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A Circumplex Model of Affect
Abstract
Factor-analytic evidence has led most psychologists to describe affect as a set of dimensions, such as displeasure, distress, depression, excitement, and so on, with each dimension varying independently of the others. However, there is other evidence that rather than being independent, these affective dimensions are interrelated in a highly systematic fashion. The evidence suggests that these interrelationships can be represented by a spatial model in which affective concepts fall in a circle in the following order: pleasure (0), excitement (45), arousal (90), distress (135), displeasure (180), depression (225), sleepiness (270), and relaxation (315). This model was offered both as a way psychologists can represent the structure of affective experience, as assessed through self-report, and as a representation of the cognitive structure that laymen utilize in conceptualizing affect. Supportive evidence was obtained by scaling 28 emotion-denoting adjectives in 4 different ways: R. T. Ross's (1938) technique for a circular ordering of variables, a multidimensional scaling procedure based on perceived similarity among the terms, a unidimensional scaling on hypothesized pleasure–displeasure and degree-of-arousal dimensions, and a principal-components analysis of 343 Ss' self-reports of their current affective states. (70 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... We investigated the influence of different pedestrian actions on drivers' affective states using a combination of camera and physiological sensors. We recorded drivers' responses in the form of emotion self-reports (valence and arousal, based on Russell's Circumplex model of emotion [49]). Drivers' physiological signals (heart rate and skin conductance) were gathered using an Empatica E4 wristband, and their facial expressions were collected using a FLIR dual RGB and thermal camera. ...
... Affect determination in the automotive context draws on research from affective computing [43]. These include two main models of emotions: discrete emotion models (e.g., Ekman's six basic emotions [12] and Plutchik's emotion wheel [44]) and continuous emotion models (e.g., the Circumplex [49] and Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance models [38]). Studies have identified anxiety, anger, and happiness as common discrete emotions experienced by drivers [26,39]. ...
... Las principales dimensiones del léxico mediante las que se codifica el significado connotativo son la valencia, la activación 6 y el control o dominancia. Russell (1980) propuso un modelo dimensional de las emociones para entenderlas en relación a un eje donde se sitúan las diferentes dimensiones (agradable o positivo frente a desagradable o negativo y calmado frente a activado). Los modelos posteriores mantienen la valencia y la activación como componentes fundamentales en la clasificación de las experiencias afectivas (Stadthagen-González et al., 2017), aunque algunos añaden el control y la cohesión social. ...
La intención del presente artículo es realizar una revisión de las investigaciones previas que se centran en el análisis de la expresión verbal de las emociones en lenguas adicionales. Dado el auge que el estudio en el campo de las emociones está teniendo en la Lingüística Aplicada desde inicios de los años 90 del siglo pasado, se precisa comenzar con un análisis esclarecedor de la terminología en relación a aquellos elementos lingüísticos de diversa índole que entran en juego a la hora de comunicar nuestras emociones o las de terceros, que pueden ser de tipo descriptivo o expresivo según hagan referencia o expresen emociones. A partir de esta aclaración, se examinan los trabajos enfocados en el análisis del lenguaje descriptivo en la expresión oral de las emociones en una lengua adicional, concretamente los que abordan el léxico emocional, sus dimensiones (valencia y activación, entre otras) y otros aspectos identificados. El esbozo de tal estado de la cuestión pretende favorecer la interpretación de los hallazgos en el área, identificar las líneas actualmente abiertas y señalar ciertas repercusiones para la enseñanza de lenguas adicionales.
Palabras clave: Expresión emocional; lengua adicional; lenguaje descriptivo; lenguaje expresivo; expresión oral.
... The most common use is for Russell's 2D emotion model [7]. As is clearly shown in Figure 1, the vertical axis represents arousal dimension and expresses intensity of experience ranging from low to excitement, while the horizontal axis shows valence dimension representing the degree of joy or happiness between negative and positive. ...
EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI) devices have proved to be powerful tools for predicting human emotions. Although Deep learning (DL) techniques have been extensively used to build emotion recognition architectures using EEG-based BCI, they lack interpretability. We propose a prototype of an EEG-based emotion recognition system that can detect the user's emotional state using a deep learning model embedded into an interpretable framework to analyze the decisions of the model and the contributions of the features. The proposed model achieves high performance while showing relevant information on the impact of frequency and spatial features used to predict the emotional states.
... Phenomenological models of emotion could inform how savoring and rumination are likely to be related. For example, the popular "circumplex model" posits that negative and positive affect, at least as they occur instantaneously, are oppositionally related via a valence axis with positive and negative affect as the two poles (Barrett and Russell, 1999), and an orthogonal arousal axis, with independent brain systems for each axis, which combine to produce emotion (Posner et al., 2005;Russell, 1980). Other models, such as the Evaluative Space Model (Norris et al., 2010), consider positive and negative affect to be orthogonal, yielding a space in which both positive and negative affect can coexist and be related toward affective behaviors, such as approach. ...
Repetitive thinking about negative emotions or events is strongly associated with worse mental health, whereas repetitive positive thought is generally believed to be beneficial. This observation is at odds with the idea that all forms of repetitive thinking share underlying neural mechanisms. To resolve this apparent discrepancy, the present study examined relationships between subjective affect and neural mechanisms during periods of sustained processing of positive (savoring) and negative (rumination) emotion. We also examined potential common moderators of savoring and rumination including memory specificity and sleep quality. Results indicated that individuals who experience high positive affect during savoring also are likely to experience more intense negative affect during rumination. fMRI-derived brain activity revealed common mechanisms of rumination and savoring. Memory specificity had common effects on neural correlates of rumination and savoring; sleep quality was not associated with mechanisms of savoring or rumination. These results suggest that repetitive engagement with positive and negative affect is similar both subjectively and mechanistically. Clinical interventions for rumination may benefit from capitalizing on preserved capacity for savoring.
... Las principales dimensiones del léxico mediante las que se codifica el significado connotativo son la valencia, la activación 6 y el control o dominancia. Russell (1980) propuso un modelo dimensional de las emociones para entenderlas en relación a un eje donde se sitúan las diferentes dimensiones (agradable o positivo frente a desagradable o negativo y calmado frente a activado). Los modelos posteriores mantienen la valencia y la activación como componentes fundamentales en la clasificación de las experiencias afectivas (Stadthagen-González et al., 2017), aunque algunos añaden el control y la cohesión social. ...
Resumen: La intención del presente artículo es realizar una revisión de las investigaciones previas que se centran en el análisis de la expresión verbal de las emociones en lenguas adicionales. Dado el auge que el estudio en el campo de las emociones está teniendo en la Lingüística Aplicada desde inicios de los años 90 del siglo pasado, se precisa comenzar con un análisis esclarecedor de la terminología en relación a aquellos elementos lingüísticos de diversa índole que entran en juego a la hora de comunicar nuestras emociones o las de terceros, que pueden ser de tipo descriptivo o expresivo, según hagan referencia o expresen emociones. A partir de esta aclaración, se examinan los trabajos enfocados en el análisis del lenguaje descriptivo en la expresión oral de las emociones en una lengua adicional, concretamente los que abordan el léxico emocional, sus dimensiones (valencia y activación, entre otras) y otros aspectos identificados. El esbozo de tal estado de la cuestión pretende favorecer la interpretación de los hallazgos en el área, identificar las líneas actualmente abiertas y señalar ciertas repercusiones para la enseñanza de lenguas adicionales.
Abstract: The aim of the present paper is to conduct a review of the previous research focused on the analysis of the verbal expression of emotions in additional languages. Due to the rise that the study in the field of emotions is having in Applied Linguistics since the early 90s of the past century, it is necessary to start with a clarifying analysis of the terminology used in relation to those linguistic elements of different nature that come into play when we communicate our emotions. These elements can be descriptive or expressive depending on if they refer or express emotions. From this clarification we examine different works focused on the analysis of the descriptive language in the oral expression of emotions in an additional language, specifically the ones that address the emotional vocabulary, their dimensions (valence and arousal, among others) and other identified aspects. This outline of the state of art intend to favour the interpretation of the findings in the field of study, identify the future lines of research and highlight some of the effects for the teaching of additional languages.
... Human emotions are a relatively brief episode of synchronized responses involving thoughts, physiological changes and outward expressions or behavior that indicate the evaluation of an internal or external event as significant [24]. A common classification of emotions uses two dimensions arousal (or intensity) and valence (positivity or negativity) that are orthogonally arranged in a circumplex model [25]. Thus, human emotions can be described on these two dimensions, for example happiness as high arousal and positive valence, or sadness as low arousal and negative valence. ...
This study explored the potential of artificial emotions displayed by a robot to enhance communication and increase human willingness to assist in situations where the robot is faced with a task it cannot accomplish. Using a process-oriented approach, emotions were viewed as an integral part of the complex dynamics between individuals and their environment, facilitating social cues for coordinated actions. In the first study, participants were shown videos of a robot showing no emotion, as well as sad or angry emotions following a failed task. Participants accurately identified the artificial emotions, and the results indicated that displaying emotions improved overall understanding of the robot's situation. However, it had no significant effect on participants' willingness to help. The second study focused on the robot's role as a collaborator. Participants watched the same videos as in the first study. The results revealed that, on the whole, participants preferred a neutral robot as their collaborator, and showed a particularly strong aversion to the angry robot. While the sad robot increased participants' willingness to help, the study suggests that careful selection of artificial emotions is crucial, taking into account situational appropriateness and the emotional impact on human collaborators. This acknowledges the existence of an affective loop between the robot's artificial emotion and its human counterpart. Overall, this research highlights the potential importance of artificial emotions in human–robot interactions, emphasizes the need for careful consideration when incorporating such emotions, and recognizes the complex interplay between a robot's emotional expression and its impact on human collaborators.
... As solitude tends to be a low-arousal activity, our ability to measure low-arousal mood states (e.g., calm; gloomy) is imperative. We selected the JAWS because it captures the four quadrants of emotion outlined in the circumplex model of affect (Russell, 1980): high-arousal positive (HAP; e.g., ecstatic), low-arousal positive (LAP; e.g., relaxed), higharousal negative (HAN; e.g., angry), and low-arousal negative (LAN; e.g., bored; See Figure 1). Participants rated the degree to which they felt 20 emotional states in the present moment (e.g., "I feel anxious") on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 5 = extremely). ...
Objective: Solitude is a common experience that can elicit both positive (e.g., relaxation) and negative (e.g., loneliness) emotions. But can changing the way we think about solitude improve its emotional effects? In a previous study, our team found that positively reframing solitude buffers against a reduction in positive affect when alone. Yet, it is unknown whether people who are lonely—and thus more likely to experience solitude negatively—benefit from modifying their beliefs about being alone. Method: Here, we test whether reframing solitude as a beneficial experience or de-stigmatizing loneliness helps people experiencing moderate-to-severe loneliness (N = 224) feel more positive emotion and less negative emotion during solitude. We randomly assigned participants to read about either the benefits of solitude, the high prevalence of loneliness, or a control topic. Then, participants spent 10 min alone in the laboratory. State affect was assessed before and after the solitude period. Results: Across conditions, the solitude period reduced high-arousal positive (e.g., excited) and high-arousal negative (e.g., anxious) affect, and increased lowarousal positive affect (e.g., relaxed). Notably, people who read about the benefits of solitude experienced a significantly larger increase in low-arousal positive affect compared with the control condition.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that lonely individuals can more readily reap the emotional benefits of solitude when they reframe solitude as an experience that can enhance their well-being.
Making a successful pitch to investors is vital to the success of startups. Improving pitch performance in women entrepreneurs might be an effective mechanism to close gender disparity in entrepreneurship. Drawing on social neuroscience studies, we present our scientific approach to shedding light on the role of “inter-brain synchrony” between women entrepreneurs and investors in pitch performance. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning, we will scan 40 entrepreneur-investor dyads who engage in naturalistic pitch events. We will elucidate patterns of inter-brain synchrony that are associated with pitch performance. Additionally, we will assess whether the sex composition of an entrepreneur-investor dyad affects these associations. A better understanding of the inter-brain signatures underlying successful (and unsuccessful) pitches will generate insights into the design of novel and effective interventions that can help catalyze the success of women entrepreneurs.
Emotionally evocative games hold great potential for both industry and our basic understanding about human affect. The question of how best games elicit and respond to player emotion brings together research from psychology, design, and human-computer interaction (HCI). However, there is much confusion regarding the nature of emotions, emotional game-player interaction, and the process of creating emotional games. This paper reviews important work from relevant fields to provide an interdisciplinary model that integrates current theories and highlights conceptual gaps for relevant fields. Based on this model, we propose a methodological framework that provides a step-by-step process of developing an emotion-adaptive game. This framework is open to different models of emotion and its modular nature allows games to adapt to developments in the science of emotion and technological innovations in emotion detection. Together, the theoretical overview and framework can help reduce the confusion that surrounds creating and researching emotions in games.
Scales were constructed for a 40-item mood questionnaire administered to a sample of 1140 Navy recruits. The questionnaire was shown to be similar to others in content and reliabilities. Construct, concurrent and predictive validities of the scales with several criteria in a number of testing situations are also presented. The findings emphasize the usefulness of this questionnaire as a criterion measure or as a predictor of objective behavioral criteria under field-testing conditions.
While activation has proved to be a very useful concept in understanding behavior, theoretical and practical problems concerning physiological measurement have reduced its utility. Controlled self-report is suggested as an alternative measurement form, and data from several studies are presented indicating the validity of the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List (AD-ACL), an objective self-report measure of transient levels of activation. Factor analytic studies yielded four AD-ACL factors representing different points on a hypothetical continuum. These factors correlated substantially with physiological variables and reflected significant activation changes as predicted from diurnal sleep-wakefulness variations and from an impending college examination. The relative merits of self-report and individual peripheral physiological measures in the assessment of activation are discussed.
Two experiments were carried out for the present investigation. The first experiment was an exact replication of an experiment by Ekman (1955), where the subjects had been requested to estimate positive similarity between pairs of emotional terms. The second experiment was carried out in the same way except that the subjects were also requested to give negative estimations when they considered that a pair of words described feelings which were opposite to each other. Using factor analysis it was found that the negative estimations obtained in the second experiment were represented as zero ratings in the first one. The second experiment also yielded some additional information which was considered to be psychologically meaningful. A reanalysis of Ekman's data (1955) gave almost exactly the same result as the first experiment in the present study.
In the first study, paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics and normals made dichotamous conceptual judgments about multidimensional visual stimuli. While the schizophrenics were not significantly inferior with respect to efficiency in multidimensional stimulus combination and did not display abnormal patterns of dimensional combination, they were less sensitive to interstimulus variation in the relevant attributes. In the second study, subjects performed judgments of multidimensional similarity among verbal stimuli. Results indicated the several semantic dimensions of variation to be no less "accessable" to the schizophrenics when considered individually, but that these subject, especially those classified as paranoid, were less effective in combining the dimensions for multidimensional judgments. Discussion centered on theoretical reasons for deficit with the verbal stimuli and the nature of the semantic dimensions involved.
The problem of the circular scale is defined and the difficulties of transformation to linear scales are discussed. A vectorial method of solution is presented which gives a measure of central tendency and a measure of precision in terms of the vectorial angle and scalar magnitude. The criteria of "continuity' and "opposition' in circular scale construction are pointed out and discussed.