lloyd qui insiste sur une définition de la littératie informationnelle en tant que pratique sociale performée dans des « sites » ou des espaces du quotidien selon les « manières de savoir » spécifiques (Lloyd, 2010). ...
Dans le but d’une réflexion de la dimension symbolique et sociale des temps et espaces éphémères, nous souhaitons interroger une manière de faire dialoguer diverses formes de documents liés à la médiation de chantiers de rénovation des lieux de culture et de savoirs. Notre approche anthropologique met l’accent sur la bibliothèque en tant que lieu de vie pour expérimenter la puissance heuristique de la documentation comme accompagnement du changement.
... Behavioral theories regarding interpersonal distance and spatial positioning in human-human interaction have been proposed and later extended to human-robot interaction. Hall (1966) categorized interpersonal distances in human-human interactions and introduced the concept of proxemics. Kendon (1990) expanded on this by considering not only distance but also spatial formations, proposing that people in public conversations adjust their positions to form specific spatial arrangements. ...
Robots provide a variety of services in daily life spaces, making human-robot interaction essential. This research proposes a new projection-based method for non-humanoid robots to engage with people. While significant research has explored the use of human-like gestures in humanoid robots to initiate interaction, applying such approaches to non-humanoid robots is challenging in conveying the sense that the robot is addressing the person directly. In this study, we introduce a method where a projector mounted on the robot illuminates the area around both the robot and the partners it is addressing, enhancing the interaction clarity and participation. Experiments conducted in two scenarios demonstrated that the proposed method effectively conveyed the feeling of being directly addressed by the robot and fostered a sense of easy participation, even for those not actively participating.
... On top of these three contributions, for pedestrians walking alone (no groups), interactions with the built environment and the crowd generate two new terms, reflecting two distinct types of repulsive interactions at play in pedestrian dynamics. The first one, E pers−space , is based on the separation distance between an agent and their neighbours, with a short-ranged repulsive strength decaying with distance, which is familiar to physicists; it reflects the desire of people to preserve a personal space around themselves, whose extent may vary between individuals and between cultures (as studied by the field of proxemics [39]). Beyond these concerns for personal space, pedestrians also pay particular attention to the risk of future collisions and adapt their trajectories to avoid them. ...
This paper addresses the theoretical foundations of pedestrian models for crowd dynamics. While the topic gains momentum, current models differ widely in their mathematical structure, even if we only consider continuous agent-based models. To clarify their underpinning, we first lay the mathematical foundations of the common hierarchical decomposition into strategic, tactical, and operational levels and underline the practical interest in preserving the continuity between the latter two levels by working with a floor field, rather than way-points. Turning to local navigation, we clarify how three archetypical approaches, namely, purely reactive models, anticipatory models based on the idea of time to collision, and game theory, differ in the way they extrapolate trajectories in the near future. We also insist on the oft-overlooked distinction between processes pertaining to decision-making and physical contact forces. Notably, the implications of these differences are illustrated with a comparison of the numerical predictions of these models in the simple scenario of head-on collision avoidance between agents, by varying the walking speed, the reaction times, and the degree of courtesy of the agents.
... The COVID-19 epidemic demonstrated the importance of implementing distance between people to stop the spread of the disease and avoid overloading healthcare systems. The types of distancing were described in the classic work by Edward Hall [41]. In open urban spaces, social distancing, which was defined as ranging from 120 to 360 cm, is dominant. ...
This paper reports the structure of grey space and the number of cases and deaths throughout the COVID-19 pandemic (from March 2020 to June 2023) in 66 city counties in Poland.
Three main components of urban grey space (built-up areas, transport areas, and industrial areas) and the potential physical distance between residents in the open grey space – was determined. The total number of COVID-19 cases and deaths covered the entire period of the pandemic (totalling 1,214 days) was identified. The incidence and mortality density rates and the case fatality ratio were calculated. Simple and multiple linear regression models were developed to predict the quantitative characteristics of COVID-19 independent of city size.
Within the open spaces of cities, the average distance between residents was 17.7 m and was several times greater than that in closed spaces (1.5–2.0 m), which significantly reduced the risk of COVID-19 infection. Strong relationships were observed between the potential physical distance in the grey space structure and the total number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. The coefficient of determination (R2) for these relationships in the eight city groups
by population was 0.90 for cases and 0.88 for deaths (significance level p = 0.001).
The study contributes to understanding how potential physical distance based on population density in grey space, might have influenced the course of COVID-19 during the pandemic. These findings can be applied to planning antiviral protection and to implementing future multilevel restrictions aimed at reducing the reproduction of SARS-CoV-2 in cities of various sizes.
... Modern civilisation emphasises the importance of defensible spaces-concepts aimed at establishing personal boundaries and improving natural monitoring inside urban regions, contributing to crime prevention and psychological comfort. As defined by Edward T. Hall in "The Silent Language" (Hall, 1990), Defensible Space refers to the construction of territory in urban environments, which promotes safety through occupants' territorial claims and surveillance capabilities. Privacy is essential in territorial behaviour, influencing daily life, personal identity, and society's mental health (McAndrew, 2022). ...
This study explores how the interplay of architectural design, AI-driven crime prevention, and psychological well-being form a complex, interdependent system, similar to the 'Three-Body Problem' in physics. The "Three-Body Problem" in physics is a phenomenon that refers to the complicated and chaotic behaviour of three celestial bodies that interact gravitationally, making it extremely difficult to predict their precise motion over time due to mutual interactions. This notion can apply to the connection of building design, crime prevention, integration of AI in architectural designs and individual psychological behaviour (both residents and potential offenders). This study investigates the implementation of AI from basic to advanced levels in urban contexts to see how technological improvements can affect inhabitants' psyches and influence cultural and social behaviours, including intergenerational psychological consequences and adaptation to technological and environmental changes. It also examines how these changes influence psychological reactions and societal dynamics throughout generations, focusing mainly on Dubai, UAE and Northern Cyprus (Nicosia, Famagusta, Kyrenia, Lapta, and Iskele) settings. This study employs a mixed methodology approach, data mining, a comparative case study, and geospatial analysis of two different places on an international level that focuses predominantly on multicultural communities, followed by surveys and questionnaires. The findings show that Dubai's AI-driven security enhances safety but raises privacy and social trust concerns, requiring a balanced approach that considers technological advances and psychological effects on individuals under constant surveillance. The study's conclusion aims to assist urban planners and policymakers developing environments that balance technological innovation with psychological and social well-being.
... The long tables with hard, affixed stools precluded rearrangement for a more communal feel. The tables functioned as semi fixed-feature space (Hall, 1969;Jordon, 2001), adding one final nonverbal layer. The arrangement of the semi fixed features enabled the self-segregation of attendees, many of whom eat and leave without speaking a word to anyone. ...
0000-0001-8099-4700 J. Dean Farmer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1172-1335 This study explores the potential for application of the Positive Deviance Approach for social change in the rural United States. Through the lens of the Campus Kitchen at Ballard University (CKBU), the authors examine the issues of food insecurity and unobtrusive control structures present in rural communities and posit innovative ways to address these and other intractable social issues common in many rural communities in the United States. Using ethnographic methods, the authors probe the structure of the Campus Kitchens Project's national organization and Ballard University's student leadership team to uncover hindrances that constrain sustainable social change that often are engrained in conventional charity models of development.
... Second, to analyze proxemics, we look at the duration of time the robot spends within the intimate space [21], i.e. when the robot is within 0.45m of a human. Fig. 5b illustrates the box-and-whisker plots of the duration of time the robot spends in the intimate space of a human per run for the different navigation methods (left). ...
To navigate crowds without collisions, robots must interact with humans by forecasting their future motion and reacting accordingly. While learning-based prediction models have shown success in generating likely human trajectory predictions, integrating these stochastic models into a robot controller presents several challenges. The controller needs to account for interactive coupling between planned robot motion and human predictions while ensuring both predictions and robot actions are safe (i.e. collision-free). To address these challenges, we present a receding horizon crowd navigation method for single-robot multi-human environments. We first propose a diffusion model to generate joint trajectory predictions for all humans in the scene. We then incorporate these multi-modal predictions into a SICNav Bilevel MPC problem that simultaneously solves for a robot plan (upper-level) and acts as a safety filter to refine the predictions for non-collision (lower-level). Combining planning and prediction refinement into one bilevel problem ensures that the robot plan and human predictions are coupled. We validate the open-loop trajectory prediction performance of our diffusion model on the commonly used ETH/UCY benchmark and evaluate the closed-loop performance of our robot navigation method in simulation and extensive real-robot experiments demonstrating safe, efficient, and reactive robot motion.
... The third major paradigm in urban design considering representations highlights the street profile and it links to traffic engineering and landscape architecture and the writings of Jan Gehl (1971; integrating proxemics (Hall, 1959;1966) in a perspective between the buildings (or in street profile), This paradigm can be named as street pro(file)xemics. To illustrate interactions between humans and their environment, Jan Gehl uses diagrams of humans with their visual planes next to buildings positioned in a street profile ( Figure 6, left up). ...
Urban design lies on the confluence of variety of disciplines and professions and highlights experiential qualities of cities in three dimensions (3D). Urban designers typically analyze cities with images and plan representations, representations of street frontages and street sections as representation of the "city on eye level". This paper looks at the literature in urban morphology and urban design theory to discuss three main paradigms for analyzing streetscapes and public spaces: images, street frontages and street pro(file)xemics that dominate urban design as research and professional field. It furthermore discusses eclectic approaches and creates a collaged streetscape representation as a drawing board for urban designers recommending an eclectic fusion of morphological theories as džukela urbanism. Džukela (mongrel) is an "ursprache" word for a street dog on the Balkans that is typically a tough, rough and sturdy mix of dog breeds. As eclectic, džukela or mongrel incorporates the meanings of dirty and impure together with its perseverance, variety and longevity. Urban design can be understood as "a mongrel discipline" and urban designers as eclectics. Urban designers faced with theoretical and practical considerations and urban problems can follow the eclectic approaches and theories to develop methods to better analyze streetscapes and public spaces.
... Research on communication styles and politeness strategies in human conversations sheds light on the complexities of verbal and non-verbal communication [120]. (3) Proxemics: The concept of proxemics was first introduced by E. T. Hall in 1966 [48]. Hans [50] work on proxemics in human-human interaction provides a basis for understanding personal space and spatial behaviour, which is directly applicable to HRI. ...
As robots integrate more into daily life, socially-aware robots with specific social attributes and behaviours are necessary. This review aims to explore how social norms in human-robot interaction (HRI) impact robot design and human perception. We searched for relevant articles in the following databases, ACM Digital Library, IEEE Digital Library, Scopus, Springer Link, and PsycINFO. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a final set of 69 articles were included in the review. These articles were categorized based on whether they examined norm conformity or norm violations, and were further sorted into 12 categorical norm labels to assist in analysis and comparison. By examining existing literature, this review uncovers how social norms impact aspects of human-robot interactions like trust, acceptance, and comfort while highlighting the importance of aligning robot design with user expectations. It reveals design challenges such as accounting for cultural variations, context-specific norms, and evolving norms over time. Addressing these challenges has the potential to improve user experiences, promote broader acceptance of robots, and foster successful integration of robots into various domains. The findings contribute to the ongoing discussion on the role of social norms in HRI, offering valuable insights and a foundation for future research.
... For instance, it would be valuable to explore the appropriate social, personal, and intimate distances for interpersonal communication and social interactions in VR. While Hall [12] defined proximity ranges in the physical world, it remains unclear whether these perceptions hold true in a VR environment. Other scenarios such as virtual shopping and assembly could also benefit from responsive designs that augment users' capabilities in movements and manipulation. ...
The viewing experience of 3D artifacts in Virtual Reality (VR) museums is constrained and affected by various factors, such as pedestal height, viewing distance, and object scale. User experiences regarding these factors can vary subjectively, making it difficult to identify a universal optimal solution. In this paper, we collect empirical data on user-determined parameters for the optimal viewing experience in VR museums. By modeling users' viewing behaviors in VR museums, we derive predictive functions that configure the pedestal height, calculate the optimal viewing distance, and adjust the appropriate handheld scale for the optimal viewing experience. This led to our novel 3D responsive design, ResponsiveView. Similar to the responsive web design that automatically adjusts for different screen sizes, ResponsiveView automatically adjusts the parameters in the VR environment to facilitate users' viewing experience. The design has been validated with two popular inputs available in current commercial VR devices: controller-based interactions and hand tracking, demonstrating enhanced viewing experience in VR museums
... Many physical correlates of enclosure are currently under study. Evolutionary theory for both animals (Hediger, 1950) and humans (Hall, 1966) suggests that physical dimensions of regions should have strong effects on impressions of enclosure. The larger the region, the less enclosed the space. ...
Previous work suggested that elongation, horizontal area, and the boundary material might influence impressions of enclosure. This article describes an experiment in which these three factors were crossed. Ratings of open/enclosed by 15 respondents on 16 plazas indicated that the elongation ratio (range: 1:1 up to 1:1.8) had the strongest effect on impressions of enclosure (18% of variance). Horizontal area (12.25 m² vs 49 m²) area accounted for 3% of variance. The amount of variance attributable to boundary material (plants vs walls) was an order of magnitude smaller (0.3%).
... Given that SRLs are human-machine interfaces that operate within personal and often even intimate distance to the user [21,41], their motion control demands are particularly stringent to ensure interactions that are predictable, safe, and effective. One might intuitively attempt to design handover motions for SRLs based on heuristics; however, this approach is a tedious control and programming task [52]. ...
Supernumerary robotic limbs (SRLs) are robotic structures integrated closely with the user's body, which augment human physical capabilities and necessitate seamless, naturalistic human-machine interaction. For effective assistance in physical tasks, enabling SRLs to hand over objects to humans is crucial. Yet, designing heuristic-based policies for robots is time-consuming, difficult to generalize across tasks, and results in less human-like motion. When trained with proper datasets, generative models are powerful alternatives for creating naturalistic handover motions. We introduce 3HANDS, a novel dataset of object handover interactions between a participant performing a daily activity and another participant enacting a hip-mounted SRL in a naturalistic manner. 3HANDS captures the unique characteristics of SRL interactions: operating in intimate personal space with asymmetric object origins, implicit motion synchronization, and the user's engagement in a primary task during the handover. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our dataset, we present three models: one that generates naturalistic handover trajectories, another that determines the appropriate handover endpoints, and a third that predicts the moment to initiate a handover. In a user study (N=10), we compare the handover interaction performed with our method compared to a baseline. The findings show that our method was perceived as significantly more natural, less physically demanding, and more comfortable.
... Furby'e (1978) göre sahiplenme duygusu davranışları etkileyen bir sorumluluk duygusu yaratmaktadır. Hall (1966), bireylerin sahiplenme duyguları geliştiğinde, hem somut hem de soyut sahiplenme hedeflerini proaktif olarak geliştirdiklerini, kontrol ettiklerini ve koruduklarını belirtir. Örgüte yönelik sorumluluk duygusu, örgütün amaçlarını ilerletmek için enerji ve zaman harcama sorumluluğunu içermekte ve örgüt için koruyucu, şefkatli ve besleyici olmaktadır (Olckers ve Du Plessis, 2012). ...
... Spatial relations can also indicate social relationship. Proximity and facingness, the mutual perceptual accessibility of two (or more) people, are reliable cues of social interaction, which individuals readily exploit to detect and decipher social events (Hall, 1966;Papeo, 2020;Quadflieg & Koldewyn, 2017;Zhou et al., 2019). ...
Recent empirical findings demonstrate that, in visual search for a target in an array of distractors, observers exploit information about object relations to increase search efficiency. We investigated how people searched for interacting people in a crowd, and how the eccentricity of the target affected this search (Experiments 1–3). Participants briefly viewed crowded arrays and had to search for an interacting dyad (two bodies face-to-face) among noninteracting dyads (back-to-back distractors), or vice versa, with the target presented in the attended central location or at a peripheral location. With central targets, we found a search asymmetry, whereby interacting people among noninteracting people were detected better than noninteracting people among interacting people. With peripheral targets, the advantage disappeared, or even tended to reverse in favor of noninteracting dyads. In Experiments 4–5, we asked whether the search asymmetry generalized to object pairs whose spatial relations did or did not form a functionally interacting set (a computer screen above a keyboard vs. a computer screen below a keyboard). We found no advantage for interacting over noninteracting sets either in central or peripheral locations for objects, but, if anything, evidence for the opposite effect. Thus, the effect of relational information on visual search is contingent on both stimulus category and attentional focus: The presentation of social interaction—but not of nonsocial interaction—at the attended (central) location readily captures an individual’s attention.
... However, with time, as they become familiar with the robot's movements, they prefer to have a higher speed of the robot functioning in comparison with the slow speed of functioning. Siebert et al. [5] studied the influence of the behaviour of Follow Me robots on humans' comfort based on Proxemic Theory [14]. In an attempt to estimate the acceptable spatial behaviour of the robot, they concluded that directly applying interaction conventions from human-human interaction to human-robot interaction may not be possible. ...
The perception of Arab women being downtrodden and controlled is not evident in the plays of Saleh Karama Al Ameri. While he does include stereotypical characters like "the powerful mother", and "chaste virgin", which sustain hegemony, he does not include a "veiled woman" or "obedient wife" (Mohanty 1984, p.352), showing he is not limited by traditional character roles. However, while he is exploring "women's lives, work, identity, sexuality and rights" (ibid.) through his female characters, his predilection towards universality renders this exploration safe. A close analysis of the female characters in seven, translated Al Ameri plays with regard to traits, education, occupation, in order to determine whether they are representative of the modern Emirati woman, or whether they are archetypal roles perpetuating stereotypes. Archetypes of good wife, mother, virgin, tomboy, seductress, evil queen, and self-made woman along with Arab stereotypes of submissiveness, passivity, dependence, and subjugation were used to ascertain whether the female characters are "re-articulating and representing gender" (Gilpatric 2010, 734). Of the 12 female characters (2 of which are played by men) in the seven plays analysed, only 4 are in the traditional roles of mother and/or wife. This in itself is proof that Al Ameri is pushing boundaries and not merely presenting characters that reinforce social conventions. In addition to the female characters physically on stage, 32 females are mentioned, often in derogatory terms. While many of his characters have stereotypical traits, very few of the characters are stereotypes per se.
Cross-cultural management (CCM) scholars have previously identified major paradigms guiding recent research in the field. There is still some debate as to whether these “paradigms” should be presented as mutually exclusive, in line with Thomas Kuhn’s concept of paradigmatic incommensurability, or whether they can be used in a complementary fashion. By applying them to a particular type of organisation, the “European University Alliance”, this article discusses to what extent four major “paradigms” (positivist, interpretivist, postmodern and critical) can be seen to provide complementary insights into organisational practices. It argues that their allegedly “paradigmatic” nature is often overstated, and instead sees them as alternative perspectives which function more cohesively than traditionally assumed. The article proposes a theoretical framework around “the duality of culture”, which integrates the four perspectives within a single paradigm. This can be a way to mitigate tensions and confusion among paradigms and open new avenues for research, also favouring the development of alternative, non-Western theoretical contributions. By clarifying the relationships between paradigms, this framework facilitates critical engagement with mainstream theories, supporting more inclusive and globally relevant scholarship in CCM. This work thus contributes to the ongoing debate on paradigmatic boundaries and offers a path towards theoretical innovation in the field.
لخلاصة: يتناول البحث تطبيق مفاهيم "نظرية المتغير الخفي المحلي"، المستوحاة من فيزياء الكم، على البيئة الحضرية. يفترض هذا الطرح وجود عوامل خفية وغير مرئية لكنها حاسمة في تشكيل الفضاءات الحضرية وتوجيه سلوك مستخدميها. إذ تتجاوز عملية تخطيط المدن وتصميمها حدود المكونات المادية الظاهرة، لتشمل مؤثرات اجتماعية، اقتصادية، ثقافية، نفسية، وبيئية تظل عادة خلف المشهد. يستعرض البحث أبعادًا مخفية مثل التأثيرات الثقافية والتاريخية والاقتصادية غير الرسمية، والأنماط الاجتماعية والنفسية التي تحدد كيفية تفاعل السكان مع أماكنهم، إضافة إلى دور الذاكرة الجمعية والبنية التحتية غير المرئية. ويناقش البحث كيف يمكن فهم هذه الأبعاد الخفية لتحقيق تصميم حضري أكثر توازنًا واستدامة، يعزز الهوية الثقافية، ويحقق رفاهية الفرد والمجتمع، بما يسهم في دعم التكامل الاجتماعي والارتقاء بجودة الحياة الحضرية.
الكلمات المفتاحية
نظرية المتغير الخفي المحلي، التصميم الحضري، الأبعاد المخفية، الفضاءات الحضرية، العوامل غير المرئية، التخطيط العمراني.
Abstract: The research explores the application of the concepts of the "Local Hidden-Variable Theory," inspired by quantum physics, to the urban environment. This approach posits that there are hidden and invisible factors that play a decisive role in shaping urban spaces and guiding user behavior. In other words, urban planning and design extend beyond the tangible, visible components to include underlying social, economic, cultural, psychological, and environmental influences that often remain behind the scenes.
The study examines hidden dimensions such as cultural, historical, and informal economic influences, as well as social and psychological patterns that determine how inhabitants interact with their surroundings. It also considers the role of collective memory and invisible infrastructure in forming the urban fabric. By understanding these hidden dimensions, the research aims to achieve more balanced and sustainable urban design that strengthens cultural identity, fosters individual and community well-being, supports social integration, and ultimately improves the overall quality of urban life.
The use of drones is expected to increase for delivering groceries or medical equipment to individuals. Understanding how people perceive drone behavior, specifically in terms of approach trajectories and delivery methods, and identifying factors that induce feelings of uncertainty is crucial for perceived safety and trust. This virtual reality experiment investigated the impact of drone approach trajectories and delivery methods on feelings of uncertainty. Forty-five participants observed a drone approaching in an orthogonal or a curved path and either, delivering packages by landing or using a cable while hovering above eye level. We found that participants felt uncertain and unsafe, especially when looking up at drones approaching with orthogonal paths. Curved paths led to lower feelings of uncertainty, with comments such as being more natural, trustful, and safe. Feelings of uncertainty arose while landing on the ground due to altitude changes and potential collision concerns. Using a cable instead of actually landing for delivery reduced feelings of uncertainty and increased trust. The study recommends drones avoid hovering near humans, especially after landing. Furthermore, the study suggests exploring design solutions, including design aesthetics and human-machine interfaces, that clearly convey drone intentions to help reduce feelings of uncertainty.
Refugee camps are typically designed as temporary sustainable settlements, prioritizing logistics over cultural considerations, which can lead to environments being misaligned with the lived experiences of displaced populations. This study addresses the challenge of traditional humanitarian camp designs that prioritize logistical efficiency over cultural and socio-cultural needs, leading to environments that do not align with the lived experiences of displaced populations. Focusing on the Zaatari Syrian Refugee Camp in Jordan, the research employs a structured questionnaire distributed among 102 households to investigate how refugees have reconfigured the camp's original grid layout into more cohesive clustered patterns, informed by the principles of defensible space theory. Key findings reveal that refugees actively transform public courtyards into semi-private spaces, driven by cultural imperatives and safety needs. Statistical analyses confirm significant correlations between clustering behaviors and the attributes of defensible space, particularly the zones of influence and boundary demarcation, enhancing community resilience and accessibility. However, the study finds a limited predictive power overall, indicating that while these adaptations are significant, factors such as natural surveillance and territorial behavior do not exhibit strong influences on clustering dynamics. These findings have important implications for humanitarian planning and design. They highlight the necessity for more culturally sensitive and flexible approaches that prioritize refugee agencies and communal identity in camp layouts. This research advocates for a hybrid planning approach that integrates socio-cultural values, promoting resilience and quality of life among refugees. By aligning spatial designs with the social and cultural realities of refugee communities , humanitarian actors can enhance the effectiveness of their interventions, ultimately contributing to more sustainable and inclusive urban environments as part of broader goals related to urban planning and development. Future research is encouraged to explore these practices in diverse refugee contexts, providing further validation of these findings and enhancing the applicability of these design principles in global humanitarian efforts.
This study conducted an analysis of the Architectural Briefs, spatial configurations, and their relevance for Maggie’s Cancer Caring Centres. It initially clarified the content and development of the requirements from the founder’s manifesto in 1995, focusing on the 2009 and 2015 briefs. Then, we applied these requirements to floor plans of 25 built centres. Using Space Syntax theory, it depicted how spaces, centered around the kitchen, were perceived, and by applying Westin's Privacy Theory, it represented the privacy emphasized in each centre. Finally, the research revealed how actual architectural configurations corresponded to changes in the architectural briefs.
From the cradle to the grave, humans live in an environment they have constructed. Nature, too, is shaped in most cases. Wilderness untouched by humans is becoming increasingly rare. This chapter addresses the question of how the built and shaped environment affects humans and how it can be designed to enable physical and psychological growth in the sense of salutogenesis. To this end, the basic principles of environmental psychology are first conveyed. These are then applied to the three central fields of the built environment: living, working/learning, and mobility. Specific environments are finally mentioned. In all these fields, important insights from environmental psychology emerge about the effects of design decisions and what recommendations can be derived for practice.
Socio-pedagogical communication is a crucial mechanism that holds a central place in teaching situations, particularly in distance learning. This trending form of teaching remains a vast field of research that must address real constraints. The distinctive feature of pedagogical communication intersecting with digital media is to shape the destiny of distance learning and counter the risk of dropout. Faced with new dimensions of the problem posed by distance and therefore absence, all current pedagogical mobilizations embrace the socio-affective aspect as an entry point to build a pedagogical presence. It is evident that a prominent social presence in distance learning promotes inclusive education. The reflections conducted by Daniel Peraya (2011), extending Geneviève's initial questioning (1993), emphasize the importance of the relational dimension in any online training system, as illustrated by works published in the journal 'Distances & Savoirs'. Thus, the notion of 'distance-absence', often perceived as a barrier, is gradually giving way to that of 'proximity-presence' (Jézégou, 2014). This transition invites us to examine the conditions for effective distance learning, particularly from the perspective of presence (Lafleur, 2017). Finally, the socio-affective function, which can be called 'online connivance', plays a key role in building pedagogical presence: a semio-didactic approach developed by Guichon (2017). How can the relationship between 'distance-absence' transform into a dynamic of 'proximity-presence' in distance learning systems? How does the consideration of the socio-affective aspect, particularly through the concept of 'pedagogical presence', contribute to reducing the risk of dropout? To what extent does online 'connivance', as described by Guichon (2017), constitute a determining lever for maintaining a significant educational relationship despite geographical distance?"
The proxemics theory explains the consistent social boundaries surrounding individuals as reported (Hall in The Hidden Dimension, Doubleday, Garden City, 1966), yet little is known about the social boundaries surrounding pairs or groups of people. The current study explored interpersonal proxemics behavior in a virtual environment, focusing on distances maintained towards individual pedestrians, pairs, and groups. Using virtual reality to simulate a city center, participants freely navigated it while their movements and gazes were captured. Importantly, the city was populated by pedestrians in different social configurations. Eye movements identified interactions defined by gaze-onsets towards a pedestrian’s head. Our results indicate that participants approached individuals with a median distance of 3.18 unity units aligned with the social space boundary as reported (Hall in The Hidden Dimension, Doubleday, Garden City, 1966). Distances kept from pairs and groups were similarly centered within the social space, revealing no significant difference in approaching behavior across different social configurations. The consistency in approaching distances suggests that personal and social spaces are not substantially altered, irrespective of the social context.
In today's industrial world, where life is increasingly dominated by speed and virtuality, the search for meaning has become a central concern. Self-Actualization, which brings meaning to life and promotes individual well-being, can address these challenges. Housing spaces, with their significant impact on individuals, play a crucial role in achieving Self-Actualization and well-being. This research aims to examine design components that support self-actualization. It appears that key elements such as engagement space, event-configurable space, and creative space serve as mediating factors that facilitate self-actualization. The research was conducted in three phases: document mining and the Delphi method, a survey-based approach, and correlation analysis. First, document analysis was conducted to collect environmental factors related to self-actualization. Then, interviews were conducted with experts, and open and axial coding was performed based on these interviews. Following the expert interviews, a researcher-developed questionnaire was created and distributed among residents of selected housing complexes. The data was then analyzed using R-factor analysis. The theoretical model was validated using Amos software, and Sobel’s test confirmed the mediating roles, with the VAF test determining the degree of mediation. This study introduces a novel causal model, identifying engagement space, event-configurable space, and creative space as key mediating components in the model, emphasizing the promotion of residents' Self-Actualization.
Keywords: Housing Complex, Human Needs, Well-Being, Sobel Test, VAF.
کلمات کلیدی: مجتمع مسکونی، مسکن، نیازهای انسانی، بهزیستی ، خودشکوفایی، آزمون سوبل
Aim . To analyse communicative reactions to changes in distance in English communication. Methodology . The selected material was studied using discourse analysis, contextual analysis, interpretive analysis, and introspection. Results . The main components of the communicative situation in which a change in communicative distance occurs were identified. The main types of reactions to changes in communicative distance were distinguished: 1) on the emotional level, positive and negative reactions can be distinguished; 2) according to the criterion of speech use – verbal and nonverbal. Positive reactions indicate the willingness of the communicator to move the relationship to a new level, while negative reactions express the communicant’s disagreement with the attempts to change the established distance. Negative reactions to changes in communicative distance are predominant (displeasure, discomfort, concern, irritation, etc.). Nonverbal reactions are expressed through nonverbal means: movements, gestures, gaze, blushing, intonation, pauses. Verbal reactions are speech acts: demanding an explanation for one’s behaviour, threatening, attempting to interrupt the interlocutor, clarifying the source of information, evading the answer, and refusing. Lexical means of expressing reactions include interrogative words, interjections, nouns, adjectives, verbs describing speech behaviour, and idioms. Research implications . The theoretical significance lies in clarifying the concept of “communicative distance”, expanding knowledge of communicative processes and factors influencing them. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using its results in courses on discourse analysis, pragmalinguistics, sociolinguistics, and communication theory
The interplay between interior and exterior spaces has long intrigued scholars and designers. Historically, interiors were seen
as private domains, while exteriors were linked to public functions. However, these traditional definitions have evolved,
prompting a reassessment of the boundaries between these realms. This article redefines urban space, traditionally public,
through the lens of interiority—a quality often associated with privacy—by examining how interiority manifests in urban
contexts. The study begins with an exploration of interiority, analyzing its theoretical dimensions and its capacity to transcend
physical architecture. Interiority is presented as a temporal and perceptual experience rather than a mere physical enclosure,
allowing it to emerge in open urban environments. This perspective broadens the scope of interiority from private spaces to
public urban spaces, challenging conventional boundaries. Next, the concepts of “public interior space” and “urban interior
space” are investigated, focusing on their intersections with public and private domains. These hybrid spaces create new
opportunities for interaction, engagement, and a sense of belonging, blurring traditional distinctions. Employing a descriptive-
analytical methodology and theoretical insights, the research identifies the diverse ways interiority manifests in urban
settings. Specific urban examples, illustrated through images, demonstrate the physical and psychological dimensions that
shape the perception and realization of interiority. The findings highlight two primary dimensions of urban interiority: physical
and psychological. The physical dimension encompasses architectural elements and spatial arrangements that define urban
interior spaces, while the psychological dimension fosters a deeper connection between individuals and their surroundings.
Together, these dimensions create environments that transcend functionality, enhancing emotional well-being and fostering
a sense of comfort, familiarity, and belonging. This duality helps alleviate alienation and disorientation in urban settings,
enabling individuals to redefine their identity within their environment. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating
interiority into urban design, suggesting that spaces attuned to both physical and psychological dimensions can foster richer,
more meaningful urban experiences. By blurring the boundaries between public and private realms, these spaces promote
unity and coherence in fragmented urban landscapes. The article concludes that incorporating interiority into urban design
can create human-centered environments that support personal and collective engagement while enhancing the emotional
and psychological connection between individuals and the modern city. This integration offers a pathway to reimagining
urban spaces as places that not only serve functional needs but also inspire creativity, social interaction, and cultural expression,
providing opportunities for identity formation, connection, and meaningful engagement within the complexities of
contemporary urban life.
Despite impressive advancements of industrial collaborative robots, their potential remains largely untapped due to the difficulty in balancing human safety and comfort with fast production constraints. To help address this challenge, we present PRO-MIND , a novel human-in-the-loop framework that exploits valuable data about the human co-worker to optimise robot trajectories. By estimating human attention and mental effort, our method dynamically adjusts safety zones and enables on-the-fly alterations of the robot path to enhance human comfort and optimal stopping conditions. Moreover, we formulate a multi-objective optimisation to adapt the robot's trajectory execution time and smoothness based on the current human psycho-physical stress, estimated from heart rate variability and frantic movements. These adaptations exploit the properties of B-spline curves to preserve continuity and smoothness, which are crucial factors in improving motion predictability and comfort. Evaluation in two realistic case studies showcases the framework's ability to restrain the operators' workload and stress and to ensure their safety while enhancing human-robot productivity. Further strengths of PRO-MIND include its adaptability to each individual's specific needs and sensitivity to variations in attention, mental effort, and stress during task execution.
Cultural and ethnic influence on proxemic behavior and invasions of personal space were investigated. 173 Chinese Singaporean undergraduates rated minimum interpersonal distance for perceived male intruders from four ethnic groups in Singapore—Malay, Indian, Chinese, and Caucasian. Rated distance scores ranked from “most distant” Indian-Chinese dyads decreasing (in order of minimum distance) through Malay-Chinese, Caucasian-Chinese, and Chinese-Chinese dyads, independent of sex.
Understanding human perceptions of robot performance is crucial for designing socially intelligent robots that can adapt to human expectations. Current approaches often rely on surveys, which can disrupt ongoing human-robot interactions. As an alternative, we explore predicting people’s perceptions of robot performance using non-verbal behavioral cues and machine learning techniques. We contribute the SEAN TOGETHER Dataset consisting of observations of an interaction between a person and a mobile robot in Virtual Reality, together with perceptions of robot performance provided by users on a 5-point scale. We then analyze how well humans and supervised learning techniques can predict perceived robot performance based on different observation types (like facial expression and spatial behavior features). Our results suggest that facial expressions alone provide useful information; but in the navigation scenarios that we considered, reasoning about spatial features in context is critical for the prediction task. Also, supervised learning techniques outperformed humans’ predictions in most cases. Further, when predicting robot performance as a binary classification task on unseen users’ data, the -Score of machine learning models more than doubled that of predictions on a 5-point scale. This suggested good generalization capabilities, particularly in identifying performance directionality over exact ratings. Based on these findings, we conducted a real-world demonstration where a mobile robot uses a machine learning model to predict how a human who follows it perceives it. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results for implementing these supervised learning models in real-world navigation. Our work paves the path to automatically enhancing robot behavior based on observations of users and inferences about their perceptions of a robot.
Immersive technologies allow us to personalize our reality while traveling; however, widespread adoption remains limited. This study investigates the challenges of adopting immersive devices in transit, particularly when passengers encounter asymmetric experiences using disparate devices. These situations arise as co-located passengers adopt devices with varying levels of immersion, environmental information, and interactive capabilities. Using an enactment methodology in a transit scenario involving disparate devices, our study (N=21) reveals that asymmetric passenger experiences create a sense of disconnection among passengers, especially with varying device immersion capabilities. When interactions require more than a basic response, for example complex verbal exchanges relying on social cues like gaze, adoption is further hindered. The incorporation of cues from reality addresses safety concerns but requires further refinement to support interactions that require complex or extended user involvement. This research advances the understanding of asymmetric passenger dynamics, contributing to the design of immersive technologies for transit settings.
Interpersonal distance plays a critical role in communication and social interactions. Here we investigated whether deaf individuals that use sign language differ from hearing (non-signer) individuals
in their preferred interpersonal distance. Specifically, we asked a group of deaf participants (all signers) and control hearing participants to report their preferred social distance from a stranger using a computer-presented stop-distance paradigm. Results show that deaf participants prefer larger interpersonal
distances than hearing individuals. We suggest that preference for a larger interpersonal distance in deaf participants may relate to different factors such as optimization of distance for sign language communication or the feelings of social exclusion that are often reported in individuals with hearing loss. Our experiment reports preliminary data that may pave the way for further research on proxemic behaviour in conditions of hearing loss.
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