Article

What motivates ecopreneurs to start businesses?

May 2010
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research 16(3):204-228

DOI:10.1108/13552551011042799

Authors:

Jodyanne Jane Kirkwood

Otago Polytechnic

Sara Walton

University of Otago

Purpose – Ecopreneurs are those entrepreneurs who start for-profit businesses with strong underlying green values and who sell green products or services. This is an emerging field where research is still in its infancy. Research has been called for to understand the factors that motivate these ecopreneurs to start businesses – and that is the focus of this study. The aim of this paper is to compare the findings with results of extant literature on entrepreneurial motivations. Design/methodology/approach – This study comprises 14 in-depth case studies of ecopreneurial companies in New Zealand in 2008. Participants were interviewed in a face-to-face, semi-structured format. In total, 88 secondary sources such as media reports, industry statistics, and information from company web sites were also collected. Findings – Ecopreneurs were motivated by five factors: their green values; earning a living; passion; being their own boss; and seeing a gap in the market. Ecopreneurs appear to have quite similar motivations to entrepreneurs in general, aside from their green motivations. They had lower level financial motivations than have been found in prior research on entrepreneurs. The ecopreneurs were primarily pulled into entrepreneurship, which bodes well for their ongoing success. The paper presents a number of contributions to both the ecopreneurship and entrepreneurship literatures. Research limitations/implications – The small sample is a potential limitation and the country context may also influence the findings. Originality/value – This is one of the largest samples of ecopreneurs to date. Given the emerging nature of the field of ecopreneurship, this study's conclusions require further research and testing. A total of 11 such suggestions for future research are made.

Green Entrepreneurship as a Nostrum for Sustainable Development among Selected Entrepreneurial Firms in Southwestern, Nigeria

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023

Sustainable development is at the front burner of debates globally and this is a result of continuous challenges bedeviling the survival of the ecosystem through the production activities of organisations hinged towards economic gains. Owning to this fact, this study aims to investigate the significant contributions of green entrepreneurs towards the revitalisation of the ecosystem and ensuring eco-balance. The objectives of this study were centered on examining the effect of green entrepreneurial activities on environmental sustainability and investigating the relationship between green entrepreneurial activities and social sustainability. The theory of planned behaviour and Triple Helix Theory of Sustainable SocioEconomic Development underpinned the study. Data were obtained from selected entrepreneurs with green ideologies in Lagos and Ogun State through a multistage sampling technique, which comprised purposive, stratified and simple random sampling methods. Results obtained from the study shows that green entrepreneurship has an effect on environmental sustainability with (0.795>0.5) and also, a positive, strong and significant exists between green entrepreneurship and social sustainability with (0.931>0.5). The study concluded that the linkage between green entrepreneurial activities and sustainable development can establish an educative mechanism for entrepreneurs and spell out explicitly the importance of going green and imbibing green values. Therefore, green entrepreneurial programme should be regularly organised to create and encourage awareness among entrepreneurs on how to cope with and tackle environmental and social challenges; as awareness on green entrepreneurship will awaken the consciousness of entrepreneurs and assist them in understanding that sustainability challenges can be mitigated.

DO SUSTAINABILITY LEARNING CAPABILITIES PLAY A MEDIATION ROLE WHEN SUSTAINABILITY CONTROL SYSTEMS MEET EMPLOYEES' GREEN CREATIVITY?

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Oct 2022

Dasuni Pandithasekara

Purpose: Locally and internationally, well-known business failures are reported in the manufacturing industry due to the lack of green creativity. Although previous research evidenced that Management Control Systems as one of the critical contextual factors, managers should consider when designing an appropriate workplace to encourage employees' creativity, and there is no sufficient evidence from prior studies examining the association between Sustainability Control Systems and employees' green creativity. Therefore, the current study investigates how Sustainability Control Systems affect employees' green creativity after incorporating sustainability dimensions to overcome this research vacuum. Design/methodology/approach: The Levers of Controls framework developed by Simons served as the foundation for this study and was extended to include sustainability dimensions. The study was conducted in the Sri Lankan manufacturing sector as a cross-sectional study. A structured questionnaire was used to gather primary data from 239 manufacturing organisations involved with sustainability initiatives. The collected data were subject to preliminary analysis using SPSS, and then the researcher performed structural equation modelling using SmartPLS 3.0 and tested the hypotheses. Findings: The results confirmed an insignificant relationship between Sustainability Control Systems and the employees’ green creativity, and sustainability learning capabilities fully mediate the relationship between Sustainability Control Systems and employees’ green creativity. Research implications: The insignificant relationship between Sustainability Control Systems and employees' green creativity, as well as the full mediation role of sustainability learning capabilities, demonstrated the importance of strengthening employees' sustainability learning capabilities to improve employees' green creativity through the use of Sustainability Control Systems. Originality/value: This study contributed to Simons’ Levers of Controls framework by incorporating sustainability dimensions and showing how sustainability learning capabilities fully mediate the relationship between Sustainability Control Systems and employees’ green creativity, through which the theory can be extended to provide a better insight to foster employees’ green creativity. Paper type: Research Paper Keywords: Employees’ Green Creativity, Sustainability Control Systems, Sustainability Learning Capabilities, Simons’ Levers of Controls Framework

Improving Social Performance through Innovative Small Green Businesses: Knowledge Sharing and Green Entrepreneurial Intention as Antecedents

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

Small businesses are thought to be largely responsible for environmental pollution despite the fact that businesses of all shapes and sizes contribute to this issue. This research explores how important factors such as knowledge sharing (KS) and green entrepreneurial intention (GEI) might help small businesses in Saudi Arabia develop and implement green innovation (GI). It also seeks to determine whether GI is a mediating variable that explains the connection between GEI, KS, and social performance (SP). Accordingly, an online survey was used to collect responses from 284 small entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia engaged in various types of business activities. The study used partial least squares structural equation modelling for data analysis and hypothesis testing. The results show that GI considerably influences SP while also having a significant link with both GEI and KS. Further, the study reveals that the relationship between GEI, KS, and SP is mediated by GI. The study offers a plethora of suggestions to various stakeholders generally and to Saudi authorities specifically.

The Impact of Green Entrepreneurship on Social Change and Factors Influencing AMO Theory

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2022

This study analyses the importance of the entrepreneurial intention of university students to promote social change by green entrepreneurship in regard to the three most vibrant components of AMO (Ability, Motivation, and Opportunity) theory, developed by the partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM). The entrepreneurial intention among students is identified via a deductive approach and this approach is developed using a PLS-SEM. The literature exploited and the methodology used comprise a full exploratory analysis technique to collect empirical data to find the predictor variables that influence the promotion of social changes connected to the mediating variable of green entrepreneurship. The survey data were collected from a total of 302 respondents through survey questionnaires from the students. The data were examined statistically to demonstrate the hypotheses predicted from the literature review. The outcomes of the hypothesis association showed that AMO theory influences the predictor variables of skills, incentives, and entrepreneurship education, and that these skills are statistically significant and accepted towards green entrepreneurship. However, the importance of a green entrepreneurship strategy is influenced by the entrepreneurial intention that encourages the promotion of social change. Therefore, the present study helps researchers to find the structural relationship between different wings connecting AMO theory with the entrepreneurial intention that incurs and develops sustainable business performance to create jobs, instead of searching for jobs. Secondly, this study also indicates a mixed approach where participants can openly discuss their opinion and understanding. Ultimately, this study encourages the use of the covariance-based structural equation model (CB-SEM) by confirming its theory, and testing the confirmatory factor analysis in particular.

Factors driving ecopreneurs in India - an exploration

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Are greener start-ups of superior quality? The impact of environmental orientation on innovativeness, growth orientation, and international orientation

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2023

Thomas Neumann

This paper merges the literature on green and high-quality entrepreneurship by introducing environmental orientation as an unrecognised characteristic of start-up quality and the three quality dimensions innovativeness, growth orientation, and international orientation. Entrepreneurship literature argues that only high-quality start-ups contribute to sustainable development and that a better understanding of what determines the quality of start-ups is required. Empirical research has recently shown that the environmental orientation of start-ups is one such determinant, as it significantly predicts their innovativeness. This paper pursues this novel research avenue on the importance of environmental orientation for start-up quality in two ways. First, this paper evaluates and extends this initial evidence on environmental orientation and innovativeness by examining a three times larger sample, covering additional countries and entrepreneurial stages. Second, this paper also analyses the impact of environmental orientation on the quality dimensions of growth orientation and international orientation. Investigation using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data on 9650 entrepreneurs from 51 countries revealed that start-ups with a higher environmental orientation are of superior quality regarding their innovativeness, growth expectations, and exports. These results remain robust for start-ups at different entrepreneurial stages, and tests employing different methodological approaches and variable definitions. However, the categorisation into factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven countries showed that greener start-ups are more innovative in countries at all three levels of development, while the relationships with growth orientation and international orientation remained significant for only two of the three categories. The findings of this paper provide a new approach for practitioners to identify the small number of high-quality start-ups and an economic reason warranting intensified efforts to support green start-ups.

Green entrepreneurship in India: A study of select green businesses

Article

Mar 2019

Sustainability Entrepreneurship: From Consumer Concern Towards Entrepreneurial Commitment

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019

Sustainability is a multidimensional concept that goes beyond environmental protection to economic development and social equity. This change drives entrepreneurs introducing new sustainability-derived products and services to help sustain nature and communities. Entrepreneurship is increasingly being cited as a significant conduit for bringing about a transformation to sustainable products and processes. This research uses the term sustainability entrepreneurs for those who introduce innovative sustainability-derived products, processes, and services for gain, where gain includes economic and non-economic gains to individuals, the economy, and society. The research design was a qualitative exploratory study. The study focuses on a sample of sustainability entrepreneurs as the target respondents who take a commitment to sustainability via sustainability entrepreneurship. Interviews were based around open-ended questions prompting the respondents to engage in a storytelling approach to describe their journey from consumer concern to sustainability entrepreneurship. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. A set of themes emerged after analysis, reflecting experience as sustainability entrepreneurs. The themes were: Concern as a consumer for sustainability living; Entrepreneurship is not just for money or identity fulfilment but also for altruism; Values underpinning sustainability entrepreneurship: Fairness, responsibility, altruism, and integrity; and Collaboration not competition. This research contributes to an understanding of sustainability entrepreneurs as those who emerge from consumer concern to introduce innovative sustainability derived products, processes, and services for gain, where gain includes economic and non-economic gain to individuals, the economy, and society.

Ready to start a business? Unraveling the motives for entrepreneurship.

Article

Mar 2022

The Paradox in the Ecological Side of Corporate Entrepreneurship Sustainability: A Research Agenda and Policy Direction

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022

The ecological devastation observed in the 21st century requires everyone’s participation, including corporates. Many companies have, therefore, incorporated these ecological concerns into their sustainability decisions. We reviewed studies on the nexus of ecological and entrepreneurial sustainability in the context of corporates (large enterprises). The review focuses on clarifying concepts and building a conceptual framework to enhance a better and comprehensive understanding of the ecological side of corporate entrepreneurship sustainability. Through a systematic review of 53 selected papers, we provide inputs for integrating the ecological aspects into company policies and philosophy, in order to build a green business that balances business opportunities with environmental commitments. The study initiates new research agendas by creating a new construct—sustainable corporate ecological entrepreneurship (SCEE).

UNDERSTANDING SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDY THROUGH BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS (GROUNDED THEORY)

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023

To harmonize sustainable development in the entrepreneurship sector, a study was carried out to get an overview of knowledge mapping and current issues on sustainable entrepreneurship. Qualitative research was conducted through bibliometric analysis using VosViewer on Scopus metadata for exploring a grounded theory. The density of visualization shows that the yellow color gradation on sustainable entrepreneurship is opaquer than the entrepreneurship’s color, so it is new to be developed as a novelty. The visualization overlay captures the linked topics of entrepreneurial studies since 2008. It is looked at some issues e.g., innovation, sustainability and development which are the gradating color of light green that has been published since 2014-2015. Conversely, other topics e.g., sustainable business models, social capital performance, business venture, and social entrepreneur are detected as current issues. On sustainable entrepreneurship, the overlay of visualization depicts the linked among specific topics e.g., entrepreneurial intention, higher education, business model, and SMEs which has been published since 2012. The further study will improve the topic of sustainable entrepreneurial intention by involving the social domain as a novelty. The bibliometric analysis results in science mapping as the basis for building a state of the art so that researchers can elaborate on ontology issues, and build epistemology and axiology in this study.

UNDERSTANDING SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDY THROUGH BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS (GROUNDED THEORY)

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023

An interpretive structural modeling—analytic network process approach for analysing green entrepreneurship barriers

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023
Int Enterpren Manag J

Entrepreneurship is one of the issues that plays a key role in the economic growth and development of countries. This economic development and technological advancement have caused environmental damage, which has led entrepreneurs to move towards sustainable production and green entrepreneurship. There are, however, challenges and barriers in front of green entrepreneurs. Hence, this article aims to identify the barriers and challenges of green entrepreneurship in Iran and explore their Interactions and prioritization. To achieve this goal, two quantitative and qualitative approaches were used. In the qualitative approach, using the Fuzzy Delphi method and using expert opinions in this field, 16 factors were identified. In the quantitative phase, the ISM-ANP combination approach was used. First, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was used to analyze the Interactions between these factors. Finally, using the ISM output, the analytic network process (ANP) method was used to prioritize these barriers. The results showed that the factor of reducing budget allocations and investing in green entrepreneurship in the first priority and the factor of high investment costs in the last priority. Given that so far few studies have been conducted in Iran on the barriers to green entrepreneurship, this paper provides a basis for understanding the various factors that prevent the implementation of green entrepreneurship. Also the analysis of these barriers by using the ISM-ANP approach is a new attempt and important in the field green entrepreneurship.

Assessing pro-environmental behaviors and implications for integrated conservation in protected areas: A study of visitors and entrepreneurs in the Asinara National Park, Italy

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023

Understanding pro-environmental behaviors in protected areas is vital for effective resource management, visitor management, infrastructure development, and conservation strategies. Therefore, this study aims to assess environmentally friendly practices and behaviors (eco-practices) of visitors (demand side) and entrepreneurs and tour operators (supply side) to explore the implications for the long-term sustainability of the protected area. The study utilizes the shared value framework and the value-belief-norm theory extended to environmentalism to investigate the relevant values for pro-environmental behaviors. The paper focuses on the Asinara National Park in Italy. It employs a partial least squares-structural equation model to analyze the pro-environmental behavior and willingness to commit to conservation goals. The findings reveal that visitors demonstrate a willingness to commit to eco-practices in a protected area based upon non-extractive cultural ecosystem services (path coefficient = 0.196*) and accept earmarked taxation (path coefficient = 0.254***), which indicates their loyalty and satisfaction with their visit. On the other hand, entrepreneurs are motivated by internally adopted ecological practices (path coefficient = 0.509***) and altruistic reasons (path coefficient = 0.377**). In conclusion, the study emphasizes aligning service and facility supply with demand and the mission of protected areas to achieve balanced and sustainable resource management. By understanding and promoting pro-environmental behaviors, long-term resilience can be ensured for protected areas, benefiting both the environment and the visitors. AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank the participants of the XI Workshop on Institutions, Individual Behavior and Economic Outcomes, Session Environmental and Ecological Economics, Corte (France) and at the Research Meeting Seminar, Burgundy School of Business, Dijon (France) for their helpful comments. We also thank Fondazione di Sardegna (Economia e Benessere tra Società e Istituzioni), grant 2022–2023, Programme 2014–2020 INTERREG V-A Italy – France Maritime (grant EcoSTRIM), and Fondo di Ateneo UNISS 2020 for financial support.

Sustainable Development of Batik Industry: A Literature Review

Preprint

Full-text available

Jul 2023

Although the contribution of the Indonesian batik industry is quite significant, its activities also lead to environmental damage. There is thus a need to develop procedures and tools to achieve sustainability and Green Industry Standards. Before doing so, it is important to conduct a systematic literature review regarding this topic. This study investigates the existing research and debates relevant to sustainability in the batik sector. Therefore, this study provides an understanding of responsible batik consumption and production activities. After reviewing 42 papers from 593 generated results, the batik production aspect is the most dominant aspect analysed by the papers, with production waste being the most-discussed topic. There are opportunities to update the research on the batik production aspect, enrich the discussion about the organisation and marketing aspects, and begin to examine the finance-related aspect regarding the sustainable batik theme.

GREENING BASIS OF THE SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS

Article

Mar 2023

Topicality.The modern trend of economic development is its socially-oriented focus on the basis of a circular reproduction model formation, where its ecological orientation is an important aspect. The concept of sustainable, socio-economic-ecological development is closely related to the concept of social (corporate) responsibility, and discussions about the relevance of conducting socially responsible business in the new millennium are growing every year, attracting an increasing number of scientists from various areas of economic, management and other scientific fields. The above actualizes the study of the problems of business development on the basis of their social responsibility as effective goal setting in the context of the formation of a circular economy model with the determination of the necessary conditions for its ecological development.Aim and tasks.The purpose of the study is to determine the principles of greening the development of socially responsible business based on the circular economy model. Materials and methods.The research was based on such information resources as official documents of international organizations (UN, OECD, European Parliament, World Bank), regulatory and legal acts of Ukraine, analytical materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, important scientific works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, devoted to issues of environmental responsibility of business in the context of solving the problems of sustainable development. The authors used such scientific methods as empirical (description, comparison), theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and systematic.Research results.The result of the study was the improvement of approaches to determining the imperatives of a circular model forming of the socially responsible business development in Ukraine in the conditions of post-war recovery, including the mutual influence of financial performance socio-economic growth and socially responsible business; balance of the company's goals and compliance with the principles of conducting socially responsible business; growth in the volume of the ecological products market; building a waste management system based on "prevention" of their occurrence; the formation of image and reputational benefits as a factor in attracting investments and forming a circle of loyal customers; transparency of business operations and solving the problem of market information asymmetry. In addition, proposals were developed regarding the need to support national business in the fiel of the waste management’scircular mo el, which in the conditions of martial law is unable to fully implement social initiatives on its own, indirectly through the system of tax benefits, and directly through active institutional state support based on the best international practices.Conclusion.The formation of ecological development imperatives for socially responsible business is a necessary condition for the formation of a circular economy model. At the same time, the very foundations of socially responsible business’ ecological evelopment should include, firstly, awareness of the profit maximization processas a result of the rational resources use with the creation of a positive company image, and, secondly, awareness of compliance with current legislation in terms of frugality and environmental protection. The guidelines for the further development of socially responsible business in Ukraine in the conditions of martial law and post-war recovery should be its systematic implementation and full awareness of society about the advantages of such a business model. The development of an effective strategy for conducting socially responsible business on the basis of greening in the country is envisaged with the inclusion of business representatives in its development. The result must be measurable, otherwise the implementation of the strategy will not take place. The result of the policy implementatione of conducting socially responsible business on the basis of its greening should be progressive changes in the management system and the formation of the circular economy model foundations in the country.

From Passion to Performance: Entrepreneurial Passion in the Creative Industries

Thesis

Full-text available

Apr 2023

Stefan Schulte-Holthaus

Entrepreneurship drives progress, innovation, growth, and prosperity. Passion, in turn, motivates and energizes people to pursue meaningful activities on a sustained basis. In following their passion and in interacting with their proximal environments, people build up competencies, knowledge, experience, and social relations, which may result in peak performance. When passion develops and relates to the creation, discovery and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities, entrepreneurial passion emerges. The current state of research shows that entrepreneurial passion is a source of motivation, inspiration, creativity, and perseverance. Moreover, passion determines people's cognition and behavior and positively impacts their development and success on personal and entrepreneurial levels. In the cultural and creative industries, entrepreneurship often begins from a passion for an artistic or creative work that is pursued as a hobby or leisure activity, which professionalizes over time. Thereby, passion for a creative or artistic activity can also create tensions between ideational and economic-organizational imperatives in entrepreneurial contexts. However, how, and why an artistic or creative passion develops into an entrepreneurial one and how it affects entrepreneurial success is uncharted territory. Hence, the aim of this dissertation is to investigate and explain the development of passion and its effect on entrepreneurial performance of creative people whose venturing ambitions are primarily driven by a non-entrepreneurial passion. To this end, a total of four sequential studies were conducted. The first study identifies the current state of literature on entrepreneurship in the cultural and creative industries. The review elaborates the phenomenon of a non-entrepreneurial passion as central feature of creative industries entrepreneurship and outlines its potential for future research. The second study presents a review of the state of research on passion in the entrepreneurial context and develops a theory-based approach that explains how passion emerges, and how it can extend to entrepreneurship and lead to entrepreneurial performance. Thereby, the proposition arises that the interplay of all interests, activities and goals in a person's life has an impact on the development of passion and its performance potentials. Based on 11 semi- structured interviews with successful entrepreneurs whose life paths are characterized by passion for music, the third study follows this assumption and generates mental maps using the Conceptual Causal Mapping method. The results explain the development of real-life passion over time, its current constitution and embeddedness within the personal, social, and entrepreneurial life context and the relation of passion to performance. The empirical data support the theory-based propositions developed in the second study. Moreover, the results indicate that the existing scales of entrepreneurial passion for founding, inventing, and developing cannot fully and adequately capture the individual real-life constitution of passion. Based on the person-environment fit theory, the final study develops a model that substantiates the positive effects of life context fit on the currently measurable domains of entrepreneurial passion and performance. Life context fit is operationalized using personal project analysis and the hypotheses were tested on a sample of 406 creative entrepreneurs using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results demonstrate the effect of life context fit on entrepreneurial passion and its successive translation into performance in four subsegments that can be classified as artepreneurs, culturepreneurs, creative entrepreneurs, and lifestyle entrepreneurs. However, contrary to expectations, the analyses also indicate that neither the life context fit, nor the domains of entrepreneurial passion have uniform positive outcomes. Rather, these relations occur with compounded positive and negative effects. These results are surprising as the extant literature has found nearly consistent positive outcomes of passion on performance. Post-hoc analyses reveal the varying constitutions of life contexts and the existence of previously unmeasurable domains of entrepreneurial passion for products, for people, and for a social cause among creative practitioners and help explaining the positive and negative combination effects in the segments. Overall, this dissertation contributes to the cultural and creative industries literature, the state of research on passion in entrepreneurship and psychology, and the literature whose epistemological interest aim at capturing and explaining entrepreneurial contexts and environments. Findings reveal (a) the central importance, development, and impact of passion among creative and cultural entrepreneurs, (b) the influence of life context on passion and performance, and (c) the interplay of combined positive and adverse effects of the domains of entrepreneurial passion and their impact on entrepreneurial performance. This implies that future research needs to consider people's life context as an antecedent of passion, especially when performance is the dependent variable. Moreover, new theories are required to better explain how, why, and in what combinations passion negatively affects performance. Future research can start here by analyzing the relations between life context, passion, and performance in other contexts, settings, and industries and by contrasting them with the results of this dissertation. Finally, the findings also have practical implications for people who live a passion as a hobby that might trigger entrepreneurial intentions. They can use the studies to reflect on their passion and to explore potentials and hurdles of an enterprising endeavor. In entrepreneurship education, the mechanisms of passion can also be used to help young people in finding and developing a passionate interest and in becoming a successful entrepreneur.

Singaporean Journal of Business Economics, and Management Studies (SJBEM) EFFECT OF ECOPRENEURSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN AFRICA EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2018

Ernest Jebolise Chukwuka

This study presents an empirical investigation of the effect of Ecopreneurship on organizational performance of selected manufacturing firms in Nigeria. This study was motivated by the need to solve the environmental problems caused by the activities of profit driven entrepreneurs as well as exploring the benefits to organizations. The study was guided by two key objectives, from which appropriate research questions and hypotheses were formulated. The specific objectives of this study were: (i) ascertain the extent to which ecological sustainability practices affect the profitability of selected manufacturing firms in Nigeria (ii) establish the degree to which eco-innovation affects market share of selected manufacturing firms in Nigeria. This study adopted the survey design. Simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the 10 manufacturing firms in Nigeria based on the rich ecopreneurship profiles and mode of operations of the manufacturing firms in Nigeria. A sample size of 543 respondents was determined from the population of 5705 drawn from management, middle and lower cadre of the selected manufacturing firms using Cochran (1977) statistical formula. A stratified sampling technique was also used to determine the proportional allocation of questionnaire to management cadre, middle cadre and lower cadre. Designed questionnaire and personal interview were used for primary data collection. The questionnaire was structured on 5-point Likert scale. The validity of the instrument was ascertained using content validity. The instrument was checked for Reliability using test re-test method through Cronbach alpha with a value of 0.90, which shows consistency in the items of survey. Data were analyzed and the hypotheses were tested using linear regression analysis. Probability level of significance was given at 5%. Data were presented using simple percentage. Findings revealed that Ecological sustainability had a positive and significant effect on the profitability of the selected manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Eco-innovation had a positive effect on the market share of selected manufacturing firms of south-south, Nigeria. In conclusion, the implementation of ecopreneurship practices, principles and processes will lead to very positive outcome that will be visibly manifested in the organization and the environment. The recommendations were ecopreneurship courses should be incorporated into the current entrepreneurship education curriculum. Governments should give incentives, subsidies to ecopreneurship firms by way of tax waivers and policy support.

Corporate Social Responsibility: Definitions and Theories

Research

Full-text available

Mar 2023

Alan S. Gutterman

While corporate social responsibility ("CSR") is intended to be "practiced" by businesses as they develop and execute their strategies and conduct their daily operations, CSR has a rich history of academic theories and research which should be reviewed to understand the perspectives of various stakeholders and the challenges to implementing CSR. In this chapter, we explore the wide range of definitions for CSR and related concepts such as corporate social performance; theories of CSR, which have been classified into four groups: instrumental, political, integrative and ethical; and research on CSR that has been conducted in various disciplines including environmental sciences, economics, management, sociology, psychology and law.

UNVEILING THE POST-COLONIAL BURDEN OF NIGERIA’S AMALGAMATION

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

This paper examines the amalgamation of Nigeria since 1914 and the challenges of national integration it creates in post-independence period. The paper sees amalgamation as a burden of the colonial masters which was by its intent and purpose aimed at facilitating the exploitation of the country against perceived unity. The amalgamation and the subsequent introduction of separatist colonial administrative policies of divide and rule pitched ethnic groups against each other and further exacerbated the already fragile unity that had existed among them in pre-amalgamation period. This has created hatred, ethnic dissensions and has brought forced national consciousness in the minds of Nigerians. Consequently, in post-independence Nigeria, cries for power devolution, restructuring and worse still, secessionist agitations have resonated in the country thereby creating problems of national unity and development. Entrapped in the vicissitudes of these cries, it has been difficult to foster unity among the component states and zones that today make up the country for national integration. Using historical cum qualitative method of analysis, this paper interrogates peaceful relationship that had existed among ethnic groups that today make up Nigeria. Drawing lessons from this harmonious relation, the paper offers useful insight necessary for overcoming the challenges of national unity in post-independence Nigeria. Against this backdrop, the paper examines what need to be done to urgently tap in our diversity as a people and as a nation in order to sustain nationhood.

Motivational Facets of Sustainable Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Review and Future Research Agenda

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Entrepreneurial activity and especially sustainable entrepreneurship (SE) significantly impact the achievement of the sustainability transition. While we have a decent understanding of the drivers of entrepreneurial activity, there is limited knowledge and no systematic consolidation of existing work examining what motivates entrepreneurs to engage in SE. To address this issue, we conducted a systematic literature review analyzing 50 papers derived from the Scopus database since 2017. We found that the specific construct discussed in this literature is the Motivation for Sustainable Entrepreneurship (MSE) and argue that it is a combined construct comprising the motivation to have an impact on sustainability and the motivation to become an entrepreneur. We conclude by suggesting three areas for future research: First, a clear definition of MSE is needed, distinguishing what constitutes motivation for impacting sustainable development and motivation for engaging in entrepreneurship. Second, despite having a good understanding of the factors influencing MSE, these are often based on specific case-studies and could benefit from larger and more diverse samples as well as research methods. Third, we have a very limited understanding of the effect of MSE on new venture creation, entrepreneurial practices, performance, and success.

Exploring the Motivations, Abilities and Opportunities of Young Entrepreneurs to Engage in Sustainable Tourism Business in the Mountain Area

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

An important driver of socio-economic development in mountain areas is sustainable tourism. Young entrepreneurs can represent a solution for the sustainable development of the mountain area. However, little is known if an opportunity or necessity drives them to engage in sustainable tourism business in the mountain area. The present study uses the motivation–ability–opportunity (MAO) framework in an effort to understand young entrepreneurs’ sustainable behavior. Semi-structured interviews with young tourism entrepreneurs in the Romanian Carpathian Mountains (n = 21) showcase why young business owners are motivated to engage in sustainable behaviors, how they make the sustainable outcome happen, and what is entrepreneurs’ perception on the opportunities that allow them to do sustainable business. This paper brings new perspectives presenting the perception of young entrepreneurs regarding the opportunities provided by natural resources in the mountain area for the sustainable development of the tourism business. The results reveal that intrinsic motivation is dominant, sustainable business development being considered an extension of personal lifestyle by most of the study participants. All respondents stated that they have knowledge about alternative energy sources, and they want to use them as much as possible in their business. Most respondents have the managerial capability to integrate the specifics of the area in the offers and to use the natural resources and infrastructure to business advantage. The use of technologies that help save resources is considered an opportunity to build a sustainable business by all study respondents, followed by facilities offered by the local community. The findings may be used by governments and other stakeholders to make key decisions that stimulate sustainable forms of entrepreneurship in the mountain area.

EKOGİRİŞİMCİLİK OLGUSU ÜZERİNE TİPOLOJİK YAKLAŞIMLAR: KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR İNCELEMETYPOLOGICAL APPROACHES ON ECOPRENEURSHIP: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW

Article

Dec 2022

Küresel ısınma ve biyolojik çeşitliliğin azalması, hava kirliliği ve doğal kaynakların tükenmesi gibi çevre sorunlarına dair artan endişeler sonucunda 1980’li yılların sonlarında sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya yönelik artan farkındalık, girişimcilerin faaliyetlerinde çevreyi gözetme baskısını güçlendirmiştir. Girişimcilik ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma arasındaki bağlantıyı vurgulayan ekogirişimciliğin, ekonomik ve çevreye yönelik hedefleri birlikte en büyüklemeyi amaçlayan bir olgu olarak 1990’ların başında ortaya çıktığı söylenebilir. 1990’lardan günümüze kadar ekogirişimcilik bir bilgi alanı olarak kabul edilmiş olmasına karşın, ekogirişimciliğin ne anlam içerdiği ve ekogirişimciliği motive eden faktörlerin neler olduğu konusunda literatürde bir fikir birliğine varılamamıştır. Bu duruma bağlı olarak da, literatürde çeşitli kriterleri dikkate alan çok sayıda ekogirişimcilik tipolojisi ortaya çıkmıştır. Araştırmanın sorunsalını literatürde çok sayıda geliştirilen ekogirişimcilik tipolojileri oluştururken, araştırmanın soru ise ilgili tipolojilerin birbirinden farklı yönlerinin neler olabileceğine odaklanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, ekogirişimcilik tanımlarındaki çeşitliliğe dayalı olarak, ekogirişimcilik tipolojilerinin hangi ana ölçütlere göre (benzer özelliklere göre) oluşturulduğunu ortaya koymayı ve tipolojiler arasındaki farklılıkları göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Literatür incelemesi sonucunda, ekogirişimcilik tipolojilerinin örgüt içi ve örgüt dışı boyutları dikkate aldıkları, içsel boyutlu tipolojilerin aynı zamanda ekogirişimciliği büyük ölçüde bireysel düzeyde, dışsal boyutlu tipolojilerin ise örgüt düzeyinde ele aldıkları tespit edilmiştir.

Factors influencing sustainable entrepreneurial practices: Looking at individual-level factors through conventional entrepreneurial perspectives.

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Sharif Hossain

Purpose: Entrepreneurs contribute to the economic and non-economic development of a country with their entrepreneurial activities, but they also negatively impact the environment. Using entrepreneurial capabilities, however, entrepreneurs can turn various social and environmental issues into profitable solutions to benefit society and ensure their long-term business success which is called sustainable entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach: This research aims to identify and highlight individual level factors that directly, or indirectly, affect individuals’ behaviour, and can influence them to engage in sustainable entrepreneurial activities. Findings: This secondary research reviewed and integrated existing literature to highlight individual-level factors that can influence entrepreneurs to engage in sustainable entrepreneurial practices. The insight of this paper could open key considerations for researchers in the sustainable entrepreneurship field to explore individual-level factors and enhance further understanding Paper type: Research paper

Pelatihan Pembuatan Laporan Keuangan Di Kalangan Guru dan Siswa SMA/SMK Berbasis Online

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Proyek pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini berupaya mengajarkan guru dan siswa di SMK Negeri 1 Pasuruan dasar-dasar penyusunan laporan keuangan. Guru dan siswa di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan memerlukan pemahaman dasar tentang penyusunan laporan keuangan untuk menerapkan teori-teori yang dipelajari di sekolah. Pelatihan dari dosen hingga guru dan siswa SMK Negeri 1 Pasuruan merupakan metode yang diterapkan dalam proyek pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini. Situasi Indonesia masih dalam pandemi COVID-19 sejak Maret 2020 Presiden Joko Widodo menginformasikan bahwa masyarakat Indonesia telah banyak yang tertular COVID-19 hingga saat kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dilakukan pada 12 Maret 2022, maka penyuluhan dilakukan melalui sesi zoom. Para guru dan siswa SMK Negeri 1 Pasuruan memahami dengan jelas mata pelajaran yang diajarkan oleh para dosen, terlihat dari keseruan yang dengannya pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut dijawab selama kegiatan konseling ini. Kegiatan ini diharapkan dapat membantu guru dan siswa memahami cara merekam dan membuat laporan sehingga dapat berhasil menyesuaikan diri ketika memasuki masyarakat.

Pathways to social value and social change: An integrative review of the social entrepreneurship literature

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022
INT J MANAG REV

Social entrepreneurship has emerged as an important means of addressing grand challenges. Although research on the topic has accelerated, scholars have yet to articulate an overarching framework that links the different pathways taken by social entrepreneurs with the positive effects of these efforts. To address this shortcoming, we conducted a systematic literature review which enabled us to conceptually differentiate between social value and social change as distinct outcomes of social entrepreneurship and identify seven pathways for achieving these outcomes. Building on our analysis, we outline a research agenda for questions pertaining to: the dynamics between social value and social change; how contextual factors and social entrepreneurs influence various pathways; design principles of business models and innovations that facilitate social value and social change; and defining, measuring, and ensuring accountability for social value and social change.

Pushed or Pulled into Entrepreneurship? Motivations behind Entrepreneurial Entry for Women with Disabilities in Bangladesh

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022

Saptarshi Dhar

This research is aimed to explore the entrepreneurial motivations for women entrepreneurs with disabilities (EWDs) in Bangladesh. The paper adopted the push-pull theory of entrepreneurial motivation as its theoretical background and assessed whether women EWDs chose to pursue an entrepreneurial career for "push" or "pull" reasons. A qualitative, multiple case study research methodology based on a semi-structured, in-depth interview format was adopted to enable the respondents to share their experiences. Four cases of women EWDs involved in small businesses were selected based on purposive sampling. Findings imply that the motivational reasons for women EWDs involve a blend of push and pull factors. Four pull factors-economic freedom, higher income, self-fulfillment and achievement, personal development and two push factors-job dissatisfaction and lack of career prospects were found as predominant entrepreneurial motivators. The unique contribution of this paper is to offer evidence on the entrepreneurial motivation for women EWDs in Bangladesh through a qualitative research methodology deriving data from in-depth interviews.

Environmental entrepreneurship: a bibliometric perspective of the field

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022
Int Enterpren Manag J

It has been twenty years since the first special issue on Environmental Entrepreneurship (EE) was published in 1998. Since then, the number of papers on this subject has increased unceasingly. Such a high rate of publications calls for a more quantitative approach to synthesize and evaluate the literature. Therefore, this paper aims to assess the research on EE through a bibliometric study of 267 journal articles published between 1992 and 2019. Data was collected from the Web of Science (WoS) database and analyzed using performance indicators and science mapping. The paper portrays the development of EE research over time; identifies the most influential articles, journals, and countries; and unveils the intellectual structure of the field. These results can be used to enhance the understanding of EE and support further research in this area. This bibliometric study is one of the first to be concerned with the field of EE and completes already existing systematic literature reviews.

Understanding the Motivation Complexity of Grassroots Ecopreneurs at the Base of the Pyramid

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

This qualitative study focuses on the factors that motivate grassroots ecopreneurship at the base of the pyramid (BoP). Our study is anchored by the research question, “How are grassroots ecopreneurs at the BoP of Kenya motivated?” The participants were mainly drawn from beneficiaries of a multinational Non-Governmental Organization. Using a grounded theory approach, we conducted 12 qualitative case studies, 10 focus groups and 2 interviews, recording 61 participants. We triangulated data sources through data collected from primary and secondary sources, such as archival documents and archival interviews. Extant research suggests that grassroots ecopreneurs (GEs) at the BoP primarily engage in necessity-driven ventures. However, this study demonstrates that GEs’ motives to launch new ventures appear to be multifaceted and simultaneous (not linear or sequential). We also observed an interlinkage of environmental and economic motives in GEs who diversified their investments into related and unrelated areas. Our findings also indicate that GEs at the BoP developed socio-ethical motives-the GEs’ concerns toward other members of the community-and a desire to create social value beyond private value. All these motives contributed to the GEs establishing and sustaining viable businesses.

Ecopreneurship

Presentation

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Alan S. Gutterman

A variety of terms have been used to describe entrepreneurship behavior conducted through an environmental lens including ecopreneurship, eco-entrepreneurship, environmental entrepreneurship, enviropreneurship, green entrepreneurship and green-green businesses. Regardless of the term used, key characteristics and elements of entrepreneurship conducted to pursue an environmental-related mission and purpose include a long-term commitment to environmental sustainability; the development, offer and sale of environmentally-friendly products or services; operations based on green design and processes; and a visionary commitment to popularizing eco-friendly ideas and innovations (i.e., “change the world” by promoting sweeping changes of habit within society to reduce environmental impacts). Green businesses generally start small, driven by idealists focused on a sustainable niche, and eventually give way to larger firms with the resources to open the niche to the wider range of consumers that begin to demand the products and services that the ecopreneur pioneered. This chapter covers definitions and conceptualizations of environmental entrepreneurship, factors driving and influencing ecopreneurship, typologies of ecopreneurs, ecological economics and measuring environmental management performance.

Women, Entrepreneurship, and Sustainability: The Case of Saudi Arabia

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

We ran two focus groups with well-educated Saudi women; there were ten participants with established businesses and ten nascent entrepreneurs. Despite the Saudi Vision 2030’s centring of environmental sustainability as a key tenet of the country’s development, the women entrepreneurs we studied (both established and nascent) were not well informed on the topic. Further, the welleducated women in our sample were under pressure from neither their customers nor their own religious, financial, or moral imperatives to engage in sustainable practices or seek out and implement sustainable business in any form. Our respondents believed that government should incentivise businesses to undertake sustainable practices and saw no financial benefits to initiating these practices themselves. Contrary to previous literature, we found that the women entrepreneurs in our sample did not perceive sustainability as an entrepreneurial opportunity and, in many cases, did not believe that sustainability should be an intrinsic element of any for-profit business. Our research findings imply that the prevalent top-down policy approach used by the government to promote sustainable entrepreneurial practices needs to be complimented by a more inclusive multi-actor approach that would involve local and national stakeholders. Moreover, educational policies need to promote the integration of sustainability topics within the larger educational system to promote awareness and social change.

Interplay among institutional actors for sustainable economic development—Role of green policies, ecoprenuership, and green technological innovation

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

This study conceptualizes the impact of Green Economy Policies, namely, green fiscal policy, green investment, and green jobs, on sustainable economic development through direct and serially mediated paths. Ecopreneurship and Green Technological Innovation have been perceived/recognized as potential mediators linking green economy policies to sustainable economic development. The conceptual model sheds light on the integrated role of two main actors—the government of the state and its market forces in moving toward the goal of sustainability and gains for all. It represents that incorporating “green” into public policy creates a suitable environment for green entrepreneurs to propose innovative green technologies and sustainability-led business models. Theoretically supported by Institutional theory, this article aims to contribute to sustainability transition research by focusing on the collective role of different institutional forces in achieving economic gains through a sustainability lens.

Theoretical background of the organization of ecological entrepreneurship in the context of sustainable development concept

Article

Sep 2023

The article is devoted to an in-depth study of scientific approaches and laws of the organization of ecological entrepreneurship. The relationship between the provisions of the concept of sustainable development and the need to organize ecological entrepreneurship and economy with the natural environment is outlined. The possibilities of business in the green economy regarding the formation of the effect, the creation of “ecological business” taking into account the concept of sustainable development are substantiated. The author sets tasks that must be solved in the development of ecological concepts related to ecological and economic problems. The author's vision of the concept of “ecological entrepreneurship” is presented in the context of scientific consideration of ecological and economic tasks based on the innovation process and aimed at protecting the ecosystem and people. The author recommends determining the essence of “ecological entrepreneurship” using ecosystem, eco-innovation, organizational, standardization and global approaches. The author of the article proposed an adapted organizational base for evaluating the structure, processes, influencing factors and effectiveness of the development of ecological entrepreneurship. According to the author, the development of ecological entrepreneurship is a global challenge, therefore it is necessary to focus on supporting the integrity of the economic and ecological system by developing and implementing effective measures for organizing and conducting business without harming the environment. The development of ecological entrepreneurship can become a guide on the way to sustainable economic development of the country as well as of the most countries of the world.

Strategi Pengembangan Bisnis Yang Berbasis Lingkungan Pada Usaha Mikro Di Kota Semarang

Article

Aug 2023

The research intends to find/compile alternative strategies for the development of ecopreneur businesses in micro-enterprises in the city of Semarang. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted with respondents who became the research sample in order to identify the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and business opportunities of ecopreneurs in general. From the results of the SWOT analysis, several alternative strategies are proposed for business development, including: relearning by attending workshops or training related to coloring and the production process of friendly products by reusing handicraft exhibition events or exhibitions held after the Covid-19 pandemic; maximize the use of social media as a means of promotion and marketing; provide education to the public about environmentally friendly products to consumers through brochures, labeling, or packaging; further enhance collaboration among craftsmen of environmentally friendly products so that product quality becomes better; as well as learning how to produce by foreign producers so that they are more capable of producing in larger quantities. Meanwhile, input for relevant government agencies in Semarang is to be able to collaborate with micro-scale ecopreneurs in Semarang better in order to provide education to increase public awareness about environmentally friendly products .

Influence of workplace ostracism on workplace behavior: The moderating role of Neuroticism

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Workplace ostracism is one of the most common forms of passive workplace mistreatment, in which employees are ignored and excluded from the workplace. The primary goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between workplace ostracism and workplace behavior, as well as how neuroticism moderates this relationship. This is a descriptive research project and a cross-sectional research design with exposure and outcome constraints was used. Data were acquired from 180 employees working in private firms in India and analyzed using PLS-SEM. A conceptual model is also constructed based on the COR (Conservation of Resources) principle that describes the impact of workplace ostracism on employee behavior. Workplace ostracism has a negative impact on employee job performance but does not affect deviant behavior. It also shows that whereas neuroticism has a stronger moderating effect on the link between workplace ostracism and job performance, it does not influence deviant behavior that goes against our expectations. While previous studies have mostly focused on the moderating effect of psychological or motivational constructs on the association between workplace exclusion and behavior, the author has added to the existing body of knowledge by examining one of the Big-Five Personality Dimensions, namely Neuroticism, and its moderating effect.

Young Women as Social Entrepreneurs in the Environmental Sector in Ghana: Development Hackers and the Re-imagining of Sustainable Development Models

Article

Jul 2023

The article considers the extent to which social entrepreneurship of young women is contributing to sustainable development in Ghana, based on field research conducted between October 2018 and April 2019. Data collection involved a review of the literature and a questionnaire survey of actors within the social entrepreneurship ecosystem in Ghana but is primarily based on the life histories of 13 women entrepreneurs collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Social entrepreneurship is undergoing a boom in Ghana which is characterized as having the most entrepreneurs as a proportion of the population globally and with women outnumbering men. Critical discourse analysis was employed to highlight the potential difference between grand narratives of entrepreneurship for development—how it is supposed to work, and how it is working in practice for young women social entrepreneurs in Ghana. The life histories demonstrate that the social entrepreneurship of young women in Ghana does not appear to be contributing to sustainable development because the enterprises yielded small or non-existent economic benefits for the entrepreneurs, demonstrating the limitations of this framework in the Ghanaian context. Indeed, most of the enterprises do not go beyond the ideation stage while the fame of winning social entrepreneurship competitions is used by individuals to build social and symbolic capital for employment by the public sector and the United Nations. In this way, young women are “hacking” social entrepreneurship for their own purposes as it is one of the opportunities open to them but it does not lead to sustainable enterprises. While the social entrepreneurship sector in Ghana is booming, it appears in reality to be a survival activity for women who are subject to gender inequalities and social-cultural harassment.

Scientific reasoning in management. The role of abduction in research process design

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Jun 2023

Joanna Szydło

Joanna Szydło, rozdział w monografii 1, Scientific reasoning in management

Chapter

Full-text available

Jun 2023

Joanna Szydło

MINAT MENJADI ECOPRENUENUER PADA REMAJA PENGELOLA GARDEN TARUNA TANI KECAMATAN KALISARI, JAKARTA TIMUR

Article

Apr 2023

Abstrak Minat menjadi ecopreuneur merupakan hal yang harus diapresiasi, apalagi masih dalam kategori usia remaja, di mana banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi dari sisi internal diri maupun dan faktor ekternal sehingga berpengaruh pada perilaku dan keputusannya.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peran Persepsi dan Interaksi Sosial Masyarakat dengan Motivasi sebagai variabel mediasi terhadap Minat menjadi Ecopreuneur. Teknik analisis data secara deskriptif kuantitatif menggunakan SPSS. Hasil penelitian terhadap 40 orang pengurus menghasilkan Persepsi berpengaruh dan signifikan terhadap Motivasi, Persepsi berpengaruh dan signifikan terhadap Minat Menjadi Ecopreneur, Interaksi Sosial berpengaruh dan signifikan terhadap Motivasi, Interaksi Sosial tidak berpengaruh dan tidak signifikan terhadap Minat Menjadi Ecopreneur, Motivasi tidak berpengaruh dan tidak signifikan terhadap Minat Menjadi Ecopreneur. Persepsi terhadap Minat Menjadi Ecopreneur bagi para pengurus karang taruna lebih besar berdasarkan persepsi mereka sendiri dari pada melalui dorongan motivasinya dan kemampuan berinteraksi dengan masyarakat merupakan dorongan yang lebih besar dari pada melalui motivasi bagi pengurus karang taruna untuk berminat menjadi Ecopreneur. Keywords : Persepsi, Interaksi Sosial Masyarakat, Motivasi dan Minat menjadi Ecopreuneur Abstract Interest of becoming an ecopreneur is something that must be appreciated, especially still in the adolescent age category, where there are many factors that can influence both internal and external factors that affect their behavior and decisions. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of Community Social Perception and Interaction with Motivation as an intermediate variable on the interest of becoming an Ecopreneur. The data analysis technique was descriptive quantitative using SPSS. The results of the study of 40 administrators resulted in influential and significant perceptions of motivation, influential and significant perceptions of interest becoming an ecopreneur, social interaction and significant influence on motivation, social interaction had no and significant effect on interest of being an ecopreneur, motivation had no effect and no significant effect on motivation. Interest of becoming an Ecopreneur, Perception of Interest in becoming an Ecopreneur for youth organizations is greater based on their own perceptions than through their motivational impulses and the ability to interact with the community is a greater impetus than through motivation for youth organizations to be interested in becoming an Ecopreneur. Keywords: Perception, Community Social Interaction, Motivation and Interest of becoming an Ecopreneur

L’intention entrepreneuriale environnementale : quels enseignements pour l’accompagnement des entrepreneurs naissants français ?The environmental entrepreneurial intention: what lessons can be drawn to support French nascent entrepreneurs?La intención emprendedora ambiental: ¿qué lecciones se pueden extraer para apoyar a los empresarios nacientes franceses?

Article

Jan 2023

Azzedine TOUNES

EFFECT OF GREEN BUSINESS PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN NIGERIA

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2023

This study presents an empirical investigation of the effect of green business practices on organizational performance of selected manufacturing firms in Nigeria. This study was also motivated by the urgent need to solve the environmental problems caused by the activities of profit driven entrepreneurs in developing economy as well as exploring the benefits to organizations. The study was guided by one key objective, from which appropriate research question and hypothesis were formulated. The specific objective of this study was to determine the extent to which green business practices affect the manufacturing firm"s productivity in Nigeria. This study adopted the survey design. Simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the 10 manufacturing firms in Nigeria. A sample size of 543 respondents was determined from the population of 5705 drawn from management, middle and lower cadre of the selected manufacturing firms using Cochran (1977) statistical formula. A stratified sampling technique was also used to determine the proportional allocation of questionnaire to management cadre, middle cadre and lower cadre. Designed questionnaire and personal interview were used for primary data collection. The questionnaire was structured on 5-point Likert scale. The validity of the instrument was ascertained using content validity. The instrument was checked for reliability using test re-test method through Cronbach alpha, with a value of 0.90, which shows consistency in the items of survey. Data were analyzed and the hypotheses were tested using linear regression analysis. Probability level of significance was given at 5%. Data were presented using simple percentages. Findings revealed that green business initiatives had significant and positive effect on the selected manufacturing firm"s productivity (r=.756, F=346.024; T=18.602;p=.000). In conclusion, the implementation of green business practices, principles and processes

Green Entrepreneurship

Chapter

Apr 2023

Ada Domańska

Venture capital investments as the catalyst for sustainable development: Evidence, current status, and future research agenda

Article

Feb 2023
J CLEAN PROD

ENTREPRENEURIAL MOTIVATIONS OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN CONGOLESE URBAN AREAS

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

Dr. Jean Kahuisa Makina

The objective of this study is to assess the motivating factors for business creation among young Congolese living in urban areas. It was conducted in the city of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo. A total sample of 336 respondents was drawn using the accidental sampling method. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the results were presented in tables and in diagrams. The results show young Congolese in urban areas have mixed motivations. The four main reasons that motivate young people to embark on an entrepreneurial career are: the fight against poverty, the desire to create one's own job to escape unemployment, the need for independence and autonomy, and the desire to participate to the development of the region or the country. The practical implication of the study lies in the fact that it encourages young Congolese from urban areas who have shown the motivation to create a business to take action to achieve the effectiveness of the act of creating a business. For policy makers and education professionals, the study helps to improve entrepreneurship education so that it motivates young people more to undertake. The originality of this study is based on the context in which the data collection took place, namely less advanced countries, specifically the Democratic Republic of Congo, a country less studied on the entrepreneurial level. The operational aim of the study is the development of entrepreneurship and the realization of entrepreneurial projects of young Congolese. Keywords:Entrepreneurial Motivation, Business Creation, Young Congolese, Entrepreneurship, Necessity Motivations, Opportunity Motivations, Mixed Motivations.

Creating a Green Circular Entrepreneurship Mindset in Students

Chapter

Jan 2023

Today in the world, there are still entrepreneurs who prefer a model of linear growth and consumerism, which means that the objective is to increase the production and sales volume of products in the market and their profit, which also requires a greater consumption of resources. While other entrepreneurs consider incorporating new business models, where processes that allow resource efficiency, respect for the environment, and sustainability are applied. Likewise, the OECD considers that entrepreneurs must evolve and change their values and processes because of the risks that may arise in the future due to environmental and climate challenges. How can we develop entrepreneurs with a circular and green mentality? By generating awareness in the new generations, it is possible to improve the competitiveness, efficiency, and effectiveness of the different production and consumption processes, leading to economic growth.KeywordsEntrepreneurshipGreen entrepreneurshipCircular entrepreneurshipGreen educationCircularCircularityCircularity

Passion as Process: Three Perspectives on Entrepreneurial Passion and an Integrated Path Forward

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022
J BUS RES

Extant treatments of entrepreneurial passion (EP) have often employed divergent assumptions, leading to differing interpretations of what constitutes EP and lingering disagreements concerning how EP relates to entrepreneurial decision-making, actions, and outcomes. Despite its prominence in both popular media and scholarly research, EP suffers for want of a unifying theoretical framework that simultaneously identifies, distinguishes, and integrates its varied inter-personal and intra-personal conceptions, descriptors, contexts, and perspectives. Consequently, this vast body of research sometimes has produced theoretical confusion and contradictory findings about EP’s role in the entrepreneurship process. To address this, we conducted an exhaustive review of extant work on EP as a precursor to developing a more comprehensive and unified framework for categorizing and assessing EP’s diverse facets, refining theoretical boundaries, and improving construct clarity. Our synthesis provides scholars with a promising roadmap for future research and practitioners with more reliable guardrails concerning EP’s favorable and unfavorable impacts.

Voraussetzungen erfolgreicher nachhaltiger Geschäftsmodelle

Chapter

Nov 2022

Klaus-Michael Ahrend

Dieses Kapitel handelt von Exzellenz. Es beschreibt Erfolgsfaktoren für eine erfolgreiche Entwicklung und Positionierung von nachhaltigen Geschäftsmodellen. Als Grundlage für die Darstellung der Erfolgsfaktoren dienen zahlreiche praxisnahe Studien und wissenschaftliche Quellen.

Motivations et difficultés des éco-entrepreneurs en Algérie : le rôle des dispositifs publics d'accompagnement

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022
Innovations

Aujourd'hui, on assiste à l'émergence de l'entrepreneuriat vert. Les pays en développement n'y échappent pas. Dans ce contexte, notre article cherche à comprendre les motivations et les difficultés rencontrées par les entrepreneurs dans le domaine de l'environnement mais aussi comment les pouvoirs publics accompagnent les éco-entrepreneurs. A partir d'une étude de cas sur l'Algérie, nous mettons en évidence que les valeurs environnementales guident les entrepreneurs dans leur volonté de créer une entreprise dans ce domaine même s'ils sont confrontés à de multiples obstacles d'ordre réglementaire et administratif, et au manque de connaissances techniques/technologiques des accompagnateurs de projets. De plus, l'inadéquation entre les dispositifs publics de soutien à la création d'entreprise verte-notamment financiers-constitue un frein au développement de l'entrepreneuriat vert en Algérie. Abstract Today, we are witnessing the emergence of green entrepreneurship. Developing countries are no exception. In this context, our article seeks to understand the motivations and difficulties encountered by entrepreneurs in the field of the environment, but also how the public authorities support eco-entrepreneurs. Based on a case study of Algeria, we show that environmental values guide entrepreneurs in their desire to create a company in this field, even though they are confronted with multiple regulatory and administrative obstacles and a lack of technical/technological knowledge on the part of project advisors. Moreover, the inadequacy of public support mechanisms for the creation of green businesses-particularly financial-constitutes a brake on the development of green entrepreneurship in Algeria.

Psychological factors predicting the likelihood of youth entrepreneurship in Ethiopia

Article

Oct 2022

BACKGROUND: Entrepreneurship is a critical strategic instrument for any country’s overall social and economic sustainable growth. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to address the psychological characteristics that predict the likelihood of youth considering entrepreneurship in Ethiopia. METHODS: To achieve this objective, this study used a quantitative research approach and an explanatory research design. The study’s target group was 9850 entrepreneurs who are currently engaged in a variety of entrepreneurial activities. Using a multistage sampling technique, the researchers selected 385 respondents as a sample size out of the target population. RESULTS: This study used a survey questionnaire as a tool for data collection and applied binary logistic regression analysis for the data analysis. The study found that psychological traits factors, such as the need for achievement, need for independence, locus of control, and risk-taking prosperity variables, are significant in predicting the likelihood of youth considering entrepreneurship as an attractive life venture. CONCLUSIONS: By looking at the influence of personality factors on entrepreneurial intentions, this study adds to the current body of knowledge in entrepreneurship research. The study contributes to policymakers and other stakeholders to support micro and small enterprises. Furthermore, owners and practitioners can utilize the findings of this study as a guide.

ECOPRENEURSHIP: TANTANGAN USAHA PEMANFAATAN ULANG SAMPAH PLASTIK RUMAH TANGGA UNTUK PRODUK FASHION

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

Bank sampah memiliki tugas melakukan pengurangan sampah. Sampah terbanyak yang dihasilkan adalah sampah plastik. Jumlah sampah plastik yang tercatat sebanyak 13,39% dari 38,05% sampah anorganik. Salah satu penghasil sampah plastik adalah rumah tangga yang berupa plastik kemasan tidak laku jual. Salah satu upaya pengurangan plastik kemasan ini dengan memanfaatkan kembali menjadi produk bahan untuk membuat produk kreatif. Bahan selebar 100 x 75 cm, membutuhkan 1500gram sampah. Bahan ini digunakan untuk membuat produk kreatif fashion (tas) sebagai usaha yang berbasis lingkungan termasuk sampah. Usaha ini adalah ecopreneurship yang dikembangkan Bank Sampah Sejahtera, Kelurahan Joyotakan, Surakarta. Tujuan Program Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) adalah pengembangan ecopreneurship, dengan pemanfaatan ulang sampah plastik rumah tangga khususnya plastik kemasan. Solusi yang ditawarkan untuk mencapai tujuan adalah dengan memberi pelatihan dan pendampingan. Metode yang digunakan untuk menjawab solusi adalah metode observasi, metode wawancara, metode tes dan metode pendampingan. Hal-hal yang dilakukan untuk mewujudkan tujuan adalah observasi, untuk mendapatkan situasi dan kondisi, wawancara kepada tokoh kunci, untuk mendapatkan informasi dan kesepakatan solusi untuk mewujudkan tujuan. Posttest-pretest dilakukan pada setiap pelatihan serta melakukan pendampingan untuk mewujudkan dan mengembangkan ecopreneurship. Hasil PKM berupa pemberian pelatihan, memberi pengaruh peningkatan pengetahuan pada peserta. Pemberian pendampingan memberi keyakinan kepada Bank Sampah Sejahtera untuk melakukan usaha. Usaha ini berkaitan dengan penggunaan kembali sampah plastik rumah tangga sebagai bahan dasar produk kreatif fashion. Kata kunci: bank sampah; ecopreneurship; pelatihan; pendampingan; sampah plastik kemasan

Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical

Book

Full-text available

Jan 2005

David Silverman

Methodological Fit in Management Field Research

Data

Full-text available

Apr 2015

What we know about the mothers of invention

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Jan 2007

The Decline and Rise of Self-Employment

Article

Full-text available

Jun 1991

Indications are that the long-term decline of self-employment has come to a halt in the 1970s in the advanced industrialized economies. In this paper, we challenge the currently popular argument that the recent revival of self-employment represents an effective answer to the problems of slow economic growth and unemployment. Our time-series regression analysis of aggregate self-employment rates in eight major OECD countries from the early 1950s to 1987 suggests that rising self-employment may be a response to deficiencies in labour markets rather than a sign of economic vitality.

Cultivating the Garden of Eden: Environmental entrepreneuring

Article

Full-text available

Apr 1998
J ORGAN CHANGE MANAG

Alistair R Anderson

Presents a discussion on the nature of environmentalism and the nature of enterprise. It argues that while, superficially, these concepts might appear to be contradictory, on examination key communalities become evident. Crucially, both are recognised to be social processes which are based on the notion of value. In environmentalism the value of economic growth per se is questioned. It challenges ideas about what society should consider to be valuable; about whether quality of life is more important than standard of living. Entrepreneurship is argued to be about the creation of value, first at a social level in terms of new products or services, and second, at an individual level in terms of the production of idiosyncratic values, such as self-satisfaction and gratification. The paper proposes, and demonstrates, by examples, that changes in social evaluations, brought about by “greening”, mean that new entrepreneurial opportunities have arisen to develop new businesses. Consequently, these new businesses are embedded in, and valorised by, the emergent social values. Given that they are also energised and motivated at a personal level they are seen to be both viable and environmentally sustainable.

Measuring Chinese entrepreneurial motivation : Personality and environmental influences

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2007

Purpose – Debates in the literature on entrepreneurship concentrate on whether the focus should be on psychological variables or the external environment. Despite most studies being on the former, many others argue that the external environment is more useful in understanding business start-ups. This paper seeks to examine the relative influence of both types of variables. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 337 Chinese respondents in three different groups: first, people who do not want to start a business; second, people planning to set up a business; and finally, entrepreneurs who had started successful businesses. Respondents were assessed on three psychological/behavior variables (achievement striving, social networking/Guanxi, and optimism), and one external environment variable (perceived importance of a favorable business environment). Findings – Group comparisons revealed that psychological characteristics as well as the business environment were both significant predictors. Psychological characteristics were a stronger influence for potential entrepreneurs and the business environment stronger for successful entrepreneurs. Research limitations/implications – The results help clarify debates regarding the relative importance of personal characteristics and the business environment to entrepreneurial motivation as these variables explained 54 percent of the variance for motivation. Although only one ethnic group (the Chinese) was studied, the results for the personality variables largely matched those in the Western literature, which suggests generalizability of the findings. Also, the environmental influence measure could be valuable in future research. Originality/value – Both psychological characteristics and an environmental measure are evaluated to compare their influences on entrepreneurial motivation.

Drivers of urban entrepreneurship: An integrative model

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2007

Purpose Successful new venture creation may be one solution to many of the economic problems that affect the mostly minority populations that live in US inner cities. This paper sets out to develop a model and a set of research questions that may help increase understanding of African‐American entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach This paper provides an integrated review of the literature from the USA and Europe pertaining to minority entrepreneurial behavior and achievement. It identifies challenges faced by African‐American urban entrepreneurs and suggests a set of interventions that can enhance entrepreneurial success in the inner cities. The paper then poses a set of research questions with a particular focus on African‐Americans and presents an integrative model that can serve as a framework to examine these questions. Findings The model posits that motivation and skills drive entrepreneurial behavior and that availability of resources has a moderating effect on both entrepreneurial behavior and achievement. In addition to explaining entrepreneurship in general, the proposed model also suggests that specific variables may work differently for different subcultures. Practical implications If this model is supported by empirical evidence, it will have significant implications for formulating appropriate interventions that would enable the successful start‐up and management of new business ventures in different subcultures. It will be of value to cities in the USA, Europe and elsewhere that have large minority populations, and can better inform programs that impart entrepreneurial skills and training. Originality/value This paper adds to the growing literature that recognizes that the drivers of entrepreneurial pursuit are frequently embedded in culture. While this has been studied cross‐nationally, few studies examine this aspect within a heterogeneous society.

Targeting Consumers Who Are Willing to Pay More for Environmentally Friendly Products

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2001
J Consum Market

Concerns related to the environment are evident in the increasingly ecologically conscious marketplace. Using various statistical analyses, investigats the demographic, psychological and behavioral profiles of consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. Finds that this segment of consumers were more likely to be females, married and with at least one child living at home. They reported that today’s ecological problems are severe, that corporations do not act responsibly toward the environment and that behaving in an ecologically favorable fashion is important and not inconvenient. They place a high importance on security and warm relationships with others, and they often consider ecological issues when making a purchase. Managerial implications for green marketers and suggestions for future research are discussed.

What Constitutes A Theoretical Contribution?

Article

Full-text available

Oct 1989

David A. Whetten

New Zealand's clean and green image

Article

Aug 1997

M. Gould

Building theories from case study research

Article

Jan 2002

- This paper describes the process of inducting theory using case studies from specifying the research questions to reaching closure. Some features of the process, such as problem definition and construct validation, are similar to hypothesis-testing research. Others, such as within-case analysis and replication logic, are unique to the inductive, case-oriented process. Overall, the process described here is highly iterative and tightly linked to data. This research approach is especially appropriate in new topic areas. The resultant theory is often novel, testable, and empirically valid. Finally, framebreaking insights, the tests of good theory (e.g., parsimony, logical coherence), and convincing grounding in the evidence are the key criteria for evaluating this type of research.

Shifting paradigms for sustainable development: implications for management theory and research

Article

Jan 1995

Modern management theory is constricted by a fractured epistemology. which separates humanity from nature and truth from morality. Reintegration is necessary if organizational science is to support ecologically and socially sustainable development. This article posits requisites of such development and rejects the paradigms of conventional technocentrism and antithetical ecocentrism on grounds of incongruence. A more fruitful integrative paradigm of “sustaincentrism” is then articulated, and implications for organizational science are generated as if sustainability, extended community, and our Academy mattered.

What constitutes a theoretical contribution

Article

Jan 1989

D.A. Whetten

The article focuses on the development of a theory. A discussion is presented about steps involved in developing a theory, such as seeing which factors logically should be considered as part of the explanation of the social or individual phenomena of interest. The authors assert that authors developing theories are considering these factors, they should err in favor of including too many factors, recognizing that over time their ideas will be refined. The article presents information about the importance of sensitivity to the competing virtues of parsimony and comprehensiveness.

Inventing New Zealand: Everyday Myths of Pakeha Identity

Book

Jan 1996

Claudia - Bell

The theory of economic development

Article

Sustainability in the start up process

Article

Jan 2005

A Decision Theory Model for Entrepreneurial Acts

Article

Oct 1992
ENTREP THEORY PRACT

Charles A. Campbell

The decision to become an entrepreneur is considered as an alternative to wage labor. The potential entrepreneur evaluates whether there are positive expected net present benefits of entrepreneurship relative to the expected gains from wage labor. The expected net gain from entrepreneurship depends both on the average income from successful entrepreneurship weighted by the probability of success and the average income from wage labor weighted by the probability of employment. The inclusion of economic factors not only adds to the understanding of entrepreneurship but suggests avenues by which policy makers can encourage entrepreneurship.

Emergence Vs Forcing: Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis

Article

Jan 1992

Barney G. Glaser

Managing the environmental change process: Barriers and opportunities

Article

Jan 1994
J ORGAN CHANGE MANAG

Entrepreneurial energy

Article

Aug 2008

Purpose The central suggestion of this paper is that innovation in the concept of entrepreneurship is overdue and that the concept of entrepreneurship needs to be extended to accommodate its often neglected collective or pluralistic dimension, a concept termed “associative entrepreneurship”. It has also been argued that there may be a natural link between sustainability and the co‐operative form. In this paper these themes are drawn together by considering the entrepreneurial potential expressed by the recent creation of mutual businesses in a range of renewable energy sectors in Wales. It is suggested that, at least in the renewable energy sector and perhaps in other sectors too, innovation in the direction of sustainability may require a development of the concept of entrepreneurship in the direction of mutualism. Design/methodology/approach The paper takes the form of a theoretical discussion focusing around seven preliminary case studies. Findings As yet only a cluster of community‐based enterprises have been discovered in the renewable energy sector in Wales. The authors propose to study them in detail in the next stage of the research. Research limitations/implications This is a developmental paper and many of its suggestions require rigorous testing. The authors would suggest that detailed case studies of the seven examples of associative enterprise in the renewable energy field outlined here, and others which may emerge during the research, would greatly enhance our understanding of what drives entrepreneurs in this field. Further research might also compare these examples with others organised according to more traditional business models. Practical implications In view of the urgent need to move towards a low‐carbon economy and the expansion of the renewable energy sector this would require, understanding of the motivations of entrepreneurs in this sector is of great value. Originality/value Innovation in the renewable energy sector may be being held back by the limitations of the concept of entrepreneurship.

Is Entrepreneurship the Answer to Achieving Work-Family Balance?

Article

Jul 2008

Many people (particularly women) see entrepreneurship as a way of achieving a better balance between work and family than that provided by paid employment. Fifty-eight entrepreneurs were interviewed in New Zealand (32 women and 26 men) in order to explore the work-family conflict they face, the techniques they use to achieve work-family balance and the effectiveness of these strategies. Our study finds that women entrepreneurs employ a number of flexible work practices, such as choosing where to work, when to work and with whom to work as well as managing their roles within the family. This study concludes that entrepreneurship may not be a panacea for achieving work-family balance. We offer some suggestions for how entrepreneurs may better achieve work-family balance.

SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Article

Jan 1987

Monica Belcourt

Entrepreneurial propensity is not a characteristic distributed evenly throughout the population and the appearance of the entrepreneurial act is not assumed to be random. This study attempted to determine the origins of entrepreneurship. The research focused on sociological factors such as role models, socio-economic status, ethnic membership and education that were associated with entrepreneurship. The sample comprised 36 very successful (i.e. high revenues) female entrepreneurs. Results showed that the presence of role models and a change in family socio-economic status were important in the life histories of these entrepreneurs.

Push and pull entrepreneurship

Article

Jan 1995

The adverse selection problem that is created because of asymmetry of information about entrepreneurs' attributes and abilities in turning ideas into viable businesses makes it difficult for venture capitalists or corporate executives to identify would-be successful entrepreneurs in advance. To mitigate this, and the related moral-hazard problem, we focus on an individual's motive to become an entrepreneur in the context of an individual's demographic and personal characteristics. We distinguish between two types of entrepreneurs based on their motivation to engage in entrepreneurial activity: “Push” entrepreneurs are those whose dissatisfaction with their positions, for reasons unrelated to their entrepreneurial characteristics, pushes them to start a venture. “Pull” entrepreneurs are those who are lured by their new venture idea and initiate venture activity because of the attractiveness of the business idea and its personal implications. Statistical analysis of data obtained from a questionnaire we recently mailed to Canadian enterprises reveals that “pull” entrepreneurs are more successful than “push” entrepreneurs.

Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis Emergence vs. Forcing

Book

Jan 1992

Barney G Glaser

A Framework for Ecopreneurship

Article

Jun 2002

Stefan Schaltegger

The author proposes a framework to position ecopreneurship in relation to other forms of environmental management. The framework provides a reference for managers to introduce ecopreneurship. Five basic positions are distinguished according to the degree of environmental orientation of a company's core business and the market impact of the company: environmental administrators, environmental managers, alternative activists, bioneers and ecopreneurs. The author suggests an approach to the qualitative operationalisation of ecopreneurship and to how to assess the position of a company in a classification matrix. The degree of environmental orientation in the company is assessed on the basis of environmental goals and policies, the ecological profile of the range of products and services, the organisation of environmental management in the company and the communication of environmental issues. The other dimension of ecopreneurship examined, the market impact of the company, is measured on the basis of market share, sales growth and the reactions of competitors. The approach is then applied to seven case studies of companies. The case studies show that the basic concept of ecopreneurship is applicable. The company representatives saw the approach as helpful in clarifying their position in ecopreneurial terms. The main benefit of the approach is that it provides a framework for self-assessment and indications for improvement.

The Expectations of New Business Founders: The New Zealand Case

Article

Jul 2001

John F. Pinfold

Self-Employment in Britain: Recent Trends and Current Issues

Article

Dec 1988

Catherine Hakim

This paper reviews trends in self-employment up to the 1980s and beyond, and looks at the composition and characteristics of the self-employed workforce. It examines the causes of the current rise in self-employment - in particular employers' strategy of transferring jobs and functions from their `core' workforce of full-time permanent employees to a `peripheral' workforce which includes self-employed labour-only subcontractors as well as part-time workers and people with limited duration contracts of employment. It looks at the recent inflow to self-employment - in particular the importance of involuntary entrants. It examines the ideology of self-employment, and whether it differs substantively from the work orientations of employees. Problems of definition and measurement are summarised. The review concludes with pointers for further research - both qualitative and quantitative.

Why Companies Go Green: A Model of Ecological Responsiveness

Article

Aug 2000

We conducted a qualitative study of the motivations and contextual factors that induce corporate ecological responsiveness. Analytic induction applied to data collected from 53 firms in the United Kingdom and Japan revealed three motivations: competitiveness, legitimation, and ecological responsibility. These motivations were influenced by three contextual conditions: field cohesion, issue salience, and individual concern. In this article, we also identify the conditions that likely lead to high corporate ecological responsiveness.

The Theory of Growth of The Firm

Article

Jan 1959

Edith T. Penrose

This book discusses the development of a theory on the growth of the firm. It is shown that the resources with which a particular firm is accustomed to working will shape the productive services its management is capable of rendering. The experience of management will affect the productive services that all its other resources are capable of rendering. As management tries to make the best use of the resources available, a ‘dynamic’ interacting process occurs which encourages growth but limits the rate of growth.

Environmental Initiatives Undertaken by Entrepreneurs in the Philippines

Article

May 2008

Purba Rao

Many factors motivate entrepreneurs to start and enhance their businesses. In the past, their primary concerns revolved around the bottom-line and survival strategies. However, with awareness of environmental impact of industry operations, entrepreneurs should have a much broader mindset. To determine the extent to which environmental sustainability has become a part of the planning horizon of entrepreneurs, we conducted research involving thirty-six Philippine entrepreneurs. In view of the limited sample size, the data analysis was confined to non-parametric tests of significance. The analysis established that if an entrepreneur has larger asset size or is advanced in age, one could expect the him/her to be more motivated to incorporate environmental initiatives in the enterprise, leading to better environmental performance. At the same time, when an enterprise is set up by an entrepreneur who is more professionally-oriented, the enterprise can also be expected to demonstrate better environmental performance.

Small Firms and Environmental ManagementPredictors of Green Purchasing in Western Australian Pharmacies

Article

Aug 2002

Michael T. Schaper

The purpose of this study was to determine if any factors exist which can be used to predict the level of environmentally responsible ('green') business behaviour amongst SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises). The variables examined included environmental attitudes of owner/managers, personal demographic variables (age, gender and education level) of the owner, and key external variables (consumer demand, capital availability, firm size, time and information resources). The owner/managers of 154 retail pharmacies in Western Australia were examined. The results showed a high level of 'green' attitudes amongst owners, but no statistically significant relationship between attitudes and their firm's actual performance. None of the demographic characteristics of the owner/managers were related to actual levels of environmental performance. However, two external variables (the amount of time available for owners to undertake discretionary business activity, and the level of environmental information available to business owners) were found to be significantly positively related to a firm's 'green' activities.

Managing the Environmental Change Process: Barriers and Opportunities

Article

Aug 1994
J ORGAN CHANGE MANAG

Organizations face formidable obstacles to the institutionalization of environmental management programmes. Longitudinal studies show that companies face two major types of barriers to change: industry-specific barriers, which affect all organizations in a line of business; and organizational barriers, which are not specific to environmental problems, but may impede a company′s capacity to deal with any form of change. Evidence shows that these barriers can be overcome through effective environmental management programmes. Argues that by overcoming these barriers, organizations can move along an environmental performance curve, consisting of phases involving adjustment to regulatory and market realities; adaptation and anticipation of emerging issues; and innovation in achieving economically and environmentally sustainable performance through change programmes involving internal and external elements.

Some methodological problems associated with research on women entrepreneurs

Article

Apr 1990

Lois Stevenson

There is a need to feminize the research on entrepreneurs — to include the experiences of women in what we know to be true about entrepreneurs and the entrepreneurial process. This paper highlights some of the most significant methodological problems in researching women's entrepreneurial experience, problems which in the past, have prevented researchers from gaining an understanding of this experience, and which continues to stand in the way of developing female perspectives. Instead of using the existing “male-based” models, new approaches are called for in incorporating women's experiences into entrepreneurship theory. This paper outlines the state of research and suggests future directions for developing research on women as entrepreneurs.

Female Entrepreneurs–Success by Whose Standards?

Article

Jan 1994

Using NVIVO in qualitative research

Article

Jan 1999

Lyn Richards

Data Alive! The Thinking Behind Nvivo

Article

May 1999
QUAL HEALTH RES

Lyn Richards

Rich data from qualitative research have been treated poorly by computers. Yet, plain text and static documents largely have been uncritically accepted as a price of coding. The new qualitative software from Qualitative Solutions and Research (QSR), NUD•IST Vivo (NVivo), challenges that assumption. This article explores the goals of rich data in qualitative research and the ways NVivo addresses these. Like its sibling software, NUD•IST4, NVivo supports code-based inquiry, searching, and theorizing combined with ability to annotate and edit documents. However, NVivo is designed for researchers who wish to display and develop rich data in dynamic documents. Documents can be imported and edited in rich text with hyperlinks to sound, image, and other files, but they also can be coded as finely as needed and the results of coding displayed, explored, and modeled. The final section offers a brief outline of these and other features of the new software.

The growth of women?s entrepreneurship: Push or pull factors

Article

Incorporating Feminist Theories Into Sociological Theories of Entrepreneurship

Article

Mar 1999
Women Manag Rev

Amy E. Hurley

Feminist critiques can provide new insights into organizational theories by examining the historical context in which these theories emerged, the research methods in which the theories are grounded, and the assumptions underlying the theories themselves. This paper applies a feminist critique to sociological theories of entrepreneurship. First, the sociological theories are described, focusing on the effects of political factors, state policies, culture, spatial location, and professionalization on entrepreneurship. This is followed by an analysis of these sociological theories investigating the values embedded in these theories and demonstrating how they can take gender relations into consideration. Finally, several directions for future research are discussed along with the potential feminist theories which have to produce change at the societal level.

Environmental Management Systems in Small and Medium Business

Article

Oct 2005

This study examines the various external, moderating and internal factors that may influence the implementation of an environmental management system within a limited sample of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Both formal and informal environmental management systems were considered within this study. The results indicate that age, customers, and employees' concerns were significantly associated with the informal level of implementation of an environmental management system. Furthermore, education, legislation, and awareness were found to be significantly associated with the formal level of implementation of an environmental management system. Although the strategies identified as being used in practice indicate that the majority of businesses are following a resistant strategy, there is hope in the prospect that SMEs will continue to listen to their relevant publics and continue to improve their environmental management systems. Implications and suggestions for further research are also stated.

Organizational Theories: Some Criteria for Evaluation

Article

Oct 1989

Samuel Bacharach

A set of ground rules and vocabulary to facilitate focused discussion about the structure of organization and management theories are proposed. The many previous efforts at defining and evaluating theory help establish criteria for theory construction and evaluation. In the establishment of these criteria, description is distinguished from theory, and a matrix of criteria for evaluating the variables, constructs, and relationships that together compose a theory is developed. The proposed matrix may be useful both for defining the necessary components of good theory and for evaluating and/or comparing the quality of alternative theories. Finally, a discussion of the way theories fit together to give a somewhat broader picture of empirical reality reveals the lines of tension between the two main criteria for evaluating theory.

Risk Adjusted Performance Measures: Comparing Male and Female Controlled SMEs

Article

Sherry Robinson

Previous small and medium enterprise (SME) research has found that female owned businesses generally under-perform male owned businesses. Further, this under-performance appears to persist even after controlling for various demographic differences such as: industry; age of business; and size of business. However, previous studies have tended to limit their assessment of performance to measures of returns (such as sales or profit) without controlling (explicitly) for differences in risk. This would appear to be a significant oversight as we know (from finance theory) that expected returns and risk are positively related. This study finds that female SME owners appear to be more risk averse than their male counterparts. Our results indicate that although SME returns are significantly higher for male controlled businesses so is the variation in those returns. After adjusting for risk (variation in returns) we find no significant difference between the performance of male and female controlled businesses.

The Theory Of Economic Development

Book

Jan 1934

Joseph Alois Schumpeter

Environmental Commitment: A Basis for Environmental Entrepreneurship?

Article

Feb 1998
J ORGAN CHANGE MANAG

Concern for the environment is gathering in importance within organisations and it is increasingly becoming part of organisational strategic agendas. Within that dynamic, organisations are seeking mechanisms through which environmental concerns are championed and fostered. In this paper, we argue that entrepreneurialism can be an effective such mechanism. But we further argue that this will be predicated on taking a different view of the basis of entrepreneurial behaviour, one that is based on various dimensions of commitment. We posit a model of environmental entrepreneurship and discuss the organisational implications of the model.

On becoming an entrepreneur: An evolving typology

Article

Jul 2002

Jeffrey W. Alstete

This paper examines the perceptions of prospective entrepreneurs in light of the possible influence of the post-Internet boom awareness and the slowing growth of the economy on their attitudes toward founding a business. The study presents and analyzes the responses and ensuing discussion to questions posed to 54 individuals in three college entrepreneurship courses. Using a controlled Internet discussion board, an interactive dialogue developed among participants. According to the qualitative research findings, a majority of participants in the study perceive there is a slight decline in entrepreneurial activity after the widely publicized failure of new e-businesses that were created in recent years, and the subsequent slowing of the economy. However, there are several reasons why individuals considering entrepreneurship would continue with their goal of founding a business, including greater control of their destiny, increased satisfaction, more money, and creating a legacy for their family and children. Recommendations are made for further qualitative and empirical research of prospective entrepreneurs in follow-up to these findings.

Grassroots ecopreneurs: Change agents for a sustainable society

Article

Apr 1998
J ORGAN CHANGE MANAG

Astad Pastakia

Business entrepreneurs contribute to socio-economic development and change through their commercial enterprises. Enterprising individuals seeking to change society or address social issues through an organized initiative have often been referred to as social entrepreneurs. The past decade has witnessed the emergence of a new breed of eco-conscious change agents who may be called ecological entrepreneurs (ecopreneurs for short). This paper focuses on the strategies developed by six grassroots ecopreneurs drawn from two Indian states, Gujarat and Maharashtra, in the field of alternative agriculture. The cases in this sample consist of individuals who try to diffuse innovations developed by themselves. The paper also explains the conceptual differences between two types of ecopreneurs and provides the theoretical sampling frame; it discusses the research objectives and methodology and presents the ecopreneurs and their efforts at diffusing their eco-friendly ideas and innovations. Finally, the paper focuses on two important barriers to ecopreneurship, describes the strategies used to overcome these barriers and draws conclusions.

Self–employed women—new opportunities, old challenges?

Article

Jul 1997
ENTREP REGION DEV

Susan Marlow

In this paper it is argued that the gender of an individual entering self–employment will significantly affect the experience of owning a business. Given that women are subject to patriarchal pressures that underlie their subordination in society, it is argued that being female will affect the experience of self–employment from initiation of the firm, to development of the enterprise through to the manner of daily management challenges. This hypothesis is evaluated through a matched study of male and female small business owners where the effect of gender upon the experiences of small firm ownership is evaluated.

An empirical test of a decision theory model for entrepreneurial acts

Article

Apr 1995
ENTREP REGION DEV

Charles A. Campbell

A decision theory model is presented where the decision to start a firm is assumed to be a rational economic decision of a utility maximizer. The model is tested using data for business births in 82 Mississippi counties over the period 1979-1987. Results of the aggregated model are encouraging but suggest that the alternative to a risky venture is not riskless wage labour. Rather, wage labour also carries a risk which is important in determining whether to start a business. The results indicate that there is a strong economic motivation in entrepreneurial ventures which must be considered in addition to psychological factors. The model suggests that encouragement of entrepreneurial ventures can be based upon lowering thc costs of start-ups and policies that increase the probability of success.

Motivations of Aspiring Male and Female Entrepreneurs

Article

Jul 1987

Stanley Cromie

Examined the motives that stimulated 35 male and 34 female would-be or very early entrepreneurs (mean age range 33.6–33.8 yrs) into becoming business proprietors. Both genders had a variety of reasons for founding, and women, as well as men, were primarily motivated by autonomy, achievement, a desire for job satisfaction, and other noneconomic rewards. A desire to make money was not an unimportant motive. Women were less concerned with making money and often chose business proprietorship as a result of career dissatisfaction. They also saw entrepreneurship as a means of meeting simultaneously their own career needs and the needs of their children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Using Computers in Qualitative Research

Article

Jan 1994

look at methodological features of qualitative data analysis (QDA) to consider how, and how much, and how well, it can be computerized / give an overview of general-purpose packages that can be used in QDA, and some types of special-purpose QDA packages / discuss how they can be used and how well they work / provide some pointers to future software developments / stimulate methodological debate on computational QDA [start] from the research processes involved in relating data and theory in QDA and the different ways [computer] software might support or distort them / describe and critique a series of types of software [multiple text management uses, building conceptual models, sorting categories, attaching key words and codes to text segments, isolating negative or deviant cases, and creating indices] in terms of purposes and design, examining the implications of the method supported by each (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Achievement Motivation and Female Entrepreneurs

Article

Aug 2011
J OCCUP ORGAN PSYCH

A typology of the female entrepreneur was developed on the basis of psychological characteristics of 60 Australian founder businesswomen. Reviews of past research on the psychological profiles of entrepreneurs have shown that studies of women entrepreneurs are non-existent, and that most research has been conducted with men. In the present study, a number of projective and self-report measures were used to assess multiple dimensions of personality within the traditional theoretical framework of David McClelland. Other variables influencing the motivations of entrepreneurs, for instance motives usually attributed to managers, were explored and included self-attributed need for power and influence, ability to influence/have power, resistance to subordination, internal locus of control, job satisfaction, and achievement values. Analyses revealed three psychological types of female entrepreneurs: the need achiever entrepreneur, the pragmatic entrepreneur and the managerial entrepreneur. The need achievers had high need achievement scores, the managerial entrepreneurs had high self-attributed need for power and influence scores, and the pragmatic entrepreneurs were moderate on both motivations of achievement and power.

What motivates ecopreneurs to start businesses?

Abstract

No full-text available

Recommendations

Motivational Factors in a Push–Pull Theory of Entrepreneurship