ArticlePDF Available

Antimicrobial flavonoid from Citrus microcarpa

Authors:

Abstract

Air-dried leaves of Citrus microcarpa Bunge afforded 3',4',5,6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone (1) and squalene. The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Antimicrobial tests on 1 indicated that it has moderate activity against the fungus, C. albicans and low activity against the bacteria, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis and fungi, T. mentagrophytes and A. niger.
... Berdasarkan penelitian Ragasa (2006) daun jeruk Kalamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) juga memiliki aktifitas sebagai antifungi terhadap jamur Candida Albicans yang mempunyai nilai Activity Index (AI) sebesar 0.3 dengan kontrol positif cotrimoxazole 1% dengan nilai AI 0,8 [6]. ...
... Berdasarkan penelitian Ragasa (2006) daun jeruk Kalamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) juga memiliki aktifitas sebagai antifungi terhadap jamur Candida Albicans yang mempunyai nilai Activity Index (AI) sebesar 0.3 dengan kontrol positif cotrimoxazole 1% dengan nilai AI 0,8 [6]. ...
Article
Ketombe adalah suatu kelainan yang ditandai dengan skuamasi yang berlebihan , rasa gatal pada kulit kepala. Salah satu penyebab masalah ketombe adalah berkembangnya jamur dikulit kepala yaitu jamur Pitysporum Ovale (P. Ovale). Selain rasa gatal ketombe bisa menyebabkan kerontokan rambut meskipun tidak menyebabkan kebotakan permanen. Salah satu faktor yang melatarbelakangi adalah daun jeruk kalamansi yang merupakan bahan alam yang mengandung senyawa antijamur yaitu flavonoid. Tujuan dari penelitian ini mendapatkan kombinasi ekstrak daun jeruk kalamansi dan ekstrak biji kakao dalam formulasi creambath yang memiliki aktivitas anti ketombe dan aktivitas pertumbuhan rambut. Metode penelitian ini dilakukan ke masing masing ekstrak dan menunjukkan uji antijamur ekstrak daun jeruk kalamansi memberikan nilai KHM pada konsentrasi 3,125 % dengan kontrol positif ketokonazol, untuk ekstrak coklat tidak memberikan daya hambat, uji, pengujian pertumbuhan rambut dilakukan dengan mengoleskan ekstrak pada punggung kelinci dan diukur panjangnya pada hari ke – 7,14, 21 dan 28, dengan kontrol positif Minoxidil, dan menunjukkan ektrak biji coklat dengan konsentrasi 4% memiliki perbedaan bermakna terhadap kontrol negatif. Penelitian dilanjutkan dalam bentuk sediaan creambath formula 1, formula 2, dan formula 3. Formula 1 dan 3 menunjukkan memiliki aktivitas antijamur dan uji pertumbuhan rambut, dari hasil statistik formula 3 menunjukkan perbedaan signifkan terhadap kontrol negatif.
... Nevertheless, the hexane extract produced the highest total activity (56.84 mL/g) in this study against B. cereus (Table 2): highlighting the potential of the compounds in this extract as antibacterial agents. Nobiletin, a flavonoid isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the leaves of C. microcarpa, is reported to be active against Bacillus subtilis and P. aeruginosa but inactive against S. aureus and E. coli [29]. The leaf essential oils of C. microcarpa, which contain mainly sesquiterpenoids, have been shown to have antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa [30]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Natural sources such as medicinal plants are potential sources of new antibacterial agents to overcome drug resistance and adverse effects. This study aims to investigate the fruit of Abelmoschus esculentus (Malvaceae; okra), the aerial parts of Basella alba (Basellaceae; Malabar spinach) and Nasturtium officinale (Brassicaceae; watercress), the leaves of Citrus microcarpa (Rutaceae; calamansi) and Clerodendrum calamitosum (Lamiaceae; white butterfly bush), and the seeds and pods of Parkia speciosa (Leguminosae; stink bean) for antibacterial activity. To obtain a wide polarity range of secondary metabolites, the plant materials were extracted sequentially using six solvents of increasing polarity. Each plant extract was evaluated against five species of human pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that all six medicinal plants possessed antibacterial activity but with different degrees of bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. Among the 42 extracts, 76.2% of them showed bacteriostatic activity while only 20 extracts (47.6%) exhibited bactericidal activity. The strongest bacteriostatic activity was shown by the hexane and chloroform extracts of N. officinale against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 0.02 mg/mL. The highest total activity was given by the hexane extract of C. microcarpa against Bacillus cereus (56.84 mL/g). For P. speciosa, all six extracts from the pods showed bacteriostatic activity while only the hexane and ethanol extracts from the seeds were active against the bacteria. The extracts of B. alba and N. officinale warrant further isolation and identification of bioactive compounds as they exhibited the broadest bactericidal activity (minimum bactericidal concentration: 0.02-2.50 mg/mL) against all bacterial species.
... [27][28] and C. microcarpa is one of the most active antimicrobial plants found in the rural area in Terengganu, Malaysia [27]. 3/, 4/, 5, 6, 7, 8-hexamethoxyflavone isolated from the leaf extract of C. microcarpa has shown moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans [29]. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study focused on the evaluation of in vitro Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of leaf extract of x Citrofortunella microcarpa since it has not been investigated. Collected leaves were air-dried, powdered and macerated in methanol. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis. The concentration series of 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.05 mgmL-1 of leaf extract and a solution of 2.0 mgmL-1 Dermatone® were prepared in methanol. The absorbance of each sample was determined in triplicate by spectrophotometry in the range of 290–320 nm, at 5 nm intervals, using methanol as the blank. The SPF values were calculated using the Mansur-equation. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, sterols, saponins, terpenoids, and glycosides were qualitatively observed. The SPF of leaf extract with respect to the concentrations 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.05 mgmL-1 and Dermatone® were 43.93, 42.38, 40.97, 36.63, 13.31 and 34.26 respectively. According to Pearson’s correlation, a positive statically not significant relationship was observed in between SPF and concentration (r = 0.655, p > 0.05). Since the presence of profound sun screening activity, this would offer an exciting avenue for further research towards the development of herbal sunscreens of high importance especially for the people living in tropical countries. Keywords: Calamondin, x Citrofortunella microcarpa, Photoprotective, Sun Protection Factor, UVB Radiation
... Therefore, they suggested that nobiletin might be the major antibacterial compound in immature calamondin peel. Nobiletin has also been purified from the leaves of calamondin and its antibacterial activity has been evaluated [89]. It showed moderate activity against the fungus Candida albicans, and low activity against the bacteria P. aerngionsa Q38 and Bacillus subtilis and the fungi Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Aspergillus niger. ...
Article
Full-text available
Kumquat and calamondin are two small-size citrus fruits. Owing to their health benefits, they are traditionally used as folk medicine in Asian countries. However, the research on flavonoids and biological activities of kumquat and calamondin have received less attention. This review summarizes the reported quantitative and qualitative data of phenolic compositions in these two fruits. Effects of maturity, harvest time, various solvent extractions and heat treatment of phenolic compositions, and bioactivities were discussed; distributions of the forms of phenolic compounds existing in kumquat and calamondin were also summarized. Furthermore, biological activities, including antioxidant, antityrosinase, antimicrobial, antitumor, and antimetabolic disorder effects, have also been discussed. Effective phenolic components were proposed for a certain bioactivity. It was found that C-glycoside flavonoids are dominant phenolic compounds in kumquat and calamondin, unlike in other citrus fruits. Up to now, biological activities and chemical characteristics of C-glycoside flavonoids in kumquat and calamondin are largely unknown.
Article
As agricultural waste recycling and reuse is a top-priority task to follow “net zero by 2050″, this study selected Citrus microcarpa peels and pulps for a feasibility study to minimize bioenergy-related CO2 emissions. In the Philippines, C. microcarpa peels and pulps are considered agricultural wastes that contain an abundance of flavonoids, which possess an array of biological activities. Herein, the exploration of power augmenting capabilities and investigation of electron shuttling species in C. microcarpa extracts was implemented for bioenergy applications of circular economy. The phytochemical and antioxidant activity analysis of hot water and ethanol extracts was carried out using a microplate reader. Evaluation of the bioenergy-generating capabilities and electrochemical characteristics of the herbal extracts was implemented through the MFC platform and 50 cycles of cyclic voltammetry. The ethanol extracts of the C. microcarpa peels and pulps exhibited superior bioelectricity stimulation in MFCs. Furthermore, the ethanol extracts performed as better antioxidants compared to the water extracts. According to 50 cycles of CV scanning, only the ethanol extracts exhibited electron shuttling characteristics as indicated by the symmetry of their reduction and oxidation peaks. These results are attributed to the abundance of flavonoids and condensed tannins in the extracts, as revealed by principal component analysis.
Article
Full-text available
Citrus x microcarpa Bunge is a plant that is used optimally by the people of Bangka Belitung known as the ‘Jeruk Kunci’. Utilization of this plant in the fruit is used as an acid enhancer in food and is made in the form of syrup. So that the jeruk kunci fruit waste is widely available and has not been utilized.based on literature, Citrus x microcarpa contains flavonoids and a monoterpeneshydrocarbon. Bioactivity which belongs asantimicrobial, antibacterial and antioxidant. Therefore, jeruk kunci fruit waste has the potential to be developed as an antibacterial herbal medicine based on literature studies. Citrus x microcarpa Bunge extract was obtained by maceration for 3 x 24 hours using ethanol solvent. Then phytochemical testing was conducted qualitatively using several reagents and quantitative phytochemical testing was carried out using functional group analysis contained in the extract uses the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) at the wavenumber region 4000-400 cm-1. Then, determination of antibacterial activity using the disk diffusion method. Based on FT-IR spectrum data analysis Citrus x microcarpa extract contains tannins. The results of antibacterial testing of Citrus x microcarpa Bunge extract obtained concentration of 20%, 40% and 60% has a relatively strong antibacterial inhibition. whereas for 80% and 100% concentrations the ability to inhibit is very strong.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.