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A Paradigm For Developing Better Measures Of Marketing Constructs

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Abstract

A critical element in the evolution of a fundamental body of knowledge in marketing, as well as for improved marketing practice, is the development of better measures of the variables with which marketers work. In this article an approach is outlined by which this goal can be achieved and portions of the approach are illustrated in terms of a job satisfaction measure.

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... The present study contributes to the body of literature by developing a desirable scale using a sample of firms in India. The paper follows the widely accepted scale development procedure suggested by Churchill (1979) ...
... For scale development and validation, a well-accepted procedure has been adopted from the previous literature (Churchill, 1979). This study adopted a three-phase methodology to achieve its objective. ...
... Data revealed Cronbach alpha index of 0.801 and was found to be significant (Cronbach, 1951). It claimed that the measure is not exposed to random measurement error (Churchill, 1979). Scale items possess an adequate degree of positive correlation with the underlying construct. ...
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While the resilience and success of family businesses in India has been remarkable, there have been no efforts to measure the mindset of the owner-managers of such firms. This study seeks to develop and test a scale to measure the entrepreneurial mindset in family firms. For this, a sample of 426 key informants (second and third-generation family business owners) from 213 firms, with two respondents from each firm have been taken. The study employed a quantitative approach by administering a survey questionnaire to key participants who are family business owners in the sports goods industry in India. Structural equation modeling was employed to confirm the reliability and validity of the entrepreneurial mindset (EM) scale. The study reveals critical aspects of the entrepreneurial mindset that are related to an entrepreneur's cognitive thinking and behavioral actions. It finds a significant positive relationship between entrepreneurial mindset and business performance in family firms in India. By measuring the entrepreneurial mindset of family firms in India, this study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that lead to their success.
... The hypotheses in this study were tested using a survey instrument grounded in the existing literature. The constructs employed were adapted from previously established frameworks identified during the literature review to ensure reliability and validity (Churchill, 1979). A five-point Likert scale was used for measurement, ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree). ...
... However, as with any survey-based research, there remains a potential tendency for bias to occur due to self-reported data, which may be influenced by social desirability or respondent interpretation. Reliability is assessed through measures such as Cronbach's alpha coefficient (Churchill, 1979;Cronbach, 1951), average variance extracted (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988), and composite reliability (Nunnally, 1978). In the meantime, convergent validity is established through exploratory factor analysis, as we have a relatively large set of variables (Hair et al., 2010). ...
... To assess internal consistency reliability, we use Cronbach's alpha (Churchill, 1979;Cronbach, 1951) with a threshold of 0.6 (Hinton et al., 2014) , composite reliability (CR) scores with a threshold of 0.7 (Nunnally, 1978), and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) with a threshold of 0.5 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). All used constructs meet the respective thresholds, except for Internal Pressure, External Pressure, and Shareholder Pressure with an AVE of less than 0.5. ...
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This study delves into the dynamics of Circular Economy (CE) practices in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), acknowledging their essential contribution to promoting sustainability. As we explore the various influences on SMEs' adoption of CE, we closely examine the distinct impacts of internal and external stakeholder pressure. Additionally, we highlight the role of positive managerial perceptions and introduce a fresh perspective by framing CE orientation as a mediating force. Employing a survey methodology, our data collection spanned three phases, resulting in 196 responses from the Estonian SMEs. The results challenge the assumptions of uniform stakeholder pressures, unveiling nuanced effects on CE practices. Significantly, a heightened CE orientation emerges as a driving factor in enhancing organisational responsiveness to external stakeholder pressure. This study advances our understanding of the intricate relationships between stakeholder dynamics, managerial perceptions, and CE practices, providing valuable insights essential for SMEs to navigate the path towards sustainable practices. This study presents both theoretical and practical contributions and suggests avenues for future research to further explore the multifaceted nature of the relationships uncovered in this study.
... Pérez and del Bosque 2013;Carneiro and Faria 2016;Costa et al. 2016;Alvarado-Herrera et al. 2017). Dimensions were identified in the exploratory stage of the study consisting of an indepth review of past literature on CSR image and country image and interviews and focus groups with key informants and then tested in the second stage using surveys, in line with Churchill's scale development protocol (Churchill 1979). The efficiency and applicability of the scale was then examined through a model using structural equation modelling where SRIC acted as independent variable affecting two well-established variables, nation brand identification (NBI) and intention to apply for a job vacancy (IAJV). ...
... Since SRIC is still an emerging construct in the literature, we adopted an exploratory sequential mixed method strategy comprising a qualitative study to explore the concept and guide the theoretical framework and a quantitative phase to test the findings (qual → QUANT) (Creswell and Clark 2017). Qualitative research contributes to theory development, helps to uncover less explored areas of research (Purhoit and Radia 2022) and is recommended at the start of the scale development process for items generation (item generation stage) (Churchill 1979). ...
... After the qualitative stage, the full scale comprised of 21 items. For the purpose of items refinement, following the qualitative stage, we proceeded with content and face validity (Churchill 1979;de Vellis 2016). Six bilingual experts from higher education institutions in Italy and UK were asked to judge the content, structure and wording of the scales and constructs definitions (Hardesty and Bearden 2004). ...
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This article aims to bridge the gap between corporate social responsibility and place branding literature by (1) examining the nature and dimensions of the social responsibility image of countries (SRIC), (2) developing a scale for SRIC and (3) measuring its impact on nation brand identification and intention to apply for a job. Leveraging social identity theory, associative network theory and selection–attraction–attrition theory, the study employs a mixed method approach comprising semi-structured interviews, focus groups and a survey with UK and Italian highly skilled workers. Findings reveal the complexity of this multidimensional concept which integrates economic, ethical and environmental factors. SRIC exerts a significant impact on both nation brand identification and intention to apply for a job vacancy. Based on the results, organisations and governments interested in luring the best candidates should work in partnership to develop adequate programmes and a consistent narrative that highlight economic, ethical and environmental responsibilities of the place.
... Our generation of items that reflect the aforementioned dimensions of social value creation, customer value creation, and efficient value creation was based on a literature review, three qualitative pretests, and subsequent quantitative analyses using two survey datasets (Werhahn et al., 2015). This mixed-method approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods is aligned with common recommendations for reflective scale development efforts that seek to describe such latent variables (Churchill, 1979;DeVellis & Thorpe, 2021;Hinkin, 1995;Newell & Goldsmith, 2001). We postulate that the founders' public value creation orientation manifests as different shades of firm-level public value creation and is hence reflected by the proposed subdimensions and corresponding items. ...
... In line with common recommendations for scale development (Churchill, 1979;DeVellis & Thorpe, 2021;Newell & Goldsmith, 2001), we carried out three pretests with our initial item pool. First, we conducted pretest interviews with three expert researchers in the fields of public value theory, academic entrepreneurship research, and social impact measurement. ...
... Descriptions of the proposed 11 items are provided in Table 9. Table 10 reports the Cronbach's alpha (α) coefficients, indicating acceptable values for exploratory research above 0.6 for all dimensions (Churchill, 1979;Hair et al., 2010Hair et al., , 2011. Mean inter-item correlations among items that load onto a common factor furthermore solidly exceed 0.3 for all factors. ...
Article
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Public value as such and contributions to public value by entrepreneurial universities have been of increasing interest to scholars over the past two decades. However, due to the lack of an adequate measurement scale, scholars have yet to link these research streams properly. While public value research acknowledges the multidimensionality of the construct, academic entrepreneurship research has rather approximated it using different unidimensional economic proxies. As a consequence, there is limited scholarly consensus about public value creation through spin-offs and other academic start-ups. To mitigate this issue and complement existing proxies, our study develops and validates a measure of noneconomic public value creation in the academic entrepreneurship context, capturing the subdimensions of social value creation, customer value creation, and efficient value creation. We employ a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The initial item pool incorporates relevant prior literature and insights from multiple pretests. Using two comprehensive surveys of academic entrepreneurs from Germany and Austria, we quantitatively confirm the reliability and validity of the final three-dimensional 11-item scale and its applicability to the intended context. Furthermore, we pave the way for future research by examining how the university entrepreneurial climate relates to public value creation.
... The objective of this quantitative study is to verify the causal relationships between the different latent variables of the study, specifically (Leadership, Turnover) and (Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Work Environment), as illustrated in Figure 1. We adopted Churchill's (1979) methodology to develop our measurement scales, design our questionnaire, and ensure the validity and reliability of our constructs. The operationalization of latent (unobservable) variables allows for the development of appropriate measurement instruments to test the research hypotheses. ...
... The first essential phase involves operationalizing the unobservable latent conceptual variables by translating them into measurable and observable indicators. The model design process relied on scales derived from the literature, and we adopted Churchill's (1979) methodology to validate these measurement scales. Table 1 provides a summary of the measurement scales used in the operationalization of the latent variables. ...
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This study examines the relationship between leadership and employee turnover rates, focusing on job satisfaction, organizational engagement, and the work environment. The findings suggest that leadership has a direct impact on employees' intentions to leave the company. The study population consists of employees from an international transportation services company operating in Morocco, with diversity in terms of gender, age, marital status, and profession. The total population comprises 1000 individuals. After the data purification phase, the sample size for data collection was reduced to 400 individuals. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 28 and Smart PLS 4.0 software. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method was used to validate the research model and test the hypotheses. The results demonstrate that leadership indirectly influences employee turnover through job satisfaction and organizational engagement. However, the work environment did not show a significant influence on this relationship. This study contributes to understanding the complex relationship between leadership and turnover rates, highlighting that while leadership is a crucial factor, it is not the only determinant. Job satisfaction and organizational engagement also play a significant role in employee retention. This work provides valuable insights for HR managers on the importance of leadership strategies in reducing employee turnover.
... Previamente à análise dos dados, procurou-se avaliar o grau de fiabilidade do instrumento utilizado, mediante a análise do coeficiente de Alpha de Cronbach, visto que segundo Churchill (1979) esta seria a medida a ser utilizada para verificar a consistência interna de um conjunto de itens que foram medidos através da utilização de uma escala. Os valores que este coeficiente pode assumir variam entre 0 a 1, o que quanto mais se aproximar da unidade maior é a consistência interna da medida. ...
... No estudo das ciências sociais, um coeficiente superior a 0,7 é considerado aceitável. Ao avaliar os critérios de estudo e obter a média de todas as afirmações, confirma-se um resultado de 0,85 conforme ilustrado na tabela 2. Isto significa que o resultado obtido está muito acima dos mínimos aceitáveis nas ciências sociais e, segundo Churchill (1979), o que demonstra que o conjunto de itens da escala utilizada captura muito bem o conceito que se pretende medir. Sendo assim, pode-se levar avante as análises estatísticas que se pretendem realizar. ...
Conference Paper
This study seeks to establish the role that Market Orientation plays in contributing to the level of competitive advantage amongst the Portuguese SMEs based on how business strategy is aligned to meet market requirements. Focusing on the position of the customer, SMEs should make relevant changes to operations and this approach enhances its flexibility and performance. The themes are focused on explaining the organizational culture impact on generating innovation and effective information processing-important variables for market orientation. Finally, it underlines the market orientation and its relationship with entrepreneurial activities in supporting the market orientation as an innovation engine for promoting competitive and new products, as well as increasing business viability. The study offers key recommendations that management can adopt for enhancing market orientation practices so as to increase the positive impact on operational and financial performance of SMEs.
... The factor loadings of the other factor items are above 0.40 (Hair et al. 2017). When examining the reliability results of the factors, it can be observed that the CA values are above 60 (Churchill 1979), and the composite reliability (CR) values are 0.65 or higher (Jöreskog 1971). The average variance extracted (AVE) values are 0.40 or higher. ...
... Table 5 shows the reliability analysis results of the other two scale factors used in the SEM analysis. All CA values are above 0.60 (Churchill 1979), indicating that the reliability of these factors is satisfactory. Figure 2 illustrates the path diagram examined in the analysis. ...
Article
This study aims to examine the structures that affect the teaching motivation of in‐service teachers. In this context, self‐efficacy in teaching computational thinking and professional identity have been focused on. To that end, the relational screening model has been used. A demographic information form and three different scales were used to collect the data. The Teacher Professional Identity Scale has been adapted to Turkish culture for teachers in the context of this study. The Structural Equation Model was used in the analysis of the data. As a result of the research, teachers with a solid commitment to subject knowledge and academic standards are more likely to prioritise specific teaching orientations. However, no significant relationships were found between Instructor Identity Orientation (IIO) and T‐STEM Computational Thinking Self‐efficacy (SE), T‐STEM Computational Thinking Outcome Expectation (OE), Intrinsic Motivation (IM) and Extrinsic Motivation (EM). SE, in teaching computational thinking, displayed positive associations with Teacher‐centered Orientation (TCO), OE, and IM. This implies that teachers who feel confident in their ability to teach computational thinking tend to adopt a more teacher‐centered approach, have positive outcome expectations, and experience intrinsic motivation. Teaching motivation was positively associated with teachers' self‐efficacy and outcome expectancy beliefs for teaching computational thinking. The fact that teachers have the necessary equipment for their professional identities, examining the variables related to this competence, and developing suggestions is an essential reason for the importance of the current research and shedding light on future studies.
... However, the authors found no such existing scale which deals with all the constructs of the study. Therefore, a scale was developed following the guidelines of Churchill (1979). According to Churchill (1979), the first thing in scale development is domain specification and deciding upon what should be included and what should be excluded in the definition of constructs. ...
... Therefore, a scale was developed following the guidelines of Churchill (1979). According to Churchill (1979), the first thing in scale development is domain specification and deciding upon what should be included and what should be excluded in the definition of constructs. This process facilitates the scale item generation process. ...
... The survey data underwent thorough validation, encompassing exploratory factor analysis, and tests of convergent and discriminant validity (Hinkin, 1998). Variables with correlations below 0.4 were excluded to reduce potential errors (Churchill, 1979;Kim & Mueller, 1978). Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha, with a coefficient of 0.7 indicating strong item covariance and satisfactory domain representation (Nunnally, 1976;Price & Mueller, 1986). ...
... To begin the EFA process, the survey items were analysed to understand how they related to each other. If the items did not demonstrate sufficient similarity (an interitem correlation lower than 0.4), they were removed (Churchill, 1979;Kim & Mueller, 1978). The survey began with five main areas (constructs) being measured, each containing ten items (questions). ...
Article
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Leadership competencies in early childhood (EC) education present an intricate policy and practice landscape. This article provides insights into these complexities and shares a novel survey evaluation tool that can be used in services for identifying leadership competencies and gaps for ongoing professional development. The research employed a two-phase approach involving thematic analysis of governing documents and focus group interview data. This resulted in the development of five core domains of leadership competencies represented throughout a survey tool. The subsequent validation of the survey revealed both self-identified roles and demonstrated competencies among educators in Western Australian EC services. The article sheds light on discrepancies between perceived and observed leadership, suggesting the need for tailored professional development and succession planning. Insights into these dynamics contribute to a deeper understanding of effective leadership practices, offering a foundation for ongoing discourse and continual enhancement of leadership competencies in the context of EC education. Open access via https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/18369391241282679
... The item-total correlation is the sum of all the variables that show the construct's correlation (LU 2007). The construct is determined by describing the correct items and deleting the unnecessary ones in item-total correlation analysis (Churchill JR 1979). When the corrected item-total correlation value is less than 0.30, it means the item is measuring something different from the others (Pallant 2007). ...
... The instrument was developed based on the recommendation of Churchill's (1979). The first step as recommended by the author was review of literature. ...
Article
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Research indicates that the psychosocial learning environment in higher education substantially influences the quality of teaching and learning by shaping classroom instructional practices. However, the extent to which teachers' communication style, classroom management strategies, and the classroom physical environment predict the learning climate remains largely unexplored. Using the structural equation modelling technique, this study aimed to determine how these factors predict the psychosocial learning environment in Ghanaian public universities. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted, involving 403 students from four public universities in Ghana. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses validated the conceptual framework of the psychosocial learning environment. Structural equation modelling revealed that teachers' communication style and classroom physical conditions positively and significantly predict the psychosocial learning environment in higher education. The study concludes that teachers' classroom management style and physical environment jointly play critical roles in shaping the psychosocial learning environment, which encompasses students' sense of belonging, emotional support, involvement, cohesiveness, interactions, cooperation, satisfaction, and task orientation. The researcher argue that these factors are essential and should be prioritised to enhance the higher education psychosocial learning environment. Teachers and higher education authorities must take deliberate steps to improve the classroom physical environment by providing necessary facilities and resources that ensure student comfort and security. Furthermore, improving the communication style and effectiveness of higher education teachers should be a key focus in initiatives aimed at enhancing teaching, learning, and student welfare. Future research should explore the impact of the psychosocial learning environment on students' motivation and self-reported academic achievement."
... Indicator loadings ranged from 0.642 to 0.852, among which two were less than 0.707. However, all the latent factors had Cronbach's Alpha scores above 0.60 (Churchill, 1979), composite reliability scores were greater than 0.70 (Joseph F. Hair, Hult, Ringle, & Sarstedt, 2017), and average-variance-extracted (AVE) values were greater than 0.50 (Joe F. Hair, Ringle, & Sarstedt, 2011). Thus, the quality criteria were met according to the reliability and convergent validity thresholds. ...
Article
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This paper is a pioneer in investigating the effect of extrinsic social religiosity on collaborative consumption behaviour through mediation by altruistic environmental concerns through survey-based research on Muslim consumers. The study framework is based on the value-attitude-behaviour model. The data is collected from Muslim consumers in Pakistan. Four hundred fifty-eight usable structured survey responses were collected using purposive sampling and the data was analysed by employing PLS-SEM through SmartPLS4 software. The results demonstrate a significantly positive impact of extrinsic social religiosity on Muslim consumers’ altruistic environmental concerns and collaborative consumption behaviour. Altruistic environmental concerns were also found to mediate this association positively. The study presents novel findings and extends the emerging literature on collaborative consumption and religiosity. Policymakers and marketers should integrate Islamic extrinsic social religiosity values of communal welfare and collaboration while creating sustainability and marketing appeals to the Muslim population and markets.
... The composite reliability (CR) scores were above the threshold of 0.70 (Joseph F. Hair et al., 2017) for all the variables. Furthermore, Cronbach's Alpha also showed more than 0.60 value (Churchill, 1979). ...
Article
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This paper aims to investigate the association between intrinsic religiosity (IR) and voluntary simplicity (VS) behaviour through mediation by altruistic environmental concerns (AEC). Quantitative research is lacking in the subject area. The present study is a pioneer in examining the rarely investigated relationship between IR and VS through mediation by AEC in Muslims. 458 usable responses were collected through a survey from Pakistani Muslim consumers. PLS-SEM approach was applied using SmartPLS and analysis results indicate that IR has a significantly positive impact on AEC and VS. The indirect effect shows that AEC positively mediates the association between IR and VS behaviour. Furthermore, the study provides practical implications for the consumption behaviour of Muslims, a major market worldwide. To enhance environmental care and anti-consumption for sustainable development, marketers and policymakers in Islamic countries should advocate Islamic values linked with environment care and simplicity while promoting sustainability initiatives and marketing mix.
... Para la recopilación de datos, se empleó un cuestionario online cuyas variables fueron medidas mediante una escala tipo Likert de 5 puntos (1 "totalmente en desacuerdo" y 5 "totalmente de acuerdo"), abarcando actitudes, normas subjetivas, control del comportamiento percibido, intenciones de ISR, comportamiento de ISR, presiones y facilitadores. El cuestionario fue desarrollado siguiendo las directrices recomendadas por Churchill (1979). En una primera etapa, se realizaron selecciones de estudios previos que emplearan la TCP como marco teórico para identificar indicadores relacionados con los constructos relevantes (Khan et al., 2020;Jain et al., 2020;Singh et al., 2018;Yuriev et al., 2020). ...
Article
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La inversión socialmente responsable (ISR) es fundamental para lograr la sostenibilidad empresarial. Este estudio examina los factores que influyen en la intención y el comportamiento de ISR en pymes de servicios colombianas, aplicando una extensión innovadora de la teoría del comportamiento planificado (TCP). Mediante un diseño no experimental, transversal y correlacional, se encuestó a 413 gerentes para analizar las relaciones entre actitudes, normas subjetivas y control conductual percibido. El modelo TCP se amplió con variables contextuales como presiones externas y facilitadores en la adopción de prácticas de ISR. Los resultados, obtenidos mediante modelado de ecuaciones estructurales (PLS-SEM), revelan que el control conductual percibido es el predictor más fuerte de las intenciones de ISR, seguido por normas subjetivas y actitudes. Adicionalmente, se descubrió que presiones externas y facilitadores influyen en la posterior adopción de comportamientos concretos de ISR. Sin embargo, su adopción responde más a presiones que a convicciones organizacionales siendo esta la principal limitante para adoptarlos. Este estudio confirma la utilidad de la TCP para examinar la adopción de ISR en empresas y destaca la relevancia de incorporar variables contextuales al modelo. La investigación contribuye significativamente a la comprensión de la ISR en economías emergentes y proporciona implicaciones prácticas para organizaciones y formuladores de políticas interesados en fomentar inversiones sostenibles.
... The scale development follows procedures recommended by Churchill (1979) and DeVellis and Thorpe (2021), ensuring a structured approach that comprehensively addressed all relevant aspects of the proposed CDR framework during the scale development. DeVellis and Thorpe (2021) further refines the process by providing detailed guidelines for maintaining the quality of the scale, especially in terms of reliability and validity assessment. ...
Article
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Corporate digital responsibility (CDR) is emerging as a prominent issue and has been sporadically discussed in the relevant literature. Due to the limited research on assessing digital responsibility, this study developed a scale that measures CDR from a consumer perspective. A mixed-methods approach was employed to develop and validate the scale. First, an exploratory qualitative study was conducted to conceptualize consumer-centric CDR and formulate the underlying constructs and measures. This was followed by a quantitative study to confirm the validity and reliability of the qualitative results. The scale development and validation process resulted in a measure consisting of six dimensions: digital transparency, digital privacy, digital quality, digital remedy, digital accessibility, and digital inclusiveness. This study contributes to corporate social responsibility research by introducing a consumer-centric CDR scale, which provides practitioners with insights into how to execute responsible practices in the digitalized business arena, reflecting the preferences and expectations of consumers regarding digital responsibility.
... The scale development follows procedures recommended by Churchill (1979) and DeVellis and Thorpe (2021), ensuring a structured approach that comprehensively addressed all relevant aspects of the proposed CDR framework during the scale development. DeVellis and Thorpe (2021) further refines the process by providing detailed guidelines for maintaining the quality of the scale, especially in terms of reliability and validity assessment. ...
Article
Full-text available
Corporate digital responsibility (CDR) is emerging as a prominent issue and has been sporadically discussed in the relevant literature. Due to the limited research on assessing digital responsibility, this study developed a scale that measures CDR from a consumer perspective. A mixed‐methods approach was employed to develop and validate the scale. First, an exploratory qualitative study was conducted to conceptualize consumer‐centric CDR and formulate the underlying constructs and measures. This was followed by a quantitative study to confirm the validity and reliability of the qualitative results. The scale development and validation process resulted in a measure consisting of six dimensions: digital transparency, digital privacy, digital quality, digital remedy, digital accessibility, and digital inclusiveness. This study contributes to corporate social responsibility research by introducing a consumer‐centric CDR scale, which provides practitioners with insights into how to execute responsible practices in the digitalized business arena, reflecting the preferences and expectations of consumers regarding digital responsibility.
... Lastly, the distribution of the DSSEI scores across known groups were examined. The mean DSSEI scores between people with and without sexual dysfunction and between people with high and low relationship satisfaction were compared using one-sided Welch-tests (Churchill, 1979). ...
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Previous research has consistently shown a close relationship of sexual health with the dynamics within a romantic relationship. However, most measurements in this field have traditionally focused solely on the individual level, thus neglecting relationship aspects. In the present study, we introduce a new theoretical framework and the Dyadic Sexual Self-Esteem Inventory (DSSEI) as a measurement tool designed to evaluate sexual self-esteem from an interpersonal perspective. Using data from individuals in monogamous relationships (N = 784), we conducted confirmatory factor analyses, tested measurement invariance, and assessed the instrument’s reliability and validity. The results demonstrate that the DSSEI is a reliable and valid 30-item tool that consists of one higher-order factor (Dyadic Sexual Self-Esteem), five second-order factors (Evaluation of the Self, Perceived Partner’s Influence on Self, Perceived Partner’s Self-Evaluation, Perceived Influence on Partner, Couple Evaluation) and ten first-order factors that differentiate between sexual self-worth and sexual self-efficacy within dyadic sexual self-esteem. The DSSEI exhibits partial scalar invariance across gender and measurement points for the second-order factors. Reliability analyses demonstrate good internal consistency and stability over time. The validity analyses incorporated Pearson product-moment correlations and regression analyses, revealing significant associations between dyadic sexual self-esteem and sexual self-esteem, sexual subjectivity, self-esteem, sexual function, sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, and emotional intimacy. Additionally, the DSSEI differentiates between individuals with and without sexual dysfunction and between those with high and low relationship satisfaction. The DSSEI has implications for both sexual health research and clinical practice and adds to an understanding of couples’ sexual interactions as a product of their dyadic experiences rather than the sum of individual predispositions.
... This study has adopted the five-phase scale development procedure suggested by Churchill (1979), as illustrated in Table 1. ...
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Though scholars have given significant attention to research on service quality in higher education, there is limited research exploring the contribution of non-academic staff to enhancing service quality at higher education institutions. One reason for the lack of empirical research on this topic is the absence of a measurement scale for the service competencies of non-academic staff (NONACA-SERCOM) in higher education institutions. Therefore, this study aims to develop and validate a multidimensional scale to measure essential service competencies for university support staff. Following a rigorous and thorough standard scale development procedure, this study developed and validated NONACA-SERCOM as a higher-order construct with three dimensions: interpersonal, self-management and professional competencies. The final 13-item NONACA-SERCOM multidimensional scale contributes to the body of research on higher education by looking at the service competencies of university support staff. It lays the groundwork for future studies examining how non-academic staff’s service competencies influence service quality and other aspects in higher education institutions.
... To ensure the questionnaire's effectiveness, it underwent a pre-test involving group research and a small sample of tourists before the actual data collection [73]. This pre-test involved panels of experts, including academicians and field researchers in the tourism industry, who evaluated whether the questionnaire's indicators adequately represented the constructs and were comprehensible to respondents [74]. ...
Article
The purpose of this research is to investigate and understand the factors that influence individuals' intention to engage in experiential tourism at salt fields that have been innovatively repurposed for tourism, and what factors or results contribute to the success of such transformations. The study approached theory of planned behavioral framework extensively to build measurement structures. Data collection was conducted in areas where tourists visited salt fields, the actual sample size obtained 358 respondents. Data is processed by PLS-SEM method on SmartPLS v.4.0.9.2 software. The results identified factors that influence experiential tourism intention. The direct influence is less than the indirect influence of attitude and trust. In which, the influence of the attitude direction is higher than the direction of the trust. Visitor attitudes significantly determine the innovation from making salt fields to the experiential tourism business.
... All of the variables in Table 2 the Cronbach alpha value must be more than 0.5. The criterion for composite dependability is the individual dependability criteria developed by Churchill Jr (1979). Each weight must be greater than 0.5, according to the standard. ...
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This study examines how consumers develop an attachment to a brand based on its perceived genuineness and how this attachment influences their purchase intentions and compulsive buying behavior. The study was conducted using a purposive sampling approach and self-headed survey applications filled by 115 individuals in Karachi, Pakistan. The study found that materialism is positively associated with impulsive purchasing and brand attachment and strongly influences obsessive-compulsive buying. Brand attachment has a significant relationship with compulsive buying, consumer outcomes, and social networking sites and affects consumer behavior. Customer engagement also has a significant relationship with obsessive-compulsive buying, brand loyalty, and customer trust and shows the multiple outcomes of brand attachment. The study also found that there is a strong link between utilitarian value and compulsive purchase. The research model used brand attachment and customer trust as mediating variables. However, the study has limitations, such as a limited sample size due to the COVID-19 situation and the use of convenience sampling. Future studies should consider using larger sample sizes, additional variables, and moderators in the research model to achieve more accurate results. Overall, this research emphasizes the critical role of brand attachment and customer trust as mediators in impulsive and obsessive-compulsive purchase behaviors and provides a holistic understanding of the interconnections between consumer behavior, brand attachment, customer trust, and other variables.
... Further, the scale was developed by following the steps recommended by Churchill (1979). These steps include (a) generation of items and pilot testing, (b) collection of data, (c) scale refinement using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), (d) scale refinement using confirmatory factor analysis and (e) testing of scale's reliability and validity. ...
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Purpose This paper aims to develop and validate a comprehensive scale for measuring consumer perceptions towards social commerce (S-Commerce). With the growing prominence of social media platforms in electronic commerce (e-commerce), understanding consumer perceptions and attitudes is essential for businesses and researchers alike. Design/methodology/approach The scale development process involved an extensive literature review and expert assessments to construct a robust measurement tool. Subsequently, the scale was administered to a diverse sample of respondents, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess its reliability and validity. Findings The results confirm the scale’s internal consistency and discriminant validity, contributing to making it a valuable instrument for capturing consumer perceptions towards S-commerce. Eight factors were explored using exploratory factor analysis, namely, “satisfaction and advocacy of S-commerce,” “usability and enjoyment of S-commerce,” “trust and familiarity in S-commerce,” “trust in S-commerce policies,” “familiarity with S-commerce platforms,” “financial trust and security in S-commerce,” “price and rating influence on S-commerce shopping” and “perceived value and social expectations in S-commerce.” Practical implications This research contributes to understanding S-commerce from a consumer perspective, aiding businesses in tailoring their strategies and enhancing the academic discourse on this evolving e-commerce phenomenon. Originality/value This study primarily develops a comprehensive scale to measure consumer perceptions of S-commerce sites, contributing to a deeper understanding of the factors driving consumer perceptions in this evolving digital landscape.
... In addition, three components had fewer than three items. In line with best EFA practice (Churchill, 1979;Hinkin et al., 1997), we excluded complex items from the subsequent EFA, resulting in a three-component solution, with 23 items in the first component. The second and third components did not have multiple items with a factor loading >0.5; therefore, they were also dropped from the analysis. ...
Article
The metaverse has enormous potential to provide customers with novel experiences and support brand capabilities. Therefore, ensuring a high-quality customer experience in the metaverse is critical for the growth of metaverse platforms and brand success. However, while measures of customer experience in both traditional and digital contexts have long been established, they have not yet been adapted to the unique context of the met-averse. Employing a multiphase mixed-methods research design, we propose a simple 10-item scale to measure metaverse customer experience (MVCX) based on the evaluation of 10 key metaverse platform attributes: aesthetics , commerciality, communality, creativity, efficiency, immersion, interoperability, personalization, privacy , and trialability. Our reliability and validity tests across multiple studies demonstrate that the MVCX scale has sound psychometric properties and can reliably predict customer satisfaction, ongoing usage intentions, and share of time spent on a metaverse platform. This study offers the first operationalized, attribute-level model of MVCX, contributing to both the digital customer experience literature and practice. The short 10-item MVCX scale can be used by marketing managers to enhance customer experience and satisfaction, thereby ensuring brand success.
... For our proposed conceptual model, a multi-item variable assessment was used to improve accuracy, enhance the diversity of survey respondents, and minimize potential inaccuracies in measurement (Churchill Jr, 1979). A comprehensive set of twenty-eight items was considered for operationalizing the latent constructs: six items were allocated to DT, nine items were assigned to SCDM strategies, seven items were designated for SF, and six items were allocated to SCR. ...
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Supply chain resilience (SCR) has been a topic of enormous interest among researchers for almost two decades. Still, there’s been limited focus on the impact of digital twin (DT) technologies and supply chain disruption mitigation (SCDM) strategies on SCR. This study addresses this gap by examining how DT and SCDM strategies enhance SCR and whether strategic fit (SF) moderates these relationships. Using the dynamic capability view (DCV) as the theoretical foundation, we developed our conceptual framework and research hypotheses. Data were collected from 200 Bangladeshi manufacturing organizations through a survey-based approach, and the partial least square (PLS) technique was utilized to assess the framework and research hypotheses. The findings reveal that both DT technologies and SCDM strategies significantly boost SCR. Besides, while SF plays a critical moderating role in the relationship between DT and SCR, it does not moderate the association between SCDM strategies and SCR. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of SCR by integrating DT and SCDM strategies within the DCV framework, offering insights into their roles in managing supply chain disruptions. Additionally, it provides practical guidance for managers on effectively leveraging DT and SCDM strategies to build resilient supply chains while emphasizing the importance of strategic alignment in optimizing digital interventions.
... Afin de tester la validité et la fiabilité des instruments de mesure utilisés, des analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) avec la méthode du maximum de vraisemblance ont été effectuées pour chacune des variables étudiées, suivies du calcul des alphas de Cronbach correspondants. Toutes les corrélations de structure (factor loadings) obtenus lors des AFE étaient supérieures à 0,5, indiquant des résultats satisfaisants (Churchill, 1979 ;Zaichkowsky, 1985). De plus, tous les alphas de Cronbach étaient au-dessus du seuil d'acceptabilité de 0,7 (Cortina, 1993), allant de 0,76 à 0,95, démontrant la fiabilité des échelles utilisées. ...
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Given the low usage of public health apps during the COVID-19 pandemic and the new normal requiring coexistence with the virus, it is crucial to explore the factors likely to encourage their adoption. This article examines the determinants of future intention to use public health mobile applications associated to COVID-19 by investigating the existence of different population segments. Using latent class modeling (N=310), two groups were identified: one primarily valuing the perceived utility of the app, while perceived social pressure is the predominant factor for the other group. The findings led to the formulation of managerial and public health recommendations tailored to each group identified in this research.
... To determine the scales' reliability and constructs validity, a scale purification is carried out. To eliminate weak and non-representative items, Crombach's Alpha and item-to-total correlations are calculated (Churchill, 1979). Therefore, the evaluation of scales reliability and constructs validity is based on three criteria: (1) composite reliability (CR) and Cronbach's Alpha (α) should be greater than 0.7 in reliability testing; ...
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This study investigates the effects of social media use on employees’ social capital and knowledge sharing. A research model is proposed and empirically tested with an online survey study of 288 working professionals using social media at a Saudi Telecom Company. Results reveal that social media use in the workplace positively influence knowledge sharing. The findings contribute to clarify the importance of the different dimensions of Social Capital especially shared vision and trust, and their role in enhancing profitable knowledge sharing practices. This study offers effective and valuable HR policies regarding the use of social media at workplace within the MENA context.
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Artificial intelligence marketing (AIM) usage has received intense interest yet reports mixed anecdotal performance. The authors clarify AIM usage based on insights from in-depth executive interviews and address three substantive research questions: Why do marketers use AIM? How does AIM usage affect firm performance outcomes, and when does this occur? Employing large-scale data collected from various sources in China involving public and private companies over four years, the authors find that AIM usage positively affects firm profitability, customer satisfaction, and customer acquisition. The findings also suggest that customer acquisition and customer satisfaction mediate AIM usage and firm performance. However, the findings demonstrate that employee resistance to change, technological velocity, and industry competition constraint the effect of AIM usage on performance. The results underscore the complex nature of AIM usage in organizations, suggesting that firms should closely monitor relevant customer metrics, cultivate an adaptive organizational culture, and remain environmentally vigilant and adaptive to fully capitalize on the potential AIM usage performance gains.
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The tag-based review summarization system (TBRSS) has been introduced and widely adopted by e-commerce platforms in recent years. However, limited research has been conducted to understand the design factors that influence consumers’ intention to use the system. Considering both the content and appearance attributes of the system, we developed an integrated model to investigate what affects consumers’ intention to use. The model combines both the content and appearance attributes of the factors and pathways. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyse the 297 samples obtained through an online experiment. Results demonstrate that both the helpfulness of the tags’ content and the consistency between tags and original reviews positively influence the intention to use through information quality. Design aesthetics affects the intention to use through system quality. Moreover, our findings indicate that confidence in initial beliefs serves as an important moderating variable, exerting a positive influence on the relationship between information quality and intention to use.
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Purpose Blockchains used by e-commerce consortia are a novel form of governance that facilitates coordination and collaboration among the numerous organisations that comprise e-commerce supply chains. Despite the increasing prevalence of consortium blockchain networks for e-commerce, there is a limited understanding of the economic and social dynamics that influence the behaviour of blockchain consortium members. By utilising transaction cost theory and social exchange theory, this research investigates the interplay between blockchain transaction-specific investment (BTSI), trust, adaptive collaboration (ADC) and the overall performance of supply chains in consortium blockchains Design/methodology/approach A quantitative research approach was employed to collect data from a representative sample of blockchain organisations affiliated with e-commerce consortium blockchains worldwide. Following this, the data obtained from 361 participants were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings The results of our study indicate that BTSI has a substantial impact on trust. Furthermore, trust plays a pivotal role in shaping ADC, and ADC, in turn, acts as a mediator in the relationship between trust and performance outcomes. Originality/value This study underlines these economic and social dynamics in the evolving context of consortium blockchain networks, offering insights into their significance within a technology-driven environment.
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The current study investigated the cognitive and affective factors driving employees’ pro‐environmental behaviors (PEBs) in organizations to address a critical gap in sustainability research. Specifically, the roles of anticipated guilt, subjective norms (SNs), and the warm glow effect in shaping current and future green behaviors were examined through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM). The findings demonstrated that anticipated guilt was the strongest predictor of PEBs, followed by SNs. The warm glow effect was also revealed to partially mediate the relationship between current and future PEBs, which offered alternative insights into the long‐term sustainability of green practices. Resultantly, the findings contributed to the theory of planned behavior and provided practical implications for organizations seeking to foster employees’ continuous environmental commitment while advancing the understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying sustained workplace PEBs.
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Purpose This study investigates the influences of brands, sources and congruence on perceived product quality, as well as the role of content creator types in Instagram influencer marketing for luxury brands. Design/methodology/approach The samples consisted of Instagram users who follow content creators who posted about luxury brands. A survey instrument was used to collect data from 916 respondents who were of working age (22–55 years old). Findings The analysis showed acceptable fits for both measurement and structural models. The results reveal the positive effect of luxury brand identity on content attributes, which influence both content creator-product fit and perceived product quality and the direct influence of fit on perceived quality. Perceived uniqueness acts as a negative driver. Practical implications The findings of this study guide luxury brand marketers in choosing peers and influencers, selecting appropriate content creators and emphasizing effective content attributes. Originality/value This study identifies novel antecedents for perceived quality, a part of brand equity, including drivers and obstacles. It also explores the impact of content creator types, such as friends and/or acquaintances, compared to influencers and/or celebrities, offering insights beyond previous research.
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Purpose Based on the theory of identity, this paper aims to examine the centrality role of entrepreneurs’ identity in the prevalence of the entrepreneurial process in online platforms. Identity is a kind of internal energy that stimulates the neurons of entrepreneurs. Thus, leveraging identity effectively in the digital business cycle is a global challenge of paramount importance. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a quantitative approach, specifically the covariance-based structural equation modeling method, to examine data collected from a sample of 153 entrepreneurs operating on social media platforms. Findings The findings highlight the positive impact of social media on entrepreneurs’ identities, revealing three distinct identity types: digital identity, social identity and entrepreneurial identity. However, only entrepreneurial and social identities emerge as significant factors in sustaining the entrepreneurial process. Entrepreneurs operating on online platforms strive for recognition as entrepreneurs while also cultivating trust-based relationships with social media users. This recognition and trust contribute to the overall success of their entrepreneurial endeavors. Research limitations/implications Identity centrality in the entrepreneurial process presents itself as a highly sophisticated tool to help young entrepreneurs on social media platforms to identify, construct and even harmonize the different identities they may adopt to adapt to the challenges and opportunities of entrepreneurship. In fact, social media provide several opportunities that foster entrepreneurial aspirations and provide a fertile ground for shaping entrepreneurs’ identities, ensuring the success of their entrepreneurial ventures. The emerging generation of entrepreneurs should prioritize cultivating their entrepreneurial and social identities while maintaining an acute awareness of the importance of having a coherent and relevant online presence. Originality/value The results of this study significantly elucidate the mechanisms governing identity formation and its dynamics’ influence on the development of entrepreneurship on social media.
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Purpose Despite the importance of platform digitization capability to established firms, empirical research related to platform digitization capability, resource reconfiguration and organizational resilience remains scarce. Based on resource action view and contingency theory, this study constructs an integrated theoretical framework to examine the mediation effect of resource reconfiguration and the moderation effect of environmental munificence in the relationship between resource reconfiguration and organizational resilience. Design/methodology/approach Survey data comprising 312 valid responses are collected from manufacturing firms in China. Partial least squares equation modeling (PLS) was used in this study to test the hypotheses. Findings Results showed that platform digitization capability is positively related to organizational resilience. Resource recombination and resource reallocation mediate the platform digitization capability–organizational resilience relationship. Furthermore, environmental munificence significantly strengthens the relationship between resource recombination and organizational resilience while weakens the relationship between resource reallocation and organizational resilience. Originality/value This study reveals the path of platform digitization capability affecting organizational resilience, discusses the different role of resource recombination and resource reallocation and makes incremental contributions to resource action view. It also studies the impact of resource reconfiguration on organizational resilience under the condition of environmental munificence, which provides a new perspective for the study of organizational resilience and enriches the application of contingency theory in the crisis context.
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The circular economy ( CE ) within the automotive industry has attracted the attention of business leaders, policymakers, and scholars in recognition of the negative impacts of the linear economy of ‘take, make, dispose’. In many developing countries, the absence of manufacturers and their approved service providers means that the automotive CE largely depend on informal micro‐level CE business actors. These business actors are mostly clustered in networked mechanic villages and provide micro‐level CE business opportunities. However, their micro‐level CE practices and business potentials has not been explored in the literature. This paper addresses this important gap by drawing on Network Theory to show how the network CE practices of these business actors contribute to waste reduction, resource conservation, and CE eco‐innovation. We also show a missing connection between the CE practices of these business actors and existing network business models that can be exploited for their benefit. We discuss our contribution in the context of the nuanced characteristics of the micro‐level CE practices and business potentials that emerge from the network of these business actors. Finally, we recommend that automotive industry CE policies focus on integrating the practices of these informal micro‐level CE business actors with macro and meso‐level approaches.
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In response to the growing demand for enhanced visitor experiences in a more competitive environment, this study aims to develop a Servicescape Quality Scale specifically for Taiwanese amusement parks. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research begins by identifying key servicescape attributes through focus group discussions and expert interviews. We then validated these key servicescape attributes through surveys from 300 visitors across 24 leading amusement parks, ensuring the reliability and relevance of the scale. The result validates five critical dimensions that shape the servicescape: aesthetics, ambient conditions (or surrounding environment), space function, wayfinding, and cleanliness. These dimensions are crucial in influencing visitors' satisfaction and eliciting behavioral responses such as revisiting and recommending the park. These findings serve as a crucial framework for amusement parks to assess and enhance their service environments, potentially leading to significant improvements in the overall visitor experience. By focusing on these dimensions, park managers would attain focused improvements that are closer to the expectations of the visitors, thus securing significant gains within the respective service landscapes. In addition, park managers can use the scale as a diagnostic tool to pinpoint potential shortcomings. In addition, the scale allows benchmarking at a wider industry or competitive level. The hypothesized result, given the aforesaid Servicescape Quality Scale, should translate into visitors' satisfaction, repeat patronage, and long-term customer loyalty—all factors that sustain the profitability of the amusement parks within Taiwan.
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Purpose Today, the transition of retailers from multi-channel and cross-channel to omni-channel has become a necessity. Customers’ perceived shopping value is also one of the most important factors for retailers’ success. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop and validate the omni-channel shopping value scale. Design/methodology/approach Based on 40 interviews ( X = 18, Y = 22) and a literature review, items were generated for shopping value dimensions (utilitarian, hedonic and social) at four touchpoints. Then exploratory factor analysis was performed for scale purification ( n = 562). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed ( n = 528) for initial scale validation. A second CFA was conducted to validate the final scale ( n = 302). To check the nomological validity of the scale, the effect of omni-channel shopping value on customer engagement ( n = 455) was investigated in both generations. Findings According to the results of the qualitative study, 73 items were identified. Based on the results of exploratory and CFA, nine components (50 items) were extracted and confirmed: utilitarian, hedonic and social shopping values for offline touchpoint and utilitarian and hedonic shopping values for online, application and social networks touchpoints. The results of nomological validity of the scale confirmed the effect of omni-channel shopping value on customer engagement in both generations. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first attempt to develop and validate an omni-channel shopping value scale based on customers’ shopping experiences with omni-channel brands. Therefore, this study provides a useful tool for researchers and marketing managers to measure omni-channel shopping value.
Conference Paper
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This proceedings document presents the outcomes of THE INC 2024, an international conference focused on Technology Enabled Competitiveness and Experiences in Tourism, Hospitality and Events. Held in Amsterdam, the conference is organized by ATHENA (Association of Tourism, Hospitality and Events Networks in Academia), an international research association formed in 20221 The proceedings include: Conference Overview Details about ATHENA and THE INC's history and mission Organizing and Scientific Committees Keynote speakers and their expertise Research Contributions Abstracts of presented papers Special issues and supporting journals Conference Structure Program schedule Presentation sessions ATHENA panel discussions Awards and Recognition Paper awards for outstanding contributions The document highlights the conference's aim to promote tourism-related research through high-quality papers, presentations, and networking opportunities. It showcases the international collaboration between 27 research centers from 16 countries, emphasizing the global nature of tourism, hospitality, and events research1 This proceedings serves as a comprehensive record of THE INC 2024, offering valuable insights into current research trends and innovations in the field of tourism, hospitality, and events management.
Conference Paper
The transformation of customer decision journey through ChatGPT: an analysis to the event sector Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of ChatGPT on customer decision-making processes throughout various stages of the customer journey applied to the event sector. By analyzing how ChatGPT technology influences consumer behavior from awareness to post-purchase evaluation, this study aims to provide insights into the evolving role of artificial intelligence in shaping customer experiences. Through a combination of theoretical frameworks and empirical research, the paper explores how ChatGPT enhances information dissemination, personalization, and engagement at each stage of the customer journey. Furthermore, it examines the implications of ChatGPT integration for businesses seeking to optimize customer interactions and drive conversion rates. By shedding light on the interplay between ChatGPT influence and customer decision-making dynamics, this research contributes valuable perspectives to the fields of Generative AI marketing, technology, and consumer behavior in the vibrant sector of events. Keywords: ChatGPT, Generative AI marketing, consumer behavior, customer journey, decision-making Introduction
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Purpose This study aims to develop and validate a new scale for measuring green country image (GCI). The current country image (CI) concept is recognized as limited in capturing the complexities of consumer perceptions today. By building a GCI scale, this study can provide a more nuanced understanding of how consumers evaluate a country’s image beyond traditional measures. This scale will be a valuable tool for international marketers to develop effective strategies in the 21st century’s dynamic global business landscape. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a mixed-methods approach to develop and validate a new scale for measuring GCI. This approach leverages the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of the concept and develop a reliable measurement tool. Findings A reliable and valid scale was developed to measure the six dimensions of GCI: social green country image (SOGCI), economic green country image (ECGCI), environmental green country image (ENGCI), technological green country image (TEGCI), leadership green country image (LEGCI) and people green country image (PEGCI). In results, the new GCI scale is a six-dimensional, 23-item, five-point scale. An important finding was that these six factors were statistically significant reflective scales. Originality/value By developing a validated GCI scale, this study offers valuable insights for international marketers navigating the evolving consumer perceptions of importing countries. This novel scale empowers the international marketers to tailor strategies and target specific markets based on GCI. The mixed-methods approach strengthens the GCI scale’s robustness, making it a significant contribution to both academic research and international marketing practice.
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Training investments are important in securing innovation gains. However, research on this relationship in knowledge intensive businesses is nascent. In particular, questions remain concerning what value different types of training hold for different types of innovation, and what mechanisms underpin these relationships. Drawing on human capital resources theory and collective learning theory, we develop and test a model explicating how specific and general training investments, through firm level human capital, lead to incremental and radical innovation. Additionally, we propose and investigate the supposition that the predicted positive relationships between training investments, firm level human capital, and innovation will be stronger when knowledge sharing climate is high. We test our model with two‐wave, multi‐respondent panel data gathered from 816 knowledge intensive businesses in France, Finland, Sweden, and the UK. We find that specific training is positively related to incremental innovation but not radical innovation, whereas general training is positively related to both types of innovation. With respect to firm level human capital, we find that it mediates these relationships and they are stronger when knowledge sharing climate is high. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that knowledge sharing climate moderates both the relationship between the two types of training investments examined and firm level human capital, and the indirect relationship via firm level human capital to incremental and radical innovation. We discuss the implications for theory, research, and practice.
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Purpose The purpose of the research is to investigate customer shopping behaviour for Italian market, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) using the quick response (QR) code. The study uses means-end chain (MEC) theory to explore the connections between product attributes, personal values and consumer preferences. Design/methodology/approach The theory of means-end chain helps to uncover the underlying reasons why consumers choose specific products by examining the links between tangibles. There is a conceptual model developed with the help of MEC. The conceptual framework comprises product information and marketing communication, which constitute the sensory and non-sensory aspects of consumption behaviour, and it is empirically tested by CB-SEM technique. QR code usefulness and loyalty are treated as mediators to evaluate shopping behaviour to purchase EVOO. Findings The study has used MEC theory and has extended this theory. This study found that there is a profound impact of technology (QR code) on the buying behaviour of EVOO for the Italian customers. This study has also found that product information and product communication play a critical role towards shopping behaviour of Italian consumers regarding EVOO related products. Research limitations/implications Innovation and technology adoption, especially the use of QR codes in understanding product features, has been an attractive area for research exploration. This could include details about the product’s origin, production methods and nutritional information. Such technology and innovation can change the business process management landscape of food-product distribution process. Not many studies are available which examine customers’ interest and shopping behaviour using QR codes, especially in the context of EVOO. Thus, this research study has a profound impact on the Italian and other European market. Originality/value In the Italian market, EVOO is more than just a product, it is a symbol of tradition, quality and cultural heritage. EVOO is not just a condiment, it is an essential ingredient that contributes to the overall flavour of dishes. This study explores the usage of QR code for EVOO related products. This is a unique study as there are a very few research studies available in this area of business process management and technology usage related to EVOO products. Moreover, this research study adds values to the body of literature of business process management, technology usage, innovation and food technology. Thus, this study is unique and adds value to the existing literature.
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Background: Telemedicine is increasingly recognized as a promising solution to healthcare challenges in India, particularly in remote areas. However, the country's vast population and geographic diversity present significant obstacles to providing accessible and high-quality healthcare services to all citizens. By leveraging technology, telemedicine has the potential to bridge this gap and enable remote delivery of medical services. Objective: This study aims to develop and validate a scale that assesses the factors influencing the adoption of telemedicine in the Indian context. Understanding these factors is crucial for identifying key drivers and barriers to telemedicine adoption in India. Design: Quantitative methods were employed for scale development. The instrument development process involved several stages: factor identification, item generation, pre-testing, pilot testing, and scale validation. A structured questionnaire was administered to healthcare professionals, industry experts, and patients who have used or intend to use telemedicine. Setting: Confirmatory factor analysis and subsequent tests, such as reliability and validity tests were conducted to establish the internal consistency of the scales. These statistical analyses aimed to identify underlying factors and ensure accurate measurement of latent variables that affect the adoption of telemedicine. Results: The study established a robust scale to assess the five key factors, which are the vital explanatory variables in telemedicine adoption in India. These meticulously validated scales, encompassing technology, government policy, user attitudes, societal demand, and healthcare professional perspectives, demonstrate high reliability and validity in understanding the adoption dynamics of telemedicine in the context of India. Conclusion: This research offers a validated scale for assessing telemedicine adoption in India, crucial for healthcare service providers, policy makers, and researchers in this field. It enables informed decisions in implementing telemedicine, addressing unique challenges and opportunities, and significantly contributing to optimizing healthcare delivery across India's diverse socio-economic and geographical landscape.
Preprint
Supply Chain Management often requires independent organizations to work together to achieve shared objectives. This collaboration is necessary when coordinated actions benefit the group more than the uncoordinated efforts of individual firms. Despite the commonly reported benefits that can be gained in close relationships, recent research has indicated that collaboration attempts between purchasing firms and their suppliers have not been as widespread as anticipated. Using a survey of procurement professionals, this research investigates how the purchasing function utilizes collaboration in its supply chain relationships. Structural equation modeling is used to identify how information sharing, decision synchronization, incentive alignment, collaborative communication, and trust impact collaboration, as well as how collaboration impacts performance. Results from 86 survey responses indicate that firms are still not fully utilizing collaborative relationships.
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Purpose Brand competitiveness as a brand’s outperformance of competing brands is receiving growing attention in the literature. This study aims to provide a theoretical underpinning for the construct’s relevance, introduce customer-based brand competitiveness (CBBC) as a customer-based perspective and develop a scale to measure the construct. Design/methodology/approach The scale development process comprises three stages, with a literature search and a qualitative consumer study ( n = 20) in the scale construction stage, interviews and a survey with academic branding experts ( n = 21) in the scale refinement stage and three quantitative studies with consumers ( n = 1,157), resulting in 2,078 brand evaluations across five industries, in the scale validation stage. Findings This study develops a seven-item CBBC scale, representing a powerful yet parsimonious tool for measuring brand competitiveness. The superiority of the new over the existing brand competitiveness scale was validated through structural equation modelling by comparing the performance in explaining customer-based brand equity and purchase intentions. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to develop a brand competitiveness scale following a scholarly scale development process. The CBBC scale advances the relative perspective in brand performance measures, considering the relativity at the individual customer level. This study offers a theoretical underpinning for the construct’s relevance and further insights into brand competitiveness by investigating the customer-based perspective. Finally, this study suggests and empirically validates customer-based brand equity and purchase intentions as outcomes of CBBC, extending research into the nomological network of brand competitiveness.
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Improving governance results in Ghana requires a culture of candour among public institutions. This paper tried to determine what extent do internal and external control systems foster accountability practices in public institutions in Ghana. The research also sought to assess the strengths and shortcomings of current control mechanisms, offering practical recommendations for improving institutional accountability and reinstating public trust in governmental operations. A comprehensive understanding of internal and external control mechanisms in Ghana's public sector is urgently required owing to the nation's particular challenges, including widespread accountability issues, corruption, and misappropriation of financial resources. The study adopted agency theory to underscore the propensity of public officials to pursue self-interest in the absence of sufficient control, complimented by stewardship theory, which posits that alignment with organisational objectives may improve ethical conduct around officials. Internal and external controls are essential for sustaining public confidence and averting corruption. Internal controls include management audits and performance evaluations, while external controls entail regulatory supervision by independent organisations, guaranteeing the effective and ethical utilisation of public resources. The study adopted a descriptive research design, utilising both quantitative and qualitative approaches. A non-probability sampling with purposive and convenience sampling technique was used. This was to ensure that knowledgeable people were selected by the judgment of the researcher. The population of the study was 5000 comprising senior management and non-managerial employees of public institutions. A sample of 300 respondents received the questionnaires with 259 (86.33%) returning same. The research used SPSS with Multiple Linear Regression via a stepwise model. The qualitative data using semi-structured interviews was transcribed with quotation marks into a text box. This study emphasised the significance of internal and external control mechanisms in enhancing accountability inside public institutions. Issues such as insufficient funding and political interference underscore the need of improving these systems. With overall R 2 of 15.2% the Null hypothesis was rejected. The study concludes that both internal and external control mechanisms assist in regulating behaviour; nevertheless, political factors, insufficient training, and limited resources may render them almost ineffective. The apparent autonomy of external controls enhanced their efficacy in promoting accountability. The paper therefore, recommends enhancing Internal Control Mechanisms by allocating additional resources for training and innovative audit technology. Enhance External Oversight by augmenting the capabilities and independence of external auditing institutions to mitigate political meddling. And finally, the public's trust in accountability systems may be bolstered by the encouragement of transparency and integrity in reporting.
Conference Paper
The business relies on a combination of resources to successfully operate. These resources are of different natures: financial [1], human [2], technological and technical [3], [4], and information [5], [6]. The company's goal is to ensure the proper functioning of its activities while maintaining a balanced flow between these resources. This forces the company's managers to create a structure capable of controlling, developing, and managing these resources. The Supply Chain (SC) represents the structure that combines the resources of the company within a chained framework [7] It is a factor that connects these resources to ensure the business's operation [8]. In this process, information occupies a predominant place. The flow of information pushes the company to instantly implement strategic and operational measures [9], capable of adapting to financial and procedural changes. Our interest consists in understanding the level of importance of this factor within a SC by analyzing an extreme structure characterized by the dysfunction of the flow of information, namely: the situation of information asymmetry. We used a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) factor analysis to measure the impact of information asymmetry on the SC's resilience as part of a questionnaire sent to 78 Moroccan business managers. The results showed statistical significance in terms of the presence of information, in particular “business information” and the operation of the SC. We concluded that the information was significant.
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Purpose This study aims to perceive research and development (R&D) knowledge management from a capability-based view, develops a theoretically grounded construct and empirically validates it within R&D organizational settings. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a five-step multi-method research design consisting of a literature review, expert interviews and surveys to develop and validate the R&D knowledge management capability scale within R&D organizations. Findings R&D knowledge management capability construct emerges as a three-dimensional construct with dimensions – knowledge creation, communication and commercialization which can be measured through a parsimonious set of items, designed at team levels within R&D organizations. Research limitations/implications R&D managers can use this R&D knowledge management capability scale to measure, compare and develop the knowledge management capabilities of their R&D teams. Originality/value The three dimensions of R&D knowledge management capabilities along with their measurement items are the unique contributions of this study to the knowledge-based view of the firm.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the impact of an organization’s digital transformation capability (DTC) on its dynamic capabilities and strategic depth, which, in turn, could impact the organization’s international market growth (IMG). This study also investigates the moderating role of leadership support (LES) in using the DTC. Design/methodology/approach The study reviews various kinds of literature related to international marketing, dynamic capabilities, digital transformation, strategic marketing and LES. Following this, a dynamic capability view is adopted to develop a research model. This research model is later tested using partial least squares structure equation modeling with data from 385 respondents from different types of organizations. Findings The study demonstrates that an organization’s DTC significantly enhances its dynamic capabilities and strategic depth. LES is vital for effectively applying and leveraging DTCs since it influences the association between DTCs, competitive advantage and global marketing intelligence. The study also recognizes that strategic depth and dynamic capabilities contribute to IMG. Research limitations/implications The study uncovers the impacts of DTCs, influencing IMG. The study also provides valuable insights regarding the role of leadership in effectively leveraging the organization’s DTCs. It suggests the organization’s management should invest in improving DTC. Originality/value This study contributes to the prevailing literature on DTC, leadership and IMG. The study highlights the importance of DTC and how it impacts more established capabilities and leads to IMG of the organization. Further, this study is also unique as it establishes the importance of LES in leveraging the maximum benefits of the DTC.
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"This paper advocates a validational process utilizing a matrix of intercorrelations among tests representing at least two traits, each measured by at least two methods. Measures of the same trait should correlate higher with each other than they do with measures of different traits involving separate methods. Ideally, these validity values should also be higher than the correlations among different traits measure by the same method." Examples from the literature are described as well as problems in the application of the technique. 36 refs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
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This author finds much of current theory and methodology lacking in fundamental research-strong medicine!
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Use of the focus group technique is widespread in qualitative marketing research. The technique is considered here from a philosophy of science perspective which points to a confusion of three distinct approaches to focus groups in current commercial practice. An understanding of the differences among these approaches, and of the complex nature of qualitative research, is shown to have important implications for the use of focus groups.
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Determination of the reliability of psychological scales has remained a problem over the last 50 years because of a rigid adherence to unobjective and unrealistic postulates about the nature of measurement. From the general form of the reliability of an unstratified composite several computational formulae are derived. These derivations make no assumptions about underlying factors or of statistically equivalent test-samples but rather are derived on the basis of the objective principles of domain sampling. 27 references.
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This article supplements other critical evaluations of consumer research by discussing several issues and problems that impede the development of a consumer behavior research tradition.
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If marketers want to know the meaning of their measures, they must turn to measure validation, which consists of determining the extent to which measures correlate (convergent validity) and predictably do not correlate (discriminant validity).
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While the unique characteristics of the industrial salesman's role has stimulated much recent research, this uniqueness requires the development and use of occupation-specific measurement instruments. A job satisfaction measure specifically designed for industrial salesmen is presented together with norms, a detailed description of the methodology employed, and techniques to evaluate the new instrument's factor structure, reliability, and construct validity.
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A general formula (α) of which a special case is the Kuder-Richardson coefficient of equivalence is shown to be the mean of all split-half coefficients resulting from different splittings of a test. α is therefore an estimate of the correlation between two random samples of items from a universe of items like those in the test. α is found to be an appropriate index of equivalence and, except for very short tests, of the first-factor concentration in the test. Tests divisible into distinct subtests should be so divided before using the formula. The index [`(r)]ij\bar r_{ij} , derived from α, is shown to be an index of inter-item homogeneity. Comparison is made to the Guttman and Loevinger approaches. Parallel split coefficients are shown to be unnecessary for tests of common types. In designing tests, maximum interpretability of scores is obtained by increasing the first-factor concentration in any separately-scored subtest and avoiding substantial group-factor clusters within a subtest. Scalability is not a requisite.
Article
Through the use of the critical incident technique one may collect specific and significant behavioral facts, providing " a sound basis for making inferences as to requirements " for measures of typical performance (criteria), measures of proficiency (standard samples), training, selection and classification, job design and purification, operating procedures, equipment design, motivation and leadership (attitudes), and counseling and psychotherapy. The development, fundamental principles, present status, and uses of the critical incident technique are discussed, along with a review of studies employing the technique and suggestions for further applications. 74-item bibliography.
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