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What motivates ecopreneurs to start businesses?
Abstract
Purpose – Ecopreneurs are those entrepreneurs who start for-profit businesses with strong underlying green values and who sell green products or services. This is an emerging field where research is still in its infancy. Research has been called for to understand the factors that motivate these ecopreneurs to start businesses – and that is the focus of this study. The aim of this paper is to compare the findings with results of extant literature on entrepreneurial motivations. Design/methodology/approach – This study comprises 14 in-depth case studies of ecopreneurial companies in New Zealand in 2008. Participants were interviewed in a face-to-face, semi-structured format. In total, 88 secondary sources such as media reports, industry statistics, and information from company web sites were also collected. Findings – Ecopreneurs were motivated by five factors: their green values; earning a living; passion; being their own boss; and seeing a gap in the market. Ecopreneurs appear to have quite similar motivations to entrepreneurs in general, aside from their green motivations. They had lower level financial motivations than have been found in prior research on entrepreneurs. The ecopreneurs were primarily pulled into entrepreneurship, which bodes well for their ongoing success. The paper presents a number of contributions to both the ecopreneurship and entrepreneurship literatures. Research limitations/implications – The small sample is a potential limitation and the country context may also influence the findings. Originality/value – This is one of the largest samples of ecopreneurs to date. Given the emerging nature of the field of ecopreneurship, this study's conclusions require further research and testing. A total of 11 such suggestions for future research are made.
... Ecopreneurs are entrepreneurs who run their businesses based on sustainable principles. This means that in their business practices, they do not only think about short-term financial gain, but are also involved in environmental conservation [4]. Ecopreneurs are individuals who have an entrepreneurial spirit, which is built on the principle of sustainability [5]. ...
... In line with this, [21] argues that environmental commitment determines the perspective and assessment of ecological economic actors regarding potential resources and opportunities. [4] have a broad field of work, stating that ecopreneurs are entrepreneurs who prioritize the principle of sustainability in establishing new businesses. [22], when discussing ecopreneurial organizations, emphasizes the commitment of the organization, and [7] underlines that ecopreneurs can be considered as drivers of change. ...
... Ecological values: the entrepreneur's personal goals and values are very important factors in determining the company's goals and behavior [72], where personal values are enduring beliefs [73]. The three principles of sustainability, namely: ecology, society and economy, are the basis for action for ecopreneurs [35,4]. Ecological values can encourage the intention to minimize negative ecological impacts. ...
Ecopreneurship is about producing environmentally friendly products and technologies, where innovation and market orientation align with sustainability and ecological awareness. Ecopreneurship is important because environmental innovation is a potential competitive advantage. However, there are still many parties who do not know, understand, apply, and practice the principles of ecopreneurship properly, which can create sustainable businesses. No comprehensive research on ecopreneurship principles has been conducted. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively explore the principles of ecopreneurship for sustainable business practices. This research uses a library research method using critical analysis techniques. Researchers review various reputable references that discuss ecopreneurship, then conduct an in-depth analysis of ecopreneurship to find its principles. After many ecopreneurship principles were discovered, these ecopreneurship principles were then categorized into main principles. The research results explain that ecopreneurship concept is based on three pillars, namely: innovation, concern for the environment, and long-term sustainability. The research results found 28 ecopreneurship principles which were categorized into 6 main principles: environmental principles, business principles, ethical principles, benefit to society principles, circular economy principles, and sustainable principles. By implementing ecopreneurship principles comprehensively, it will contribute to community development (through the benefit to society principles). This will create a circular economic model (through the circular economy principles), so that it will increase sustainable business (through sustainable principles). This research can be used as a practical recommendation for entrepreneurs and policy makers, and it is hoped that future research areas can investigate how the principles of ecopreneurship are applied in various industries.
... according to Wang et al. (2021), green entrepreneurial motivation is the key to promoting ecopreneurship. Kirkwood and Walton (2010) identify some aspects that encourage business owners to involve themselves in eco-friendly business, i.e. green values, market opportunities, earning a living, working for oneself, and passion for business. Further, lăzăroiu et al. (2020) suggest that the adoption of ecologically responsible practices exhibits a positive correlation with corporate sustainability performance metrics. ...
... persons with better environmental awareness are inclined to create green entrepreneurial and become eco-friendly entrepreneurs (awallia & Famiola, 2021;chu et al., 2021;Middermann et al., 2020;sardianou et al., 2016;soomro et al., 2020). Entrepreneurs' personal value orientation also strongly influences their motivation to start an environmentally friendly business; indeed, in many cases, eco-entrepreneurship' initial goal is to spread ecological values, increase consumer alertness of green expenditure, and reach the goals of sustainable business (Kirkwood & Walton, 2010). the realization of environmental values and awareness, therefore, affects the motivation for green expenditure, and this, in turn, affects their behaviors, choices, and even intentions (Wang et al., 2021). ...
... this is because self-efficacy influences the setting of higher goals, persistence in the face of obstacles, and resilience to setbacks (rayyan et al., 2023)-all crucial traits for motivation in the challenging realm of sustainable business. Moreover, motivation in the context of green business is often driven by a desire to achieve environmental goals alongside economic ones (Kirkwood & Walton, 2010;. Entrepreneurs who believe in their ability to make a positive environmental impact through their business practices will likely develop a strong intrinsic motivation to pursue such paths. ...
Women have been identified as critical actors for sustainable entrepreneurship. This study aims to assess women’s ecopreneur intentions by employing the theory of planned behavior. Survey data was collected from 158 females in Indonesia’s small and medium enterprises (SMEs) sector. The results of partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) revealed that self-efficacy and environmental awareness positively impact sustainable entrepreneurial inclinations. Aside from this, these findings indicate that green entrepreneurial motivation plays a vital role in mediating the relationship between self-efficacy, ecological awareness, and the tendency to develop environmentally friendly enterprises. Surrounded by the COVID-19 outbreak, this study implied that the pandemic significantly influences green entrepreneurship self-efficacy and natural consciousness among businesswomen. The results of studies advance the academic debate on the contribution of women in inclusive and sustainable development. Further, it could assist planners and policymakers in strengthening women entrepreneurs’ sustainable business models that allow them to capture opportunities and shape their post-pandemic futures.
... In recent years, green entrepreneurs have emerged as a new category of entrepreneur that deserves much greater academic attention than they have received so far. In the late 1990s, researchers began paying attention to the field of green entrepreneurs (Kirkwood and Walton, 2010). Globally scholars describe green or eco entrepreneurs from different perspectives. ...
... It might be renewable energy technologies, for instance (O'Neill and Gibbs, 2016:13). They produce and market green products or services to consumers (Kirkwood and Walton, 2010). Vasilescu, et al. (2022) found green entrepreneurs as essential pillars of sustainable economic growth. ...
... Notwithstanding the apparent increasing of publications, some scholars classified green entrepreneurship as a field of research that is in its infancy (Kirkwood and Walton, 2010;Muo and Azeez, 2019). It can underline that commonly accepted definition on green entrepreneurship is a little to find. ...
The idea of a green entrepreneur emerged in response to environmental
worries about issues like climate change, pollution, resource shortages,
ozone layer depletion, global warming, and other natural disasters brought
on the result of ecosystem disruption.
Based on an analysis of 644 papers from the WOS database, the primary
points of this chapter are to establish main outlines on green. The results
contribute to discover influential researches, determine prospective topics for
future research, and make green entrepreneurship data more available for
academia and decision-makers. In order to reach aims of the study we
decided to use bibliometric analysis.
... When individuals intend to attain goals that conflict with each other, evaluating their intention to achieve one goal but not evaluating intention associated with the other goal produces relatively low intention-behavior correlation (Ajzen and Dasgupta, 2015). Venâncio and Pinto (2020) and Kirkwood and Walton (2010) point out that there is little knowledge about the extent to which, and under what conditions, entrepreneurs have the ability to achieve business growth and environmental goals in the same plan. The simultaneous existence of business growth and sustainable goals remains a poorly understood phenomenon (Horne and Fichter, 2022). ...
... Entrepreneurial motivations are particularly discriminating for studying EI (Le Loarne Lemaire et al., 2022). More precisely, Santini (2017) and Kirkwood and Walton (2010) claim that classification distinguishing push and pull motivations is highly adopted in ecopreneurial studies. Venâncio and Pinto (2020) assert that Reynolds et al.'s (2002) entrepreneurial motivations dichotomy influences entrepreneurs to create sustainable businesses. ...
... This can be argued by the fact that opportunity entrepreneurs are more oriented to the long-term and positive impact of their activities. In comparison to opportunity entrepreneurs, necessity entrepreneurs make a higher contribution to environment pollution; they are less oriented to environmental protection (Venâncio and Pinto, 2020;Kirkwood and Walton, 2010) because they have less time and fewer resources in terms of capital and knowledge. Moreover, necessity-based entrepreneurs are more concerned with daily economic survival than with longer-term issues (Reynolds et al., 2002). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate whether business growth intention (BGI) and entrepreneurial motivations enhance the explanatory power of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict environmental intention (EI) among nascent entrepreneurs.
Design/methodology/approach
In the context of nascent entrepreneurship, the authors collected data from 193 nascent entrepreneurs in France. To test the hypotheses, stepwise multiple regression was performed.
Findings
The results show that BGI has a positive influence on EI. This indicates that it is possible for French nascent entrepreneurs to plan the simultaneous pursuit of business growth and environmental goals. However, entrepreneurial motivations have a mixed effect on EI. If necessity motivations negatively influence EI, opportunity motivations have no significant effect on the latter.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is among the first to extend the TBP model with additional factors, namely, BGI and necessity/opportunity motivations, to study EI. Moreover, the extended TBP model is validated in the under-research context of nascent entrepreneurship.
... While the meaning of green is to apply environment value to the benefit of the people and the earth. Based on (Kirkwood and Walton, 2010), (Kirkwood, Dwyer, and Walton, 2014), one of the motivations in eco-entrepreneur is caused by ethics or green value. While women are assumed to be more potential to succeed in their eco-entrepreneurship (Bhatnagar et al., 2013). ...
... In the double bottom line's concept, (Abina et al., 2015), (Kartika and Ida, 2017) concluded that perceived environment concern impacts on ecoentrepreneurial intention. Referring to (Kirkwood and Walton, 2010), (Abina et al., 2015), (Kartika and Ida, 2017), there is a relation between perceived green values and sustainable entrepreneurial intention. Values or ethics in the eco-friendly environment has a positive impact on attitude, motivation, perception, and entrepreneurial behaviour. ...
... Entrepreneurship education (EDU) consists of three items as referred by (Kaijun and Sholihah, 2015) and (Gelard and Saleh, 2011). Finally, Perceived green value (PGV) consists of three items which are arranged by (Kirkwood and Walton, 2010). The items are presented to be a questionnaire with a scale of 1 (not strongly agree) to 4 (strongly agree). ...
... The business plan contains information such as the amount of capital spent, production costs, marketing strategies, turnover targets, and other details that must be disclosed logically and in detail (Azzahra, 2021;Firmansyah et al., 2019;Ryandono, 2018;Yulianti, 2014). A well-written business plan can add value to seeking credit from a bank, in addition to providing a guide for establishing business lines and assessing progress (Kirkwood & Walton, 2010). The next issue faced by new and novice entrepreneurs is regarding production costs that are not in accordance with the capital owned by the company. ...
... The business plan contains information such as the amount of capital spent, production costs, marketing strategies, turnover targets, and other details that must be disclosed logically and in detail (Azzahra, 2021;Firmansyah et al., 2019;Ryandono, 2018;Yulianti, 2014). A well-written business plan can add value to seeking credit from a bank, in addition to providing a guide for establishing business lines and assessing progress (Kirkwood & Walton, 2010). ...
This community service activity program seeks to teach teachers and students participating in the Teaching Campus MBKM the basics of preparing financial reports. Teachers and students in elementary schools need a basic understanding of the preparation of financial reports to apply the theories learned at school. Training from Lecturers to Teachers and Students at SDN 131 Cijawura and SDN 027 Cicadas Bandung City is the method applied in this community service project. Indonesia's situation is still in the COVID-19 pandemic since March 2020 President Joko Widodo informed that many Indonesian people have contracted COVID-19 until the community service activities were carried out on March 5 2023, the counseling was carried out via zoom sessions. The teachers and students who are currently implementing the government program, namely the Teaching Campus MBKM at SDN 131 Cijawura and SDN 027 Cicadas Bandung City clearly understand the subjects taught by the lecturers, seen from the excitement with which these questions are answered during this counseling activity. This activity is expected to help teachers and students understand how to record and make reports so that they can successfully adapt when entering society and make accountability reports for the MBKM Campus Teaching activities.
... Green entrepreneurship, a distinct subset of entrepreneurship, addresses the creation and implementation of solutions to environmental challenges, with the aim of promoting social change to safeguard the environment. Some argue that green entrepreneurship could represent a new business paradigm rather than just a subset of entrepreneurship because green entrepreneurs harbor broader motivations beyond launching eco-friendly products and services for niche markets (Kirkwood & Walton, 2010). Green entrepreneurship can be conceptualized based on entrepreneurship theories, environmental economics, and welfare economics, positioned as a subset of sustainable entrepreneurship (Dean & McMullen, 2007). ...
... Additionally, these barriers extend to factors such as perceptions of political and technological risks, challenges in scalability, and the protracted payback periods associated with green entrepreneurship (Migendt et al., 2017). Other hindrances can be linked to competencies (Santini, 2017), considerations related to environmental issues and health consciousness (Kirkwood & Walton, 2010), as well as consumer awareness from the perspective of products and services (Walley & Taylor, 2002). Abdullah et al. (2016) note that the barriers to green products, processes, and system innovations are different. ...
This chapter elucidates the significance of innovation in fostering green entrepreneurship and cultivating a resilient, eco-friendly economy. It underscores the three categories of innovation available to green entrepreneurs: product innovation, process innovation, and business model innovation. These avenues empower green entrepreneurs to craft sustainable products and services, enhance operational efficiency, and establish novel markets for eco-friendly goods and services. This chapter also explores green entrepre-neurs' challenges, including lack of funding, limited market demand, and regulatory barriers, provides strategies to overcome these challenges, and discusses the role of public-private partnerships (PPPs) and cross-sector collaboration in promoting green entrepreneurship and sustainable development. It also highlights the benefits of these collaborations, such as access to funding and resources, technical expertise, market development, networks, collaboration, and shared knowledge and expertise. Finally, this chapter emphasizes that green entrepreneurship can be supported through partnerships that combine the strengths and resources of multiple sectors, such as the government, private industry, non-profits, and academia. Ultimately, this chapter provides a roadmap for green entrepreneurs to overcome challenges and leverage collaborations to create sustainable products and services, improve efficiency, and develop new markets for sustainable goods and services.
... The pull factors are commonly regarded in the light of the desire to be independent, personal satisfaction, achievement, a sense of a market opportunity, and the dream of being an entrepreneur (Eijdenberg and Masurel, 2013;Ojiaku et al., 2018;Walker et al., 2008;Kirkwood and Walton, 2010;Carter et al., 2003). Benzing and Chu (2005) investigated motivation discussion that personal satisfaction and achievement motivate entrepreneurs in Ho Chi Minh City. ...
... Moreover, the measurement items of the current study's survey (Appendix) utilise findings from a literature review of previous studies focusing on the mompreneur's motivation, barriers, and business. The four items of personal satisfaction were adapted from Eijdenberg and Masurel (2013), Ojiaku et al. (2018) and Walker et al. (2008), three items for business opportunities were adapted from Gódány et al. (2021), Kirkwood and Walton (2010) and Ojiaku et al. (2018), four items for the dream of being an entrepreneur were adapted from Eijdenberg and Masurel (2013), Ojiaku et al. (2018) and Carter et al. (2003), four items for dissatisfaction in the labour market factor were adapted from Eijdenberg and Masurel (2013), Ojiaku et al. (2018) and Gódány et al. (2021), three items for the family responsibilities were adapted from Eijdenberg and Masurel (2013), Ojiaku et al. (2018) and Okpara (2011), four items for financial needs factor were adapted from Walker et al. (2008), and Okpara (2011), three items for the unemployment factor were adapted from Chu et al. (2007), nine items for measuring educational and training barriers were adapted from Jafarnejad et al. (2013), and 12 items measuring business performance were adapted from Sariwulan et al. (2020). ...
... The pull factors are commonly regarded in the light of the desire to be independent, personal satisfaction, achievement, a sense of a market opportunity, and the dream of being an entrepreneur (Eijdenberg and Masurel, 2013;Ojiaku et al., 2018;Walker et al., 2008;Kirkwood and Walton, 2010;Carter et al., 2003). Benzing and Chu (2005) investigated motivation discussion that personal satisfaction and achievement motivate entrepreneurs in Ho Chi Minh City. ...
... Moreover, the measurement items of the current study's survey (Appendix) utilise findings from a literature review of previous studies focusing on the mompreneur's motivation, barriers, and business. The four items of personal satisfaction were adapted from Eijdenberg and Masurel (2013), Ojiaku et al. (2018) and Walker et al. (2008), three items for business opportunities were adapted from Gódány et al. (2021), Kirkwood and Walton (2010) and Ojiaku et al. (2018), four items for the dream of being an entrepreneur were adapted from Eijdenberg and Masurel (2013), Ojiaku et al. (2018) and Carter et al. (2003), four items for dissatisfaction in the labour market factor were adapted from Eijdenberg and Masurel (2013), Ojiaku et al. (2018) and Gódány et al. (2021), three items for the family responsibilities were adapted from Eijdenberg and Masurel (2013), Ojiaku et al. (2018) and Okpara (2011), four items for financial needs factor were adapted from Walker et al. (2008), and Okpara (2011), three items for the unemployment factor were adapted from Chu et al. (2007), nine items for measuring educational and training barriers were adapted from Jafarnejad et al. (2013), and 12 items measuring business performance were adapted from Sariwulan et al. (2020). ...
... All parties involved have continued to be interested in protecting the ecology. To prevent environmental harm, SE works to create and implement solutions to environmental problems as well as to promote societal change (Kirkwood & Walton, 2010). According to Lotfi et al (2018), SE develops novel goods and technology to address environmental issues. ...
... However, developing green intents is a must for being a green entrepreneur. People with strong intentions for the environment often create cutting-edge environmentally friendly goods and services as well as help raise public awareness of environmentally friendly consumption and ideals (Kirkwood & Walton, 2010;Alshebami et al, 2023). Scholars over time have investigated the relationship between GESE and GEI across the globe. ...
Encouraging sustainable entrepreneurial practices becomes essential in a society where environmental degradation and ecosystem depletion due to entrepreneurial exploitation are on the rise. The current study looked into how, in Edo State, green entrepreneurial self-efficacy (GESE) mediated the relationship between green entrepreneurial intention (GEI) and sustainable entrepreneurship (SE). Four hypotheses were formulated and tested at the significance level of 0.05. A correlational survey research design was used in the study. The study's population consisted of all 382 business education students from Ambrose Alli University in Ekpoma and the University of Benin. The convenience sampling technique was used in selecting a sample of 285 students. The Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Self-Efficacy and Green Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (SESEGEIQ) was the tool utilized. Two professionals validated the instrument. After the instrument was given to thirty business education students at Delta State University, Abraka, who were not parts of the sample, the reliability coefficient of the instrument, as determined by Cronbach's alpha, was found to be .85. A straightforward linear regression analysis was used to examine the responder data. The findings revealed that sustainable entrepreneurship and green entrepreneurial self-efficacy were significant predictor of business education students’ green entrepreneurial intention in Edo State. The finding also revealed that green entrepreneurial self-efficacy is a significant predictor of business education students’ green entrepreneurial intention. The finding further revealed that green entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediates the relationship between sustainable entrepreneurship and green entrepreneurial intention in Edo State. This study has made significant contribution to knowledge as it was able to establish the mediating role of GESE in the relationship between SE and GEI among business education students in Nigeria. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the teaching and learning of sustainable entrepreneurship should be emphasized across the nation’s tertiary education level.
... The vision of the environmental entrepreneurs was initially associated with "a green vision to a naive marketplace" moving to the vision of "business people who are determined to gain a reasonable market share in the relatively competitive environment" (Santini, 2017, p. 2). A distinctive feature of the ecopreneurs is their engagement, reflected in organizational solutions and management practices that profoundly modify usual business models (Kirkwood, Walton, 2010;Schaltegger, 2002). Other works distinguish a different profile of environmental entrepreneurs. ...
... A longitudinal study could complement our research by adopting a dynamic perspective of the addition or removal of three dimensions (social, environmental, economic) of the entrepreneurial project as it progresses. Finally, the diffusion of an environmentalist culture is facilitated more in some countries than in others (Kirkwood, Walton, 2010). Then it would be interesting to pursue this research in other regions and other countries where EE support policies are different, to compare and highlight the influence of the context on sustainable entrepreneurship. ...
This article aims to identify the characteristics of business, social, environmental, or sustainable entrepreneurial projects led by student entrepreneurs. We analyze the specificities of the projects based on a business and/or social and/or environmental orientation, regarding the profile of student entrepreneurs and the features of their projects. We use a unique database of 210 responses of student entrepreneurs involved in the French entrepreneurial program PEPITE between 2014 and 2021. We propose a typology of student entrepreneurs that highlights the specific features of business, social, environmental, and sustainable student entrepreneurs. We show that the individual determinants of sustainable and environmental entrepreneurial projects are quite close, those of social projects are very specific, while sustainable projects are not associated with specific projects or individual profiles. We formulate managerial recommendations to improve the contribution of universities to the emergence of sustainable innovation in society through entrepreneurship education programs.
... For example, green entrepreneurs often prioritise the quality of growth over quantity (Rodgers, 2010) and are more likely to choose organic growth (Melay et al., 2017). Moreover, they are less interested in financial success (Kirkwood & Walton, 2010a. Although financial motivations are common among growth-oriented entrepreneurs (Cassar, 2007;Hessels et al., 2008), this does not automatically imply that prioritising environmental goals over financial ones precludes high-growth ambitions. ...
... This paper goes one step further and argues that green entrepreneurs also have a strong intrinsic motivation to engage internationally. Green entrepreneurs who want to make the world a better place (Kirkwood & Walton, 2010aManesh & Rialp-Criado, 2019) address environmental problems around the world (Dean & McMullen, 2007), and many of these environmental problems are inherently global in nature (e.g., marine pollution or climate change). Addressing these problems thus inevitably requires international efforts (Chen et al., 2018;Zahra et al., 2014). ...
This paper merges the literature on green and high-quality entrepreneurship by introducing environmental orientation as an unrecognised characteristic of start-up quality and the three quality dimensions innovativeness, growth orientation, and international orientation. Entrepreneurship literature argues that only high-quality start-ups contribute to sustainable development and that a better understanding of what determines the quality of start-ups is required. Empirical research has recently shown that the environmental orientation of start-ups is one such determinant, as it significantly predicts their innovativeness. This paper pursues this novel research avenue on the importance of environmental orientation for start-up quality in two ways. First, this paper evaluates and extends this initial evidence on environmental orientation and innovativeness by examining a three times larger sample, covering additional countries and entrepreneurial stages. Second, this paper also analyses the impact of environmental orientation on the quality dimensions of growth orientation and international orientation. Investigation using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data on 9650 entrepreneurs from 51 countries revealed that start-ups with a higher environmental orientation are of superior quality regarding their innovativeness, growth expectations, and exports. These results remain robust for start-ups at different entrepreneurial stages, and tests employing different methodological approaches and variable definitions. However, the categorisation into factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven countries showed that greener start-ups are more innovative in countries at all three levels of development, while the relationships with growth orientation and international orientation remained significant for only two of the three categories. The findings of this paper provide a new approach for practitioners to identify the small number of high-quality start-ups and an economic reason warranting intensified efforts to support green start-ups.
... Consumers are progressively making purchase decisions based on the ecological impact of products and services, creating a robust demand for sustainable solutions. This shift in consumer behavior has generated a conducive environment for the prosperity of green startups [2]. ...
The study explores the role of Industry 4.0 technologies in fostering green entrepreneurship. It examines the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and robotics into manufacturing processes. The primary goal of the study is to assess how these technologies can enhance production sustainability, optimize supply chains, and reduce the environmental footprint of logistics. The study employs a qualitative analysis of existing literature, case studies, and statistical data, providing a comprehensive assessment of the impact of these technologies on sustainable manufacturing and green entrepreneurship. The results indicate that Industry 4.0 technologies significantly contribute to sustainable manufacturing by reducing waste and improving energy efficiency. Despite the significant benefits, challenges such as high initial costs for smart equipment, the need for reliable data networks, and increased customer demands hinder the widespread adoption of these technologies. Industry 4.0 technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for enhancing sustainability and supporting green entrepreneurship. Realizing these opportunities requires collaborative efforts among businesses, governments, and stakeholders to ensure balanced economic development and environmental conservation.
... Females are more likely to hold higher social goals than males (Hechavarría et al., 2017). Regarding psychological predictors, sustainabilityoriented behaviour has been associated with sustainability commitment (Spence et al. 2011), prior knowledge, desire to create value, or help others (Muñoz & Dimov, 2015), and lower aspirations to achieve high profits (Kirkwood & Walton, 2010). Individuals who prioritise freedom, self-expression and quality of life, are more likely to start sustainability-oriented ventures than those who prioritise material and economic security (Hechavarría et al., 2017). ...
This study aims to explore the sustainable development awareness, priority, and commitment of adults engaged in early and established entrepreneurial activity. The study is based on the GEM dataset collected during 2023 through an adult population survey on a representative sample in Croatia. The results of the study indicate that the role of social and environmental commitments varies across different motivational orientations of entrepreneurially active adults. It confirms the evolution of motivational orientations and sustainability commitment along the different stages of entrepreneurial activity. Among established businesses whose motivation is either to make a difference in the word or to build great wealth there are more of those who always consider social implications while regarding steps toward the minimisation of environmental impact or the maximisation of social impact there are no differences. Also, more established businesses have taken actions towards SDGs. When we compare factors that influence the motivation to make a difference in the word, in early-stage businesses, important factors are the easiness and proactivity to start a business, the importance of high level of status of entrepreneurs and the steps to maximise the social impact of the business while in established businesses considering social implications and awareness of SDGs are the most important factors. This study contributes to a better understanding of the differences between new or established entrepreneurial activity and their commitment to sustainability which may be essential to the more successful promotion, adoption, or consolidation of sustainable entrepreneurship.
... These findings strongly supported Hypothesis 1 and 2. Our results differ from the findings by Garçon et al. (2021) who studied Brazilian entrepreneurs and showed that personal values do not have any significant impact on social entrepreneurship orientation but are partially in line with Kirkwood and Walton (2010) who suggest that sustainable entrepreneurs are driven by eco-centric, self-transcendent, and openness to change values. ...
Objective: The objective of the article is to find if Polish managers exhibit a sustainable entrepreneurship orientation and to comprehend the factors driving this orientation. Research Design & Methods: We conducted a factor analysis and regression analysis on data from an original survey on 301 managers of Polish companies. Findings: We identified two orientations towards sustainability, i.e. as an opportunity, and a cost. Personal values, demographic characteristics, personal experience, and education affect perceptions of sustainability. Implications & Recommendations: Some managers who work for large and middle enterprises see sustainability as an opportunity and are ready to take responsibility for facing social and environmental challenges. Companies and government need to find a way to unlock this potential. Having international experience and working for a company that is regularly involved in corporate social responsibility promotes such orientation. Contribution & Value Added: This study is the first to diagnose sustainable entrepreneurship orientation in Poland – a country which urgently needs to adopt a sustainable development model. It is also the first study to analyse the societal factors behind sustainable entrepreneurship orientation.
... Family-related factors, classified as push, relate to the difficult combination between employment and domestic work, family obligations, or the desire for family balance (Kirkwood and Walton 2010). The family can be considered the first natural incubator in which entrepreneurial ideas are conceived, where individual inspirations for business are stimulated, guided, and transformed (Lansberg and Jaramillo 2021). ...
Motivations, psychological and sociodemographic characteristics, and “hard and soft conditions” (Porfírio et al. 2016) emerge as the major factors that lead to entrepreneurial success, despite the distinctive diversity of skills associated with its potential. From the perspective of Santos (2008), entrepreneurial potential is a construction based on three dimensions: (1) realization, which is related to the recognition of opportunities, persistence, and effectiveness (Ramalho et al. 2022); (2) planning, which concerns the definition of objectives, search of information, and continuous and permanent control; and (3) power is identified through persuasiveness and relationship building. In addition, it also comprises a complementary dimension: the (entrepreneurial) intention, which is associated with the entrepreneurial desire (Asif 2022; Rehman et al. 2023; Souza et al. 2016; Valeri 2021). Moreover, according to Schlepphorst et al. (2020), intention can be influenced by a set of different motivations, which can trigger an effective behavior. Hence, entrepreneurial motivations are a determinant of entrepreneurial intention (Lang and Liu 2019). For instance, the study conducted by Asif (2022) explained that, for female, intention is a very important motivational force, as it impels them to achieve their long-term goals in an autonomous and stable way. In turn, authors such as Santos et al. (2013) point out four main differentiating characteristics of the entrepreneur, evidence that the literature has corroborated over the years: entrepreneurial motivations (Chell 2008; Hasan et al. 2021a), psychological skills (Marvel and Lumpkin 2007; Rodríguez 2022), social skills (Baron and Tang 2009; Klyver and Arenius 2020), and management skills (Asif 2022; Chell 2008).
... While many entrepreneurs prioritize profit, an increasing number of ecopreneurs adopt a different paradigm, focusing on both financial success and addressing societal issues caused by their businesses (Ivanko and Kivirist 2008). Ecopreneurs, as described by Kirkwood and Walton (2010), are individuals who not only prioritize their business profits but also emphasize underlying green values -an aspect lacking in traditional entrepreneurs. Schaper (2002) suggests that ecopreneurs act as a "pull" factor, influencing other firms to adopt green values proactively, in contrast to the "push" factors of government regulations and pressure from stakeholders or lobby groups. ...
There are numerous environmental issues in Bali, a popular tourist destination in Indonesia, including the problems of waste, critical land, beach abrasion, coral reef destruction and water contamination, all attributed to the rapid expansion of the tourism industry. Ecotourism is one of the solutions to address these concerns, and the initiatives taken involve ecopreneurship, the process of starting and running green firms that support sustainable tourism growth in Bali. The goal of ecopreneurship in the tourism industry is to create and run enterprises that have as minimum negative environmental impacts as possible, while maximising positive social and economic consequences. This is done through improvements on both public policies and tourist preferences, to promote a sustainable tourism development. A mixed method was used, combining SEM PLS, Path Methods, and qualitative research, with comprehensive interviews conducted among ecopreneurs, government agencies, tourists, and academics in Bali. Ecopreneurship variables, comprising environmentally friendly products and services, green technology innovation, environmental and natural resource management, local community involvement, environmental education and awareness, waste and emission management, collaboration and partnerships, measurement of environmental performance and sustainability, moderated by the government policy and tourist awareness and preference, were found to have a significant influence on sustainable tourism variables, namely, natural environment preservation, social welfare and culture, local economic empowerment, resource management and environmental impact reduction, local community participation and public consultation.
... Previous findings indicate that entrepreneur's personal motivation and goals influence their assessment of success. The result is consistent with previous findings where entrepreneurial motivation is significant with entrepreneurial success [10,19,[31][32][33], where the study explores the potential impact of motivation on the business performance of homestay entrepreneurs. ...
The study aimed to identify and evaluate the critical success factors (CSFs) of motivation factors and entrepreneurial competencies that affect entrepreneurial success in the Sabah homestay program. Data were collected from a sample of 181 homestay entrepreneurs in Sabah using a survey questionnaire. The resource-based view was used to conceptualize the study. The study of entrepreneurial success in homestay entrepreneurs is rarely reported in the existing literature. In fact, there is limited consensus on the selection of a proper set of measurements for assessing entrepreneurial success in entrepreneurship studies. This study is to fills the gap by adding more literature on entrepreneurial success in the context of the homestay industry. The reliability analysis showed that the survey is a reliable measure of the five constructs related to entrepreneurial success. The constructs with the highest reliability are entrepreneurial success and motivation factors-pull. The construct with the lowest reliability is motivation factors-push. The findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between motivation factors, entrepreneurial competencies, and entrepreneurial success in the context of homestay entrepreneurs in Sabah. The findings are also useful for the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture (MOTAC) strategy goals 2021-2025 and solving sustainable development goals. Future research should investigate the structural relationship between motivation factors, entrepreneurial competencies, and entrepreneurial success in the Sabah homestay program.
... This has been broken down into three primary segments, which are focus, determination, and vitality; are all necessary for individuals' success (Weinstein 2014). There is presently no consensus regarding which theoretical approach is better for explaining motivation, especially in a business setting, as stated by previous researchers on this topic who broke down two major propositions on factors that play roles in motivating individuals: the "push" and "pull" theories of motivation (Kirkwood and Walton 2010). For that reason, push-pull ideas have been around since the 1980s, but they have not received much study in other fields like social entrepreneurship. ...
Social entrepreneurial ventures thrive on diverse motivations, evolving through stages. This research delved into the dynamic shifts in motivations guiding social entrepreneurs across projects and initiatives in Tanzania. Despite numerous attempts by scholars to study and theorize the motivations of social entrepreneurs, there remains a significant gap in understanding the primary focus of social entrepreneurs’ involvement in various social entrepreneurship projects. This research aimed to address this knowledge gap by exploring the motivations that drive social entrepreneurs in Tanzania to engage in social entrepreneurship ventures. The study specifically investigated the CHEMA and Gongali Model cases. The respondents consisted of 20 social entrepreneurs, with 9 from CHEMA and 11 from the Gongali Model. The findings highlight the influence of personal experiences and backgrounds in establishing innovative social enterprises, emphasizing the importance of achieving successful outcomes. The study suggests that social entrepreneurs are motivated not only by their individual needs and goals but also by the satisfaction derived from witnessing the positive impact of their work on others. Successful entrepreneurship, the study argues, requires a focus on effecting changes at both the macro and micro levels. When the intended purpose of social entrepreneurs is achieved, it serves as a significant indicator of success. The report delves deeper into how these findings influence the overall infrastructure and mindset of social entrepreneurs in Tanzania. This research introduces a novel motivational model and connects it with critical success characteristics in social innovation projects, contributing to the advancement of social entrepreneurship research. Additionally, it proposes fundamental innovations in governance and operations within the field of social entrepreneurship. From the organizational context perspective, the findings contribute to a better understanding of the factors that contribute to the formation and growth of social enterprises in Tanzania.
... Previous research has established a significant positive relationship between sustainable entrepreneurship (defined as the production of safe products and services), the adoption of responsible policies regarding the use of material and energy resources, and the adoption of green technologies and business performance (Crowther & Aras, 2008;Kirkwood & Walton, 2010;Bell & Stellingwerf, 2012). The findings are supported by Hajmohammad et al. (2013) that the sustainability practices, like ISO14001 certification, pollution prevention and material recycling, had substantial positive impacts on a firm's environmental performance. ...
... However, it is essential to cultivate green intents that would make one to become a green entrepreneur. People with green aspirations often not only create cutting-edge green goods and services but also help raise awareness of green consumerism and green ideals (Kirkwood,& Walton, 2010;Alshebami,et al, 2023). ...
In a society characterized with increasing level of ecological and environmental problems such as arising from abuse by industrialists and entrepreneurs, promoting green entrepreneurial practices becomes a necessity. The present study aimed to examine the extent to which green entrepreneurship and green entrepreneurial self-efficacy predicts business education students' green entrepreneurial intention in public universities in Edo State. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a Correlational survey research design. The population of the study comprised all business education students in University of Benin (N =172) and Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (N = 210). The instruments used for data collection were adapted from existing scales. The instruments were validated by two experts in Business Education. Cronbach's alpha was used in calculating the reliability of the instruments and it yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.78, 0.81, 0.80 for Green Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire, Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and Green Education Questionnaire respectively. The data collected from the respondents were analyzed using correlation and regression analyses. The findings revealed that green entrepreneurship is a significant predictor of business education students' green entrepreneurial intention in universities in Edo State (R 2 = .270, F (1, 283) = 104.559, P <. 05).The findings also revealed that green entrepreneurial self-efficacy is a significant predictor of business education students' green entrepreneurial intention in universities in Edo State(R 2 = .171, F (1, 283) = 58.342, P <. 05). Based on these findings, it was recommended, among others, that the teaching and learning of green entrepreneurship should be emphasized and not just the conventional entrepreneurship education alone.
... However, it is essential to cultivate green intents that would make one to become a green entrepreneur. People with green aspirations often not only create cutting-edge green goods and services but also help raise awareness of green consumerism and green ideals (Kirkwood,& Walton, 2010;Alshebami,et al, 2023). ...
In a society characterized with increasing level of ecological and environmental problems such as arising from abuse by industrialists and entrepreneurs, promoting green entrepreneurial practices becomes a necessity. The present study aimed to examine the extent to which green entrepreneurship and green entrepreneurial self-efficacy predicts business education students' green entrepreneurial intention in public universities in Edo State. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a Correlational survey research design. The population of the study comprised all business education students in University of Benin (N =172) and Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (N = 210). The instruments used for data collection were adapted from existing scales. The instruments were validated by two experts in Business Education. Cronbach's alpha was used in calculating the reliability of the instruments and it yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.78, 0.81, 0.80 for Green Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire, Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and Green Education Questionnaire respectively. The data collected from the respondents were analyzed using correlation and regression analyses. The findings revealed that green entrepreneurship is a significant predictor of business education students' green entrepreneurial intention in universities in Edo State (R 2 = .270, F (1, 283) = 104.559, P <. 05).The findings also revealed that green entrepreneurial self-efficacy is a significant predictor of business education students' green entrepreneurial intention in universities in Edo State(R 2 = .171, F (1, 283) = 58.342, P <. 05). Based on these findings, it was recommended, among others, that the teaching and learning of green entrepreneurship should be emphasized and not just the conventional entrepreneurship education alone.
... Pachaly (2012) found in his study that public support is one of the most crucial incentive factors in the exhibition of ecopreneurship. Kirkwood and Walton (2010) found the following factors motivate ecopreneurs: their green values, passion, making a living, being your own boss, and filling the gap in the market. ...
The aim of this study is to reveal the relationships between ecopreneurship and innovative behavior in university students and to reveal their view of ethnocentrism. For this purpose, using the scales for ecopreneurship, innovative behavior, and ethnocentrism in the literature, a research survey was created and applied to 913 higher education students of three Turkey's foundation university who voluntarily agreed to fill the questionnaire with the convenience sampling method. The survey data gathered were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22, and research hypotheses were tested by structural equation modeling. As a result of the analysis, it was seen that the ecopreneurship variable played a full mediator role in the effect of ethnocentrism on innovative behavior. It was also identified that ethnocentrism had an adverse effect on the innovative behavior of the individual and their ability to have ecopreneurship skills; furthermore, ecopreneurship skills were found to increase the level of innovative behavior exhibited by the individual. It has been observed that individuals with the perception of ethnocentrism, who are closed to thoughts, ideas, cooperation and interaction outside their own cultural environment, do not have the ecoentrepreneurship ability that requires being open to differences. Additionally, it has been determined that ecoentrepreneurship skills increase the individual's level of innovative behavior. According to the results of the research, if the individual has eco-entrepreneurship ability, all the negativities brought by ethnocentrism will disappear. By providing university students with the necessary training to gain ecopreneurship skills as well as with guidance, encouragement and motivation to this end. In this way, the effect of ethnocentrism will be eliminated, and students will be more creative and innovative. In the literature review, no previous studies on the research topic were found. Therefore, the study is original and fills an important gap in the literature. Structured Abstract: Purpose and Conceptual Framework: The aim of this study is to reveal the relationships between ecopreneurship and innovative behavior in university students and their view of ethnocentrism. Individuals are encouraged to have environmental awareness and entrepreneurs to be ecopreneurs. Ecopreneurs aim a development that will gain them an advantage over their rivals and increase their earnings and profitability by protecting the natural environment (Schaltegger, 2002; Schaper, 2002; Linnanen, 2002). Innovative behavior is defined as the production of new ideas and processes and the realization of the ideas generated (Janssen, 2004, p. 202). Innovative behavior enables the creation of new and useful ideas, processes, and products in enterprises (Mura et al., 2012). Individuals with innovative behaviors make a difference in their work compared to others and deliver more productive jobs. According to Neuliep and Mccroskey (1997, p. 385) ethnocentrism is putting the values brought by the individual's own culture at the center of everything and classifying other cultures by seeing them beneath their own culture. Therefore, it is evident that ethnocentrism, which gives the individual a high sense of belonging to their own culture or race and causes them to deem it superior to other cultures and races (Shimp and Sharma, 1987, p. 280), is an undesirable outcome for both individuals and societies. Therefore, elimination of the adverse conditions that this negative situation will bring is desired for both businesses and individuals. Methodology/ Approach: This study's main body is composed of 3543 students studying in different programs at vocational schools of three foundation universities in Istanbul. The opinions of 913 of these students who voluntarily accepted to fill in face-to-face questionnaires were evaluated. The survey form statements were mostly chosen among the statements used in previous studies and showed high reliability and validity. Today, university students are expected to be individuals that have good relations with their environment, engage highly in entrepreneurial activities, quickly integrate into the globalizing world, and are open to the external environment. Increasing the welfare and the level of the country to the highest point will be possible with these students' innovative behaviors and entrepreneurship activities. Therefore, it is of great importance for university students to have entrepreneurial skills or to develop innovative ideas or projects. In this context, it is very important to determine what kind of entrepreneurial ability students have or to what extent their entrepreneurial level affects their innovative business behaviors. It is also important to identify the level of ethnocentrism in university students, which is known as placing one's own culture over all other cultures. Based on these views, it was deemed appropriate to conduct this study on university students. The statements in the scale were graded between "strongly disagree" and "absolutely agree" on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Survey data in the study were collected in December 2019. Therefore, ethics were not included in the establishment. The survey data gathered were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0, and research hypotheses were tested by structural equation modeling. Üstün (2011) conducted the Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale created by Neuliep and McCroskey (1997) to measure the Ethnocentrism scale in 2011. The one-dimensional 6-item scale created by Kuckertz and Wagner (2010) has been adopted to measure the ecopreneurship scale. In Karaca (2015), study the scale was translated from its original English language format into Turkish. A one-dimensional 6-item scale developed by Scott and Bruce (1994) was used to measure individuals' innovative behavior scale. In Tunca (2018), study the scale was translated from its original English language format into Turkish. Findings As a result of the analysis, it was seen that the ecopreneurship variable played a full mediator role in the effect of ethnocentrism on innovative behavior. It was also identified that ethnocentrism had an adverse effect on the innovative behavior of the individual and their ability to have ecopreneurship skills; furthermore, ecopreneurship skills were found to increase the level of innovative behavior exhibited by the individual. By providing university students with the necessary training to gain ecopreneurship skills as well as with guidance, encouragement, and motivation to this end, the effect of ethnocentrism will be eliminated, and individuals will be more creative and innovative. This paper fills a significant void in the literature since no previous studies have been conducted on the relevant subject. The Mediating Role of Ecopreneurship on The Relation Between Innovative… 625 www.turkishstudies.net/economy Discussion This study concludes that individuals with an ethnocentrism culture, who cannot interact, cooperate, or establish friendships with individuals from different cultures, do not exhibit innovative behaviors. Another finding, individuals with a sense of ethnocentrism, closed to all thoughts, ideas, cooperation, and interaction outside their own cultural environment do not have ecopreneurship skills, which is a type of entrepreneurship that requires a broad vision and openness to differences. In addition, it was determined in the research that there is a positive relationship between ethnocentrism and innovative behavior, and the ecopreneurship variable plays a full mediation role in this relationship. The more entrepreneurial and innovative university students constituting the sample of the research are expected to be, the further they are expected to be from ethnic conservatism.
... The third of the above-mentioned dimensions of sustainable development (the corporate aspect) refers, among others, to green business models that have a positive impact on the financial results of enterprises [12,13,81,86,87,102]. The "Impact Report 2021: Empowering young entrepreneurs as a force for recovery" [103] offers the practice of introducing financial services designed for green and eco-friendly projects to increase the percentage of people they help by 10% by the end of 2021. ...
The purpose of this paper is to review the understanding of the term “green entrepreneurship” in contemporary management sciences and its interpretation by people who are or soon will be professionally active. Investigating the phenomenon from a historical perspective will allow an evolutionary approach to the category to indicate contemporary challenges. Apart from a review of the literature on the subject, the interpretations of the term by the target group are recognized in the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) context. The research methods used in the article include a critical analysis of the literature on the subject and field research presented in the empirical part. Primary research was carried out in two countries: Poland and Slovakia, among students and professionals working, as well as those professionally active in the private and public sectors. The study aimed to generally identify the knowledge of the concept of “green entrepreneurship”. Based on the results, the responses were delimited and those indicated by less than 5% of the respondents were considered irrelevant. Based on the remaining answers, a new survey questionnaire was created, which was used to conduct the second stage of the research. To simplify the research tool, it was assumed that the questions would be binary (“yes” or “no” answers), and the resulting survey would consist of 22 phrases (marked with alphanumeric symbols) and a form. The respondents’ answers from the second stage of the study allowed us to identify characteristic groups of variables with which the respondents associated the term “green entrepreneurship” and the groups of respondents who indicated an understanding of green entrepreneurship in a specific aspect. It also allowed for the identification the determinants of these indications, as well as similarities and differences between Poles and Slovaks in this respect. For this purpose, the classification and regression tree method (C&RT) was used. For the purposes of this study, JASP 0.18.1 software was used to create the tree. The results show that perceptions and knowledge of green entrepreneurship differ in both surveyed countries.
... This creates opportunities for them to invest in higher-risk projects according to personal passion and gut feeling, rather than focus on the project's profitability (De Clercq et al. 2006;Maxwell 2016;Simon 1993). Since the early 2000s, BAs have been observed to invest for reasons beyond financial return (Brettel 2003;Kirkwood and Walton 2010;Lipper and Sommer 2002). Botelho et al. (2023) find that BAs invest in green start-ups for a variety of reasons. ...
This study investigates how business angels (BAs) add sustainability value to green ventures and how these value-adding activities are dependent on the BAs' sustainability characteristics, i.e., motivation to invest, sustainability competence, and sustainability investor activity. This explorative qualitative study is based on interviews with 14 BAs from Germany and the Nordics. A cross-case analysis of the interview data reveals that different groups of BAs invest in green start-ups: green angels and light green angels. These BAs differ in their motivation for investing in green start-ups, with some wanting to contribute to the sustainability transition and others investing to be a part of the shift of capital and talent toward green ventures. The BAs offer different sustainability-value-adding activities to their start-ups. Green angels provide activities that are aimed at enhancing the sustainability performance of their inves-tees. Light green BAs add value very similar to conventional BAs. This study contributes to the green entrepreneurial finance literature by exploring the specificity of green angels. By shedding light on how BAs add sustainability value as investors for green ventures, the study places green angels more distinctly in the ecosystem of early-stage financing for green start-ups.
... These terms indicate that it is time for the process of capturing market opportunities to consider wisdom with environmental sustainability so that entrepreneurial behavior is driven by psychological factors such as green value [18], social value [19], environmental responsibility [20], or sustainability [4], and even eco-innovation have an impact on the market performance [21]. In its development, the social domain was implemented as corporate social sustainability (CSR) based on the theory of pyramid of CRS from Archie B. Carroll in 1991 which stated that corporate responsibility formed four levels of the pyramid consisting of economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic [22]. ...
To harmonize sustainable development in the entrepreneurship sector, a study was carried out to get an overview of knowledge mapping and current issues on sustainable entrepreneurship. Qualitative research was conducted through bibliometric analysis using VosViewer on Scopus metadata for exploring a grounded theory. The density of visualization shows that the yellow color gradation on sustainable entrepreneurship is opaquer than the entrepreneurship’s color, so it is new to be developed as a novelty. The visualization overlay captures the linked topics of entrepreneurial studies since 2008. It is looked at some issues e.g., innovation, sustainability and development which are the gradating color of light green that has been published since 2014-2015. Conversely, other topics e.g., sustainable business models, social capital performance, business venture, and social entrepreneur are detected as current issues. On sustainable entrepreneurship, the overlay of visualization depicts the linked among specific topics e.g., entrepreneurial intention, higher education, business model, and SMEs which has been published since 2012. The further study will improve the topic of sustainable entrepreneurial intention by involving the social domain as a novelty. The bibliometric analysis results in science mapping as the basis for building a state of the art so that researchers can elaborate on ontology issues, and build epistemology and axiology in this study.
... These terms indicate that it is time for the process of capturing market opportunities to consider wisdom with environmental sustainability so that entrepreneurial behavior is driven by psychological factors such as green value [18], social value [19], environmental responsibility [20], or sustainability [4], and even eco-innovation have an impact on the market performance [21]. In its development, the social domain was implemented as corporate social sustainability (CSR) based on the theory of pyramid of CRS from Archie B. Carroll in 1991 which stated that corporate responsibility formed four levels of the pyramid consisting of economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic [22]. ...
To harmonize sustainable development in the entrepreneurship sector, a study was carried out to get an overview of knowledge mapping and current issues on sustainable entrepreneurship. Qualitative research was conducted through bibliometric analysis using VosViewer on Scopus metadata for exploring a grounded theory. The density of visualization shows that the yellow color gradation on sustainable entrepreneurship is opaquer than the entrepreneurship’s color, so it is new to be developed as a novelty. The visualization overlay captures the linked topics of entrepreneurial studies since 2008. It is looked at some issues e.g., innovation, sustainability and development which are the gradating color of light green that has been published since 2014-2015. Conversely, other topics e.g., sustainable business models, social capital performance, business venture, and social entrepreneur are detected as current issues. On sustainable entrepreneurship, the overlay of visualization depicts the linked among specific topics e.g., entrepreneurial intention, higher education, business model, and SMEs which has been published since 2012. The further study will improve the topic of sustainable entrepreneurial intention by involving the social domain as a novelty. The bibliometric analysis results in science mapping as the basis for building a state of the art so that researchers can elaborate on ontology issues, and build epistemology and axiology in this study.
In the current trends of the world, people are very well aware and became more concerned about their selection of products that are less harmful and more eco-friendly. This phenomenon has started developing gradually into a new business strategy which can be termed as 'green business' or 'green entrepreneurship'. The objective of this paper is to understand how green entrepreneurship is predominant in India and how it is being actively chosen by the entrepreneurs and to determine the role of government in encouraging such green entrepreneurs. The present paper throws light on approaches and new inventions among the entrepreneurs who are involved in green business.
This study tries to identify the factors influencing sustainability in green entreperenurial start-up. Thus, the goal of the research was to recognize the factors influencing sustainability in green entreperenurial start-up., use the Theory Planned Behaviour approach to analyze the interrelationship among these factors and develop conceptual startup green entreperenurial framework using Structural Equation Modeling. As a result, this goal will assist start-up industry managers and practitioners in better understanding the interactions of enablers and identifying critical enablers that influence the sustainability in green entreperenurial start-up. A knowledge gap exists in how startups, especially in developing economies with less institutional support, can navigate sustainability challenges. There's a clear need for detailed empirical research to explore into these issues. In research methodology side It also emphasizes the importance of ensuring research validity through methods like AMOS-SEM for robustness checks in the models. The researcher could intgrate other theory to measure sustainable business acceptance. Previously the study focusses on sustainability in start-up operations 4.0 but the researcher extends the research on Green entrepreneurial Intention toward Sustainable Startup operations.
Bu araştırmada ekogirişimcilik modelinin fen bilimleri dersi kapsamında uygulanabilecek girişimcilik çalışmalarına yeni bir bakış açısı oluşturması amaçlanmaktadır. Hızla artan nüfus girişimcilik faaliyetleri ile oluşan üretim ve tüketimin de hızla artmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. Bu artış çevre sorunlarının ciddi bir boyuta dönüşmesine yol açmıştır. Bu kapsamda Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedeflerinde de yer aldığı üzere girişimcilik faaliyetlerinin doğal dengeyi bozmadan ve doğal kaynakları tüketmeden gelecek nesillerin ihtiyaçlarını dikkate alarak yapılması beklenmektedir. Öğretim kurumlarında girişimcilik eğitiminin verilmesi girişimcilik konusunda bilinçlenmenin artmasına büyük bir katkı sağlamaktadır. Fen bilimleri dersinin hedeflerinde insan, toplum ve çevrenin etkileşimini fark ettirmek, ekonomi ve doğal kaynak kullanımına ilişkin sürdürülebilir kalkınma bilincinin oluşturulması bulunmaktadır. Fen öğretimi, küresel ısınma, iklim değişikliği, hızlı nüfus artışı ve çevre sorunlarının zorluklarının üstesinden gelme konusunda önemli adımlar atmaktadır. Ayrıca fen öğretimi girişimcilik gibi 21. yüzyıl becerilerinin oluşturulmasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu nedenle fen bilimleri dersi kapsamında yürütülecek girişimcilik uygulamalarında ve girişimcilik becerisi kazandırmada çevreci bir bakış açısına sahip ekogirişimcilik modelinin benimsenmesinin önemli bir adım olacağı düşünülmektedir.
This chapter aims to cover entrepreneurial motivation as a key component of the emerging field of entrepreneurship, particularly through studies developed using qualitative methods. It indicates how qualitative methods particularly contribute to the understanding of entrepreneurial motivation through examples drawn from previous publications. A synthesis of seven papers on this topic, based on qualitative research methods is presented. The chapter subsequently presents some implications and contributions of qualitative research methods on entrepreneurial motivation study.
The entrepreneurial arena for women is relatively challenging, as it is characterized by male domination; lacking of entrepreneurial awareness; gender biases; lack of access to necessary resources, which result in social and cultural voids. Despite these challenges, several determinants drive women to enter this arena with the desire to be independent and the desire to make their presence visible, regardless of job scarcity and maintaining a work-life balance. The chapter aims to identify and further bifurcate the determinants that create opportunities and challenges for women entrepreneurs striving to accomplish their professional dreams. The chapter is structured outlining the three objectives—the first section explores the research question by administering SWOC Matrix; the second part investigates the determinants that are categorized as personal, sociocultural, structural, and industrial factors influencing women entrepreneurs and eventually, the third segment provides strategies and directions for managing the identified factors that can be channelized to offer more opportunities for woman entrepreneurs. The secondary data have been assimilated from documented Scopus and Web of Science literature. The findings highlight that women entrepreneurs come across more roadblocks as compared to the new openings stemming from gender discrimination and stereotyping, which deliberates to fill the research gap, as all the determinants have not been researched in totality till date.
Circular start-ups (CSUs) are gaining popularity to radically rethink the linear resource flows of global production systems and adopt ambitious approaches towards a circular economy from inception. For CSUs, the institutional environment is particularly relevant; this is because the complex nature of sustainability challenges requires a deep engagement with institutions to drive transitions from linear to circular practices. This article analyses how and why institutional factors influence CSUs in the highly entrepreneurial region of Catalonia in Spain. Based on a multiple case study, our findings demonstrate that CSUs are affected by informal institutions through founder motivations, their ability to create opportunities and social values. Formal institutions influence CSUs regarding the previous experience of founders, accessible ecosystem actors and supportive laws and regulations. These findings are important for effective policymaking to develop adequate support mechanisms and understand the particular challenges and opportunities CSUs face compared to traditional start-ups.
zet Sanayi devrimi ile birlikte artan ve ülkenin gelişmişlik düzeylerinde önemli rol oynayan girişimcilik faaliyetleri, çevre sorunlarının gündeme gelmesine neden olmuştur. Çevre sorunlarının problem olması zamanla ülkeleri harekete geçirmiş ve bu nedenle sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya uyum kapsamında sürdürülebilir çözüm önerilerinin geliştirilmesini öngören politika ve uygulamalar düzenlenmiştir. Bu bağlamda işletmelerin girişimcilik faaliyetlerinde ekolojiyi benimseyerek ürün, hizmet ve üretim süreçlerinin çevresel yaklaşıma uygun olarak tasarlanması anlamına gelen ekogirişimcilik, özellikle son zamanlarda büyük önem kazanmıştır. İşletmelerin ekogirişimcilik faaliyetlerini yönetim politikası olarak benimsemesi ve bu çerçevede sürdürülebilir (temiz) üretim gerçekleştirmesi çevreye olan tahribatı azaltmakta aynı zamanda sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya uyumu da kolaylaştırmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Arçelik Buzdolabı Fabrikasının çevre konularına yaklaşımı doğrultusunda benimsediği politika ve gerçekleştirdiği ekogirişimci faaliyetlerin üretim süreçlerine ve işletme performansına etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma kapsamında, şirketin ekogirişimcilik algısını ölçmek ve Arçelik Buzdolabı Fabrikasında yapılan sürdürülebilir (temiz) üretim faaliyetlerini belirlemek için yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile analiz yapılmıştır. Ayrıca işletmelerin sürdürülebilirliği ve ekogirişimciliğini tespit etmek adına Arçelik Eskişehir Kampüsünün ekolojik ayakizi hesaplanmıştır. Değerlendirme sonucunda Arçelik'in gerek ulusal gerekse uluslararası mevzuata uyumu, benimsediği çevre politikaları ve bu kapsamda gerçekleştirdiği ekogirişimci faaliyetlerle sürdürülebilir (temiz) üretim uygulamaları gerçekleştirebilmek adına alt yapı oluşturduğu ve bu yönde çalışmalar yaptığı tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan bu araştırmayla işletmenin diğer sanayi kuruluşlarına örnek olması amaçlanmaktadır.
One of the main forces behind the growth of the green economy is the concept of green entrepreneurship, which is gaining a lot of traction as a result of sustainability development. In India, a nation that is developing quickly, small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) make up the majority of the economy and make significant contributions to it. The development of sustainability is one of the fields in which the involvement and assistance of SMEs has a significant impact. In the past few years, a lot of work has been done to encourage green business practices among entrepreneurs. However, in relation to SMEs in India, this problem has received little attention. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to look into the green entrepreneurship practices of SMEs, specifically the prospects for green entrepreneurship among SMEs in India. Purposive sampling is used in this study's quantitative data collection method to choose the respondents. The responders are Indian SMEs business owners that have incorporated green entrepreneurship into their operations. Respondents who owned, managed, or made decisions for SMEs in the manufacturing and services sectors in particular Indian regions were given questionnaires. The study's conclusions can be applied to the creation of policies that encourage green entrepreneurship among Indian SMEs.
Purpose
This study aims to understand the relationship between entrepreneurial competencies (self-efficacy and social capital) and sustainable entrepreneurship and its incidence through entrepreneurial motivations (opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship).
Design/methodology/approach
The authors adopt a quantitative approach and use ordinary least squares regressions and bootstrapping analysis to test the hypotheses about the relationship between entrepreneurial competencies and sustainable entrepreneurship mediated by entrepreneurial motivations using a cross-sectional sample of 2,356 nascent entrepreneurs from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2021–2022 report.
Findings
Evidence suggests that sustainable entrepreneurship is positively influenced by both opportunity- and necessity-driven entrepreneurship. Additionally, the results show that both entrepreneurial motivations positively mediate the relationship between self-efficacy and sustainable entrepreneurship.
Originality/value
The approach departs from the traditional unidimensional perspective on entrepreneurial motivations, recognizing that an entrepreneur can simultaneously embody varying degrees of both motivations. By integrating the study of entrepreneurial competencies and motivations into sustainable entrepreneurship, we can gain a holistic understanding of the dynamics at play.
Research has shown that specific individual values, such as green and environmental values, are important in motivating the decision to start a sustainable business. Beyond this finding, there is limited knowledge about why, how, and when such values become important and what this means for sustainable entrepreneurship engagement. We address this question abductively and conduct a multi‐case study of 18 sustainable entrepreneurs and their fashion companies. Drawing on the self‐activation and the impressionable years hypotheses , we identified three ways in which sustainability‐oriented values become activated and more important to individuals: (1) through informational stimuli, (2) through formative and life‐changing experiences, and (3) through socialization. Further, we show that the entrepreneurs engaged in reflexive learning due to the value‐activating experience, whereby they critically questioned their assumptions and actions. Together, one or more value activations and the involved reflexive learning contributed significantly to the decision to become a sustainable entrepreneur. With this novel explanation for why and how values become engaged in the first place, we contribute to the theory of (sustainable) entrepreneurship. Further, our research helps devise value‐activating strategies for practitioners who want to help (prospective) entrepreneurs act more in line with their sustainability‐oriented values and start a sustainable business.
Günümüzde ekolojik (doğal) kaynakların, beşeri ihtiyaçlar için kontrolsüzce tüketilmesi çevresel yıkımları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Yeşil ekonomi, çevresel yıkımlardan doğan maliyetleri göz önünde bulunduracak yeni bir modeli önerisi olarak sunulmuştur. Bu noktada ekogirişimler ise, yeşil ekonomiye doğru dönüşümün kilit aktörü olarak görülmektedirler. Ekogirişimcilik kavramı ilk kez 1990’lı yıllarda ortaya çıkarak, araştırmacılara, işletmelerin ekonomik ve çevresel hedeflerini aynı anda değerlendirme imkanı doğmuştur. Ancak 2000'li yıllara gelindiğinde, ilgili yazın oldukça karmaşık hale gelmeye başlamıştır. Çünkü girişimcilik üzerine çalışan araştırmacılar, ilgilerini daha çok ekogirişimcilik tanımı geliştirmeye ve ekogirişimciliği motive edici faktörleri keşfetmeye yöneltmişlerdir. Bu noktada karmaşıklığı azaltmak amacıyla, ekogirişimcilik tipoloji çalışmalarına ihtiyaç duyulmaya başlanmıştır. Ekogirişimcilik tipoloji çalışmalarının birçoğu, teorik ve kavramsal açıdan faydalı olmalarına rağmen, görgül kanıttan yoksun ve statiktir. Bu duruma bağlı olarak, araştırma, işletmelerin ekolojik (doğal) çevreye ilişkin amaçlarının önceliği ile izledikleri stratejilerine bağlı olarak bir ekogirişimcilik tipolojisi geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, İzmir ilinde faaliyet gösteren yeşil yıldız sertifika sahibi 10 otel işletmesiyle yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşme yürütülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında, 10 ekogirişim, geliştirilen tipoloji üzerinde konumlandırılmıştır.
Sustainable entrepreneurship has become a central topic in research, although there exists a lack of study between the approaches to internationalization in sustainable businesses. This chapter aims at providing an examination of the relationship between SE and internationalization. In this way, the question of how and why firms involved in SE enter international markets, their challenges and difficulties in the process, and the different pathways are explored. Especially, the focus lies on the impact of SE involvement on the engagement in an international process. To achieve this goal, two main streams of literature are used: internationalization theories and sustainable entrepreneurship theory. The discussion section offers some future research questions worth studying.
In the current trends of the world, people are very well aware and became more concerned about their selection of products that are less harmful and more eco-friendly. This phenomenon has started developing gradually into a new business strategy which can be termed as 'green business' or 'green entrepreneurship'. The objective of this paper is to understand how green entrepreneurship is predominant in India and how it is being actively chosen by the entrepreneurs and to determine the role of government in encouraging such green entrepreneurs. The present paper throws light on approaches and new inventions among the entrepreneurs who are involved in green business.
In recent years, green entrepreneurship has gained momentum to meet the target of global sustainable development set for 2030. There has been a wave of interest in green or environmentally sustainable growth. However, systematic and qualitative reviews of this trending topic are still less. Hence, this study utilizes bibliometric analysis to address this gap and gathered data from the SCOPUS database from 2002 to 2022. The main objectives of this study are to identify essential inputs and directions that are studied and corresponding changes in research interest. The paper aims to determine the present status of green entrepreneurship, authors' contributions, identification of prominent authors, co-citations of the journals, co-occurrences of the topics, bibliographic coupling of the co-authors, institutions, and journals. These parameters are analyzed by applying network analysis techniques using VOSviewer software, CiteSpace, and R studio Biblioshiny tools. The outcomes of this study indicate that the number of published works and citations has been gradually growing in recent years. UK, China, and Greece are the most active countries. Further, the result provides a complementary overview of green entrepreneurship and sustainable development among other researchers during the identified timeline. Further, this study aims to provide new insights into green entrepreneurship and offers valuable suggestions to managers, entrepreneurs, and policymakers.
The article is devoted to an in-depth study of scientific approaches and laws of the organization of ecological entrepreneurship. The relationship between the provisions of the concept of sustainable development and the need to organize ecological entrepreneurship and economy with the natural environment is outlined. The possibilities of business in the green economy regarding the formation of the effect, the creation of “ecological business” taking into account the concept of sustainable development are substantiated. The author sets tasks that must be solved in the development of ecological concepts related to ecological and economic problems. The author's vision of the concept of “ecological entrepreneurship” is presented in the context of scientific consideration of ecological and economic tasks based on the innovation process and aimed at protecting the ecosystem and people. The author recommends determining the essence of “ecological entrepreneurship” using ecosystem, eco-innovation, organizational, standardization and global approaches. The author of the article proposed an adapted organizational base for evaluating the structure, processes, influencing factors and effectiveness of the development of ecological entrepreneurship. According to the author, the development of ecological entrepreneurship is a global challenge, therefore it is necessary to focus on supporting the integrity of the economic and ecological system by developing and implementing effective measures for organizing and conducting business without harming the environment. The development of ecological entrepreneurship can become a guide on the way to sustainable economic development of the country as well as of the most countries of the world.
The research intends to find/compile alternative strategies for the development of ecopreneur businesses in micro-enterprises in the city of Semarang. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted with respondents who became the research sample in order to identify the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and business opportunities of ecopreneurs in general. From the results of the SWOT analysis, several alternative strategies are proposed for business development, including: relearning by attending workshops or training related to coloring and the production process of friendly products by reusing handicraft exhibition events or exhibitions held after the Covid-19 pandemic; maximize the use of social media as a means of promotion and marketing; provide education to the public about environmentally friendly products to consumers through brochures, labeling, or packaging; further enhance collaboration among craftsmen of environmentally friendly products so that product quality becomes better; as well as learning how to produce by foreign producers so that they are more capable of producing in larger quantities. Meanwhile, input for relevant government agencies in Semarang is to be able to collaborate with micro-scale ecopreneurs in Semarang better in order to provide education to increase public awareness about environmentally friendly products .
Indications are that the long-term decline of self-employment has come to a halt in the 1970s in the advanced industrialized economies. In this paper, we challenge the currently popular argument that the recent revival of self-employment represents an effective answer to the problems of slow economic growth and unemployment. Our time-series regression analysis of aggregate self-employment rates in eight major OECD countries from the early 1950s to 1987 suggests that rising self-employment may be a response to deficiencies in labour markets rather than a sign of economic vitality.
Presents a discussion on the nature of environmentalism and the nature of enterprise. It argues that while, superficially, these concepts might appear to be contradictory, on examination key communalities become evident. Crucially, both are recognised to be social processes which are based on the notion of value. In environmentalism the value of economic growth per se is questioned. It challenges ideas about what society should consider to be valuable; about whether quality of life is more important than standard of living. Entrepreneurship is argued to be about the creation of value, first at a social level in terms of new products or services, and second, at an individual level in terms of the production of idiosyncratic values, such as self-satisfaction and gratification. The paper proposes, and demonstrates, by examples, that changes in social evaluations, brought about by “greening”, mean that new entrepreneurial opportunities have arisen to develop new businesses. Consequently, these new businesses are embedded in, and valorised by, the emergent social values. Given that they are also energised and motivated at a personal level they are seen to be both viable and environmentally sustainable.
Purpose – Debates in the literature on entrepreneurship concentrate on whether the focus should be on psychological variables or the external environment. Despite most studies being on the former, many others argue that the external environment is more useful in understanding business start-ups. This paper seeks to examine the relative influence of both types of variables. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 337 Chinese respondents in three different groups: first, people who do not want to start a business; second, people planning to set up a business; and finally, entrepreneurs who had started successful businesses. Respondents were assessed on three psychological/behavior variables (achievement striving, social networking/Guanxi, and optimism), and one external environment variable (perceived importance of a favorable business environment). Findings – Group comparisons revealed that psychological characteristics as well as the business environment were both significant predictors. Psychological characteristics were a stronger influence for potential entrepreneurs and the business environment stronger for successful entrepreneurs. Research limitations/implications – The results help clarify debates regarding the relative importance of personal characteristics and the business environment to entrepreneurial motivation as these variables explained 54 percent of the variance for motivation. Although only one ethnic group (the Chinese) was studied, the results for the personality variables largely matched those in the Western literature, which suggests generalizability of the findings. Also, the environmental influence measure could be valuable in future research. Originality/value – Both psychological characteristics and an environmental measure are evaluated to compare their influences on entrepreneurial motivation.
Purpose
Successful new venture creation may be one solution to many of the economic problems that affect the mostly minority populations that live in US inner cities. This paper sets out to develop a model and a set of research questions that may help increase understanding of African‐American entrepreneurship.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper provides an integrated review of the literature from the USA and Europe pertaining to minority entrepreneurial behavior and achievement. It identifies challenges faced by African‐American urban entrepreneurs and suggests a set of interventions that can enhance entrepreneurial success in the inner cities. The paper then poses a set of research questions with a particular focus on African‐Americans and presents an integrative model that can serve as a framework to examine these questions.
Findings
The model posits that motivation and skills drive entrepreneurial behavior and that availability of resources has a moderating effect on both entrepreneurial behavior and achievement. In addition to explaining entrepreneurship in general, the proposed model also suggests that specific variables may work differently for different subcultures.
Practical implications
If this model is supported by empirical evidence, it will have significant implications for formulating appropriate interventions that would enable the successful start‐up and management of new business ventures in different subcultures. It will be of value to cities in the USA, Europe and elsewhere that have large minority populations, and can better inform programs that impart entrepreneurial skills and training.
Originality/value
This paper adds to the growing literature that recognizes that the drivers of entrepreneurial pursuit are frequently embedded in culture. While this has been studied cross‐nationally, few studies examine this aspect within a heterogeneous society.
Concerns related to the environment are evident in the increasingly ecologically conscious marketplace. Using various statistical analyses, investigats the demographic, psychological and behavioral profiles of consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. Finds that this segment of consumers were more likely to be females, married and with at least one child living at home. They reported that today’s ecological problems are severe, that corporations do not act responsibly toward the environment and that behaving in an ecologically favorable fashion is important and not inconvenient. They place a high importance on security and warm relationships with others, and they often consider ecological issues when making a purchase. Managerial implications for green marketers and suggestions for future research are discussed.
- This paper describes the process of inducting theory using case studies from specifying the research questions to reaching closure. Some features of the process, such as problem definition and construct validation, are similar to hypothesis-testing research. Others, such as within-case analysis and replication logic, are unique to the inductive, case-oriented process. Overall, the process described here is highly iterative and tightly linked to data. This research approach is especially appropriate in new topic areas. The resultant theory is often novel, testable, and empirically valid. Finally, framebreaking insights, the tests of good theory (e.g., parsimony, logical coherence), and convincing grounding in the evidence are the key criteria for evaluating this type of research.
Modern management theory is constricted by a fractured epistemology. which separates humanity from nature and truth from morality. Reintegration is necessary if organizational science is to support ecologically and socially sustainable development. This article posits requisites of such development and rejects the paradigms of conventional technocentrism and antithetical ecocentrism on grounds of incongruence. A more fruitful integrative paradigm of “sustaincentrism” is then articulated, and implications for organizational science are generated as if sustainability, extended community, and our Academy mattered.
The article focuses on the development of a theory. A discussion is presented about steps involved in developing a theory, such as seeing which factors logically should be considered as part of the explanation of the social or individual phenomena of interest. The authors assert that authors developing theories are considering these factors, they should err in favor of including too many factors, recognizing that over time their ideas will be refined. The article presents information about the importance of sensitivity to the competing virtues of parsimony and comprehensiveness.
The decision to become an entrepreneur is considered as an alternative to wage labor. The potential entrepreneur evaluates whether there are positive expected net present benefits of entrepreneurship relative to the expected gains from wage labor. The expected net gain from entrepreneurship depends both on the average income from successful entrepreneurship weighted by the probability of success and the average income from wage labor weighted by the probability of employment. The inclusion of economic factors not only adds to the understanding of entrepreneurship but suggests avenues by which policy makers can encourage entrepreneurship.
Purpose
The central suggestion of this paper is that innovation in the concept of entrepreneurship is overdue and that the concept of entrepreneurship needs to be extended to accommodate its often neglected collective or pluralistic dimension, a concept termed “associative entrepreneurship”. It has also been argued that there may be a natural link between sustainability and the co‐operative form. In this paper these themes are drawn together by considering the entrepreneurial potential expressed by the recent creation of mutual businesses in a range of renewable energy sectors in Wales. It is suggested that, at least in the renewable energy sector and perhaps in other sectors too, innovation in the direction of sustainability may require a development of the concept of entrepreneurship in the direction of mutualism.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper takes the form of a theoretical discussion focusing around seven preliminary case studies.
Findings
As yet only a cluster of community‐based enterprises have been discovered in the renewable energy sector in Wales. The authors propose to study them in detail in the next stage of the research.
Research limitations/implications
This is a developmental paper and many of its suggestions require rigorous testing. The authors would suggest that detailed case studies of the seven examples of associative enterprise in the renewable energy field outlined here, and others which may emerge during the research, would greatly enhance our understanding of what drives entrepreneurs in this field. Further research might also compare these examples with others organised according to more traditional business models.
Practical implications
In view of the urgent need to move towards a low‐carbon economy and the expansion of the renewable energy sector this would require, understanding of the motivations of entrepreneurs in this sector is of great value.
Originality/value
Innovation in the renewable energy sector may be being held back by the limitations of the concept of entrepreneurship.
Many people (particularly women) see entrepreneurship as a way of achieving a better balance between work and family than that provided by paid employment. Fifty-eight entrepreneurs were interviewed in New Zealand (32 women and 26 men) in order to explore the work-family conflict they face, the techniques they use to achieve work-family balance and the effectiveness of these strategies. Our study finds that women entrepreneurs employ a number of flexible work practices, such as choosing where to work, when to work and with whom to work as well as managing their roles within the family. This study concludes that entrepreneurship may not be a panacea for achieving work-family balance. We offer some suggestions for how entrepreneurs may better achieve work-family balance.
Entrepreneurial propensity is not a characteristic distributed evenly throughout the population and the appearance of the entrepreneurial act is not assumed to be random. This study attempted to determine the origins of entrepreneurship. The research focused on sociological factors such as role models, socio-economic status, ethnic membership and education that were associated with entrepreneurship. The sample comprised 36 very successful (i.e. high revenues) female entrepreneurs. Results showed that the presence of role models and a change in family socio-economic status were important in the life histories of these entrepreneurs.
The adverse selection problem that is created because of asymmetry of information about entrepreneurs' attributes and abilities in turning ideas into viable businesses makes it difficult for venture capitalists or corporate executives to identify would-be successful entrepreneurs in advance. To mitigate this, and the related moral-hazard problem, we focus on an individual's motive to become an entrepreneur in the context of an individual's demographic and personal characteristics. We distinguish between two types of entrepreneurs based on their motivation to engage in entrepreneurial activity: “Push” entrepreneurs are those whose dissatisfaction with their positions, for reasons unrelated to their entrepreneurial characteristics, pushes them to start a venture. “Pull” entrepreneurs are those who are lured by their new venture idea and initiate venture activity because of the attractiveness of the business idea and its personal implications. Statistical analysis of data obtained from a questionnaire we recently mailed to Canadian enterprises reveals that “pull” entrepreneurs are more successful than “push” entrepreneurs.
The author proposes a framework to position ecopreneurship in relation to other forms of environmental management. The framework provides a reference for managers to introduce ecopreneurship. Five basic positions are distinguished according to the degree of environmental orientation of a company's core business and the market impact of the company: environmental administrators, environmental managers, alternative activists, bioneers and ecopreneurs. The author suggests an approach to the qualitative operationalisation of ecopreneurship and to how to assess the position of a company in a classification matrix. The degree of environmental orientation in the company is assessed on the basis of environmental goals and policies, the ecological profile of the range of products and services, the organisation of environmental management in the company and the communication of environmental issues. The other dimension of ecopreneurship examined, the market impact of the company, is measured on the basis of market share, sales growth and the reactions of competitors. The approach is then applied to seven case studies of companies. The case studies show that the basic concept of ecopreneurship is applicable. The company representatives saw the approach as helpful in clarifying their position in ecopreneurial terms. The main benefit of the approach is that it provides a framework for self-assessment and indications for improvement.
This paper reviews trends in self-employment up to the 1980s and beyond, and looks at the composition and characteristics of the self-employed workforce. It examines the causes of the current rise in self-employment - in particular employers' strategy of transferring jobs and functions from their `core' workforce of full-time permanent employees to a `peripheral' workforce which includes self-employed labour-only subcontractors as well as part-time workers and people with limited duration contracts of employment. It looks at the recent inflow to self-employment - in particular the importance of involuntary entrants. It examines the ideology of self-employment, and whether it differs substantively from the work orientations of employees. Problems of definition and measurement are summarised. The review concludes with pointers for further research - both qualitative and quantitative.
We conducted a qualitative study of the motivations and contextual factors that induce corporate ecological responsiveness. Analytic induction applied to data collected from 53 firms in the United Kingdom and Japan revealed three motivations: competitiveness, legitimation, and ecological responsibility. These motivations were influenced by three contextual conditions: field cohesion, issue salience, and individual concern. In this article, we also identify the conditions that likely lead to high corporate ecological responsiveness.
This book discusses the development of a theory on the growth of the firm. It is shown that the resources with which a particular firm is accustomed to working will shape the productive services its management is capable of rendering. The experience of management will affect the productive services that all its other resources are capable of rendering. As management tries to make the best use of the resources available, a ‘dynamic’ interacting process occurs which encourages growth but limits the rate of growth.
Many factors motivate entrepreneurs to start and enhance their businesses. In the past, their primary concerns revolved around the bottom-line and survival strategies. However, with awareness of environmental impact of industry operations, entrepreneurs should have a much broader mindset. To determine the extent to which environmental sustainability has become a part of the planning horizon of entrepreneurs, we conducted research involving thirty-six Philippine entrepreneurs. In view of the limited sample size, the data analysis was confined to non-parametric tests of significance. The analysis established that if an entrepreneur has larger asset size or is advanced in age, one could expect the him/her to be more motivated to incorporate environmental initiatives in the enterprise, leading to better environmental performance. At the same time, when an enterprise is set up by an entrepreneur who is more professionally-oriented, the enterprise can also be expected to demonstrate better environmental performance.
The purpose of this study was to determine if any factors exist which can be used to predict the level of environmentally responsible ('green') business behaviour amongst SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises). The variables examined included environmental attitudes of owner/managers, personal demographic variables (age, gender and education level) of the owner, and key external variables (consumer demand, capital availability, firm size, time and information resources). The owner/managers of 154 retail pharmacies in Western Australia were examined. The results showed a high level of 'green' attitudes amongst owners, but no statistically significant relationship between attitudes and their firm's actual performance. None of the demographic characteristics of the owner/managers were related to actual levels of environmental performance. However, two external variables (the amount of time available for owners to undertake discretionary business activity, and the level of environmental information available to business owners) were found to be significantly positively related to a firm's 'green' activities.
Organizations face formidable obstacles to the institutionalization of environmental management programmes. Longitudinal studies show that companies face two major types of barriers to change: industry-specific barriers, which affect all organizations in a line of business; and organizational barriers, which are not specific to environmental problems, but may impede a company′s capacity to deal with any form of change. Evidence shows that these barriers can be overcome through effective environmental management programmes. Argues that by overcoming these barriers, organizations can move along an environmental performance curve, consisting of phases involving adjustment to regulatory and market realities; adaptation and anticipation of emerging issues; and innovation in achieving economically and environmentally sustainable performance through change programmes involving internal and external elements.
There is a need to feminize the research on entrepreneurs — to include the experiences of women in what we know to be true about entrepreneurs and the entrepreneurial process. This paper highlights some of the most significant methodological problems in researching women's entrepreneurial experience, problems which in the past, have prevented researchers from gaining an understanding of this experience, and which continues to stand in the way of developing female perspectives. Instead of using the existing “male-based” models, new approaches are called for in incorporating women's experiences into entrepreneurship theory. This paper outlines the state of research and suggests future directions for developing research on women as entrepreneurs.
Rich data from qualitative research have been treated poorly by computers. Yet, plain text and static documents largely have been uncritically accepted as a price of coding. The new qualitative software from Qualitative Solutions and Research (QSR), NUD•IST Vivo (NVivo), challenges that assumption. This article explores the goals of rich data in qualitative research and the ways NVivo addresses these. Like its sibling software, NUD•IST4, NVivo supports code-based inquiry, searching, and theorizing combined with ability to annotate and edit documents. However, NVivo is designed for researchers who wish to display and develop rich data in dynamic documents. Documents can be imported and edited in rich text with hyperlinks to sound, image, and other files, but they also can be coded as finely as needed and the results of coding displayed, explored, and modeled. The final section offers a brief outline of these and other features of the new software.
Feminist critiques can provide new insights into organizational theories by examining the historical context in which these theories emerged, the research methods in which the theories are grounded, and the assumptions underlying the theories themselves. This paper applies a feminist critique to sociological theories of entrepreneurship. First, the sociological theories are described, focusing on the effects of political factors, state policies, culture, spatial location, and professionalization on entrepreneurship. This is followed by an analysis of these sociological theories investigating the values embedded in these theories and demonstrating how they can take gender relations into consideration. Finally, several directions for future research are discussed along with the potential feminist theories which have to produce change at the societal level.
This study examines the various external, moderating and internal factors that may influence the implementation of an environmental management system within a limited sample of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Both formal and informal environmental management systems were considered within this study. The results indicate that age, customers, and employees' concerns were significantly associated with the informal level of implementation of an environmental management system. Furthermore, education, legislation, and awareness were found to be significantly associated with the formal level of implementation of an environmental management system. Although the strategies identified as being used in practice indicate that the majority of businesses are following a resistant strategy, there is hope in the prospect that SMEs will continue to listen to their relevant publics and continue to improve their environmental management systems. Implications and suggestions for further research are also stated.
A set of ground rules and vocabulary to facilitate focused discussion about the structure of organization and management theories are proposed. The many previous efforts at defining and evaluating theory help establish criteria for theory construction and evaluation. In the establishment of these criteria, description is distinguished from theory, and a matrix of criteria for evaluating the variables, constructs, and relationships that together compose a theory is developed. The proposed matrix may be useful both for defining the necessary components of good theory and for evaluating and/or comparing the quality of alternative theories. Finally, a discussion of the way theories fit together to give a somewhat broader picture of empirical reality reveals the lines of tension between the two main criteria for evaluating theory.
Previous small and medium enterprise (SME) research has found that female owned businesses generally under-perform male owned businesses. Further, this under-performance appears to persist even after controlling for various demographic differences such as: industry; age of business; and size of business. However, previous studies have tended to limit their assessment of performance to measures of returns (such as sales or profit) without controlling (explicitly) for differences in risk. This would appear to be a significant oversight as we know (from finance theory) that expected returns and risk are positively related. This study finds that female SME owners appear to be more risk averse than their male counterparts. Our results indicate that although SME returns are significantly higher for male controlled businesses so is the variation in those returns. After adjusting for risk (variation in returns) we find no significant difference between the performance of male and female controlled businesses.
Concern for the environment is gathering in importance within organisations and it is increasingly becoming part of organisational strategic agendas. Within that dynamic, organisations are seeking mechanisms through which environmental concerns are championed and fostered. In this paper, we argue that entrepreneurialism can be an effective such mechanism. But we further argue that this will be predicated on taking a different view of the basis of entrepreneurial behaviour, one that is based on various dimensions of commitment. We posit a model of environmental entrepreneurship and discuss the organisational implications of the model.
This paper examines the perceptions of prospective entrepreneurs in light of the possible influence of the post-Internet boom awareness and the slowing growth of the economy on their attitudes toward founding a business. The study presents and analyzes the responses and ensuing discussion to questions posed to 54 individuals in three college entrepreneurship courses. Using a controlled Internet discussion board, an interactive dialogue developed among participants. According to the qualitative research findings, a majority of participants in the study perceive there is a slight decline in entrepreneurial activity after the widely publicized failure of new e-businesses that were created in recent years, and the subsequent slowing of the economy. However, there are several reasons why individuals considering entrepreneurship would continue with their goal of founding a business, including greater control of their destiny, increased satisfaction, more money, and creating a legacy for their family and children. Recommendations are made for further qualitative and empirical research of prospective entrepreneurs in follow-up to these findings.
Business entrepreneurs contribute to socio-economic development and change through their commercial enterprises. Enterprising individuals seeking to change society or address social issues through an organized initiative have often been referred to as social entrepreneurs. The past decade has witnessed the emergence of a new breed of eco-conscious change agents who may be called ecological entrepreneurs (ecopreneurs for short). This paper focuses on the strategies developed by six grassroots ecopreneurs drawn from two Indian states, Gujarat and Maharashtra, in the field of alternative agriculture. The cases in this sample consist of individuals who try to diffuse innovations developed by themselves. The paper also explains the conceptual differences between two types of ecopreneurs and provides the theoretical sampling frame; it discusses the research objectives and methodology and presents the ecopreneurs and their efforts at diffusing their eco-friendly ideas and innovations. Finally, the paper focuses on two important barriers to ecopreneurship, describes the strategies used to overcome these barriers and draws conclusions.
In this paper it is argued that the gender of an individual entering self–employment will significantly affect the experience of owning a business. Given that women are subject to patriarchal pressures that underlie their subordination in society, it is argued that being female will affect the experience of self–employment from initiation of the firm, to development of the enterprise through to the manner of daily management challenges. This hypothesis is evaluated through a matched study of male and female small business owners where the effect of gender upon the experiences of small firm ownership is evaluated.
A decision theory model is presented where the decision to start a firm is assumed to be a rational economic decision of a utility maximizer. The model is tested using data for business births in 82 Mississippi counties over the period 1979-1987. Results of the aggregated model are encouraging but suggest that the alternative to a risky venture is not riskless wage labour. Rather, wage labour also carries a risk which is important in determining whether to start a business. The results indicate that there is a strong economic motivation in entrepreneurial ventures which must be considered in addition to psychological factors. The model suggests that encouragement of entrepreneurial ventures can be based upon lowering thc costs of start-ups and policies that increase the probability of success.
This study examines the motives that stimulate individuals into becoming business proprietors. More specifically, it aims to discover if entrepreneurs have multiple motives for creating their enterprises, if non‐economic motives predominate over economic ones, and if men and women have similar reasons for business founding.
Results, based on personal interviews with 35 men and 34 women, indicate that both genders have a variety of reasons for founding and that women, as well as men, are primarily motivated by autonomy, achievement, a desire for job satisfaction and other non‐economic rewards. A desire to make money is not, however, an unimportant motive.
Turning to differences in motives we find that women are less concerned with making money and often choose business proprietorship as a result of career dissatisfaction. They also see entrepreneurship as a means of meeting simultaneously their own career needs and the needs of their children.
look at methodological features of qualitative data analysis (QDA) to consider how, and how much, and how well, it can be computerized / give an overview of general-purpose packages that can be used in QDA, and some types of special-purpose QDA packages / discuss how they can be used and how well they work / provide some pointers to future software developments / stimulate methodological debate on computational QDA
[start] from the research processes involved in relating data and theory in QDA and the different ways [computer] software might support or distort them / describe and critique a series of types of software [multiple text management uses, building conceptual models, sorting categories, attaching key words and codes to text segments, isolating negative or deviant cases, and creating indices] in terms of purposes and design, examining the implications of the method supported by each (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A typology of the female entrepreneur was developed on the basis of psychological characteristics of 60 Australian founder businesswomen. Reviews of past research on the psychological profiles of entrepreneurs have shown that studies of women entrepreneurs are non-existent, and that most research has been conducted with men. In the present study, a number of projective and self-report measures were used to assess multiple dimensions of personality within the traditional theoretical framework of David McClelland. Other variables influencing the motivations of entrepreneurs, for instance motives usually attributed to managers, were explored and included self-attributed need for power and influence, ability to influence/have power, resistance to subordination, internal locus of control, job satisfaction, and achievement values. Analyses revealed three psychological types of female entrepreneurs: the need achiever entrepreneur, the pragmatic entrepreneur and the managerial entrepreneur. The need achievers had high need achievement scores, the managerial entrepreneurs had high self-attributed need for power and influence scores, and the pragmatic entrepreneurs were moderate on both motivations of achievement and power.