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Survival rates of species in ballast water during international voyages: Results of the first workshops of the European Union Concerted Action

Authors:
Stephan Gollasch at GoConsult, Independent Researcher
Stephan Gollasch
  • GoConsult, Independent Researcher
Harald Rosenthal
Harald Rosenthal
Harald Rosenthal
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Helge Botnen
Helge Botnen
Helge Botnen
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Jon Hamer
Jon Hamer
Jon Hamer
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Gollasch, S., Rosenthal, H., Botnen, J. Hamer, H., Laing, I., Leppäkoski, E., Macdonald, E.,
Minchin, D., Nauke, M., Olenin, S., Utting, S., Voigt, M.& I. Wallentinus (2000): Survival
rates of species in ballast water during international voyages: Results of the first workshops
the European Concerted Action. First National Conference on Bioinvasions, USA,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), MIT Sea Grant Program, Center for Coastal
Resources, Cambridge, USA, 24.-27. January, 1999. Conference proceedings, J. Pederson
(ed.), 296-305, ISBN 1-56172-025-9
... To our knowledge three previous ship sampling studies have been undertaken to investigate possible plankton patchiness in ballast tanks with a focus on zooplankton by taking samples from different water depths inside a ballast tank. All three studies were undertaken on commercial voyages (Gollasch et al., 2000a;Murphy et al., 2002;Taylor et al., 2007). Gollasch et al. (2000a) installed hoses at 5, 10 and 15 m depth inside a 20 m high ballast tank prior to tank filling with water. ...
... All three studies were undertaken on commercial voyages (Gollasch et al., 2000a;Murphy et al., 2002;Taylor et al., 2007). Gollasch et al. (2000a) installed hoses at 5, 10 and 15 m depth inside a 20 m high ballast tank prior to tank filling with water. This was done to evaluate whether or not zooplankton accumulates at certain depths inside a ballast tank. ...
... On day two, the surface sampling revealed more than 2000> 2000 organisms and the samples taken from other depths contained less than 250< 250 organisms per /1000 L. On day three and four no significant difference in organism concentration between all sampling points could be identified. It was concluded that the reduced number of organisms in the samples over time is a consequence of die-offs inside the tank, which was also observed in many other ballast water sampling studies (e.g., Rigby and Hallegraeff, 1994;Fukuyo et al., 1995;Hamer et al., 1998;Dickman and Zhang, 1999;Zhang and Dickman, 1999;Olenin et al., 2000;Gollasch et al., 2000aGollasch et al., , 2000bGollasch et al., , 2000cCarver and Mallet, 2004;Murphy et al., 2004;Mimura et al., 2005;David et al., 2007;Gray et al., 2007;McCollin et al., 2007aMcCollin et al., , 2007bMcCollin et al., , 2008Quilez-Badia et al., 2008;de Lafontaine et al., 2009;Klein et al., 2010;Seiden et al., 2010). It was further concluded that the difference in organism numbers from the different sampling depths was possibly due to organism migrations inside the tank. ...
Recommendations for representative ballast water sampling
Article
  • Mar 2017
  • J SEA RES
Until now, the purpose of ballast water sampling studies was predominantly limited to general scientific interest to determine the variety of species arriving in ballast water in a recipient port. Knowing the variety of species arriving in ballast water also contributes to the assessment of relative species introduction vector importance. Further, some sampling campaigns addressed awareness raising or the determination of organism numbers per water volume to evaluate the species introduction risk by analysing the propagule pressure of species. A new aspect of ballast water sampling, which this contribution addresses, is compliance monitoring and enforcement of ballast water management standards as set by, e.g., the IMO Ballast Water Management Convention. To achieve this, sampling methods which result in representative ballast water samples are essential. We recommend such methods based on practical tests conducted on two commercial vessels also considering results from our previous studies. The results show that different sampling approaches influence the results regarding viable organism concentrations in ballast water samples. It was observed that the sampling duration (i.e., length of the sampling process), timing (i.e., in which point in time of the discharge the sample is taken), the number of samples and the sampled water quantity are the main factors influencing the concentrations of viable organisms in a ballast water sample. Based on our findings we provide recommendations for representative ballast water sampling.
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... Also other ballast water sampling studies have shown a general trend that the organisms die over time inside a ballast tank (e.g. Rigby & Hallegraeff 1993, 1994, Fukuyo et al. 1995, Hamer et al. 1998, Dickmann & Zhang 1999, Zhang & Dickmann 1999, Olenin et al 2000, Gollasch et al 2000a, b, c, Carver et al. 2004, Murphy et al 2004, Mimura et al. 2005, David et al. 2007, Gray et al. 2007, McCollin et al. 2007a, b, 2008, Quilez-Badia et al. 2008, de Lafontaine et al. 2009, Klein et al. 2010, Seiden et al. 2010). However, in test run 2 the numbers of organisms at discharge of the sequential samples taken in the end and over the entire time are higher compared to the intake. ...
... It was concluded that the reduced number of organisms in the samples over time is a consequence of die-offs inside the tank, which was also observed in many other ballast water sampling studies (e.g. Rigby & Hallegraeff 1993, 1994, Fukuyo et al. 1995, Hamer et al. 1998, Dickmann & Zhang 1999, Zhang & Dickmann 1999, Olenin et al 2000, Gollasch et al 2000a, b, c, Carver et al. 2004, Murphy et al 2004, Mimura et al. 2005, David et al. 2007, Gray et al. 2007, McCollin et al. 2007a, b, 2008, Quilez-Badia et al. 2008, de Lafontaine et al. 2009, Klein et al. 2010, Seiden ...
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... Our study includes a vector analysis based on shipping statistics. Similar evaluations have already been performed, e.g. for some Nordic coastal ports (Gollasch and Leppäkoski 1999), for the northeastern Canadian lakes (Whittier et al. 1995), for the North American Great Lakes (Ricciardi and Rasmussen 1998; MacIsaac et al. 2001; Kolar and Lodge 2002; Grigorovich et al. 2003) and for Australian marine waters (Hayes and Sliwa 2003). By comparison, no similar studies are known for European inland waters. ...
... This Ponto-Caspian mysid was intentionally introduced into some lakes in the former Baltic republics of the USSR in the early 1960s, to improve food availability for fish. This has resulted in vast unintentional secondary introductions to new areas via shipping (Salemaa and Hietalahti 1993), and today the species is found along the whole southern and southwestern coast of Finland and in the Stockholm archipelago (Leppäkoski and Olenin 2000; Leppäkoski et al. 2002 ). H. anomala is a brackishwater species, but it can also adjust to limnetic waters (Kelleher et al. 1999). ...
Invasion Pressure on the Finnish Lake District
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2004
In a literature-based study, 29 non-indigenous species present in northeastern European waters were assessed for their potential for introduction and establishment in Finnish inland lakes. Their physiological and ecological demands were compared to abiotic and biotic lake conditions. The availability of adequate vectors was surveyed from shipping statistics for the Saimaa Canal, which connects the Finnish Lake District to the Baltic Sea. There exists a high probability for the introduction of six non-indigenous invertebrate species, i.e., Anguillicola crassus, Potamothrix heuscheri, Potamothrix vejdovskyi, Hemimysis anomala, Cercopagis pengoi and Gmelinoides fasciatus, with the Gulf of Finland as the main donor area. Barriers against new species introductions, which maintain the biological integrity of Finnish inland lakes, include low water temperature, northern isolated location, and low concentration of nutrients and major ions.
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... Findings of larger organisms in ballast tanks do therefore indicate that species were either pumped on board as eggs or younger larvae and were growing inside a tank, or that reproduction has possibly even occured inside a ballast tank. In fact, Gollasch, Rosenthal, et al. (2000) found by daily samplings of the same ballast tank on an approximately 3-week voyage an increasing number of copepods in a tank and they concluded that reproduction occurred inside the tank during this voyage. ...
Ballast Water: Problems and Management
Chapter
  • Jan 2019
13.1 INTRODUCTION Oceans and seas are under pressure by the introduction of species as never before. Highlighted are mostly known nonindigenous species, but it should be noted that these are only a subset of species that are of concern. There are species for which it is unclear if they are native or not and these were termed cryptogenic species (Carlton, 1996), and these species of concern are also impacting native species. IMO, when drafting the Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention, noted this and used the term Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens (HAOP, see below) to address all species of concern (IMO, 2004). Transfers of species occur with a wide set of different vectors (Minchin, Gollasch, & Wallentinus, 2005). In recent summaries (ICES, 2015), substantial ballast water-mediated species tranport prevails in many regions (Gollasch, David, Keast, Parker, & Wiley, 2015; ICES, 2015). Vessels essentially need ballast water; when a vessel is not carrying cargo or is not fully loaded, she needs additional weight to provide for vessel stability and to compensate stresses on the vessel’s hull. The material used for adding weight to the vessel is referred to as ballast, and usually vessels load water from the surrounding environment in specific tanks to provide for safe navigation. Modern vessels essentially depend on ballast water for safe and timely operation (David, 2007). The issues and problems related to species’ introductions by ballast water were already recognized in 1973 by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations body to deal with shipping. IMO worked toward a globally applicable, unified instrument, and in 2004, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) was adopted. This convention recently reached its entry into force requirements so that its provisions and requirements need to be followed from September 2017 onward. The BWM Convention provides globally unified prevention measures, but as the ballast water issue is complex, the implementation of this convention is far from easy (David, Gollasch, Elliott, & Wiley, 2015; Gollasch et al., 2007). In this contribution, we summarize selected species invasion information, provide details of new or neglected species introductions. We explain why ballast water is needed and how the BWM Convention addresses the problem by also explaining what exceptions and exemptions exist from BWM requirements. We further explain protective selective species management measures, and what should be done when a new species is found. We hope that this contribution will stimulate some effort to better protect our waters from new species introductions.
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... The on board sampling team consisted of Stephan Gollasch and Matej David. Both are leading scientists in Europe for ballast water sampling as they have shown in earlier projects (Gollasch 1996, Gollasch et al. 2000a-c, David & Perkovic 2004, David et al. 2007, Gollasch & David 2009, Gollasch & David 2010a,b, David & Gollasch 2011, Gollasch & David 2011). ...
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Fluctuations of Zooplankton Taxa in Ballast Waterduring Short-Term and Long-Term Ocean-Going Voyages
Article
  • Nov 2000
  • INT REV HYDROBIOL
A major vector for unintentional species introductions is international shipping. A wide range of organisms have been transported over long distances in ships' ballast tanks and as hull fouling. Although many desk studies and ship sampling programmes have been carried out, little information is available on changing numbers of individuals in ballast water during voyages. Detailed information could assist in evaluating the dimension of species import and future risks of unintentional species introductions by ballast water. The first European study, organised as a concerted action team and financed by the European Union, carried out several long-term and short-term workshops on board ships undertaking international voyages. The preliminary results from sampling the ballast water of the first four oceangoing workshops of this Concerted Action showed a decrease in numbers of specimens and taxa over time.
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Pilot risk assessments of alien species transfer on intra-Baltic ship voyages
Book
Full-text available
  • Oct 2011
This risk assessment study focuses on intra Baltic Sea shipping. The HELCOM Guidance to distinguish between unacceptable high risk scenarios and acceptable low risk scenarios – a risk of spreading of alien species by ships on Intra-Baltic voyages (HELCOM Risk Assessment (RA) Guidance) was taken as a starting point to develop the RA concept. In addition the three different risk assessment approaches as outlined in the IMO Guidelines for risk assessment under regulation A-4 of the BWM Convention (IMO G7 Guideline) were evaluated for their applicability in the region. The application of the HELCOM RA Guidance and consistency with the IMO Guideline G7 was studied, and comments are provided.
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