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Comparative symptomatology of burnout and depression
Journal of Health Psychology
Abstract
The link between burnout and depression remains unclear. In this study, we compared depressive symptoms in 46 burned-out workers, 46 outpatients experiencing a major depressive episode, and 453 burnout-free workers to test the distinctiveness of burnout as a clinical entity. Participants with burnout and major depressive episode reported similar, severe levels of overall depressive symptoms. The between-syndrome overlap was further verified for eight of the nine major depressive episode diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Our findings do not support the view hypothesizing that burnout and depression are separate entities and question the nosological added value of the burnout construct.
... While burnout does not currently exist as a clinical diagnosis, researchers have started to explore the relationship burnout has with other sub-clinical and clinical mental health conditions (4,24). Bianchi et al. (24) highlight that part of the issue in distinguishing whether burnout is a clinical condition or a precursor to clinical conditions is past studies mistaking mild or moderate job stress as burnout. ...
... While burnout does not currently exist as a clinical diagnosis, researchers have started to explore the relationship burnout has with other sub-clinical and clinical mental health conditions (4,24). Bianchi et al. (24) highlight that part of the issue in distinguishing whether burnout is a clinical condition or a precursor to clinical conditions is past studies mistaking mild or moderate job stress as burnout. As such, they emphasize that burnout is unique and different from job stress. ...
... As such, they emphasize that burnout is unique and different from job stress. Further, Bianchi et al.'s (24) study showed that there is considerable overlap between the symptomatology of burnout and clinical depression. This may mean that burnout and depression exist within the same "pathological realm" (24). ...
Introduction:
Given the continuously changing job demands of coaches, coach burnout continues to be an important area of study. Coaching literature highlights the role occupational stressors play in the development and management of burnout. However, research highlights the potential need for the field to differentiate feelings of burnout from those of other sub-clinical mental health indicators (e.g., anxiety, depression). This study sought to examine the relationship between workplace stress, perceived stress, coach burnout, coach well-being, and sub-clinical health issues (anxiety, stress, depression).
Methods:
One hundred forty-four NCAA collegiate coaches completed online questionnaires measuring the proposed variables. Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed hypothesis that burnout would serve as a partial mediator between workplace and perceived stress and mental health indicators (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, and well-being).
Results:
Workplace stress and perceived stress were positively associated with both burnout subscales. Additionally, perceived stress alone exhibited a positive association with depression, anxiety, and stress and a negative association with well-being. While there was a positive significant relationship between disengagement and depression in the model and a negative significant relationship between disengagement and well-being, most relationships between the two burnout subscales and mental health outcomes were negligible.
Discussion:
It can be concluded that while workplace and perceived life stressors may impact feelings of burnout and mental health indicators directly, burnout does not appear to exhibit a strong effect on perceptions of mental health and well-being. In line with other research studies, it may be worth considering whether burnout should be considered another type of clinical mental health issue instead of as a direct contributor to coach mental health.
... 161). Furthermore, research has found overlapping nomological networks between burnout and depression (e.g., and numerous studies have found that the discriminant validity evidence for burnout and depression as separate constructs is weak (e.g., Bianchi et al., 2013Bianchi et al., , 2014aLeiter & Durup, 1994;Maslach & Leiter, 2016;Meier, 1984;Schonfeld et al., 2019). Bianchi, Schonfeld and colleagues have conducted a series of papers detailing their research exploring burnout and depression. ...
... Past research that has investigated the empirical overlap between burnout and depression in particular has indicated the discriminant validity between these two concepts is low (e.g., Bianchi et al., 2013Bianchi et al., , 2014aLeiter & Durup, 1994;Maslach & Leiter, 2016;Meier, 1984;Schonfeld et al., 2019). Indeed, burnout and depression typically exhibit strong correlations (e.g., Koutsimani et al., 2019), and this relationship was found in the current study as well, with measures of burnout and depression correlating between r = 0.68 and 0.88. ...
Previous research has called into question the convergent and discriminant validity regarding burnout and depression, anxiety, and fatigue. In two studies, we aimed to clarify conflicting findings from previous research. Study 1 (n = 267) examined the overlap between burnout and depression, anxiety, and fatigue using data from participants recruited online over three time points. Confirmatory factor analyses and Hotelling-Williams comparisons were used to show that burnout was generally distinct from depression, anxiety, and to a lesser degree, fatigue. Study 2 surveyed a sample of 153 full-time U.S. employees in which two measures of burnout and depression were adapted to add or remove work-context in the items. Results showed that the inclusion of work-context in the content of the items generally was not a factor in distinguishing burnout from depression, with only a few exceptions. Taken together, findings suggest researchers should continue to question the theoretical and empirical distinctions between burnout and depression, anxiety, and fatigue, and also devote time to further investigating the measurement of burnout. Additionally, practitioners are encouraged to consider the overlap between burnout and depression, anxiety, and fatigue when developing burnout interventions.
... In terms of clinical symptoms, up to 90% of burnout patients (n = 67) fulfill the criteria for depression [16]. In a study that directly compared the depressive symptoms of a group of burnout patients (n = 46) and a group of clinically depressed outpatients (n = 46) in a DSM-based methodology, the results showed no significant differences in symptoms [17]. Leiter and Durup [18] suggest that burnout encompasses components such as the energy loss and chronic fatigue, which is considered to be typical symptoms of depression. ...
... Subjects were first asked, "In the past two weeks, how many times have you been bothered by any of the following?" They are then asked to rate on a Likert-type scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (almost every day) the degree to which each item's statement corresponds to their experience.The PHQ-9 produces a single score, ranging from 0 to 27, by summing the responses to each item.The severity of depressive symptoms has been categorized into five levels by Cronk et al.: minimal (0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10)(11)(12)(13)(14), severe (15)(16)(17)(18)(19) and severe (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). The scale has a Cronbach's of 0.827 and 0.834 for time 1-2. ...
Purpose
In recent years, the problem of college student suicide has become more and more serious, and depression has become the main root cause, triggering the attention of colleges and universities at home and abroad. Based on the burnout theory, this study explores the intrinsic connection between physical activity, depression and academic burnout. Through two questionnaire surveys, the cross-sectional relationship between physical activity level, depression and academic burnout was analyzed. A parallel mediation model was developed to compare the mediating effects of physical activity and depression. Meanwhile, physical activity grading was quantified to assess the effect on improving academic burnout and depression.
Methods
A longitudinal study was conducted utilizing a physical education classroom with questionnaires measuring students' physical activity, school burnout, and depression. The test was administered twice, at the beginning and end of the semester, with 305 valid participants each time. SPSS 27.0 was used to process the data, perform descriptive statistics and correlation analyses, and explore the relationships between variables. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the mediating relationships and lagged effects of physical activity, school burnout, and depression. Finally, the amount of physical activity was graded to examine the effects of different intensities on school burnout and depression.
Results
In a cross-sectional study at two time points, school burnout would serve as a mediator between college students' physical activity depression. We compared the lagged mediating effects of the two groups and found that school burnout (Time 2) had a more significant effect as a mediator. Finally, we graded the amount of physical activity according to the scale and found that only high-intensity physical activity affected depression (Time 2) through school burnout (Time 2).
Conclusion
There was temporal stability between physical activity, depression, and school burnout among college students. School burnout fully mediated the relationship between physical activity and depression at different time points and acted as a fully lagged mediator. School burnout at time 2 mediated the relationship between physical activity and depression more than school burnout at time 1. High-intensity physical activity was more effective in reducing depression and school burnout.
... However, even though the MBI has long served as the gold standard in burnout measurement, several problems were recently identified in relation to this measure and its operationalization. For instance, (i) the utility of reduced professional efficacy as a core component of burnout has been seriously challenged (Bresó et al., 2007;De Beer & Bianchi, 2019;Sandrin et al., 2022;Schaufeli & Taris, 2005), (ii) the neglect of other, arguably critical, manifestations of burnout such as cognitive impairment has been highlighted (Deligkaris et al., 2014;Schaufeli et al., 2020), (iii) the lack of proper cut-off scores (those proposed over time are now mainly outdated) established with representative samples and lack of proper nosological representation as a standalone diagnostic category have been highlighted as a severe impediment to its diagnostic use (Bianchi et al., 2013(Bianchi et al., , 2015b(Bianchi et al., , 2017bNadon et al., 2022;Schaufeli et al., 2020), (iv) some researchers have expressed concern about the inconsistent and arbitrary use of different factor structures (like one-, two-, or three-factor specifications) to represent burnout across studies, suggesting that these structures might be selected more to match researchers' objectives rather than to accurately reflect the true nature of burnout (Nadon et al., 2022;Worley et al., 2008), and (v) the MBI was never designed as a diagnostic tool (Maslach & Leiter, 2021). This is again exemplified by the fact that-according to the MBI manual (Maslach et al., 2017)-the MBI does not produce, and should not be used to produce, a single burnout score. ...
... The fact that burnout patients also displayed higher levels of depressive symptoms than the job strain and adaptation disorder samples is consistent with previous studies indicating that burnout sometimes tends to be accompanied by depressive symptoms (e.g. Bianchi et al., 2013;Chiu et al., 2015). Less expected was the observation that specific levels of mental distance were higher in the job strain and depressive episode sample than in the burnout sample, suggesting that mental distance could be a more important and reliable indicator of one's global levels of psychological distress than of burnout. ...
... Результаты нашего исследования показали, что у 46,2% обследованных медицинских работников имеется депрессия различной степени выраженности. Это, с одной стороны, согласуется с данными авторов [4,[24][25][26][27], отмечающих, что депрессивные симптомы наблюдались у лиц с выгоранием. С другой стороны, в исследовании Bianchi R. и соавт. ...
... С другой стороны, в исследовании Bianchi R. и соавт. (2013), непосредственно сравнивавших симптомы депрессии в группе лиц с выгоранием и пациентов с клинической депрессией, статистически значимых различий между двумя группами не обнаружено [24]. Fischer R. и соавт. ...
Introduction. The study of the specifics of the emotional burnout (EB) manifestation, the factors contributing to its occurrence in people of different occupations, is very relevant. However, the influence of personality factors on EB remains insufficiently resolved. The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between anxiety, depression levels, and EB in health care workers. Materials and methods. An online study of the EB components, anxiety, and depression in health care occupations was carried out using V.V. Boyko’s questionnaire, Spielberger-Khanin and Zung scales. The research results are displayed as median, upper and lower quartiles, intensive and extensive indicators. The assessment of the relationship between variables was performed with the calculation of the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results. The formation of EB phases is characterized for the examined group: “Tension” – in 35.7 per 100 examined, “Resistance” – in 53.6 per 100 examined, “Exhaustion” – in 14.3 per 100 examined. The dominant symptoms are experience of traumatic circumstances (50.0%), reduction of occupational responsibilities (60.7%), emotional and moral disorientation (46.4%), expansion of the sphere of saving emotions (42.9%), and depersonalization (46.4%). Persons in whom any formed EB phase have a high level of trait and state anxiety, and depression. Among those surveyed with an unformed EB phase, the proportion of highly anxious individuals is significantly lower, and there are no signs of depression. Correlation analysis of the relationship revealed statistically significant relationships between the symptoms caused the formation of a particular EB phase and depression, anxiety. Limitations. The study is one-stage, performed with the participation of one professional group. Conclusion. A significant share of the health care occupations experience EB symptoms, and there is a reciprocal relationship between the EB severity and anxiety, and depression. In the majority of examined respondents, EB syndrome is in a dynamic development state. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed, in which a special place should be given to systematic clinical observation.
... /fpubh. . causing burnout and decreasing the capacity to regulate internal emotional reactions (50), leading over time to the appearance of depressive symptomatology (51). However, not all people present symptomatology at the same level (52,53). ...
... Regarding burnout, of the three dimensions (Emotional Exhaustion, Personal Accomplishment, and Depersonalization) only Emotional Exhaustion was significant. These results are consistent with previous studies on burnout symptoms (51,80,81) that showed that depressive symptomatology correlated more strongly with emotional exhaustion (82) considered the central dimension of the MBI-ES. ...
Background
Previous studies indicated that depressive symptoms are common among teachers due to job stress and difficulty in managing emotions. The aim of this research was to determine the levels of depressive symptomatology in a sample of secondary school teachers who worked during the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze the relationships with their levels of burnout and emotional intelligence.
Methods
The study involved 430 secondary school teachers residing in Madrid (Spain) who worked during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants' age was between 25 and 60 (M = 41.40; SD = 11.07) and the gender distribution was 53.72% men and 46.28% women. We used the Spanish version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Maslach Burnout Inventory Educators Survey (MBI-ES) and the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24).
Results
The main results indicated that teachers presented high means of depressive symptomatology, with women obtaining higher scores than men. Significant relationships were also observed between the levels of depressive symptomatology and the dimensions of burnout and emotional intelligence. Finally, the three dimensions of emotional intelligence would contribute to the depressive symptomatology of teachers, while of the burnout dimensions only Emotional Exhaustion would make a contribution.
Conclusion
The possible consequences of depressive symptomatology in teachers during the pandemic are discussed, as well as the need to enhance protective factors such as emotional intelligence and to study burnout levels.
... This is consistent with Freudenberger (1974) who revealed that individuals experiencing burnout are vulnerable to depressive symptoms. Other research has established a link between burnout and depression, as did the current study (Bianchi et al., 2013(Bianchi et al., , 2015bBianchi & Laurent, 2015;Glass & McKnight, 1996). Equally, a systematic review of burnout demonstrated that the emotional dimension of burnout has a strong positive relationship with depressive symptoms (Ahola et al., 2014;Bianchi et al., 2013;Bianchi, et al., 2015a;Takai et al., 2009). ...
... Other research has established a link between burnout and depression, as did the current study (Bianchi et al., 2013(Bianchi et al., , 2015bBianchi & Laurent, 2015;Glass & McKnight, 1996). Equally, a systematic review of burnout demonstrated that the emotional dimension of burnout has a strong positive relationship with depressive symptoms (Ahola et al., 2014;Bianchi et al., 2013;Bianchi, et al., 2015a;Takai et al., 2009). Several researchers have claimed that because studies have identified a continuous medium to high association between the two notions, this could indicate an overlap and that burnout is a component of depression rather than an unique psychological phenomena (Bianchi et al., 2015b). ...
Marital burnout has not been extensively studied despite its huge consequences on family wellbeing and quality of family life. This study, using randomised-controlled trial, tested the impact of rational-emotive couple intervention on marital burnout in a sample of parents seeking a divorce. A total of 67 parents who participated during the rational-emotive couple intervention (RECI) were assessed using the marital burnout scale, Beck depression inventory, and parent rational and irrational beliefs scale. Crosstabulation, multivariate test analysis, and bivariate analysis were used to analyse the data collected. Results show a significant reduction of marital burnout in RECI group participants, and significant improvement was maintained at the follow-up stage. The result of the group and gender interaction effect shows no significant interaction effect of group and gender on participants’ marital burnout at Time two and Time 3, respectively. The results indicate that a decrease in parents’ irrational beliefs accounts for marital burnout among couples seeking a divorce. Marital burnout is positively associated with depression among couples seeking a divorce. This study concludes that the RECI is an effective intervention that reduces marital burnout which is a direct consequence of irrational beliefs which later metamorphose into depressive symptoms.
... 2018 AUG; 72(4): 244-249 AHEAD OF PRINT a feeling of dissatisfaction usually arise after that, absenteeism and depression related and an increased amount of incidents are usually observed under these circumstances (8). On the other hand, depression and burnout have the same symptomatology and they are not two different entities (9). ...
... On the other hand, individuals with burnout feel disappointed and aggrieved and express their complaints in a more vigorous way (7). In contrast, depression and burnout do not differ in their symptomatology and burnout is not distinguished from depression (9). In addition, other researchers supported that burnout and depression may co-exist but they are two different disorders. ...
Aim: This study aims to examine the possible relation between depression and burnout as predictors to aggressive behaviors among mental healthcare professionals. Methods: For the purposes of this study 72 mental health care professionals were recruited and were evaluated in three questionnaires which were provided to them online. Firstly regarding depression, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered, secondly, concerning burnout, Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was applied and finally, regarding aggression , the Aggression Questionnaire (GAQ) was employed. Statistical data analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics Version 19. The level of statistical significance was set at up at 0.05. Results: The results showed that depression is considered to be a statistically significant predictor of aggressive behaviors. However, burnout was not found to be a statistically significant predictor of aggression. In addition, a statistically significant relationship was found between burnout and depression. Conclusions: It seems to be of essential importance for mental healthcare professionals to be provided with support and assistance in order to diminish the potential high-stress levels and in that way to overcome depression and burnout of those who work in mental health settings.
... W środowisku medycznym trwa dyskusja co do tego, na ile zjawisko wypalenia łączy się z depresją -co byłoby zgodne z oryginalnym poglądem samego Herberta Freudenbergera [2]. Faktycznie, osoby z zespołem wypalenia są trudne do odróżnienia od pacjentów z depresją [4]. Niewątpliwie wraz z rozwojem wypalenia rośnie ryzyko depresji. ...
WSTĘP: Zespół wypalenia jest zjawiskiem psychicznego i fizycznego wyczerpania, które powstaje w sytuacji angażowania się zbyt długo w działanie wyczerpujące indywidualne zasoby. Występuje on u około 5% populacji i rozpatruje się go zazwyczaj w kontekście zawodowym (wypalenie zawodowe). Obecne dane wykazują jednak, że cechy zespołu wypalenia są obecne u 25% studentów medycyny, a wśród rezydentów osiągają nawet 75%. Dlatego uważa się, że zespół wypalenia rozwija się już w trakcie studiów medycznych, pogłębiając się w trakcie dalszej kariery lekarza. Zmiany te wpływają negatywnie na jakość pracy zawodowej. W artykule zaprezentowano, jak zjawisko wypalenia narasta w grupie studentów medycyny w trakcie jednorocznej obserwacji. MATERIAŁ I METODY: Ta sama grupa studentów medycyny została zbadana za pomocą Inwentarza Wypalenia według Maslach (MBI) w 2014 roku i w 2015 roku, tj. na czwartym i piątym roku sześcioletnich studiów. WYNIKI: Wypalenie wśród studentów znacząco wzrosło po upływie roku, z 27% do 31% w grupie osiągając ≥ 27 punktów w podskali emocjonalnego wyczerpania MBI. Równoważąc ten efekt, satysfakcja z profesjonalnych osiągnięć wykazała również tendencję wzrostową. WNIOSKI: Zespół wypalenia jest zjawiskiem narastającym proporcjonalnie do czasu długości studiów. Chociaż jego ryzyko zwiększa się szybko w trakcie trwania studiów, najbardziej dramatyczne przejawy są spostrzegane znacznie później, dopiero w życiu zawodowym. Najważniejszym wnioskiem jest więc rozpoczęcie profilaktyki tak szybko jak to możliwe, to znaczy jeszcze podczas studiów.
... Znaczna część studentów, u których zidentyfikowano zespół wypalenia, równocześnie przeżywało ideacje samobójcze i chciało zrezygnować ze studiów [8]. Osoby z wypaleniem, jeżeli zastosować rutynowe podejście diagnostyczne, wydają się nieodróżnialni od osób z depresją [9], a zbieżność między pacjentami z wypaleniem i depresją osiąga nawet 90% [10]. ...
Wstęp. Zespół wypalenia jest stanem wyczerpania psychicznego i fizycznego związanego z intensywną aktywnością taką, jak na przykład studia medyczne. Stres w czasie studiów medycznych może doprowadzić do wypalenia, które, jeśli nieleczone, może mieć negatywne konsekwencje dla nauki oraz późniejszej pracy lekarza. Z przeglądu literatury wynika, że wypalenie występuje u jednej czwartej do nawet połowy wszystkich studentów medycyny. W artykule przedstawiono porównanie poziomu wypalenia studentów dwóch różnych wydziałów medycznych. Materiał i metody. Dwie grupy studentów, z dwóch różnych uczelni medycznych — w Warszawie i w Koszycach, zostały przebadane za pomocą Inwentarza Wypalenia według Maslach (MBI). Obie grupy były uczestnikami pełnych, 6-letnich studiów lekarskich w języku angielskim i zostały zbadane w odniesieniu do doświadczeń z pierwszych 3 lat studiów. Obie uczelnie realizują program kompatybilny w ramach wspólnych regulacji Unii Europejskiej. WYNIKI: Wypalenie studentów wzrastało w czasie kolejnych trzech lat nauki. Wypalenie okazało się proporcjonalne do czasu działania stresu, było jednak niezależne od specyfiki warunków w obu uniwersytetach. Największe ryzyko wypalenia dotyczy populacji 25% studentów medycyny. WNIOSKI: Wypalenie jest zjawiskiem ściśle związanym z przebiegiem szkolenia studentów. Wskazana jest systemowa interwencja w celu ograniczenia skutków wypalenia wśród studentów medycyny.
... When stress becomes a constant companion, burnout begins to manifest in various ways. These symptoms, deeply intertwined with stress, anxiety, and depression, are key indicators of declining psychological health (Bianchi et al., 2013;Rössler et al., 2015). As firefighters succumb to exhaustion, their ability to communicate and raise safety concerns diminishes. ...
Firefighters are exposed to situations where decision making is constant and affects not only the lives of those they serve, but also their own. The aim of this study was to identify stress-related factors that may predispose to the development of burnout in firefighters. A systematic review following the PRISMA 2020 statement was carried out in the Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, and Pubmed databases. The literature search was conducted in August 2024. The methodological quality was assessed using the critical appraisal tools for studies of the Joanna Briggs Institute. A total of 34 studies were included in this review. Among the risk factors identified as being associated with burnout were years of service, low levels of self-compassion, language barriers, alcohol consumption, age, proactive and negative coping styles, work stress, perceived stress, compassion fatigue, previous mental health history, performance in an external environment, family responsibilities, satisfaction with standard of living, feelings of loneliness, sleep disturbance, and work uniform. In this population, protective factors against the development of burnout included proactive coping, physical activity, perceived social support, self-concept clarity, and resilience. A number of risk and protective factors have been identified as predisposing the emergence of the burnout syndrome. These stressors have the potential to impact the worker, resulting in occupational illnesses and injuries, poor compliance with safety measures, and the onset of sleep disorders. Such consequences may have serious implications for the worker’s physical and mental health, as well as the health and integrity of third parties.
... The significant correlation between burnout and depression was established from the first publications examining the nature of burnout [33]. This association has prompted several scholars to argue that burnout is likely to be a form of depression [34,35]. However, typical symptoms of depression such as low self-esteem, feelings of guilt, hopelessness and suicidal tendencies are not typical symptoms of burnout. ...
Background: Several studies have reported alarming rates of mental health issues and sleep problems among nurses even in the post-pandemic era. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression, burnout and insomnia among nurses in Greece one year after the end of the pandemic and to construct a mediation model evaluating the impact of stress on insomnia, the chain mediating roles of depression and burnout, as well as the moderating role of anxiety in the model. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted online in July 2024 and included 380 hospital nurses who completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) and the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Results: The prevalence rates of stress, anxiety, depression, burnout and insomnia were 33.9%, 33.3%, 35%, 46.8% and 56.1%, respectively. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the Depression subscale of the DASS-21 explained 40.6% of the variance in AIS, while an additional 7.6% was explained by CBI and another 1.3% rate by the Stress subscale of the DASS-21. Mediation analysis revealed that stress affected insomnia both directly and indirectly through the chain mediating roles of depression and burnout. Anxiety moderated the chain mediation path by enhancing the negative impact of stress on depression. Conclusions: The proposed moderated chain mediation model introduces certain factors influencing insomnia and explains how changes in any one of these factors effectuate changes in the other factors, offering insights for individualized interventions.
... Although there is considerable overlap between burnout and common mental disorders (CMD: depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorders), several studies and meta-analyses [5] support the distinct nature of these three psychological states. Unlike depression or anxiety, burnout specifically and solely refers to clinical phenomena related to the professional context [6][7][8]. Burnout also differs from symptoms of job stress by displaying entirely specific emotional manifestations in relation to others and one's relationship with work, namely a negative attitude towards clients and/or colleagues, and about work in general. Another characteristic of burnout is that it affects employees who are highly invested and committed to their work, and who have demonstrated high performance and conscientiousness at work for a long time [9][10][11]. ...
Purpose
The objective of this study is twofold: (1) to better understand the Return-to-Work (RTW) process of employees on sick leave due to burnout by evaluating RTW obstacles and self-efficacy to overcome them, and (2) to investigate strategies implemented for maintaining employment following burnout.
Method
Fifty-one participants completed the online questionnaire titled “Return-to-Work Obstacles and Self-Efficacy Scale (ROSES)”, and two focus groups were conducted with employees returning to work after experiencing burnout.
Results
All the ROSES dimensions emerged as potential obstacles to returning to work after burnout. Several were particularly challenging to overcome, such as Fears of a relapse, Cognitive difficulties, and Loss of motivation to RTW. Qualitative analysis of verbatim from focus groups identified eight categories of strategies for overcoming these obstacles, such as Work involvement regulation strategies, Identity and anxiety regulation strategies, Seeking care and support from professionals, and Cognitive and metacognitive strategies, among the most often mentioned.
Conclusion
These findings pave the way for a more detailed analysis of the perceived obstacles individuals face during their RTW after burnout. Furthermore, the identification of strategies to overcome these obstacles may prove beneficial not only for the sustainable RTW of individuals, but also for the professionals who support them.
... Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization can be better conceived as depressive responses to adverse professional environments than as a component of a separate entity [10] . A study suggests that burnout workers may experience a number of depressive symptoms including the most severe ones [11] . In addition, work stress, which is a key role in the etiology of burnout, is also involved in the etiology of depression as well [1] . ...
Introduction: Burnout is one of the most common psychological conditions that modern society is increasingly facing. Aim. This study aimed to investigate the predictive role of burnout with its dimensions for depression among the specified groups of workers. Materials and methods: A self-administrated questionnaire was completed by a sample of three groups of workers to assess mental health and burnout with its three dimensions (Patient Health Questionnaire and a Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey). Logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between burnout and depression symptoms. Results: The analysis indicated that the highest average PHQ-9 score had the public group 5.44±5.57 followed by the private 2.72±3.09 and the factory group 2.43±3.314. The total burnout score was 2.55±1.08, which corresponded to a moderate degree of this dimension, and the factory respondents were most affected (2.81±1.03). The multiple logistic regression determined that a low degree of exhaustion reducds the probability of depression by 0.05 times, and a high degree of lack of professional efficacy increased the probability by 10.27 times. Conclusion: Our study has indicated that depression is predicted by burnout, especially by the lack of professional satisfaction. The use of accurate predictors could prove vital in the early detection and management of affected individuals, especially in high-risk professions. Burnout prevention and burnout reduction interventions should be made to highlight the increasing need for the development and deployment of mental health institutions and professionals respectively around the country in an effort to pay more attention to mental health.
... Teachers with burnout may no longer be available to their students. Thus, burnout is likely to affect a teacher's motivation and drive to fulfil their educational mission and to erode their commitment to help students with disabilities to succeed (Bianchi et al., 2013;Boujut et al., 2017). They may develop negative feelings towards them and deny their role as sources of progress and positive change. ...
While it has been established that inclusive education training enhances attitudes and self-efficacy, which are predictors of burnout, the specific relation between these constructs has not yet been investigated. In this study, the impact of an online training course was assessed using a pretest-intervention-posttest design. The interest constructs were assessed through online self-reported scales. Results show that self-efficacy mediates the relation between attitudes and the personal accomplishment dimension of burnout. The training improves attitudes, self-efficacy and personal accomplishment and decreases general burnout in pre-service teachers. The results are discussed in light of the need to develop efficient training for teachers in an inclusive framework.
... Several previous studies have found a mediumto-high correlation between depression and burnout, and our pilot study was consistent with them. 24,25 In addition to correlation, an association was also found between burnout and depression. 26 British researchers have investigated the correlation between well-being and burnout among doctors. ...
Background
Burnout remains a significant health concern within the healthcare sector. Numerous studies have explored burnout among gastroenterologists. However, as far as we are aware, there is currently no documented research specifically focused on burnout for specialists in the field of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Objective
The aim of our study was to assess the extent of burnout, its determinants, and to analyze potential risk factors among European healthcare professionals who provide care to patients with IBD.
Methods
We carried out a cross-sectional pilot study involving healthcare professionals responsible for the treatment of patients with IBD. A total of 102 participants (56.9% male, average age 48 ± 10.6) completed the anonymous multiple question open web survey. The survey consisted of four distinct psychological constructs (burnout, depression, somatization, and well-being), along with inquiries associated with sociodemographic, health-related, and work-related factors.
Results
In our study, we observed that 47.1% of professionals specializing in IBD experienced burnout. When considering all three factors of burnout simultaneously, 5.9% of participants fell within the moderate range. Among these, depersonalization (DP) was the most prevalent factor, with 48% at a medium level and 47.1% at a high level. Depression, somatization, and well-being correlated with emotional exhaustion (EE) and DP, while only depression correlated with personal accomplishment (PA). Furthermore, age, physical activity, total time spent in healthcare, and time spent as an IBD specialist were correlated with EE. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that depression was the most dominant predictor of both PA and DP. In terms of work-related factors, we observed that having endoscopic access had a detrimental impact on burnout, while the presence of a dedicated IBD outpatient unit and opportunities to participate in multidisciplinary meetings had a positive effect on mitigating burnout.
Conclusions
Our pilot study underscores the importance of burnout among IBD professionals in Europe, with a specific emphasis on DP. Subsequent studies may help to uncover the way underlying factors contribute to burnout, potentially laying the foundation for international support and prevention initiative programs.
... When considering the emotional feelings of healthcare providers, scholars question whether burnout is another form of depression. However one study found that many of the typical risk factors for depression in the general population (lower educational attainment, poor employment, and lower socio-economic status) were absent in healthcare workers, highlighting the importance of other factors (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lowered personal achievement) in the development of burnout [9] . ProQOL affects nurses' well-being and quality of care, and burnout is a threat to quality of care and patient safety [10] . ...
Objective To explore which key countries, institutions, and authors have conducted professional quality of life research for nurses and further explore the collaborative networks and elements of cooperation between them. In addition, co-occurrence analysis was used to identify influential countries, institutions, and authors. Keyword frequency analysis, co-occurrence analysis, keyword clustering analysis, and visual representation were used to analyze the current status, hotspots, and trends of research in this field, and predict future research directions.
Methods The data source of the literature related to nurses’ professional quality of life (ProQOL) in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database over the past ten years was analyzed using Excel and CiteSpace version 6.2 R2 analysis tools for the number of publications, institutions, countries, keywords, literature co-citation, and clustering.
Results Screening within the search to include 181 pieces of literature related to nurses’ ProQOL revealed that the overall volume of publications is a fluctuating growth trend, mainly in the United States, China, and other countries, and the key institutions are Chung Ang University and Sichuan University. According to the cluster analysis presenting ten clusters, the research hotspots of the study in the past decade were mainly compassionate fatigue, compassionate satisfaction, and secondary trauma response.
Conclusion The future direction of research on nurses’ professional quality of life may be to explore the balance between compassion fatigue (CF) and compassion satisfaction (CS), and the relevant influences and interventions on professional quality of life.
... In this study, the approach that accepts that BS causes depression was adopted. Because still, there is growing consensus in literature, arguing that BS must be considered as a specific problem in and of itself, separate from depression [32,33]. According to Glass and McKnight [34], there is a relationship between BS and depression that is far from the exact overlapping of the concepts. ...
Organizational toxicity is a key organizational issue today, impacting the success of both employees and organizations negatively alike. Negative working conditions revealed by organizational toxicity pave the way for an organizational atmosphere to arise, which negatively influences the physical and psychological well-being of employees, causing burnout syndrome and depression. Thus, organizational toxicity is observed to have a destructive impact on employees and can threaten the future of companies. In this framework, this study examines the mediating role of burnout and moderator role of occupational self-efficacy, in the relationship between organizational toxicity and depression. Conducted as cross-sectional, this study adopts a quantitative research approach. To that end, convenience sampling was used to collect data from 727 respondents who are employed at five-star hotels. Data analysis was completed with SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 24 packages. Consequent to the analyses, organizational toxicity was determined to have a positive effect on burnout syndrome and depression. Moreover, burnout syndrome was found to have a mediating effect on the relationship between organizational toxicity and depression. In addition, occupational self-efficacy was found to have a moderator role on the effect of employees' burnout levels on their depression levels. According to the findings, occupational self-efficacy is an influential variable on reducing the impact that organizational toxicity and burnout have on depression.
... There is active disagreement on the relationship between burnout and depression. Several studies have found that burnout is merely an atypical depressive syndrome with no distinguishing characteristics (i.e., burnout and depression overlap) [37]. This seems to be true as some burnout symptoms, such as loss of energy or fatigue, are similar to those of depression. ...
Burnout and depression are global problems affecting healthcare providers, especially those working in stressful departments such as emergency departments (EDs) and critical care units (CCUs). However, pooled data analysis comparing healthcare providers operating in the ED and CCU is yet to be conducted. Therefore, this meta-analysis was systematically conducted to investigate and compare the prevalence of burnout and depression among emergency medicine (EM) and critical care medicine (CCM) professionals. We systematically searched for articles related to our research topic using the database search method and manual search method, which involved reviewing the reference lists of articles from electronic databases for additional studies. After screening the literature from the databases using the eligibility criteria, a quality appraisal using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was performed on the eligible studies. In addition, a meta-analysis using the Review Manager software was performed to investigate the prevalence rates of burnout and depression. A total of 10 studies with 1,353 EM and 1,250 CCM professionals were included for analysis in the present study. The pooled analysis did not establish any considerable differences between EM and CCM healthcare workers on the prevalence of high emotional exhaustion (EE) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.46-2.19; p = 0.98), high depersonalization (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 0.61-2.21; p = 0.64), low personal accomplishment (PA) (OR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.67-1.12; p = 0.28), and depression (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 0.74-1.95; p = 0.45). Moreover, pooled data showed no considerable differences in EE scores (mean difference (MD) =-1.07; 95% CI =-4.24-2.09; p = 0.51) and depersonalization scores (MD =-0.31; 95% CI =-1.35-0.73; p = 0.56). However, EM healthcare workers seemed to have considerably lower PA scores than their CCM counterparts (MD = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.08-0.16; p < 0.00001). No considerable difference was recorded in the prevalence of burnout and depression between EM and CCM healthcare workers. However, our findings suggest that EM professionals have lower PA scores than CCM professionals; therefore, more attention should be paid to the mental health of EM professionals to improve their PA.
... This is consistent with prior studies that have demonstrated EE has the strongest link to depression, with weaker correlations of depression with DP or PA. 17,18 Surgeons were more likely to have depression than pulmonologists, but there was no difference in burnout based on job type. Although burnout has typically been associated with job-related factors, while depression is associated with generic factors such as family history, substance abuse, or problems with friends or family, threats and stresses in professional life can also increase risk of depression. ...
Objective: Burnout syndrome is common in physicians, but little is known about burnout in lung transplant physicians specifically. The purpose of this study was to explore burnout and its relationship to job factors and depression in lung transplant physicians.Design: A cross-sectional study that included lung transplant pulmonologists and surgeons was performed via electronic survey.Setting: The lung transplant physicians surveyed practiced worldwide.Methods: The survey incorporated questions about demographics and job characteristics as well as the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Burnout was defined by high emotional exhaustion or depersonalization.Participants: Ninety physicians worldwide completed the survey.Results: Of the 90 physicians who completed the entire survey, 44 (48.9%) had burnout with 38 (42.2%) having high emotional exhaustion, 15 (16.7%) having high depersonalization, and 9 (10.0%) with both. Of the respondents, 14 (15.6%) had high risk of depression, and of these, 13 also had high emotional exhaustion. There was a positive correlation between depression score and emotional exhaustion score (P=0.67, P<0.001). Depression was more common in surgeons compared with pulmonologists (35.7% versus 11.8%, P=0.02). There was a trend toward more burnout by emotional exhaustion in physicians with more versus less work experience (68.4% versus 31.6%, P=0.056).Conclusions: Emotional exhaustion is common in lung transplant physicians and is associated with depression and a negative impact on life.
... Caregivers are also hugely influenced by burnout syndrome. Burnout is an alarming issue impacting teachers' physical and mental health, leading to emotional exhaustion [4]. The adaption of assistive robots plays a pivotal role in elder care/children care, repetitive task assistance, interactive teaching, and user-dependent services in residential areas, positively impacting individuals [5,6]. ...
Recent technological advancements have fostered human–robot coexistence in work and residential environments. The assistive robot must exhibit humane behavior and consistent care to become an integral part of the human habitat. Furthermore, the robot requires an adaptive unsupervised learning model to explore unfamiliar conditions and collaborate seamlessly. This paper introduces variants of the growing hierarchical self-organizing map (GHSOM)-based computational models for assistive robots, which constructs knowledge from unsupervised exploration-based learning. Traditional self-organizing map (SOM) algorithms have shortcomings, including finite neuron structure, user-defined parameters, and non-hierarchical adaptive architecture. The proposed models overcome these limitations and dynamically grow to form problem-dependent hierarchical feature clusters, thereby allowing associative learning and symbol grounding. Infants can learn from their surroundings through exploration and experience, developing new neuronal connections as they learn. They can also apply their prior knowledge to solve unfamiliar problems. With infant-like emergent behavior, the presented models can operate on different problems without modifications, producing new patterns not present in the input vectors and allowing interactive result visualization. The proposed models are applied to the color, handwritten digits clustering, finger identification, and image classification problems to evaluate their adaptiveness and infant-like knowledge building. The results show that the proposed models are the preferred generalized models for assistive robots.
... Controversy exists regarding the nature of the relationship between burnout and well-defined illness such as depression, anxiety and substance abuse. For example, researchers have argued that the considerable overlap between features of depression or clinical anxiety and burnout would suggest that they should not be considered as distinct entities (26). Others highlight the importance of the distinction, which avoids pathologizing burnout as it has the potential for modification at an organizational, structural and societal level (27) and should therefore only be considered an occupational risk factor for the development of psychiatric illness. ...
Introduction
The World Health Organization defines burnout as a problem associated with employment, a category distinct from psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, suicidality and disorders of substance abuse. Evaluating the association between burnout as an occupational exposure and psychological morbidity may indicate that burnout can act as an occupational risk factor for mental ill-health. The systematic review explores this relationship in physicians due to the increased risk in this population and the implications for healthcare delivery.
Methods
A mixed methods systematic review of the literature was conducted across Medline, Cinahl Plus, PsycInfo, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library. Databases were systematically searched using keywords relating to physician burnout and depression, anxiety, suicidality and substance abuse. Identified articles were screened for eligibility by two independent researchers. Data extraction was performed and studies assessed for risk of bias. Quantitative and qualitative results were integrated using a convergent segregated approach and results portrayed as a narrative synthesis.
Results
Sixty-one articles were included in the review. There was notable heterogeneity in the measurement and criteria used to define burnout limiting the assimilation of results. Despite this, all studies that measured the association between depression and burnout reported a significant association. Studies that reported association between burnout and anxiety were similarly uniformly consistent. Most studies that reported the association between burnout and suicidality indicated that a significant association exists however difficulty in measurement of suicidality may have influenced variability of results. The reported association between substance abuse and burnout was more variable, suggesting that any association is likely to be weak or influenced by other variables. Qualitative studies described the manifestations of chronic workplace stress as well as perceived links with psychological morbidity. These included lack of time for work-life balance, the contribution of professional relationships and a culture of invulnerability that exists among physicians.
Conclusion
The systematic review cannot conclude causality but suggests that physician burnout is associated with depression, anxiety and suicidality. Qualitative data provides insight into the nature of this association. The review indicates the need for longitudinal research and provides considerations for intervention strategies to prevent the development and progression of burnout.
Systematic review registration
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020172938, identifier: CRD42020172938.
... Our study revealed the correlation between burnout and anxiety, the latter commonly present under chronic stress, which was found to be correlated with burnout as well (39). Depression and burnout have been considered as synonymous in some literature (46,47), while others argue that they are categorically distinct (48,49). We did not find significant correlations between depressive symptoms and burnout in the participants. ...
Background
Frontline healthcare workers (FHWs) experienced psychological stress and heavy workload during COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined the psychological symptoms and occupational burnout of FHWs in a fever clinic during different periods of the pandemic.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey of FHWs in the fever clinic of a tertiary hospital was carried out during both the outbreak period and regular period of COVID-19. Psychological measurement instruments including Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item, the 9-Question Patient Health Questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale were used to evaluate anxiety, depression, burnout, and self-efficacy, respectively. The correlation between clinical variables was explored.
Results
A total of 162 participants were involved in this study, including 118 FHWs during the outbreak period (Group 1) and 44 FHWs during the regular period (Group 2). Anxiety symptoms were more prevalent in Group 2 (x² = 27.477) while depressive symptoms were significantly more prevalent in Group 1 (x² = 69.538). Burnout rate was higher in Group 2 (x² = 29.526). Self-efficacy was higher in Group 1 (t = 3.194). Burnout was positively correlated with anxiety symptoms (r² = 0.424) and negatively correlated with self-efficacy (r² = −0.312).
Conclusion
Anxiety, depressive symptoms and burnout were prevalent in FHWs during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a tendency to be less depressed, but more anxious and burned out over time, although the severity of the pandemic is decreasing. Self-efficacy may be an important factor in protecting FHWs from occupational burnout. Support and intervention plans for FHWs should be made at the institutional level.
... We found that worrying greatly did predict job burnout independently of profession and external circumstances. Our findings are in line with previous studies demonstrating positive correlations between psychological distress and burnout during regular work (36,39,40), as well as during a pandemic (15,27,41). Here, psychological distress predicted burnout to a greater degree than worry (β = 0.491 vs. β = 0.188). ...
Background
In August 2020 during Israel’s second COVID-19 wave Rambam Medical Center opened the Sammy Ofer Fortified Underground Emergency Hospital. This was declared a regional Corona center in the north of Israel, receiving the most severe Corona patients from the region. Alongside the advanced inpatient capacity and technology within the underground facility, there was a severe shortage of trained medical and paramedical staff, as well as harsh working conditions. The current study examined the implications and effects of working in an underground facility on healthcare workers, focusing on emotion regulation tendencies and profession as predictors of job burnout.
Methods
Seventy-six healthcare workers, who had worked in the underground hospital for a minimum continuous period of 2 weeks during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, and a control group of 40 healthcare workers from northern Israel were asked to fill out an online survey administered via Qualtrics (total sample 116). The survey comprised six questionnaires: a demographic survey questionnaire; a COVID-19 concerns questionnaire; a psychological distress questionnaire (DASS, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale); trait worry (PSWQ; Penn State Worry Questionnaire); emotion regulation (ERQ, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire), and burnout (SMBM, Shirom - Melamed Burnout Measure).
Results
Independent-samples t-tests revealed no significant differences in psychological distress or burnout between Rambam Underground hospital workers and the control group. Conversely, COVID-19 concern scores were significantly different in the two groups, the Rambam hospital workers showing less concern (M = 2.9, SD = 0.73) than the control group (M = 3.47, SD = 0.76) [t(114) = −3.974, p < 0.001]. Hierarchical linear regression analysis identified the significant predictors of burnout among healthcare workers. Participants’ profession (physician), psychological distress (total DASS score), and a personality trait of worry were statistically significant predictors for job burnout (p = 0.028, p < 0.001, p = 0.023, respectively). Concerns about COVID-19 marginally predicted job burnout (p = 0.09). Group (underground vs. control) and emotion regulation tendencies did not predict burnout.
Conclusion
The two groups showed no significant differences in psychological distress nor in burnout. Being a physician, having an intrinsic trait of being overly worried and experiencing psychological distress were significant predictors for job burnout among healthcare workers, regardless of work environment (underground vs. control).
... In contrast, there is literature that has shown a positive correlation between depression and burnout [e.g., (87)(88)(89)]. In fact, as Bianchi and Laurent (88) indicated in their systematic review, it has been found that inventories that assess burnout, and more specifically the subscale of emotional exhaustion, the core component of burnout, are positively correlated with depressive symptoms (90)(91)(92). On the contrary, divergent validity was examined via the relationships between the scores of PHQ-9 and the Professional Efficacy subscale of the MBI-GS and the Social Desirability Scale were as expected, negative. ...
Background
This study aimed to examine the internal structure and assess the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in a Puerto Rican sample of workers. This instrument is a nine-item questionnaire, which was conceptualized as a unidimensional structure; however, there are mixed results regarding this internal structure. This measure is used in the occupational health psychology context in organizations in Puerto Rico; nevertheless, there is little evidence of its psychometric properties with samples of workers.
Materials and methods
A total of 955 samples from two different study samples were used in this cross-sectional study design in which the PHQ-9 was used. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis, bifactor analysis, and random intercept item factor analysis to examine the internal structure of the PHQ-9. Moreover, a two-factor model was examined by randomly assigning items to the two factors. Measurement invariance across sex and the relationship with other constructs were examined.
Results
The best-fitted model was the bifactor model followed by the random intercept item factor. The five sets of two-factor models with items randomly assigned obtained acceptable and similar fit indices regardless of the items.
Conclusion
The results suggest that the PHQ-9 appears to be a reliable and valid instrument to measure depression. The more parsimonious interpretation of its scores, for now, is a unidimensional structure. Comparison across sex appears to be useful in occupational health psychology research settings since the results suggest that the PHQ-9 is invariant regarding this variable.
... Eve highlighted the great personal costs of overwork, to her health and well-being. Quantitative studies have also consistently documented these costs, finding that special educators who experience higher demands and weaker resources are more likely to experience burnout (e.g., Bettini, Jones et al., 2017;Bettini, Cumming, O'Brien et al., 2020;Brunsting et al., 2022;Brunsting et al., 2014;Park & Shin, 2020), which is, in turn, associated with depression, chronic fatigue, and other health conditions (e.g., Armon et al., 2010;Bianchi et al., 2013). As in Elise's story, discourse valorizing special educators' sacrifices fails to take responsibility for the costs of those sacrifices to special educators' well-being. ...
Unsustainable working conditions are harmful to special educators and students, yet they are normalized in schools. Popular discourse valorizes a willingness to overwork and sacrifice one’s own well-being as a laudable attribute of “good teachers.” We argue that working conditions underlie the expectation that special educators should overwork, and that teachers’ working conditions reflect society’s investments in the students who they serve; inequities in teachers’ working conditions based on students’ ability, race/ethnicity, and class reflect inequitable investments in students with disabilities, students of color, students living in poor communities, and students with multiple marginalized identity markers. We contend that Discourse about teaching as gendered care work – as the natural work of maternal, caring women – serves to absolve society of responsibility for eliminating these inequities, instead devolving that responsibility onto individual teachers who are expected to sacrifice their own well-being to compensate for social disinvestment in their students’ lives. Thus, we contend that the gendered Discourse about teaching, especially special education teaching, is entangled with ableism, racism, and classism, and serves to deflect responsibility for addressing inequities away from those with capacity to change them (e.g., leaders, policymakers).
... Burnout memiliki tiga dimensi, yaitu: kelelahan emosional (emotional exhaustion), depersonalisasi/ sinisme, (depersonalization/ cynicism), dan berkurangnya pencapaian personal (reduced personal accomplishment) (Maslach, et al., 2001;Maslach & Leiter, 2008;Bianchi, et al., 2013;Peng, et al, 2014;Tong, et al., 2015;Yu, et al, 2015;Aghaz & Sheikh, 2016;Pu, et al., 2016). Penelitian dalam setting pengetahuan-intensif melaporkan bahwa burnout di kalangan profesional telah meningkat secara stabil selama dekade terakhir (Crowley, 2012;Lucas, 2015). ...
In the pandemic era, health services is the main focus, so that employees at the Health Office are at the forefront who are more prone to Burnout. This study aims to determine the role of Grit on Burnout moderated by sex differences in civil servants. The measuring instruments in this research are the Burnout scale and the Grit scale. The sample in this study are 159 respondents based on quota sampling technique. Respondents are Civil Servants of The Health and Family Planning Office of Madiun City with a minimum educational level of Diploma. The quantitative analysis in this study used the Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) method for hypothesis testing. The results find out that the hypothesis in this study is accepted (p <0.01), there is a negative role of Grit towards Burnout, that role contributes stronger in women than men. The contribution of Grit on Burnout for women civil servants is 48.6%, while for men civil servants is 48.1%. The higher one's Grit then the Burnout become lower and the contribution is stronger in women compared to men.Keywords: Grit, Burnout, sex, MRA, Civil Servants Di era pandemi, pelayanan kesehatan menjadi fokus utama sehingga pegawai pada Dinas Kesehatan menjadi garda terdepan yang lebih rentan mengalami Burnout. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran Grit terhadap Burnout dengan moderator perbedaan jenis kelamin pada Pegawai Negeri Sipil. Alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Skala Burnout dan Skala Grit. Sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 159 responden dengan teknik pengambilan kuota sampel. Responden merupakan Pegawai Negeri Sipil Dinas Kesehatan dan Keluarga Berencana Kota Madiun dengan kriteria tingkat pendidikan minimal Diploma. Analisis kuantitatif dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan metode Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) untuk pengujian hipotesis. Hasil menyatakan bahwa hipotesis dalam penelitian ini diterima (p<0,01) yakni ada peranan negatif dari Grit terhadap Burnout, peranan tersebut berkontribusi lebih kuat pada perempuan dibandingkan pada laki-laki. Kontribusi Grit terhadap Burnout pada PNS perempuan sebesar 48,6%, sedangkan pada PNS laki-laki sebesar 48,1%. Semakin tinggi Grit seseorang, maka Burnout semakin rendah dan kontribusinya lebih kuat pada perempuan dibandingkan pada laki-laki.Kata Kunci: grit, burnout, jenis kelamin, Pegawai Negeri Sipil
... Since the present study is cross-sectional, we are unable to determine whether burnout causes depression or depression causes burnout. There is an ongoing argument about the relationship between burnout and depression, whereby some studies contend that burnout is simply an atypical depressive disorder and overlap exists between burnout and depression (i.e., they are not distinct entities) and query the nosological added value of the burnout construct [46]. Indeed, some of the burnout symptoms (i.e., items on the MBI scale) appear to be similar to that of depression, such as loss of energy or fatigue, and cannot be overlooked. ...
Objectives:
The study objectives were to examine the prevalence of burnout among healthcare professionals, analyze the association of depression and burnout among healthcare professionals, and explore the factors related to burnout.
Methods:
A prospective cross-sectional study using a validated questionnaire was conducted among healthcare professionals in a tertiary teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia's central region. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) questionnaire was used to measure burnout through emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out using SAS version 9.4.
Results:
The study sample was composed of 139 healthcare professionals. Around 48% of the study sample were nurses, 26% were physicians, 19% were pharmacists, and 6% were other healthcare professionals. About 61% screened positive for depression. Overall, one third of the participants had a high risk of burnout. Around 61.8% of the participants were in the high-risk group of the EE, 58.3% of the DP, and 41.0% of the PA subscales. Scores for the overall MBI were significantly different between various age groups, gender, those with social and financial responsibility, income, job titles, or years of experience. A higher risk of burnout in all subscales was observed among those with depression.
Conclusions:
A high risk of burnout was observed among healthcare professionals. The level of burnout was connected to workplace factors and the presence of depression. The burnout suffering among these healthcare professionals underlines the need to study further how to reduce the factors that contribute to burnout and the impact of interventions to reduce healthcare professionals' burnout levels. The burnout scientific literature would benefit from further high-quality research with larger samples using longitudinal study designs to identify the causal risk factors.
... ا ً تمامي المجيا المعليم مغياةرة (Chang, 2009;Wisniewski & Gargiulo, 1997 (Chawla & Ostafin, 2007;Hayes & Gifford, 1997;Hayes, et al., 1996) (Takai et al., 2009;Bianchi et al., 2013;Ahola et al., 2014) . ...
... For instance, although some early symptomatology studies reported that those with high MBI scores exhibit few depressive symptoms (e.g., Iacovides et al., 1999), more recent studies indicate that depression symptoms are commonly experienced alongside symptoms of burnout (e.g., Dyrbye et al., 2008;Takai et al., 2009). Several studies show high positive correlations between overall MBI scores with scores on several depression measures (e.g., Bianchi et al., 2013;Glass and McKnight, 1996), but a recent systematic review and meta-analysis by Koutsimani et al. (2019) quantified the overall correlation between burnout and depression as only moderate (r = 0.520), and thus not high enough to position the two states as synonymous. Most studies using factor analyses have concluded that the two conditions can be distinguished from each other (e.g., Bakker et al., 2000;Leiter and Durup, 1994), although such findings have been recently challenged . ...
Burnout is a topic of high public and research interest, but debate remains as to how the syndrome should best be defined, measured, and diagnosed. In this article, we overview how issues relating to burnout's definition and measurement as well as the debate surrounding its overlap with depression have led to ambiguity surrounding its diagnostic status. We argue for a broader conceptualization of burnout and detail why we position it as distinct from depression, before providing recommendations for clinicians when considering a burnout diagnosis. We highlight that all measures of burnout risk "false-positive" diagnoses and that they should more be viewed as screening strategies with a definitive diagnosis (of "burning out" or "being burnt out") requiring close clinical assessment and exclusion of alternate psychological and physical conditions.
... While screening tools such as the CBI and the Maslach burnout inventory (MBI) are not clinical diagnostic tools [20,21], surveys that signal a high prevalence of burnout in a population warrant serious consideration and attention as indicators of systemic issues. As other studies have demonstrated, there are close associations between burnout and intentions to leave work [22] working through illness [23], suicidal ideation [24,25] and quality of patient care [26]. ...
Background
Demand for mental health services in New Zealand and internationally is growing. Little is known about how psychiatrists are faring in this environment. This study aimed to investigate wellbeing of psychiatrists working in the public health system in New Zealand, identify the main risk factors for work-related stress, gauge perceptions of how workload has changed over time, assess job satisfaction and whether individuals intend or desire to leave their work.
Methods
Psychiatrists working in New Zealand who were also members of the Association of Salaried Medical Specialists were invited to participate in an online survey. Main outcome measures were degree of burnout and stress experienced at work. Supplementary measures included perceived workplace demands and levels of support. Predictor variables included perceptions of changes to workloads over time, degree of job satisfaction and intentions to leave work. Logistic regression assessed characteristics associated with burnout and job satisfaction as well as intentions to leave work. Free text comments were analysed thematically alongside quantitative trends.
Results
368/526 responded (70% response rate). 34.6% met the criteria for burnout and 35.3% scored with high work stress. There were no significant patterns of association with demographic variables but significant correlation with all but one predictor variable; having experienced a change to the demands of the on-call workload. 45% agreed they would leave their current job if able and 87% disagreed that they are working in a well-resourced mental health service. Respondents emphasised the impact of growing workloads and expressed concerns about their ability to provide optimal care in these circumstances.
Conclusions
High burnout appears to affect one in three psychiatrists in New Zealand. Many attribute their feelings of burnout to demand for their services. These findings may assist with better workforce planning for psychiatry and emphasises potential consequences of demand for and poor resourcing of mental health services for the retention and wellbeing of doctors in psychiatry worldwide.
Occupational burnout currently poses one of the greatest threats to professionally active individuals. Despite nearly 50 years of research on the phenomenon, its complex mechanisms are still under investigation. The lack of agreement among scholars in this regard makes it challenging to accurately diagnose the problem and effectively prevent it. The aim of this article is to delineate commonalities and differences among leading researchers who have been engaged in a longstanding debate about the nature of burnout. The criticisms presented serve as a provocation aimed at mobilizing and uniting scientific communities to deepen their understanding of the essence, mechanisms, and accurate diagnostic methods of this pressing issue. These topics are crucial for the public interest and wellbeing of citizens worldwide.
Background
Burnout is a condition of mental, emotional, and physical enervation affecting personnel working in human services and has been reported high among neurosurgical doctors. However, previous burnout reports are based on low response rates and measured by the Maslach Burnout inventory, which for several reasons has proven problematic. Burnout has not previously been investigated among neurosurgical doctors in Denmark. With this study we measure the prevalence of burnout among neurosurgical doctors in Denmark with sustainable methodology and a clinically relevant burnout interpretation.
Methods
Burnout was measured among neurosurgical doctors in Denmark using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) consisting of three subscales measuring personal burnout, work-related burnout and patient-related burnout. To gain better understanding of factors contributing to burnout, the psychosocial working conditions and moral distress was measured using the Danish Psychosocial Work Environment Questionnaire (DPQ) and a questionnaire of eight items previously used to assess moral distress.
Results
With 73 responders and a response rate of 90.1%, clinically relevant burnout was reported in 27.4% in personal burnout, 16.5% in work-related burnout and 5.5% in patient-related burnout. Cohort members with children living at home experienced a significant higher degree of burnout regarding work-related burnout and patient-related burnout.
Within the DPQ domains of ‘Demands at work’ and ‘Work organization and job content’, several moderate to strong correlations were observed between specific sub-dimensions and both personal and work-related burnout. Higher levels of the domain ‘Interpersonal relations’ was moderately correlated with lower levels of both personal and work-related burnout. In the testing of moral distress, only 2 responders (2.7%) scored as ‘somewhat injured’.
Conclusion
Neurosurgical doctors in Denmark report relatively low prevalence of clinically relevant burnout. However, doctors with children living at home exhibited higher levels of work- and patient-related burnout. Our findings highlight the psychosocial work environment as a significant factor contributing to burnout, while moral distress appears to have a limited impact on the development of burnout in the study population.
Burnout is not specific to healthcare workers, but healthcare is one area that is increasingly affected by burnout. In the Slovak healthcare system, this fact is exacerbated by the practically uniform shortage of personnel in clinics, wards and in the ambulatory sphere. A similar picture can be found in social service facilities, or in components of the emergency health system. Failure to comply with the standards leads to an overload of personnel working in the healthcare sector and frequent manifestations of burnout syndrome.
Background
Exhaustion and depersonalization are the core symptoms of the occupational burnout. However, burnout is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon, but can occur in a milder to moderate form in otherwise healthy employees. In the last two decades hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) were increasingly related to the cumulative effect of psychosocial stress at work. We analyzed data of the Dortmund Vital Study (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05155397) to explore the relationship of HCC and burnout symptoms. Moreover, we asked whether the HCC – burnout association was moderated by work ability, chronic stress, neuroticism, depressive symptoms, and stress-related immunological biomarkers such as T cell concentration, CD4/CD8 cell ratio, and proinflammatory cytokines TNF- α, IL-6, and IL-18.
Methods
Burnout was assessed by the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-D) in 196 working adults aged between 20 and 65 years (mean age 42.2 years). Several self-reported variables and biomarkers were collected.
Results
The results showed an association between HCC and the burnout measures. A series of moderator analyses revealed that the association between HCC and burnout symptoms was substantial for low work ability, high chronic stress level, high neuroticism level, and mild to moderate depressive symptoms. Immunological markers moderated the HCC – burnout association for high concentrations of T cells, low CD4/CD8 ratio and low IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α concentrations. These interactions were moderated by age showing the largest impact in middle-aged to older individuals.
Conclusions
The present findings shed light on the complex interaction between burnout symptoms and work ability, chronic stress, personality, and the endocrinological and immunological responses across the working lifespan. These parameters should be considered when assessing the risk for developing burnout and validating the diagnosis of burnout.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05155397; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05155397.
Language environments play a crucial role in foreign language learning. Increasing Chinese students choose to attend joint venture colleges where a foreign language is predominantly used. Naturally, the language environment in these institutions differs from that of traditional colleges where Chinese is exclusively used, potentially leading to differences in foreign language anxiety (FLA). However, these differences have not been examined. Although students with higher FLA levels tend to experience heightened learning burnout and reduced psychological capital, a protective factor against the negative impacts of difficulties and challenges, it remains unknown the relationships among these variables in these two types of college students. This study addressed these questions by measuring the FLA levels, learning burnout, and psychological capital of 260 joint venture college students and 267 traditional Chinese college students. Results showed that FLA levels were significantly higher in traditional Chinese college students, psychological capital partially mediated the relationship between FLA and learning burnout in both groups, and school type moderated the path from FLA to psychological capital. These results suggest that psychological capital can mitigate the impact of FLA on learning burnout and these mitigating effects are influenced by language environment. Practical implications for school administrators and instructors are discussed.
Introdução: O Burnout é uma síndrome cada vez mais relevante nos ambientes de trabalho contemporâneos, afetando profissionais de diversas áreas e causando consequências significativas para a saúde mental e o bem-estar dos indivíduos. A incidência elevada do Burnout está associada a fatores demográficos e ocupacionais, tornando-se um desafio crescente na sociedade moderna. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a literatura existente sobre o diagnóstico, prevenção e abordagem terapêutica do Burnout, buscando compreender a complexidade dessa síndrome, identificar fatores de risco e estratégias eficazes de intervenção. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica do tipo narrativa, utilizando descritores MeSH específicos e selecionando artigos de revisão sistemática com ou sem meta-análise publicados nos últimos 20 anos em inglês, português e espanhol na plataforma PubMed. Foram encontrados 177 artigos, dos quais 6 foram incluídos na análise. Além disso, foi utilizada a plataforma ResearchRabbit para facilitar o acesso à literatura cinzenta, adicionando então 14 artigos, somando 20 artigos ao final. Resultados: A variedade de escalas e instrumentos de medição utilizados para diagnosticar o Burnout, como o Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), e a influência dos critérios na consistência dos diagnósticos. Além disso, foi identificado um estigma associado ao Burnout, dificultando o acesso ao tratamento adequado. Quanto às intervenções terapêuticas, embora a terapia cognitivo-comportamental e programas de mindfulness tenham mostrado benefícios, a sustentabilidade a longo prazo desses efeitos é questionável, evidenciando a necessidade de estratégias personalizadas e mais estudos nessa área. Conclusão: Diante da relevância crescente do Burnout, é fundamental compreender, diagnosticar, prevenir e tratar essa síndrome de forma eficaz. A abordagem terapêutica personalizada e adaptativa se mostra essencial, considerando a variabilidade na resposta individual às intervenções. A superação dos desafios associados ao Burnout requer uma abordagem multidisciplinar e um maior investimento em pesquisas para aprimorar as estratégias de manejo e terapêutica da síndrome.
Purpose. The objective is to conduct an analytical review of multidirectional studies on psychoemotional burnout of personality as a phenomenon that negatively impacts and significantly complicates its professional activity and interpersonal communication. Methods. To achieve this objective, the following scientific-theoretical methods were applied: analysis, synthesis, generalization, which allowed for the revelation of substantive and functional parameters of psychoemotional burnout. Results. A range of studies explains the cause-and-effect essence of psychoemotional burnout by the specifics of a person's professional activity. Burnout leads to the appearance of psychological and/or psychosomatic changes, adversely affects affective balance, generates increased stress, heightened anxiety, oppressive frustration, and other depressive feelings, experiences, and behavioral modalities. Monotonous and emotionally exhausting as well as physically amortizing professional activity in a specific field, along with permanent pressure from administration, may stimulate feelings of mental discomfort, increase the frequency of intra- and interpersonal conflicts, stimulate social withdrawal, loneliness, and experiences of disappointment in life values. Conclusions. Psychoemotional burnout is regarded as a complex and branching phenomenon that exerts an unfavorable influence on a person's life and complicates their communicative relationships within the family and at work. Manifestations of psychoemotional burnout and psychophysical exhaustion have been studied extensively with diverse samples (students, police officers, medical professionals, firefighters, athletes, deprived children, etc.). A common feature of the analyzed studies is the recognition of the uncomfortable and destructive pressure of psychoemotional burnout on the affective-cognitive behavioral tactics and strategies of the individual.
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, diş hekimliği öğrencilerinin ergonomik risk seviyelerinin, mesleki kas-iskelet sistemi sorunlarının, kinestezi farkındalıkları ve tükenmişlik seviyelerinin belirlenmesi ve bu durumun cinsiyete özgü farklılıklarının irdelenmesidir. Yöntem: Kesitsel bir araştırma olarak planlanan bu çalışma XXX Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesinde öğrenim gören 80 öğrencinin katılımıyla gerçekleştirildi. Araştırmanın verileri, Sosyo–Demografik Veri Formu, Cornell Kas İskelet Rahatsızlık Skalası, Modifiye Hızlı Üst Ekstremite Değerlendirme Formu, Kinestezi ve Proprioseptif Farkındalık Anketi ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği kullanılarak toplandı. Verilerin istatistiksel analizinde, tanımlayıcı istatistikler kullanıldı. Normal dağılıma uygunluk Shapiro-Wilk testi ile analiz edildi. Bağımsız gruplara göre yapılan karşılaştırmalarda Mann Whitney U testi ve kategorik değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin tespit edilmesi için Monte Carlo düzeltmeli ki-kare analizi kullanıldı. Çalışmada p0,05). Duygusal tükenmişlik ve kişisel başarı alt boyutlarında cinsiyete özgü fark saptanmazken (p>0,05) erkeklerin duyarsızlaşmalarının kadınlara göre yüksek olduğu belirlendi (p=0,006). Sonuç: Bu çalışma, diş hekimliği öğrencilerinin ergonomik risk seviyelerinin yüksek olduğunu, mesleki kas iskelet sistemi problemlerinin ve tükenmişliğin meslek hayatına başlamadan önce gelişebileceğini göstermektedir. Diş hekimliği öğrencilerine ergonomik eğitimin ve günlük yapılabilecek egzersizlere yönelik derslerin verilmesinin bu problemlerin azaltılmasında yardımcı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Задача обзора зарубежных публикаций заключается в анализе психопатологических проявлений выгорания и его клинического варианта (истощения). Исследования указывают на наличие тесной взаимосвязи выгорания и депрессивных расстройств, провоцированных хроническими профессиональными стрессовыми факторами. Приводятся критерии клинического варианта выгорания (истощения), включающие все признаки астенического синдрома. Рассматриваются особенности психофармакотерапии депрессий с сопутствующим истощением с акцентом на препаратах с дофаминергическими свойствами.
Purpose
Depression and anxiety have a significant impact on an individuals’ work and personal life alike. The mental health of researchers is a significant concern worldwide. This study investigated the mental health status of Chinese researchers specifically and explored the moderating effects of perceived stress on the influence of low self-accomplishment on anxiety and depression.
Methods
The online survey platform “Survey Star” was used to create a questionnaire to be distributed to researchers, with 949 questionnaires retrieved. The general information questionnaire, 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS) were used for this investigation. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to investigate correlations among the relevant variables. Model 8 of PROCESS 3.3 program was used to analyze the moderating effects of perceived stress.
Results
Among the 949 participants, 570 (60.1%) reported symptoms of depression and 431 (45.4%) had symptoms of anxiety, with about one in six reporting symptoms of self-harm or suicidal ideation. Perceived stress was found to moderate the effect of low self-accomplishment on depression and anxiety.
Conclusion
Here we show that researchers exhibit a high rate of depression and anxiety symptoms. Perceived stress is also shown to play a moderating role on the influence of low self-accomplishment on anxiety and depression. Thus, reducing perceived stress levels can help to improve the mental health of researchers.
This is a novel concept that is not superimposed on any psychiatric diagnosis but can contribute to depression. In this sense, it is a characteristic disease of the helping relationship that encompasses and overcomes stress, where the loss of meaning in work occupies a prominent position. Nursing teachers must employ their skills and competencies to provide effective and high-quality care to carry out their assigned responsibilities. However, this efficacy can be impeded by arduous tasks and particularly in a demanding work environment. This study aims to shed light on the stressful conditions encountered by these professionals and to identify the factors that influence the onset of burnout at the level of Graduate Institutes of Nursing and Health Technology (ISPITS). In this way, significant actions can be taken to prevent this professional affliction and establish a salubrious work environment that fosters the professional development of teacher.
Special educators working with students with emotional and behavioral disorders often report experiencing collegial isolation, exclusion from school communities, and high levels of burnout and stress. At the same time, many special educators have limited professional development and networking opportunities, which could mitigate these negative experiences. In response, we adapted Project Extension Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) to connect and support special educators who work with students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). The ECHO model creates a learning loop between a team of specialists and educators. Through participation in the ECHO, educators and specialists engaged in case-based learning and shared best practices for supporting students with EBD. We used a pre–post group design to examine how the ECHO model can address issues related to educator stress and emotional exhaustion while building a community of practice. Though participants agreed that ECHO creates a community of practice and experienced the program as beneficial, we found no statistically significant differences in participants’ stress and emotional exhaustion between the pre/post survey. Our findings suggest that brief interventions are insufficient for addressing the complexities of teacher burnout.
Introduction
Multiple studies have examined the individual and socio-demographic variables that can contribute to the development of burnout in teachers. Although the evidence supports that this syndrome is generated through the interaction between the aspects of the organization and those of the person, little attention has been spent on the impact of the teacher-student relationship adjustment and, especially, on the role of violence exercised by students or their families toward secondary school teachers, who seem to be more vulnerable than teaching professionals in general.
Objective
To analyze the role of the possible mismatch in the student-teacher relationship, as well as, the physical and verbal violence toward teachers from pupils or their parents, on the professional wear of high school educators.
Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out on a teacher sample (n = 677) in Aragón, Spain, through a questionnaire with socio-demographic data; the “Maslach Burnout Inventory” (MBI), “Areas of Worklife Scale,” the “Fears and Rejection in Education Questionnaire” (FREQ), and a list of the possible aggressions received in the development of the teaching activity.
Results
While 3.8% of teachers have been a victim of physical attacks, 34.9% have suffered verbal abuse at least once. Although physical violence is extremely rare (and low intensity), verbal victimization or threats are associated with burnout in a highly significant manner, which confirms previous findings about school violence and burnout. Also, FEAR and REJECTION dimensions, defined as discomfort, tension, anxiety, and pressure caused by pupils, which contributed considerably on two dimensions of burnout (emotional exhaustion and cynicism). Different covariates such as maladjustment in the teacher-pupil relationship, violence experienced at work, and complaints received explain the 56.4% variance of exhaustion, 48.8% variance in cynicism, and 35.5% for efficacy.
Conclusion
Very different variables can contribute to the development of burnout syndrome, both personal, and organizational variables. Therefore, when designing prevention programs in each work environment, the possible areas of risk and the interactions between them must be considered.
The main objective of the study was to examine the relationship between occupational stress and the psychological wellbeing of the criminal law practitioners in Kampala Capital City, Uganda with a major aim of contributing to the knowledge gap that currently exists. The study used mainly quantitative method and supplemented it with and qualitative methods to collect data. Data was collected from 151 respondents and 11 key informants using a questionnaire and key informant interview through quota and purposive sampling techniques. The study revealed low levels of occupational stress (Mean 2.45 and SD 0.82), high levels of psychological wellbeing (Mean 3.4 and SD, 0.66), moderate level of use of coping mechanism (Mean 2.86 and SD 0.85). The study results also indicated a negative linear relationship (r = -0.170, p = 0.037) between psychological strain and psychological wellbeing of criminal law practitioners in Kampala Capital City; a negative linear relationship (r = -0.182, p = 0.025) between behavioral strain and psychological wellbeing; no significant relationship (r = -0.102, p = 0.211) between physical health strain and psychological wellbeing. From the study coping mechanisms have a moderating effect (p=0.006) on physical health strain and psychological wellbeing and no moderating effect on psychological strain (p=0.836) and behavioral strain (p=0.789) on psychological wellbeing. The first hypothesis was accepted that there is a relationship (r = -0.170, p = 0.037) between psychological strain and psychological wellbeing. The second hypothesis was accepted in the findings that there is a relationship (r =-0.182, p = 0.025) between behavioral strain and psychological wellbeing. The third alternative hypothesis was rejected since the findings showed that there is no significant relationship (r = -0.102, p = 0.211) between physical health strain and psychological wellbeing. The study also accepted the fourth hypothesis that showed that coping mechanisms have a significant moderating effect (0.006) on physical health strain and psychological wellbeing (p = 0.006 < 0.05) and rejected the null hypothesis that coping mechanism have no moderating effect on psychological wellbeing in connection with psychological strain (p=0.836 >0.05) and behavioral strain (p=0.789>0.05).The study recommended to the ULS to consider the aspect of psychological wellbeing as part of continuing legal education. The study recommended that ULS should establish a wellbeing Program for criminal law practitioners so as to offer strategies and techniques of ensuring improved psychological wellbeing. Finally, the office of the Director of Public Prosecution should consider employing an in-house counselor to provide professional counselling services to affected members. This will help in improving the psychological wellbeing of the criminal law practitioners
Job-related burnout has become a central construct in occupational health psychology. Given the considerable emphasis on burnout in both basic research and organizational initiatives, affirming the validity of inferences from commonly used measures is imperative to explore this phenomenon. The Shirom-Melamed burnout measure (SMBM) is well grounded with strong theoretical roots stemming from conservation of resources theory to assess exhaustion across physical, cognitive, and emotional subscales. However, despite its strong theoretical foundation and consistent use to measure burnout across various disciplines, there have been no meta-analytic validation efforts of the SMBM. The goal of the present meta-analysis is to fill this gap and provide a comprehensive evaluation of the SMBM using 564 effect sizes retrieved from 100 samples (N = 53,484). Results revealed that the three subscales of physical fatigue, cognitive weariness, and emotional exhaustion all displayed strong intercorrelations and that the SMBM was stable over time, as suggested by high test-retest estimates. Relationships with demographic controls, such as age, sex, and hours worked, were low in magnitude or nonsignificant. Following a job demands-resources perspective, we examined the nomological network of the SMBM, finding strong support for associations with job and personal predictors, motivational covariates, and job and personal outcomes. These findings, inferring the construct validity of the SMBM, hold implications for future research and practice, including support for its use in organizational research and applied settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Western countries have placed a lot of importance on school inclusion policies in the last decade. Strong promotion of these policies encourages teachers to express egalitarian attitudes and behaviours towards all students. However, at the same time teachers may experience feelings of discomfort because of perceived difficulties and powerlessness in implementing the inclusion policy. The discrepancy between what teachers say and their internal discomfort can lead to burnout. The aim of this study was to test the relationship between a teacher’s implicit and explicit attitudes towards disability and burnout. To this end, we used explicit self-reported measures of attitudes and burnout, and a specific paradigm to assess implicit attitudes towards disability (disability-IAT). Results showed that implicit attitudes were significantly more negative than explicit attitudes. The more positive the explicit attitudes, the less the individuals experienced exhaustion, whereas the more negative the implicit attitudes, the more exhausted the respondents felt. These results suggest teachers need to internalise positive feelings about inclusion to protect themselves against risks of emotional exhaustion.
Burnout is a common metaphor for a state of extreme psychophysical exhaustion, usually work-related. This book provides an overview of the burnout syndrome from its earliest recorded occurrences to current empirical studies. It reviews perceptions that burnout is particularly prevalent among certain professional groups - police officers, social workers, teachers, financial traders - and introduces individual inter- personal, workload, occupational, organizational, social and cultural factors. Burnout deals with occurrence, measurement, assessment as well as intervention and treatment programmes.; This textbook should prove useful to occupational and organizational health and safety researchers and practitioners around the world. It should also be a valuable resource for human resources professional and related management professionals.
Burnout measures cover the same ground as depressive symptom scales. Problems with burnout scales include their vulnerability to attribution errors. The few studies having both burnout/stress and psychological symptom measures suggest considerable overlap in the scales. Three cross-sectional studies from very different geographic areas reveal high levels of depressive symptoms or psychological distress in veteran teachers. Correlational evidence using measures of psychophysiologic symptoms, perceived health, job satisfaction, and motivation to continue in the profession indicates that a depressive symptom scale (the CES-D) administered to a group of newly appointed female teachers behaves in much the same way that burnout measures behave. Additional evidence provided by the longitudinal component of the study is consistent with the view that adverse teaching conditions are causally related to depressive symptoms and that the effect size is large. Finally, two of the three components of burnout, emotional exhaustion and a reduced sense of personal accomplishment, are likely to be symptoms of depression; the third component, depersonalization, is reflective of the hostility and friction that characterize the interpersonal relationships of depressed individuals. The paper suggests that burnout may be more fruitfully conceptualized as depressive symptoms that result from adverse work environments. (Author/IAH)
Studied the psychometric properties of a French translation of the MBI. Ss were 260 day-care workers (mean age 29 yrs) in Study 1 and 123 nurses (mean age 38 yrs) in Study 2. Study 1 evaluated the internal consistency, factorial validity, temporal stability, and predictive validity of the MBI. Study 2 analyzed the convergent validity of the MBI in relation to measures of depression, anxiety, psychological stress, and other psychological symptoms. The distribution of low, average, and high professional-burnout scores in these 2 samples was compared to American norms. Several French-language instruments were used, including French versions of the MBI (C. Maslach and S. Jackson, 1981), the Beck Depression Inventory, the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Brief Symptom Inventory (L. R. Derogatis, 1983). (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job, and is defined by the three dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy. The past 25 years of research has established the complexity of the construct, and places the individual stress experience within a larger organizational context of people's relation to their work. Recently, the work on burnout has expanded internationally and has led to new conceptual models. The focus on engagement, the positive antithesis of burnout, promises to yield new perspectives on interventions to alleviate burnout. The social focus of burnout, the solid research basis concerning the syndrome, and its specific ties to the work domain make a distinct and valuable contribution to people's health and well-being.
This study examined the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) with Confirmatory Factor Analysis and followed up cardiac morbidity and mortality for a median of 4.9 years among 226 coronary artery bypass graft patients. Cardiac morbidity and mortality events (n = 65, 28.8%) were associated with BDI-II cognitive factor z-score (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.02 - 1.82, p = .04), controlling for left ventricular impairment, age, respiratory disease, heart failure, renal disease and diabetes. A cognitive depression factor marked by pessimism, past failure, self-criticalness and worthlessness was consistently associated with cardiac morbidity and mortality, contrasting to other work.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to focus on the career of the burnout concept itself, rather than reviewing research findings on burnout.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper presents an overview of the concept of burnout.
Findings
– The roots of the burnout concept seem to be embedded within broad social, economic, and cultural developments that took place in the last quarter of the past century and signify the rapid and profound transformation from an industrial society into a service economy. This social transformation goes along with psychological pressures that may translate into burnout. After the turn of the century, burnout is increasingly considered as an erosion of a positive psychological state. Although burnout seems to be a global phenomenon, the meaning of the concept differs between countries. For instance, in some countries burnout is used as a medical diagnosis, whereas in other countries it is a non‐medical, socially accepted label that carries a minimum stigma in terms of a psychiatric diagnosis.
Originality/value
– The paper documents that the exact meaning of the concept of burnout varies with its context and the intentions of those using the term.
Drawing on Salmon's (2001) unifying theory of the beneficial effects of physical exercise, we examined physical activity behaviors as an important, but understudied, buffer against experiences of emotional exhaustion, absenteeism, and turnover intentions in 189 childcare teachers. Structural equation modeling revealed that workplace and leisure-time physical activity were negatively related to emotional exhaustion, which in turn, was positively related to teacher migration and attrition intentions. Post-hoc analyses revealed indirect (mediated) effects between physical activity behaviors and teacher turnover intentions via emotional exhaustion. This theoretically driven model fit the data better than an alternative model whereby emotional exhaustion predicts physical activity behaviors.
The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of burnout, levels of life satisfaction and job satisfaction in anaesthetists in France. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 193 anaesthetists from eight French public hospitals. The results indicated low levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores, but high levels of reduced accomplishment. The results also revealed differences between subgroups: physician anaesthetists reported higher levels of depersonalization and reduced accomplishment than nurse anaesthetists, female and junior anaesthetists reported higher levels of emotional exhaustion and job dissatisfaction than male and senior anaesthetists. The results and the implications to reduce burnout symptoms in anesthesia teams are discussed.
In the light of social change and a transformation in the work situation, interest in the problem of burnout has grown over the past decade. There is a conspicuous discrepancy, however, between what is regarded as certain knowledge and what is published opinion. To date, there is no generally accepted definition of burnout, or binding diagnostic criteria. According to the most common description at present, burnout syndrome is characterized by exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced satisfaction in performance. Because of its aetiopathogenesis, burnout is today mainly regarded as the result of chronic stress which has not been successfully dealt with. This paper gives an overview of the current definition for burnout syndrome and states possible contemporary hypotheses for its aetiology. By examining diagnostic criteria and possible therapies, methods of prevention are discussed. There is an urgent need for further investigations to determine whether burnout syndrome is a work-related disease.
When conducting research on burnout, it may be difficult to decide whether one should report results separately for each burnout dimension or whether one should combine the dimensions. Although the multidimensionality of the burnout concept is widely acknowledged, for research purposes it is sometimes convenient to regard burnout as a unidimensional construct. This article deals with the question of whether and when it may be appropriate to treat burnout as a unidimensional variable, and presents a decision rule to distinguish between people high and low in burnout. To develop a guideline for obtaining a dichotomous measure of burnout, the scores on the Utrecht Burnout Scale (UBOS) of 44 well functioning individuals were compared with the scores of 29 individuals diagnosed as suffering from burnout. Based on these data, the authors recommend the "exhaustion + 1" criterion for research in non-clinical populations. Following this criterion, individuals can be considered as burnt out when they report, compared to a norm group, high emotional exhaustion, in combination with high depersonalisation or low personal accomplishment. The criterion may be used to estimate the percentage in a sample of individuals in a state of burnout.
The rapid growth of the Internet provides a wealth of new research opportunities for psychologists. Internet data collection methods, with a focus on self-report questionnaires from self-selected samples, are evaluated and compared with traditional paper-and-pencil methods. Six preconceptions about Internet samples and data quality are evaluated by comparing a new large Internet sample (N = 361,703) with a set of 510 published traditional samples. Internet samples are shown to be relatively diverse with respect to gender, socioeconomic status, geographic region, and age. Moreover, Internet findings generalize across presentation formats, are not adversely affected by nonserious or repeat responders, and are consistent with findings from traditional methods. It is concluded that Internet methods can contribute to many areas of psychology.
The arrival of a book for review usually gives rise to pleasant anticipation, and whatever criticisms have to be made, it is that almost always possible to find some pleasant things to say. But finding praise for this tome is a problem — it is a volume too far. It is to be hoped that the authors
The term “burnout” refers to a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment that can occur in human service professionals. There are now over 2,000 publications on the topic. This paper reviews a subset of the literature concerned with burnout, depressive symptomatology, and perceptions of job control. It appears that the first two constructs share appreciable variance but are not isomorphic. Research also indicates that the development of burnout has a modest association with perceptions of job uncontrollability (i.e., perceived lack of autonomy and little decisional latitude). A conceptual model proposing that perceived uncontrollability induces depression indirectly. by operating through differences in the magnitude of burnout received only equivocal support in longitudinal studies. Prospective designs were proposed as a high priority for future burnout research. Other recommendations for future research included rests of a model that hypothesizes frustrated achievement striving as a key etiological factor in the development of burnout and depressive affect.
Four papers on burnout appear in this issue of Work & Stress. This commentary gives an indication of how they add to the pool of knowledge regarding the prevalence of burnout and its chronic nature. A lapse common to most papers on this subject is then discussed: the lack of attention to burnout's relationships with other negative affective states, primarily depression. Finally, some of the major similarities and differences among various measures of burnout represented in this special edition are discussed. The concluding comment addresses future theoretical challenges to burnout researchers.
Four papers on burnout appear in this issue of Work & Stress. This commentary gives an indication of how they add to the pool of knowledge regarding the prevalence of burnout and its chronic nature. A lapse common to most papers on this subject is then discussed: the lack of attention to burnout's relationships with other negative affective states, primarily depression. Finally, some of the major similarities and differences among various measures of burnout represented in this special edition are discussed. The concluding comment addresses future theoretical challenges to burnout researchers.
This editorial introduces the articles in this journal and discusses the conceptualization and measurement of burnout. The significance of the first few papers on the subject, by Freudenberger (1974, 1975) and Maslach (1976), both working independently in the US, was that they provided an initial description of the burnout phenomenon, and showed that it could be a relatively common occurrence in human service work. Within 10 years, the concept and its study had been established in many areas of applied psychology, and Maslach and Jackson (198la and b) had described the development of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). This measurement tool then came to dominate the burgeoning research into burnout. Since then there have been many developments, including the introduction of the MBI-General Survey by Schaufeli, Leiter, Maslach and Jackson (1996) that extended the instrument to the measurement of burnout in other occupations. Over the years there has been much debate as to what burnout actually is, its antecedents and how it might be best measured. Many researchers have questioned whether or not it is necessary to use all of the three MBI components: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and (lack of) personal accomplishment. These various approaches have led to the development of new measurement instruments. When, by chance,
Work & Stress recently received four interesting papers on burnout, we decided to use these as the basis of a special edition. To support these papers, we invited commentaries from a small selection of the leading players in the area. The authors of these commentaries were invited to express their opinions on the conceptualization and measurement of burnout, and in doing so to cite the papers in this edition as examples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The Short History of An Ancient PhenomenonDefinitions of BurnoutOld Wine in New Bottles?Measurement and Prevalence of BurnoutCorrelates, Causes, Symptoms and Consequences of BurnoutTheoretical ApproachesInterventionsFinal RemarksReferences
The concept of staff burn-out is explored in terms of the physical signs and the behavioral indicators. There is a discussion of how the cognitive, the judgmental as well as the emotional factors are intruded upon once the process is in motion. Further material deals with who is prone to staff burn-out and what dedication and commitment can imply from both a positive and negative point of view. A practical section deals with what preventive measures a clinic staff can take to avoid burn-out among themselves, and if unluckily it has taken place then what measures may be taken to insure caring for that person, and the possibility of his return to the clinic at some future time.
This article aims to clarify if insomnia exerts a mediating or moderating effect on the optimism-depression association in Chinese college students. 529 Chinese college students completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) and the Multidimensional Scale of Social Support (MSPSS). The results failed to show any moderating effect but after adjustment for age, gender and social support, a mediating effect was observed. In conclusion, insomnia qualifies as a mediator, suggesting considerable variance in depressive symptoms of college students could be due to change in their sleep status.
We examined the association between illness perceptions and depression symptoms in established haemodialysis patients (HD). Two hundred and fifteen patients completed the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI). Patients with a BDI ≥ 16 were termed as 'depressed'. Lower personal control and illness coherence, and greater perceived consequences were all related to depression significantly increasing the explained variance over clinical factors. Our findings suggest it is not disease characteristics or co-morbidity per se that is related to mood symptoms in HD patients, rather the apparent interpretation and regulation of the illness.
The definition and phenomenological features of 'burnout' and its eventual relationship with depression and other clinical conditions are reviewed. Work is an indispensable way to make a decent and meaningful way of living, but can also be a source of stress for a variety of reasons. Feelings of inadequate control over one's work, frustrated hopes and expectations and the feeling of losing of life's meaning, seem to be independent causes of burnout, a term that describes a condition of professional exhaustion. It is not synonymous with 'job stress', 'fatigue', 'alienation' or 'depression'. Burnout is more common than generally believed and may affect every aspect of the individual's functioning, have a deleterious effect on interpersonal and family relationships and lead to a negative attitude towards life in general. Empirical research suggests that burnout and depression are separate entities, although they may share several 'qualitative' characteristics, especially in the more severe forms of burnout, and in vulnerable individuals, low levels of satisfaction derived from their everyday work. These final issues need further clarification and should be the focus of future clinical research.
The use of Internet-based questionnaires for collection of data to evaluate patient education and other interventions has increased in recent years. Many self-report instruments have been validated using paper-and-pencil versions, but we cannot assume that the psychometric properties of an Internet-based version will be identical.
To look at similarities and differences between the Internet versions and the paper-and-pencil versions of 16 existing self-report instruments useful in evaluation of patient interventions.
Participants were recruited via the Internet and volunteered to participate (N=397), after which they were randomly assigned to fill out questionnaires online or via mailed paper-and-pencil versions. The self-report instruments measured were overall health, health distress, practice mental stress management, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability, illness intrusiveness, activity limitations, visual numeric for pain, visual numeric for shortness of breath, visual numeric for fatigue, self-efficacy for managing disease, aerobic exercise, stretching and strengthening exercise, visits to MD, hospitalizations, hospital days, and emergency room visits. Means, ranges, and confidence intervals are given for each instrument within each type of questionnaire. The results from the two questionnaires were compared using both parametric and non-parametric tests. Reliability tests were given for multi-item instruments. A separate sample (N=30) filled out identical questionnaires over the Internet within a few days and correlations were used to assess test-retest reliability.
Out of 16 instruments, none showed significant differences when the appropriate tests were used. Construct reliability was similar within each type of questionnaire, and Internet test-retest reliability was high. Internet questionnaires required less follow-up to achieve a slightly (non-significant) higher completion rate compared to mailed questionnaires.
Among a convenience sample recruited via the Internet, results from those randomly assigned to Internet participation were at least as good as, if not better than, among those assigned mailed questionnaires, with less recruitment effort required. The instruments administered via the Internet appear to be reliable, and to be answered similarly to the way they are answered when they are administered via traditional mailed paper questionnaires.
Intense work demands, limited control, and a high degree of work-home interference abound in residency training programs and should strongly predispose resident physicians to burnout as they do other health care professionals. This article reviews studies in the medical literature that address the level of burnout and associated personal and work factors, health and performance issues, and resources and interventions in residents. MEDLINE and PubMed databases were searched for peer-reviewed, English-language studies reporting primary data on burnout or dimensions of burnout among residents, published between 1983 and 2004, using combinations of the Medical Subject Heading terms burnout, professional, emotional exhaustion, cynicism, depersonalization and internship and residency, housestaff, intern, resident, or physicians in training and by examining reference lists of retrieved articles for relevant studies. A total of 15 heterogeneous articles on resident burnout were thus identified. The studies suggest that burnout levels are high among residents and may be associated with depression and problematic patient care. However, currently available data are insufficient to identify causal relationships and do not support using demographic or personality characteristics to identify at-risk residents. Moreover, given the heterogeneous nature and limitations of the available studies, as well as the importance of having rigorous data to understand and prevent resident burnout, large, prospective studies are needed.
Depression and burnout are common health problems in working populations today. They appear to be interrelated, and the need for their differential diagnosis has been highlighted in many reviews. We analysed the overlap of job-related burnout and depressive disorders, i.e., major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and minor depressive disorder.
We used the population-based 'Health 2000 Study' in Finland. Our nationally representative sample comprised 3276 employees aged 30-64 years. Burnout was assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey. Diagnoses of depressive disorders were based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
Burnout and depressive disorders were clearly related. The risk of depressive disorders, especially major depressive disorder (12-month prevalence), was greater when burnout was severe. Half of the participants with severe burnout had some depressive disorder. Those with a current major depressive episode suffered from serious burnout more often than those who had suffered a major depressive episode earlier.
This study was cross-sectional.
The concepts of burnout and depression complement each other and cover partly overlapping phenomena. Depressive disorders are related to job-related burnout, particularly when it is severe. A current major depressive episode is likely to be associated with the experience of burnout. When encountering working patients, it is recommended to assess both the occurrence of burnout and of depressive disorders.
A recent increase in long-term sick leave (LTSL) in Sweden affects mostly women in the public sector. Depression-related diagnoses account for most of the increase, and work-related stress has been implicated.
We examined dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone (dex/CRH) test responses, magnetic resonance imaging measures of prefrontocortical and hippocampal volumes, and cognitive performance in 29 female subjects fulfilling three core criteria: 1) LTSL > 90 days; 2) unipolar depression or maladaptive stress reaction with depressed mood; 3) job-related stress given as a reason for disability. This group was compared with 28 healthy matched controls.
The cortisol response to CRH differed markedly between the two groups (p = .002), with a dampened response in patients. This difference remained after removing subjects on antidepressant drugs (p = .006) or smokers (p = .003). Neither hippocampal nor prefrontocortical volumes differed. Performance on hippocampus-dependent declarative memory tests did not differ between groups, but the LTSL group had impaired working memory.
Our most salient finding is an attenuated dex-CRH response in patients on LTSL due to job-stress related depression. This is opposite to what has been described in major depression. It remains to be established whether this impairment is the end result of prolonged stress exposure, or a pre-existing susceptibility factor.
Burning out: A framework Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research
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Assessment of depression Handbook of Depression
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Nezu AM, Nezu CM, Friedman J, et al. (2009) Assessment of depression. In: Gotlib IH and Hammen CL (eds) Handbook of Depression. (2nd edn). New York: Guilford Press, pp. 44–68.
Maslach Burn-out Inventory Manual (2nd edn)
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Maslach C and Jackson SE (1986) Maslach Burn-out Inventory Manual (2nd edn). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Maslach C, Jackson SE and Leiter MP (1996) Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual. (3rd edn).
Burn-Out: The High Cost of High Achievement
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