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Chapter 7 Linking Resilience Planning to Hyogo Framework for Action in Cities
Abstract
The international agenda on disaster risk reduction (DRR) advanced significantly in the last two decades. In the late 1980s, increasing losses in development gains from disasters prompted a global movement toward DRR. The United Nations declared the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) to contribute to technical and scientific buy-in and to make DRR agenda imperative. The “Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action” adopted at the first United Nations World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR) in 1994 through the mid-review of IDNDR provided the first blueprint for disaster reduction policy guidance focusing on social and community orientation. At the end of the IDNDR in 1999, the United Nations General Assembly established International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) as the successor mechanism of IDNDR within the United Nations to promote increased commitment to DRR and strong linkages to sustainable development.
... Documentary content analysis is the most suitable analytical tool for qualitative studies with secondary data [17,18]. [19,20,21,22] Electrical installation safety Telecommunications emergency system Availability of alternative telecommunications [19,23,24,25] Clean water of emergency system Availability and adequacy of alternative clean water capacity [19, 26, This study is conducted through several stages-first, identification of national and local regulations related to building emergency infrastructure regulation used in an emergency. There are ten regulations at the national level and two regulations at the city level. ...
... The building's electrical system includes electrical supplies, connection panels, electricity distribution networks, electrical equipment, and installations. A city's electrical resilience has electricity in critical conditions [19,20]. Building owners must provide supplies during normal and emergency conditions based on regulation from Ministry of Public Works Regulation No. 29/PRT/M/2006 and No. 26/PRT/M/2008. ...
The high potential impact of an earthquake in Surabaya City increases the urgency of the city to prepare for the emergency due to the earthquake event. One of them is to equip the landowners with building emergency infrastructures to ensure disaster survivors can meet daily needs during emergencies. The proposed emergency infrastructures are building emergency utilities, emergency facilities, and building evacuation systems. The proposed emergency infrastructures should also be accessed by the building residents and all the communities surrounding the buildings. Those additional proposed emergency infrastructures complement current building regulations in Surabaya. Therefore, modifying current building regulations may fasten up the city in providing emergency infrastructures on a city scale.
... T. Friedman (2011) In the 1980s, international development officials and researchers gained an early understanding about the impacts of disasters on development projects (Matsuoka and Shaw, 2011). ...
... Notably, this conference had been scheduled before, and held shortly after, the Indian Ocean Tsunami, drawing global attention to the shortcomings of DRR efforts. HFA had a ten-year mandate and the mechanism for accomplishing its work was the UN's 1999 International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) (Matsuoka and Shaw 2011). The UN explains ISDR: ...
... Since the impacts of disasters are immediately and intensively felt at the local levels, local DRR actions are being called. Therefore, the most effective process in which the HFA would be implemented is at the local level (Matsuoka and Shaw, 2011). As the follow up, Local-Stakeholders HFA (LHFA) is developed in facilitating local governments and its stakeholders to translate the words of key priorities into actions. ...
... Considering other DRR tools developed so far, CDRI-HFA linkages provides an overall and holistic assessment of the tasks required to implement HFA. In addition, CDRI-HFA linkages also provide guidance to the Local Government on how short-term, mid-term and long-term priorities lead to HFA implementation (Matsuoka and Shaw, 2011). CDRI and CBRI (The Community-Based Risk Index) measure on different thematic areas: physical/demographic, social, environmental, and economic vulnerability whereas it has been noticed that the LGSAT question indicators stressed more on financial resources than social development plans and policies. ...
Disaster risk reduction has been the call of the hour with the increasing incidences of disasters across the world and Local Governments are the first line of response and defense to disasters. With a number of other projects and initiatives functioning across the world, “Making Cities Resilient—My city is getting ready” is one of the recent and most important international disaster risk reduction campaigns initiated by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction along with other partners. The campaign provides a self-assessment tool to the Local Governments that can help them in identifying their gaps and challenges. The main aim of this paper is to critically analyze the Local Government Self-Assessment Tool and the indicators (derived from Hyogo Framework for Action) formulated in this campaign and provide suggestion for improvement in it. Anomalies have been observed in the questionnaire and it can be interpreted that the question indicators mainly aimed at the access of financial resources, thus overlooking the social aspects of the vulnerable and affected population. The paper emphasized the assessment of the answers to the questions to be more quantitative than being qualitative, which will assist the decision makers in effective policy planning and management.
... Simply staging public awareness campaigns may not suffice, as they may not lead to tangible changes in behaviour. Hence, it is crucial to ensure that risk assessment data and institutional arrangements effectively influence behaviour at all levels to enhance risk management (Matsuoka and Shaw 2011). ...
Background: South Africa, like many other nations, faces a myriad of natural and man-made
... Droughts can persist for a shorter period of time such as weeks but on other hand can continue for several years affecting all the sectors particularly water resources and agriculture production. When it is compared with other disasters in terms of damage, drought is the one where 2.8 billion have been affected and 1.3 million human lives were lost around the globe [3]. Drought is a spatial phenomenon affecting certain sectors directly such as agriculture, economy; at the same time, it does have indirect effects as well. ...
Drought is an extreme and frequently occurring natural hazard, which affects the livelihoods of millions of people across the globe and is considered as one of the most damaging natural disasters in economic, social and environmental terms. The contemporary data on climate in Pakistan indicates that, the country has witnessed severity and frequency of drought due to raise in temperature and the adverse effects of EI Nino and decrease in the rainfall intensity over a long period of time. The main purpose of the current study was to assess the socioeconomic impacts of drought in district Pishin, Balochisatn. Primary data was collected through questionnaire survey from farm households. To achieve the objectives of the study, different questions related to drought were asked from 377 respondents in the four Patwar circles of Tahseel Karizat. Paired sample T-Test is used to determine the socioeconomic impacts of drought in the study area. Results revealed that drought has severally affected the Major fruits tree, fruits production and economy of the farmers. Results of the study also confirm that, almost 21% people have permanently migrated from their native places towards urban areas to find out the alternate sources of income. The Study recommends that, government should have a proactive approach to empower farmer's financial capacities, inform farmers about climate change impact through workshops at community level and enhance adaptation strategies of farmers against the climate change impacts in the context of drought.
... Disaster preparedness is a key element to resilient health systems [16,17] and has been emphasized as a global priority from the UN and others [17][18][19]. Although considerable effort has been devoted to better disaster planning [20], there is still little evidence to support disaster planning and disaster risk reduction activities in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) [17,21]. ...
Introduction
Natural disasters pose a great challenge to the health systems and individual health facilities. In low-resource settings, disaster preparedness systems are often limited and not been well described. Two devastating earthquakes hit Nepal within a 17-days period in 2015. This study aims to describe the burden and distribution of emergency cases to a local hospital.
Methods
This is a prospective observational study of patients presenting to a local hospital for a period of 21 days following the earthquake on April 25, 2015. Demographic and clinical information was prospectively registered for all patients in the systematic emergency registry. Systematic telephone interviews were conducted in a random sample of the patients 90 days after admission to the hospital.
Results
A total of 2,003 emergency patients were registered during the period. The average daily number of emergency patients during the first five days was almost five times higher (n = 150) than the pre-incident daily average (n = 35). The majority of injuries were fractures (58%), 348 (56%) in the lower extremities. A total of 345 surgical procedures were performed and the hospital treated 111 patients with severe injuries related to the earthquake (compartment syndrome, crush injury, and internal injury). Among those with follow-up interviews, over 90% reported that they had been severely affected by the earthquakes; complete house damage, living in temporary shelter, or loss of close family member.
Conclusion
The hospital experienced a very high caseload during the first days, and the majority of patients needed orthopaedic services. The proportion of severely injured and in-hospital deaths were relatively low, probably indicating that the most severely injured did not reach the hospital in time. The experiences underline the need for robust and easily available local health services that can respond to disasters.
... The vast majority of existing studies that address these policies are more traditional in scope, not coming from critical traditions. They deal with the way in which concepts such as vulnerability Birkmann & Wisner, 2006;Vink & Takeuchi, 2013) and resilience (Djalante & Thomalla, 2011;Matsuoka & Shaw, 2011) are defined, operationalized, and measured in one or both of the UN frameworks, as well as the extent to which they have been implemented at national and local levels, underlining progress and challenges (e.g., Djalante, Thomalla, Sinapoy, & Carnegie, 2012;Enia, 2013;Jensen, Feldmann-Jensen, Johnston, & Brown, 2015;Manyena et al., 2013;Matsuoka & Shaw, 2012;Matsuoka, Sharma, & Shaw, 2009;Olowu, 2010;Stanganelli, 2008). Thus, there is a knowledge gap regarding how disasters are represented and problematized within these frameworks, as well as what understanding of disasters these policies reproduce. ...
Disasters are a growing international concern that has spurred the development of political
strategies and policies from international to local levels. This paper analyzes how disasters are
constructed as a policy problem within the UN global strategy for disaster risk reduction.
Building on a social constructivist view of policy problems, we analyze how disasters and
disaster risks are being represented through these global policies, while we also pay attention to
what this representation excludes and de-emphasizes. We show that the UN strategy is mostly
concerned with adjusting or adapting societies to hazards, and managing risks, rather than
addressing the social processes that render people vulnerable to those hazards. The predominant
concern with technological and managerial solutions eclipses the need for changes in the social
structures that create disaster risks. We argue that the understanding of disasters represented in
the UN strategy supports an emerging holistic paradigm. However, we also argue that the holism
it represents is limited rather than radical. By making visible what is excluded or not properly
problematized in this representation, we point to the complexity of the task and show where its
limitations lie.
... Resilience capacity and ability of cities to resist against shock, to be survived, adapt, achieve balance after the occurrence of crisis and rapid passing it (38) Capacity to accept Change ...
ABSTRACT
Despite the passage of more than three decades from conducting primary researches on
resilience of cities, yet this concept lacks a comprehensive and operational understanding in
various scientific fields, including disasters management. Most of existing contradictions on
the meaning of urban resilience is resulting from cognitive tendencies, methodological
methods, and existing basic conceptual differences, as well as viewpoints focusing on
research in ecological, social systems or a combination of both.A city will be considered fully
resilient when all indices, components and dimensions of resilience in that city to be placed in
a better situation and are in growth and promotion mode. Perhaps an uneven promotion of
different dimensions of turban resilience will not be much led to resilience of totality of a city
and its people. Leading social - economic dimension as a dimension that has the most
relationship with people and citizens is very important in resilience of cities. The aim of this
research is to examine the social and economic dimensions, approaches and concepts of
resilient city as one of the new approaches in the field of reducing vulnerability and
promoting crisis management. This research is a review study, which has been collected and
investigated and analyzed from various library and documentary resources.
Keywords: dimensions, approach, resilience, disasters, urban societies
... Resilience capacity and ability of cities to resist against shock, to be survived, adapt, achieve balance after the occurrence of crisis and rapid passing it (38) Capacity to accept Change ...
ABSTRACT
Despite the passage of more than three decades from conducting primary researches on
resilience of cities, yet this concept lacks a comprehensive and operational understanding in
various scientific fields, including disasters management. Most of existing contradictions on
the meaning of urban resilience is resulting from cognitive tendencies, methodological
methods, and existing basic conceptual differences, as well as viewpoints focusing on
research in ecological, social systems or a combination of both.A city will be considered fully
resilient when all indices, components and dimensions of resilience in that city to be placed in
a better situation and are in growth and promotion mode. Perhaps an uneven promotion of
different dimensions of turban resilience will not be much led to resilience of totality of a city
and its people. Leading social - economic dimension as a dimension that has the most
relationship with people and citizens is very important in resilience of cities. The aim of this
research is to examine the social and economic dimensions, approaches and concepts of
resilient city as one of the new approaches in the field of reducing vulnerability and
promoting crisis management. This research is a review study, which has been collected and
investigated and analyzed from various library and documentary resources.
Keywords: dimensions, approach, resilience, disasters, urban societies
... The Yokohama strategy and plan of action adopted at the first United Nations World Conference on Disaster Reduction in 1994 [24]. At the end of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) in 1999, the United Nations General Assembly established International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) as the successor mechanism of IDNDR to promote increased commitment to disaster risk reduction and strong linkages to sustainable development [25]. After the catastrophic event of Indian Ocean Tsunami, the second World Conference on Disaster Reduction was held in 2005 in Kobe and come up with a stronger political commitment on disaster risk reduction, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. ...
Floods are regarded as the most catastrophic natural dangers globally owing to the greater intensity of the damage they cause. Understanding risk perception is essential for implementing the proper catastrophe risk mitigation techniques. Flood dangers in linked rivers with the downstream and upstream flow are caused mainly by glacier melting and repeated rainfall cycles. In the event of flood dangers, Pakistan saw the worst flash floods in 2022, which resulted in a 10 billion dollar economic loss and destroyed 2 million hectares of cropland. It harmed the nation’s 24 million inhabitants. Due to its location in an area prone to hazards and frequent flooding, Pakistan has been categorized as one of the world’s most hazard-affected nations during the past 20 years. To help flood victims meet their urgent social requirements, this paper discusses shared demands and the significance of addressing their sociological needs. For this reason, the planning, preparation, and execution of morally based and culturally sensitive post-disaster social care delivery are evaluated. Social workers and socio-political analysts have a joint obligation to play. The ability, opportunity, and speed with which people, families, organizations, and communities recover from the destruction that follows a disaster are given special attention.
The Republic of the Philippines is one of most exposed countries in the world to many “natural” hazards: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunami, lahar flows, typhoons, flooding, landslides, and sea level rise. Earthquake risks make Metro Manila especially vulnerable, due to the high population density and the poor quality of buildings, partly linked to corruption. This chapter examines the current policies to reduce risk in the metropolis and the scales of vulnerability, both at the national, regional, community and individual levels, focusing on the resilience of people and society when confronted with danger. Their vulnerability is heightened with several forms of environmental degradation, such as deforestation, soil impoverishments, mining impacts, all favoring landslides and floods, as well as the loss in biodiversity, both in maritime and land areas. Despite the establishment of protected areas and natural parks, adaptation to climate change and mitigation of damage remains difficult and requires building up a better institutional resilience.
Human security is an emerging concept that has gained interest in the last 15 years. Human security is concerned with reducing and, when possible, removing the insecurities that plague human lives. The human development approach, pioneered by visionary economist Mahbub ul Haq (under the broad umbrella of the United Nations Development Programme), has done much to enrich and broaden development literature. Human development is concerned with the removal of various hindrances that restrain and restrict human lives and prevent people from thriving. Human security is a concept that supplements the expansionist perspective of human development by focusing on what are sometimes called the “downside risks”. Human security, like human development, highlights the social dimension of sustainable development’s three pillars: environment, economy, and society. Although there are recent investigations on the broader perspective of human security from a “security” perspective, there are very few investigations on the community dimension of human security. This chapter summarizes some of the emerging issues at the community level, focusing on the urban context, and provides examples of tools and approaches of community involvement at the city level. Citing examples from an Asian context, the chapter focuses on innovation in community approaches to enhance support for disaster risk reduction and environmental improvements, thereby contributing to human security.
Disaster is a function of hazard, vulnerability and capacity. The subject of disaster has evolved over time, and the concept of risk reduction is an accepted trend globally in this regard. A number of recent literatures and reports supported the accelerated paradigm shift from response to disaster risk reduction in different countries. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) has promoted the integrated concept of disaster risk reduction through five priority areas, known as Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA: 2005–2015). HFA is considered as the global framework of risk reduction, agreed by UN member states, with specific targets. Since the adoption of the HFA in 2005, a certain progress has been made in HFA implementation by national governments with support from international and regional agencies. At the same time, the need for comprehensive DRR approach, thus HFA implementation at local level, has been strongly recognized. Effective DRR relies on the efforts of many different stakeholders, including UN agencies, regional and international organizations, CSOs, private sectors, media and academics. The collaboration and cooperation among all stakeholders is crucial in order to improve the resilience of communities. Thus, local level implementation and multi-stakeholder collaboration are considered as the key aspects of disaster risk reduction.
This paper reviews relevant literature on vulnerability and resilience indicators, which are theoretically proposed, applied and empirically tested by scholars over the last few decades. Vulnerability and resilience are implicitly connected to each other along with the adaptive capacities of communities that are confronted with disasters. The indicators for vulnerability and resilience assessment are used interchangeably by a number of scholars. The assessment of vulnerability and resilience has been a great challenge to researchers in selecting indicators from national to community level, and deciding on assessment method. The literature also does not provide any standardised assessment method. This paper presents the existing sets of indicators for vulnerability and resilience, based on intensive literature review and proposes operational indicators as applied by many scholars, and some are also verified by the authors in the context of earthquake prone area of Baluchistan. Finally, the indicators link the implications with the disaster risk reduction, which is the current thrust in disaster management practices by fostering a paradigm shift from hazard assessment to vulnerability, and building resilient community in line with the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review the challenges for disaster risk reduction (DRR) by local governments and local implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) as the global DRR guideline.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on a survey on 20 tasks identified in “A guide for implementing HFA by local stakeholders”, HFA implementation by local government is analyzed to identify priorities and the gaps. The target group for the detail analysis was the Makati city DRR coordinating council (MCDRRCC).
Findings
The survey reviewed how multi‐stakeholders involved in local DRR perceive these HFA 20 tasks, which revealed trends and gaps within their work. The result showed that Makati currently places more emphasis on HFA 1, but revealed some gaps in the area of HFA 4. While suggesting a set of recommended actions for Makati, the analysis also revealed how these gaps were addressed in its recent action plan. MDRRCC demonstrated a case for local platform for DRR in terms implementing the actions and addressing the challenges through proper coordination among stakeholders.
Research limitations/implications
Since local HFA implementation is relevantly new area, its applicability needs to be examined further considering linkages between national and local governments.
Originality/value
This paper is unique since the original data were collected from the survey. Makati city case proposes a model of local platform for comprehensive DRR actions along with HFA, which provides value added approach contributing to the ISDR Campaign. The case of Makati provides an on‐going model process of a local platform for DRR which can be leant by other local government for possible replication.
Results derived from the Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI)-consisting of five dimensions (economic, institutional, natural, physical, and social), 25 parameters, and 125 variables-reflect the abilities of people and institutions to respond to potential climate-related disasters in Chennai, India. The findings of this assessment, applied in the 10 administrative zones of the city, reveal that communities living in the northern and older parts of Chennai have lower overall resilience as compared to the flourishing areas (vis-à-vis economic growth and population) along the urban fringes. The higher resilience of communities along the urban fringes suggests that urbanisation may not necessarily lead to a deterioration of basic urban services, such as electricity, housing, and water. This indication is confirmed by a strong statistical correlation between physical resilience and population growth in Chennai. The identification of the resilience of different urban areas of Chennai has the potential to support future planning decisions on the city's scheduled expansion.
Globally, there has been an increase in the prevalence and scale of disasters with low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) tending to be more affected. Consequently, disaster risk reduction has been advocated as a global priority. However, the evidence base for disaster management in these settings is unclear.
This study is a scoping review of the evidence base for disaster management in LMIC. Potentially relevant articles between 1990 and 2011 were searched for, assessed for relevance and subsequently categorised using a thematic coding framework based on the US Integrated Emergency Management System model.
Out of 1545 articles identified, only 178 were from LMIC settings. Most were of less robust design such as event reports and commentaries, and 66% pertained to natural disasters. There was a paucity of articles on disaster mitigation or recovery, and more were written on disaster response and preparedness issues.
Considerably more articles were published from high-income country settings that may reflect a publication bias. Current grey literature on disaster management tends not to be peer reviewed, is not well organised and not easy to access. The paucity of peer-reviewed publications compromises evidence review initiatives that seek to provide an evidence-base for disaster management in LMIC. As such, there is an urgent need for greater research and publication of findings on disaster management issues from these settings.
This study addresses the need for women risk communication and highlights the potential role of Women Welfare Associations (WWAs) of Bandung, Indonesia, as risk communicators. A risk communication framework is modeled for women’s risk communication process. A set of indicators in social, institutional, and economic resilience activities (SIERAs), with a scope of 45 activities covering three different disaster periods, were developed to characterize the delivery process of risk information by women in WWAs through their activities at sub-district and ward levels. The data were collected through a questionnaire survey method using the risk communication SIERA approach. Women’s leaders at wards were surveyed concerning their perceptions on these 45 scopes of SIERA, ongoing activities, and their risk information source and dissemination process. Correlation analysis was applied to determine the relationship between the variables such as periods of disaster, types of activities (social, institutional, economic), and attributing factors (location, population, and education institution) in finding variations in risk communication activity that functions for women and communities. Five risk communication processes of WWAs are identified and implemented that work for women in Bandung. When their perceptions and ongoing activities are compared, activities such as dissemination of disaster risk information, conveying early warnings to their peers, and involvement of the local government have been confirmed to match the risk communication plans and implementation of WWAs. These indicate that WWAs’ activities in Bandung implement a certain degree of risk communication that is embedded in their activities. The results confirm that women through their social networks can become active agents of change and thus act beyond their usual domestic roles and responsibilities in order to contribute to the overall enhancement of community resilience.
The study addresses disaster risks in Delhi through a resilience approach. It utilizes the Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI) tool, which assesses disaster resilience from five dimensions: physical, social, economic, institutional, and natural. Each dimension comprises 5 parameters, and each parameter consists of 5 variables. The study is carried out in the nine revenue districts of Delhi and reveals that East Delhi is least resilient and New Delhi is most resilient. The CDRI analysis in East Delhi points out the urgent need to focus on key parameters such as housing and land use, population, intensity and frequency of natural hazards, ecosystem services, and land use in natural terms. On the other hand, New Delhi is the most resilient due to all five dimensions, where most significant parameters responsible for its high resilience are housing and land use, population, income, employment, intensity and frequency of natural hazards, ecosystem services, and land use in natural terms. In addition, the overall results of all nine districts show an inverse relationship between resilience score and population density. For example, districts with higher population density show low resilience and vice versa. Moreover, districts located on hazard-prone areas show low resilience. For example, East Delhi and North East Delhi scored low resilience because they both are situated on the Yamuna flood catchment areas. The study further develops key suggestions that are required to address disaster risk in all nine districts of Delhi and discusses future implications of CDRI to address city’s vulnerability. The approach’s distinctness is reflected through its consideration of micro-level diversities and presents some implications to resilience.
Over years, the concept of dealing with urban risk has changed. While in 1970s urbanization was equal to industrialization and physical infrastructure development, 1980s focused on sustainable development and urban growth. In 1990s, new concept of eco-city and resilient cities came into practice, and in 2000, urban ecosystem concept became more popular. There are possibly two or three key issues that can be incurred from this evolution process: first, urban issues are becoming complex and urban boundaries extending beyond the traditional city or administrative boundaries. For resources (natural, food, human, energy, water), cities need to depend more on rural areas. Urban–rural linkage issues are getting increasing importance. Second, while dealing with the urban problems, traditional physical and economic approaches have limitations in solving this issue; rather, more ecosystem-based approach or the environment disaster interface needs to be focused. Third, due to climatic changes, urban areas are increasingly becoming more fragile, and the deep impacts are on the poor and vulnerable communities living in the informal settlements.
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