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Gender differences in information search strategies for a Christmas gift
Abstract
Examines the underlying determinants of in-store information search for a Christmas clothing gift, specifically focusing on gender differences. Two non-personal (general and specific) and one personal (sales clerk assistance) in-store information search domains were obtained from the results of a survey of actual consumers carried out shortly after the Christmas season. Consistent with the predictions of the selectivity model, females appeared to comprehensively acquire in-store information, whereas males appeared to heuristically limit their search to a smaller subset of in-store information. More specifically, females scored significantly higher than males on indices of both general and specific information search. Females, compared to males, were also found to start Christmas shopping much earlier, purchase more gifts, and embark on a greater number of shopping trips. Other observed gender differences are discussed.
... Aby zweryfikować trafność pomiaru oczekiwanych efektów kupowania, postawiono kolejne hipotezy. W badaniach stwierdza się wyraźne różnice w aktywnościach zakupowych pod względem płci [11,[43][44][45][46]. Dlatego przewidywano, że (H2) wystąpią istotne różnice w zakresie oczekiwań efektów kupowania między kobietami a mężczyznami. ...
... Further hypotheses were formulated to verify the validity of the measurement of shopping outcome expectancies. The research revealed clear gender differences in shopping activity [11,[43][44][45][46]. Therefore it was predicted that (H2) there would be significant differences in shopping outcome expectancies between women and men. ...
... Trafność pomiaru oczekiwanych efektów kupowania oceniono na podstawie empirycznej weryfikacji postawionych hipotez. Ponieważ stwierdza się różnice w aktywnościach zakupowych zależne od płci konsumentów [11,[43][44][45][46], spodziewano się (H2) podobnych różnic w zakresie oczekiwanych efektów robienia zakupów. Hipoteza 2 potwierdziła się w ograniczonym zakresie, tylko w odniesieniu do 1) oczekiwania stymulacji i relaksacji oraz 2) ucieczki od przykrych doznań i poprawy samopoczucia, które były silniejsze u kobiet niż u mężczyzn. ...
... Many studies had found significant differences in consumer behaviors of different genders [21][22][23][24][25]. For example, Darley et al. (1995) [21] and Laroche et al. (2000) [22] believed that different genders had different decision-making processes. ...
... Many studies had found significant differences in consumer behaviors of different genders [21][22][23][24][25]. For example, Darley et al. (1995) [21] and Laroche et al. (2000) [22] believed that different genders had different decision-making processes. Women tend to pay more attention to details and take a comprehensive approach to information processing, while men tend to take a heuristic approach and do not pay attention to details when making decisions. ...
... Many studies had found significant differences in consumer behaviors of different genders [21][22][23][24][25]. For example, Darley et al. (1995) [21] and Laroche et al. (2000) [22] believed that different genders had different decision-making processes. Women tend to pay more attention to details and take a comprehensive approach to information processing, while men tend to take a heuristic approach and do not pay attention to details when making decisions. ...
Green residence is the future of urban development, it is also an attempt to implement the green business model in the residential business field. The key to the success of a green business model is that a wide range of customers can accept its green value proposition and react to it through their purchase decisions. This study aims to develop a theory of a planned behavior (TPB) research model to predict individuals’ intention to purchase green residence. This study took steel structure residence as an example, which was widely recognized as one emerging type of green residence. The samples were selected in Baotou city of Inner Mongolia, P.R. China. Data analysis was performed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) with data obtained from a survey of 208 respondents using SPSS19.0 and AMOS17.0. The results found that the individuals’ intention to purchase green residence was significantly affected by attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Moreover, the empirical evidence showed that these influences differed between different gender groups. Specifically, women responders had a stronger effect on the path attitude impact on purchase intention than men. These findings can provide implications for practicing the green business model of real estate enterprise.
... We also wonder whether there are differences in the type and quantity of products they buy and whether they are motivated by different reasons when shopping in-world. Furthermore, we aim to compare possible gender differences in shopping behavior in SVWs to already established 'gender' effects in shopping behavior in traditional and online channels e.g., [29]; [24]. ...
... Correspondingly, with regards to conventional store shopping, women have been found to have a much more positive attitude towards shopping compared to men [23]. Females have also been found to embark on a greater number of shopping trips and to shop for more products compared to their male counterparts [29]. As with regards to online shopping, on the other hand, men have been found to perceive the characteristics of web shopping as more favorable than women [35]. ...
... Actually, users' shopping behavior in SVWs seems to mimic that of traditional shopping behavior for real products in the real world. Consistent with the gender role found in traditional shopping e.g., [29], female users are the main shoppers in SVWs, where they shop more frequently than men, and for a greater number and type of items/virtual products. In line with previous studies on shopping motivations (e.g., [33]; Dholakia, 1999;[34]; [24], females are found to be hedonic shoppers, whereas men appear to be more functional shoppers in SVWs. ...
Since the emergence of social virtual worlds (SVW) as a potential business platform, several authors and marketing managers are raising questions about avatars' shopping behavior. Millions of real dollars are being spent on virtual items in-worlds. Gender issues have received quite a lot of attention with regards to shopping behavior and shoppers adoption of specific retail channels. The current paper, however, is the first to empirically examine consumer behavior in SVWs, focusing in particular on the role of users' 'gender' in shaping their shopping behavior for virtual products.
... In this regard, the influences of age and gender as predictors of shopping behavior have been analyzed in both real-world (Laroche et al. 2000;Sommer et al. 1992) and simulated spaces (Hasan 2010;Kizony et al. 2017;Spiers et al. 2008;Tlauka et al. 2005;Waller 2000). When focusing on the marketing literature, gender differences have been investigated in several shopping behavior streams like product perception (Borges et al. 2013;Sebastianelli et al. 2008), sale promotion (Harmon andHill 2003;Hill and Harmon 2009), shopping attitudes (Garbarino and Strahilevitz 2004), shopping styles (Dittmar et al. 2004), and advertising (Martin 2003). ...
... Validation of the procedure requires performing direct comparisons using different task versions and stimuli to extrapolate the obtained results to other shopping environments. For instance, seasonal purchases, such as those during Christmas, hold a potentially rich source of information for studying gender recognition because sex-role orientation has been proven to influence shopping activities (Laroche et al. 2000). ...
The use of virtual reality (VR) technology in the context of retail is a signifcant trend in current consumer research, as it
ofers market researchers a unique opportunity to measure purchase behavior more realistically. Yet, efective methods for
assessing the virtual shopping experience based on consumer’s demographic characteristics are still lacking. In this study, we
examine the validity of behavioral biometrics for recognizing the gender and age of customers in an immersive VR environment. We used behavior measures collected from eye-tracking, body posture (head and hand), and spatial navigation sources.
Participants (n=57) performed three tasks involving two diferent purchase situations. Specifcally, one task focused on free
browsing through the virtual store, and two other tasks focused on product search. A set of behavioral features categorized
as kinematic, temporal, and spatial domains was processed based on two strategies. First, the relevance of such features in
recognizing age and gender with and without including the spatial segmentation of the virtual space was statistically analyzed.
Second, a set of implicit behavioral features was processed and demographic characteristics were recognized using a statistical
supervised machine learning classifer algorithm via a support vector machine. The results confrmed that both approaches
were signifcantly insightful for determining the gender and age of buyers. Also, the accuracy achieved when applying the
machine learning classifer (>70%) indicated that the combination of all metrics and tasks was the best classifcation strategy.
The contributions of this work include characterizing consumers in v-commerce spaces according to the shopper’s profile.
... Second, does ASS influence AS for professional services. It has been observed that females seek more information than men (Laroche et al., 2000). The role of gender in understanding the relationships is an area of research which needs to be addressed by this study. ...
... Gender differences are a common finding of services research (Laroche et al., 2000). Studies have also shown income (Yang and Zhao, 2015), gender (Hart and Dale, 2014;Zanoli et al., 2015), civil status (Pornpitakpan and Han, 2013) and city type (Tripathi and Dave, 2013;Teller et al., 2016) to be strong moderator of relationships. ...
Purpose
This paper aims to analyze online repatronage intention (ORI) in the context of after-sales service (ASS) and assortment satisfaction (AS) for professional services. This study also aims to study the influence of ASS upon AS. Additionally, the role of social influence (SI) in influencing these two and other dependent variables is examined. Finally, the effect of moderation on these hypothesized relationships by four dichotomous variables is also investigated.
Design/methodology/approach
A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 458 customers, who had a recent experience of ASS with their respective professional service providers, through purposive sampling method.
Findings
This empirical study establishes that ASS is an antecedent to AS and ORI. The finding of this empirical study also confirms that AS has a direct positive influence on ORI and customer loyalty. This implies that satisfied customers are more likely to repatronage the professional service and would be loyal to such professional service providers. The findings also reveal that all constructs are influenced by SI. Civil status, gender, city type (metro/non metro) and income status moderate a few of the hypothesized relationships, with city type having the maximum effect.
Originality/value
To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study on online purchase of professional services which proves that ASS influences AS. Given the growth of online professional services, this study provides scholars and practitioners with suggestions and recommendations on how ASS and AS can be used to build ORI and a loyalty base. This study fills the void in extant literature by examining the interrelationships between ASS, assortment satisfaction, ORI and customer loyalty.
... Furthermore, according to Barbara (2000), consumers consider least on sources of marketing information in relation to shopping. They tend to directly approach the promoters for product information and also believe that the brand's name carries the details of the product information. ...
... This may be due to the fact that purchasers of local sport products pass through the same process of purchasing decision making irrespective of gender and athlete status. Consumers would consider the least sources of marketing information in relation to shopping, and try to directly approach the promoter for product information and also believe that the brand name served as the detailed information of the product (Barbara, 2000). ...
Nowadays, the Malaysian market shows that local sports product manufacturers are producing many brands to market in Peninsular Malaysia include Sabah and Sarawak. The objectives of this study are to identify the perceptions towards local sports products among Sports Science and Recreational students in UiTM Seremban and to determine whether there is a difference in perceptions towards local sports products among students of different genders and athlete status. 250 students from the Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation in UiTM Seremban were selected as respondents in this study. The questionnaire adopted and adapted from Kiong, Gharleghi, and Fah (2013). Descriptive statistics and independent t-test used for the analysis of this study. The overall findings show that the perception on quality of local sports products was good (M = 3.69), brand image was ranked average (M = 3.38), and promotion (M = 3.27) and styles were ranked average (M = 3.24), based on the table interpretation of mean scores. This study also found that there was no significant difference in gender perceptions towards local sports products (p >0.05) and athlete status (p >0.05). The findings of this study will help local sports manufacturers and retailers with regard to the quality, branding, promotion, and the design of their sports products.
... O último e quarto grupo cujos montantes despendidos com todas as rubricas é a mais levada, diz-se fiel a marcas e lojas e praticamente todos adquirem produtos de marca. O grupo de jovens que mais valoriza a marca é aquele em que se enquadram um maior número de jovens do sexo masculino, o que reflecte a tendência dos jovens do sexo masculino para valorizar a marca não tanto por razões de qualidade, mas porque servem de referência e permite realizar compras de forma rápida, sem muita demora ou necessidade de escolha (Fidalgo, 1999;Laroche et ai., 2000). As jovens do sexo feminino e são em número significativamen te maior no segundo grupo, aquele mais frequenta os mesmos locais, o que reflecte o comportamento dos indivíduos do sexo feminino (Meyers-Levy e Peracchio, 1996 Tal como sucede no quarto grupo, que representa os indivíduos com maior nível de fidelidade a lojas, o que caracteriza também as jovens do sexo feminino (Martinez e Polo, 1999). ...
O mercado da Juventude é determinante em todas as sociedades, em resultado da independência que os jovens vão continuar a conquistar face aos pais e o contínuo crescimento da atenção que a população em geral coloca no conceito de jovem. O contínuo crescimento do rendimento disponível deste segmento da população assegura a sua vitalidade do mercado de consumo da juventude. O objectivo deste trabalho é reconhecer perfis e identificar as diferenças de comportamento entre os jovens através da análise de homogeneidade (HOMALS) com a ajuda da análise de clusters. Este estudo confirma da preferência da maioria dos jovens por marcas e pela escolha dos mesmos locais de compra, apesar de afirmarem que não fiéis a marcas e lojas. Optam preferencialmente por comprar em centros comerciais e menos em hipermercados. O vestuário, os alimentos de conveniência e os livros constituem o tipo de artigos que mais relevância tem nas suas despesas e que mais condicionam a sua escolha por locais e marcas.
... Similar to consumer behavior, these changing aspirations and preferences are also highly influenced by social and cultural earnings, demographic status, reference groups and word-of-mouth (Iqbal et al., 2022). Furthermore, although men do play a substantial role, shopping is a more female-dominated activity (Laroche et al., 2000). Gender differences in consumer behavior have also been shown in previous studies on retail (Roxas & Stoneback, 2004). ...
The desires of consumers as individuals are largely shaped by their aspirations in life, which play a crucial role in deciding their brand preference, but very few studies have focused on the demographic difference in aspirations and its relationship with brand preference, especially in the context of luxury brands, for the consumers in the emerging markets. This paper aims to empirically assess the role of key demographic factors (gender, age, and income) in influencing the aspirations of consumers in India, an emerging market, and their preference for luxury branded products. The hypotheses were developed based on the review of the extant literature and tested through t-test and ANOVA along with the moderation test using PROCESS extension in SPSS 22.0. The study included data collected from 915 Indian consumers, in Tier-1 and Tier-2 cities, with prior experience of buying luxury branded products in the fashion segment through a self-administered questionnaire. The results demonstrate that the aspirations, both intrinsic (F = 8.185; p = 0.004) and extrinsic (F = 7.14; p = 0.007) and luxury brand preferences (F = 5.762; p = 0.017) of males and females differ significantly. However, demographic factors of gender (R2 = 0.137; p > 0.05), age (R2 = 0.130; p > 0.05), and income (R2 = 0.132; p > 0.05) were not found to have any moderating effect on the relationship between luxury brand preference and aspirations. The results of the study would help luxury brand marketers to develop their strategic plans for marketing activities by providing insights into the differences in the desires and preferences of their customers.
... Romaniuk (2018) argues that testing for segment differences within the sample could also evidence some interesting patterns, such as neglected DBA types or creative and media biases in the execution. Alongside these potential brand-induced outcomes, there are also the human onesas wider research on information processing has showcased noticeable differences across age groups (e.g., Fung and Carstensen 2003;Philipp and Stanton, 2004;Goodrich 2013) and gender (e.g., Darley and Smith 1995;Laroche et al. 2000;Cleveland et al. 2003;Chingching 2007) in decoding marketing communications. Therefore, we will also be testing these demographic variables in the context of DBAs through two more research questions: ...
Distinctive brand assets, such as logos, fonts, and jingles, help strengthen the link between a brand and its marketing communications, which is pivotal to anchoring any message to the right mental structures of category buyers. However, budget and time constraints mean that brand managers can only effectively build and own a limited number of assets, heightening the need for guidance on selecting the most valuable ones to invest in. The only exhaustive paper on the topic revealed that logos, logotypes, and characters offer the best opportunities for ownership in FMCG categories. We extend these findings to the automotive industry, a first in a high-involvement product category, and replicate the Competitive Intensity formula used in this contribution to enable comparison. Results of testing 44, in-market and de-branded assets show that logo is the most uniquely ownable asset type. Fonts, slogans, and colours all emerge as having Low Uniqueness Concentration. The dispersion of competitive intensity within asset types varies in line with their uniqueness concentration, raising the importance of creative execution and consistent usage to develop a sufficiently high level of unique ownership. Finally, we observed neither gender nor generational differences in the uniqueness scores, nor in the dispersion of competitive intensity.
... There are gender differences in processing information, despite different reactions. Females are less likely than males to use heuristics as surrogates for more detailed processing (Laroche et al. 2000;Meyers-Levy and Maheswaran 1991). Females exhibit weaker sensitivities to more attention-getting cues (Liu et al. 2018;Cleveland et al. 2003;Rosip and Hall 2004) than males and tend to apprehend information that is less easily accessible (Liu et al. 2018). ...
The purpose of this research is to fill gaps in the literature by focusing on gender differences in perceptions of phishing susceptibility among Malaysian university students. Based on the Heuristic-Systematic Model of information processing, a theoretical model of victimization by instant message phishing was developed. Smart PLS-SEM was used to analyse 386 valid responses from an anonymous online survey. The findings reveal significant gender differences in systematic phishing processing, with male students emphasizing argument quality and female students emphasizing message involvement. This study discovered that persuasive phishing messages increase the likelihood of instant messaging phishing victimization in university students. When a phishing message has a high level of message involvement, Internet users have intents (a favourable attitude) to share personal information online. The findings provide insights that should be communicated to students early on to help them scrutinize message authenticity and fine-tune their security knowledge.
... Furthermore, scholars have traditionally emphasized investigating culture-related variations in consumers' use of social media above gender (Lee & Lee, 2016). Based on these existing gaps, present research acknowledged the need for a greater understanding of gender differences (Darley & Smith, 1995;Laroche et al., 2000;Riccardo et al., 2017). Therefore, this study explores how males and females influence the proposed relationship between the essential characteristics of digital OBC platforms and OCE. ...
Digital platforms develop and offer opportunities in the form of online brand communities (OBCs) to interact and engage customers with the brand, which might lead to brand loyalty over a while. The present study investigates how OBCs influence online customer engagement (OCE) and brand loyalty through a questionnaire survey of 488 social media users. Extant literature is reviewed to identify the unique characteristics (website satisfaction, usefulness, response time, and entertainment) of such digital platforms and examine their influences on OCE and brand loyalty. The moderating role of gender was also tested empirically. Results revealed that characteristics of OBC platforms primarily influence OCE; however, website satisfaction influences both OCE and brand loyalty. Moreover, OCE positively influences brand loyalty. These findings were similar for male and female customers, excluding website satisfaction, which was insignificant for females. The study concludes with crucial theoretical and managerial implications that will help develop the firms’ strategies to encounter issues related to OBCs globally.
... The past literature has reported that men and women have different shopping behaviour and preferences (Coley & Burgeess, 2003). Particularly, the factors that have been found to contribute to such differences in impulse buying behaviour include males' and females' emotions (Coley & Bugees, 2003;Prakash et al., 2017), thinking processes (Meyers-Levey & Sternthal, 1991;Laroche et al., 2000), product preferences (Coley & Burgess, 2003;Dittmar et al., 1995), and gender companions (Cheng et al.., 2013). Additionally, studies on impulse buying have highlighted the contributing roles of environmental and social factors. ...
Background: Males and females have different shopping preferences and behaviours that lead them to make impulsive purchases. Several factors have been discussed in the prior literature that would prompt them to make impulsive purchases. However, a lack of attention has been given by researchers to how social and environmental factors would differ between males and females. Aim: The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether environmental and social factors are associated with impulse buying in both males and females. Methods and Sample: The study was conducted in five premium outlets in Malaysia with a total of 390 respondents. Using t-test and Pearson correlation, this study explored the different patterns of impulse buying behaviour between males and females. Results: This study revealed that environmental factors were associated with impulse buying among female tourists. At the same time, word of mouth (WOM) emerged as having a significant relationship with impulse buying among male tourists. Conclusion, Implication: Given these findings, this study may have several implications. The retailers could design an encouraging environment to encourage both genders to purchase impulsively. Additionally, having a good reputation plays an important role in encouraging consumers or tourists to spread positive word of mouth. Limitation: This study has limitations in certain aspects where it only covers the aspect of gender but not age. Thus, this study suggests future research can measure the age aspect to obtain an interesting result.
... Customer wants in a mobile set performance, features, reliability, conformance, durability etc. (Kalita & Nath, 2014). Demand of mobile phone affects with gender of customers (Laroche, 2000). ...
This paper is discusses about the factor affecting mobile handset buying behavior of college-going
students of Rajasthan. It attempts some fact of mobile purchasing behavior
... In terms of gender differences between gender and brand loyalty, women appear to be so much more loyal than men across time (Melnyk, Van Osselaer, & Bijmolt, 2009). Interestingly, when their counterpart is a single individual, females tend to show greater levels of loyalty (Laroche, Saad, Cleveland, & Browne, 2000). Males, however, seem to display higher levels of group loyalty and trust (Melnyk, Van Osselaer, & Bijmolt, 2009). ...
Sportswear is now a major and relevant debate among student athletes as it suits their unsophisticated lifestyle, versatility and ease. Brand loyalty is regular purchases of possessions or amenities or other beneficial habits in marketing, such as word of mouth. Therefore it is vital for the sportswear company to determine and monitor the factor of brand loyalty among their consumer. The objective of this study is to examine the factor of brand loyalty such as brand name, product quality, price, style, store environment, promotion and services quality that influences choice of sportswear among student athletes in term of gender. There were were 108 student athletes form Universiti Teknologi Mara (Perlis campus) willing to participate in this study. The study design selected in this study was survey research design, quantitatively. Researcher has used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 23, to evaluate inferential statistics of Independent T-Test. The result of this study report that there was a significant difference of promotion factor between gender. Moreover, male student athletes were highly influenced by promotion factor compare to female student athletes. In conclusion, the researcher found that promotion was the prominent factor of brand loyalty among male student athletes in Universiti Teknologi Mara, UiTM (Perlis campus).
... For example, when compared to English shoppers, French shoppers preferred to talk to the salesperson while buying gifts (Goodwin, Smith, and Spiggle, 1990). Men used heuristic strategies and used less number of sources in-store, whereas women searched more extensively (Laroche, Saad, Cleveland, & Browne, 2000). Younger consumers are also comfortable using the online environment to search for information (Burke, 2002). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to identify major themes and potential research opportunities in online and offline consumer search.
Design/methodology/approach
A systematic review was conducted based on 118 articles identified from prevalent journal databases. Keywords frequency analysis was carried out to identify the major themes. An inductive thematic analysis was carried out to verify the generated themes.
Findings
Results show that uncertainty, knowledge, perceived risk, price, experience and involvement are the major themes associated with consumer information search. Uncertainty, one of the major themes of offline search, has not been studied in the online search context. Similarly, the previous experience needs to be explored in the context of the offline search. Finally, potential research opportunities for future research has been summarized based on the retrieved themes.
Research limitations/implications
The systematic review provides an in-depth understanding on the current research on information search literature with future research directions.
Practical implications
This study helps retailers to understand the key elements that motivate consumers to perform external information searches from online and offline sources and to curate targeted information provision strategies to influence purchase decisions.
Social implications
Consumers with limited internet availability may access channels prior to decision-making. The themes identified in this study can aid policymakers to design affordable access to these channels.
Originality/value
This study adds to the sparse literature on systematic reviews on consumer search for online and offline channels.
... show that women are greater impulsive buyers than men (Kollat and Willett, 1967;Parboteeah, 2005;Rook and Hoch, 1985;Dittmar et al., 1995;Coley and Burgess, 2003) women process advertising and product information in a more detailed and comprehensive way than men do (Meyers- Levy and Sternthal, 1991;Kempf et al., 2006;Laroche et al., 2000) women use supermarket loyalty cards more than men (Bellizzi and Bristol, 2004); women prefer to choose from an assortment of products (Kruger and Byker, 2009) and are more likely to pay attention to when items are on sale (Kruger and Byker, 2009); and women are also more likely to pick up and touch items when shopping (Tifferet and Herstein, 2012). Kruger and Byker (2009) argue that many of these sex differences can be explained using evolutionary theory. ...
This thesis investigates what big data can add to the psychological study of human behaviour; and how Psychological theory can inform developments in machine learning models predicting human behaviour. It works through the difficulties that arise when the fields of machine learning and psychology meet. While machine learning models deal well with big datasets, they are designed for prediction, neglecting psychologists' desire to, not just predict, but understand behaviour. Psychology does well at using theory to specify models and explain the variance within a sample, yet can fail to consider how transferable the findings are to new samples. This research harnesses over a million loyalty card transaction records from a high-street health and beauty retailer linked to 12,968 questionnaire responses measuring demographics, shopping motivations, and individual differences. Equipped with real world behavioural records, and information on potential psychological and demographic drivers of behaviour, this thesis explores the ways in which psychological research can be undergone using big data to better understand three main areas: well-being, environmental behaviours, and anxiety symptoms. This thesis has the goal of marrying the strengths of traditional psychological methodology (utilising theoretical knowledge, quantifying uncertainty, and building interpretable models) with the exciting possibilities afforded by big data, all whilst ensuring that the models are generalisable and do not overfit. The following chapters discuss and evaluate novel research in this space, as well as the difficulties encountered, and compromises made, in undertaking `Big Data Psychology’.
... For example, in studying different types of customer automobile purchases, Furse, Punj and Stewart (1984) found that women tended to be part of the cluster that spent the most time searching. Other research on the purchase of Christmas gifts found that women systematically search more for both general and specific in-store information, besides starting the task much earlier than men and doing more shopping trips (Laroche, Saad, Cleveland & Browne, 2000). When it comes to information search for travel, Vogt and Fesenmaier (1998) found that women have more functional needs than men, where functional needs refer to motivated efforts directed at contributing to a purpose. ...
This chapter investigates gender differences in motivations to use social networking sites (SNS), a subset of social media. The present research focuses on Facebook given its prominence among currently available SNS. Analysing a survey of university students in Australia, the results indicate that female consumers are more likely than male consumers to use Facebook to seek information (to research and learn new things and to discuss products and brands) and for convenience (to obtain things with little effort). Both of these reasons in turn relate positively to their degree of engagement on Facebook, where engagement is operationalized as cognitive absorption which is a state of deep involvement with an activity.
... This result is consistent with the results of other studies on gender and social media use, and gender and information seeking behavior. Because studies have shown that female users use social networks for research purposes more than male users (Acun, Yücel, Belenkuyu, & Keleş, 2017), female users are more likely to have social networking sites such as Facebook than male users (Duggan & Brenner, 2013), and there is a significant difference between female and male users on information seeking behavior (Halder, Ray, & Chakrabarty;2010;Laroche et al., 2000). ...
This study attempts to explore for different profiles of information seeking
behaviors on Facebook and to analyze whether or not personality, time
management, gender and Facebook use are viable differentiating students based
on the their profiles. The data were collected through self-report scales from 196
university students of the three public universities. Cluster analysis was used to
explore the profiles. Discriminant analysis was performed to identify a boundary
among the students’ profiles based on personality, time management, gender and
Facebook use of students. We found five different clusters based on information
seeking behaviors of Facebook of the students. The results show significant
differences among these clusters. The result of discriminant analysis indicates
that personality, time management and Facebook use are meaningful for
discriminating information seeking behavior groups of students. The study
reveals that students with high scores of information seeking behavior on
Facebook have also high scores on openness to experience, agreeableness,
conscientiousness and extroversion, time management skills. In spite of its
limitations, the study certainly adds to our understanding of profiles of students
using Facebook as a source of information.
... Chiu et al. (2005) suggest that the physical environmental influences women stronger than their male counterparts. Laroche et al. (2000) also found that women have a tendency to focus on tangible aspects in their evaluation process. ...
Purpose
The link between service quality and customer satisfaction has been well established; however, there are strong reasons to believe that gender moderates the effects of service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction. This study aims to uncover gender-based heterogeneity pertaining to the link between service quality dimensions and customer satisfaction in the context of banking services.
Design/methodology/approach
This study adopted a survey design. Data is collected from 282 customers of banks in Mauritius. Because of the prediction-oriented aim of the present study, the partial least squares-structural equation modeling technique is used to test a set of relevant hypotheses.
Findings
The results provide mixed findings and the moderating effect of gender is found to be statistically significant for one service quality dimension but not for the other two. The permutation and partial least squares-multigroup analysis tests both support the hypothesis that gender moderates the relationship between environment quality and customer satisfaction.
Research limitations/implications
Only customer satisfaction has been included as a mediator of service quality and customer loyalty link. Previous studies have identified other relevant constructs, such as image and the perceived value, as mediators. Future studies could consider including these constructs when testing gender’s moderating effects. Finally, given the significant moderating effect of gender, which suggests that the satisfaction of male customers depends to a larger extent on environmental quality, there is a need to further explore the specific expectations of male customers with this particular component of bank services.
Practical implications
The results show that male and female customers react differently to quality stimuli in the context of bank services has important managerial implications. It is highly recommended that banks develop differential strategies for both male and female customers.
Originality/value
The primary contribution of this study focuses on exploring the moderating effect of gender on the relationships between service quality dimensions and customer satisfaction among bank customers.
... Similarly, reward-motivated funders are more likely to participate during final reward-based crowdfunding periods. If they perceive that their decisions carry high financial risk, they are likely to try to reduce it by searching for additional information, following opinion leaders, or waiting for a substantial number of contributions [58]. Consequently, they would tend to contribute at later stages. ...
This research draws data from survey responses and actual transaction data to examine the effect of primary motivations on funding behavior in reward-based crowdfunding platforms. Findings show that altruistic motivations are associated with early funding, and with larger funding in the early stages. In contrast, reward motivations are associated with late and larger funding across stages. Furthermore, women funders show stronger relationships between altruistic motivations and funding timing, especially in the early stages. This research advances understandings about reward-based crowdfunding, especially about individual funder behavior and theories of motivation. Practically, the findings suggest that project creators can increase funding success by promoting different types of motivations and targeting different demographic groups according to funding stages. Specifically, creators may highlight altruistic giving (rewards) in their campaigns at early (late) stages. They should also target women when promoting altruistic motivations at early stages.
... As it is closely associated with consumptions, the impacts of gender on consumers' behavior have been demonstrated in various studies. To illustrate, various studies investigated several aspects of different genders, including the processes underlying males' and females' judgment (Dube and Morgan 1996), gender strategies relating to information processing (Darley and Smith 1995), gift-giving (Laroche et al. 2000) and decision-making upon purchase (Mitchell and Walsh 2004). Early works of literature (Dolich 1969) indicated that gender is the main component of consumers' self-congruity. ...
The aim of this research is to examine the mediating effects of self-congruity between destination brand personality, to revisit intention and heed the moderating effects of gender between self-congruity. Therefore, data were collected through a survey from 226 Chinese outbound tourists in Glasgow city, United Kingdom and was analyzed to provide evidence. Based on the results, the analysis of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using the Smart PLS 3.0 program indicated that self-congruity was mediated partially through destination brand personality and revisit intention. In tourism destination, Aaker five dimension of brand personality model was particularly adapted into practice. However, the model failed to perform an actual self-congruity to mediate all five dimensions (i.e., sincerity, excitement, competence, excitement, sophistication and ruggedness) of destination brand personality and revisit intention. The results revealed that the ideal self-congruity is a mediating effect between destination brand personality (i.e., sincerity and excitement) and revisit intention. Moreover, this study also reported that the moderating role of gender has no effects on self-congruity and revisit intention. No difference was observed between female and male Chinese tourists who rely more on destination brand personality over self-congruity when the impact of symbolic destination brand benefits on their intention to revisit Glasgow was considered. Findings further offer specific implications for both theoretical insight and marketing practice in context of tourism destinations in Glasgow.
... Researchers showed that females are likely to exhibit greater involvement and more thorough information processing in shopping than men do (Laroche, Saad, Cleveland, & Browne, 2000). According to Van Slyke et al. (2002), female customers in e-commerce are more rational and more sensitive to risks than male customers are. ...
mHealth under the umbrella of eHealth has become an essential tool for providing quality, accessible and equal health care services at an affordable cost. Despite the potential benefits of mHealth, its adoption remains a big challenge in developing countries such as Bangladesh. This study aims to examine the factors affecting the adoption of mHealth services in Bangladesh by using the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model with perceived reliability and price value factors. It also examines the moderating effect of gender on the intention to use and on the actual usage behavior of users of mHealth services. A well-structured face-to-face survey was employed to collect the data. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with a partial least squares method was used to analyze the data collected from 296 generation Y participants. The results confirmed that performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions and perceived reliability positively influence the behavioral intention to adopt mHealth services. However, effort expectancy and price value did not have a significance influence on the behavioral intention. Moreover, Gender has a significant moderating effect on mHealth services adoption in certain cases. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of this study are also discussed.
... However, women are more interest-driven so they utilize hedonic judgment. In relation to website navigation behaviors of men and women, previous research concluded that male consumers are more favorable toward well-organized and less informative websites (Richard et al. 2010) and tend to simplify their search task by using heuristic techniques (Laroche et al. 2000). On the other hand, website involvement of female consumers increases when the website has more comprehensive content. ...
This study examined gender difference in relation to actual luxury consumers’ perceptions of luxury fashion retail website quality associated with customer satisfaction. The total number of respondents was 287 (male = 104; female = 183). A multi-group comparison was conducted to examine how men and women differ in their perceptions of website quality. The results of the study show that similarities and differences exist between male and female luxury consumers’ perceptions of e-luxury service quality. For male luxury consumers, order and delivery management was the only dimension that impacted e-satisfaction. In relation to female consumers, order and delivery management, customer service, personalization, trust, and entertainment value were critical dimensions that influenced e-satisfaction. In accordance with the selectivity hypothesis, the findings of this study imply that male luxury consumers seem to be goal-oriented and pay attention solely to the information that directly assists their purchase. However, female luxury consumers are likely to engage in comprehensive information processing by evaluating a wide-range of service attributes when purchasing luxury fashion goods online. This study provides practical implications to luxury retailers by identifying key dimensions of e-service quality in the context of luxury retailing websites and by examining how men and women luxury consumers perceive the service dimensions differently.
Introduction Christmas-themed scientific articles are becoming increasingly popular and may represent a shortcut to scientific demise due to their demand for time better spent on "serious" research. We aimed to investigate whether authorship on Christmas-themed medical articles could damage the scientific careers of authors. We hypothesized that Christmas-authorships had a negative impact on core bibliometric outcomes such as publication rates. Methods We extracted demographic and bibliometric data on first- and last authors of medical papers written for the Christmas edition of Journal of The Danish Medical Association through the years 2010-2012. These cases were compared with controls representing authors of original "serious" research papers written in the same years. We performed a negative binomial regression with the number of publications ten years after the index date (defined as the publication year of Christmas/"serious" article) as the outcome and adjusted models for sex and age. Results We found that first authors of Christmas-themed papers had a publication rate ratio (PRR) of 3.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-12.4) in unadjusted analysis and last authors had a PRR of 0.6 (95% CI: 0.2-1.6). The associations weakened and were statistically insignificant in adjusted analyses. Conclusion Our results indicate that first authors publish more in the years following the publication of a Christmas article, although the association may be entirely driven by sex and age. Causality remains uncertain and further studies (such as RCTs) which randomize authors to produce Christmas-themed (preferably in a Santa's workshop setting) or serious articles are needed.
IzvlečekNamen: Informacijsko vedenje zajema človekovo aktivno in pasivno prejemanje informacij, na katero vpliva vrsta dejavnikov. Namen tega prispevka je predstaviti razlike med spoloma v informacijskem vedenju.Metodologija: V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 112 uporabnikov splošne knjižnice, 56 moških in 56 žensk. Uporabljena je bila metoda spletnega anketiranja, rezultati pa so bili analizirani s pomočjo deskriptivne in inferenčne statistike.Rezultati: Ugotovljeno je bilo, da moški pogosteje pripravijo načrt iskanja informacij in dlje časa vztrajajo pri določenem informacijskem viru, medtem ko ženske pri iskanju pogosteje iščejo v sodelovanju in se bolj zanesejo na pomoč knjižničarja. Moški pri začetku iskanja informacij občutijo tudi višjo stopnjo zadovoljstva in se v procesu ocenjujejo za boljše iskalce informacij; tako moški kot ženske pa začnejo informacije iskati po spletu.Omejitve raziskave: Raziskavo bi bilo treba še razširiti in vključiti uporabnike različnih starostnih skupin.Izvirnost/uporabnost raziskave: Razprava je usmerjena v iskanje priložnosti za splošne knjižnice v smislu pridobivanja novih uporabnikov in personalizacije storitev.
Purpose
Consumers are assumed to engage in external information search only after exhausting their internal information sources. Guided by the accessibility/diagnosticity and ease-of-retrieval frameworks, and the elaboration likelihood model, the current study investigates this phenomenon.
Design/methodology/approach
To test the relationships between internal information accessibility/diagnosticity and the importance of external search, and the moderating role of involvement in these relationships, 308 responses were collected on Amazon MTurk. Then, structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the data.
Findings
The analyses showed that while accessibility and diagnosticity of internal information have an impact on external information search, involvement with the product class has a consequential moderating effect on these relationships. In particular, in the low-involvement group, only the diagnosticity of internal information had a negative effect on external information search. On the contrary, in the high-involvement group, only accessibility of internal information had a negative effect.
Research limitations/implications
These findings highlight the possibility of drawing erroneous conclusions resulting from not incorporating involvement, in conjunction with information accessibility and diagnosticity, in the study of the consumer external information search behavior.
Practical implications
The findings also imply that if practitioners aim to prime consumers to engage in external information search, they need to take into account that the effects of internal information's accessibility and diagnosticity on consumers' external search behavior may be different depending on their levels of involvement.
Originality/value
This study's results showed that without considering the moderating effect of involvement, spurious conclusions may be made about the relationships between accessibility and diagnosticity of internal and external information importance. This finding may explain the discrepancy between the accessibility/diagnosticity and ease-of-retrieval frameworks, thus enriching the literature.
Organizing Christmas is an exploration of the organizational character of Christmas. Taking as its starting point the view that Christmas initially achieved popularity due to its potential to promote social cohesion and political stability, this book both charts and scrutinizes its global emergence as the year's preeminent economic and organizational event.
Combining historical narrative, original interviews, and social scientific research and theories, it tells the story of how Christmas has come to dominate the festival landscape and how it emerged as an integral component of the global evolution of contemporary social and economic relations. From the pre-Christian celebrations and politics of the turning of the calendar year, through the power games of Elizabethan England and the wily reinvention of the season by industrious Victorians, to today’s huge economic and logistical exercise that relies on everything from global supply chains to the domestic division of labour, Organizing Christmas demonstrates how the season exemplifies the spirit and practices of industrial, and now post-industrial, modernity.
As well as documenting this fact, however, Organizing Christmas also critically interrogates what has become a vast festive-industrial complex. From low-paid factory workers in Yiwu to Santa Claus performers in Kingston, readers are given a chance to consider what the cost of this global festival might be and whether it is a price worth paying. Drawing on intellectual resources ranging from Adorno and Horkheimer’s classic critique of the culture industry, thorough Böhme’s analysis of the sociomaterial production of atmospheres, to Bloch’s ‘principle of hope’, it paints a picture of Christmas as a profoundly important, if deeply contested historical, cultural and, most significantly, organizational phenomenon.
Aimed at students and academics in Organization Studies, Cultural Studies, and the Sociology of Work and Employment, as well as the general reader interested in the festive season, Organizing Christmas offers a differing perspective on a subject so familiar and yet so often overlooked.
Günümüzde bireylerin markalara karşı olan algılarını şekillendiren birçok unsur bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca bu algılar, bireylerin birçok konudaki tutum ve davranışlarını da etkilemektedir. Özellikle sosyal medyanın etki alanını artırması bireylerin markalar ile olan etkileşimlerine yeni bir boyut getirdiği gibi, aralarındaki ilişkiyi şekillendiren faktörleri de etkilemiştir. Mevcut çalışmada sosyal ağlar üzerinden yürütülen pazarlama çalışmalarına ilişkin algıların bireylerin çevrimiçi fikir arama ve iletme davranışlarına nasıl etki ettiği gözlemlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca bu algılar üzerinde etkisi olabilecek marka hayranlığı, cinsiyet, çevrimiçi ürün satın alma ve çevrim içi kalma süreleri gibi değişkenlerinde etkileri tartışılmak istenmiştir. Bu noktadan hareketle nicel araştırma yöntemine başvurulup bu yöntemin veri toplama tekniklerinden olan ve birincil verilere ulaşmak amacıyla anket tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde, fark testleri (t-testi, One Way Anova) ve ilişki testleri yapılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında yapılan araştırma ile özellikle bu algının önemli ölçüde çevrimiçi görüş arama ve iletme davranışları ile bağlantılı olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca çevrimiçi kalma süresi, ürün satın alma sıklığı, marka hayranlığının ve kullanıcıların cinsiyetlerinin de bu algı ile ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Abstract Nowadays, there are many factors that affect the way people perceive brands. Moreover, these perceptions affect people's attitudes and behaviors on many issues. Especially, the increase of social media's influence has brought a new dimension to the interaction of individuals with brands, as well as influencing the factors that shape the relationship between them. This study attempts to observe how the perceptions of marketing activities carried out through social networks affect individuals' online opinion seeking and sharing behaviors. In addition, it is desired to discuss the effects of variables such as brand admiration, gender, online product purchase and online staying time that may have an impact on these perceptions. A quantitative research method was used. The questionnaire technique is a data acquisition techique of this method; this was used to obtain primary data. Difference tests (t-test, One Way Anova) and relationship test were performed in the analysis of the data obtained. The research conducted as part of the study confirmes that this perception is largely related to the behavior of seeking and transmitting opinions online. It was also found that the time spent online, the frequency of product purchases, brand admiration, and gender of users are related to this perception.
Günümüzde bireylerin markalara karşı olan algılarını şekillendiren birçok unsur bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca bu algılar, bireylerin birçok konudaki tutum ve davranışlarını da etkilemektedir. Özellikle sosyal medyanın etki alanını artırması bireylerin markalar ile olan etkileşimlerine yeni bir boyut getirdiği gibi, aralarındaki ilişkiyi şekillendiren faktörleri de etkilemiştir. Mevcut çalışmada sosyal ağlar üzerinden yürütülen pazarlama çalışmalarına ilişkin algıların bireylerin çevrimiçi davranışlarına nasıl etki ettiği gözlemlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu noktadan hareketle nicel araştırma yöntemine başvurulup bu yöntemin veri toplama tekniklerinden olan ve birincil verilere ulaşmak amacıyla anket tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde, fark testleri (t-testi, One Way Anova) ve ilişki testleri (yol analizi) yapılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında yapılan araştırma ile özellikle bu algının önemli ölçüde çevrimiçi görüş arama ve iletme davranışları ile bağlantılı olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca çevrimiçi kalma süresi, ürün satın alma sıklığı, marka hayranlığının ve kullanıcıların cinsiyetlerinin de bu algı ile ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Research on gender differences in gift-giving behaviour consistently shows that women are much more involved in gift-giving activities than men and bear far more responsibility in this regard. This is attributed to a gender-specific understanding that assigns caring for others to the female role and is taught as part of early childhood socialization. In addition, reference is made to the fact – not independent of this – of female kinship work. In detail, a number of other gender differences can be demonstrated, for example with regard to the basic attitude to gift giving or to the understanding of “typically male” or “typically female” gifts. Apparently, the ideas and nature of the division of labour between the sexes in gift-giving have changed little, despite the ongoing considerable social change in the understanding of roles.
Phygital retailing connects physical and digital world to build unique customer experiences. Although the applications of phygital retailing are increasing, it is yet to understand what factors may influence customer experiences, especially among the hedonic factors. This study thus examines this gap by exploring the hedonic factors that affect customer experiences in phygital retailing. Moreover, the role of gender is also explored as a boundary condition. This study is conducted using as a sample of 237 customers who experienced phygital retailing in China. Data are analyzed using PLS and PROCESS macro, which indicate that hedonic factors (i.e., mental imagery, entertainment, and aesthetics) affect customer experiences, which eventually affect customers’ decision satisfaction. This study further finds that the impacts of mental imagery, entertainment and aesthetics on customer experiences are higher for female customers than for male customers.
Phygital retail experiences connect physical and digital worlds together to create unique experiences among customers. Despite the widespread uses and applications of phygital retailing, the involvement-patronage link remains unexplored. This paper thus aims to make up this gap by examining the effects of customer involvement on their patronage intentions in the phygital retail context. More specifically, building on the social exchange theory, this paper mainly addresses the effects of five dimensions of involvement on customer engagement; and the influence of customer engagement on their patronage intentions in the phygital retailing. The role of customer innovativeness as a boundary condition is also explored. Data were collected from 237 customers who experienced phygital retail stores and analyzed through structural equation modeling. The results show that five facets of involvement (i.e., risk importance, risk probability, sign, interest, and pleasure) affect customer engagement, which eventually affects customers’ patronage intentions of phygital products. This study further identifies that the effects of each dimension of involvement on customer engagement are higher (lower) among the customers with high (low) innovativeness. The findings of the study offer significant theoretical and managerial implications.
In dieser Arbeit wird eine quantitative Studie mit 30 Teilnehmern präsentiert, die den Zusammenhang zwischen Persönlichkeit und dem Informationsverhalten im Kontext der Web-Suche untersucht. Die Arbeit führt zunächst in das psychologische Konzept der Persönlichkeit und die dazugehörige Forschung im IR ein. Die Persönlichkeit der Teilnehmer wird mit Hilfe eines psychometrischen Tests operationalisiert, der Persönlichkeit auf verschiedene Dimensionen abbildet. Die Teilnehmer müssen Such-Tasks im Web ausführen und mittels Search-Logs und Fragebogen Daten zum Informationsverhalten erhoben. Es wird gezeigt, dass es punktuelle, schwache bis mittelstarke Korrelationen zwischen den erhobenen Variablen des Informationsverhaltens und den Dimensionen der Persönlichkeit gibt. Mögliche Erklärungen und Implikationen werden diskutiert sowie weitere Impulse für die Forschung im IR gegeben.
Die Forschung zu geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschieden im Schenkverhalten zeigt übereinstimmend, dass Frauen sehr viel stärker als Männer in Geschenkaktivitäten involviert sind und diesbezüglich weit mehr Verantwortung tragen. Dies wird auf ein geschlechtsspezifisches Verständnis zurückgeführt, das die Fürsorge für andere der weiblichen Rolle zuweist und als Bestandteil der frühkindlichen Sozialisation vermittelt wird. Zusätzlich wird auf das – davon nicht unabhängige – Faktum der weiblichen Verwandtschaftsarbeit verwiesen. Im Detail lässt sich eine Reihe weiterer Unterschiede nachweisen, beispielsweise hinsichtlich der grundsätzlichen Einstellung zum Schenken oder zum Verständnis „typisch männlicher“ oder „typisch weiblicher“ Geschenke. Offenbar haben sich Vorstellungen und Art der Arbeitsteilung der Geschlechter beim Schenken trotz des anhaltenden erheblichen gesellschaftlichen Wandels im Rollenverständnis wenig verändert.
Purpose
As the popularity of Islamic banking and financial instruments continues to rise globally, a recurring empirical question is what specifically makes consumers choose Islamic banking. This paper aims to investigate the determinants of bank type selection, especially in culturally diverse settings where the Islamic banking sector is well-established. It further examines whether consumers’ gender/religion influences their choices. One intuitive prediction is that Muslim consumers opt for Islamic banking products as “ethical” because of conviction-related reasons. However, the reality is not necessarily straightforward.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper uses structural equation modeling to examine data collected from a survey questionnaire of 790 respondents in an emerging market setting. Further analysis is made based on gender and religion to remove related bias.
Findings
Results suggest that overall consumer awareness significantly affects the selection of Islamic banking products. The positive effect of awareness is more significant for Muslim consumers relative to non-Muslims. Interestingly, social stimuli and bank attributes have an insignificant effect on the banking choices of both Muslims and non-Muslims.
Practical implications
Results suggest that Islamic banks’ marketing managers should adopt differentiated strategies for men and women, focusing on the core benefits of the service or personal interactions with consumers, respectively, along with a focus on different aspects of personal service for each gender. Awareness should be enhanced by adopting informative and effective marketing strategies to attract and retain consumers in the competitive bank environment. Islamic banks (IB) should pay attention to the religious effect without considering it as the sole variable motivating potential customers. They should design segmented and customized marketing strategies based on gender-religion market segmentation to suit different groups’ needs.
Originality/value
The findings fill a gap in the literature and provide Islamic bankers with insights to help design and articulate their business strategies to appeal to consumers in a multicultural context. Examining an integral part of gender and religion mitigates biased estimates due to the omission of variables. The study contributes to the existing literature on customer preferences for IB with a relatively large, new data set.
Resumen Objetivo: examinar los principales determinantes del comportamiento de queja del consumidor en México entre 2006 y 2017, utilizando datos anuales de las 32 entidades federativas. Metodología: se estimó un mo-delo de datos de panel balanceado estático y después se incluyó el efecto dinámico que impera en el com-portamiento de queja de los consumidores mexicanos mediante el método generalizado de momentos. Re-sultados: se comprobó que la experiencia previa en las reclamaciones de los consumidores, como resultado de la práctica, les permite aprender y mejorar sus méto-dos de queja; además, se identifica que los montos me-nores de recuperación incrementan las reclamaciones. También se registró que los quejosos poseen mayores ingresos que los no quejosos y que son las mujeres con preparación académica quienes más presentan quejas. Limitaciones: la información que se analizó corres-ponde sólo a los servicios en general y no incluye las quejas sobre los servicios financieros. Valor: la imple-mentación de un modelo de datos de panel dinámico permite superar el problema de endogeneidad entre las variables, lo que da oportunidad de estimar el im-pacto de las experiencias de quejas previas en las in-conformidades actuales. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos sobre el comportamiento de queja del con-sumidor mexicano coinciden con las hipótesis de las principales investigaciones para otros países. Palabras clave: comportamiento de queja; consumidor; modelos de datos de panel; protección al consumidor. Abstract Objective: to examine the main determinants of consumer complaining behavior in Mexico from 2006 to 2017, using annual data for the 32 states. Methodology: a static balanced panel data model was estimated and later the dynamic effect that prevails in the complaining behavior of Mexicans was included by means of the generalized method of moments. Results: it was proven that consumers' previous complaint experience, as a result of its practice, lets them learn and improve their complaining methods. It is also identified that lower refunded amounts increase the amount of complaints. It was registered that com-plainers have higher salaries than those who do not complaint and that women with formal education are the ones who complain the most. Limitations: the analyzed information corresponds only to the services in general and the financial services were excluded. Value: the implementation of a dynamic panel data model allows overcoming the endogeneity problem between the variables; this gives the opportunity to estimate the impact of previous complaints experiences on current nonconformities. Conclusions: the results obtained about the Mexican consumer complaining behavior coincide with the hypotheses of the main investigations for other countries.
Objetivo: examinar los principales determinantes del comportamiento de queja del consumidor en México entre 2006 y 2017, utilizando datos anuales de las 32 entidades federativas. Metodología: se estimó un modelo de datos de panel balanceado estático y después se incluyó el efecto dinámico que impera en el comportamiento de queja de los consumidores mexicanos mediante el método generalizado de momentos. Resultados: se comprobó que la experiencia previa en las reclamaciones de los consumidores, como resultado de la práctica, les permite aprender y mejorar sus métodos de queja; además, se identifica que los montos menores de recuperación incrementan las reclamaciones. También se registró que los quejosos poseen mayores ingresos que los no quejosos y que son las mujeres con preparación académica quienes más presentan quejas. Limitaciones: la información que se analizó corresponde sólo a los servicios en general y no incluye las quejas sobre los servicios financieros. Valor: la implementación de un modelo de datos de panel dinámico permite superar el problema de endogeneidad entre las variables, lo que da oportunidad de estimar el impacto de las experiencias de quejas previas en las inconformidades actuales. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos sobre el comportamiento de queja del consumidor mexicano coinciden con las hipótesis de las principales investigaciones para otros países.
Hediyeleşmenin toplumsal bir kültür haline geldiği günümüz dünyasında insanlar, pek çok durumda ve pek çok sebeple hediye vermektedirler. Dünyada ve Ülkemizde, bebek doğumları, yıldönümleri, mezuniyet, yılbaşı, anneler günü, sevgililer günü, babalar günü ve daha birçok durumda hediye verilmesi olmazsa olmaz bir hal almıştır. Bunun sonucunda, hediyeleşmeyle ortaya çıkan ekonomik büyüklük, toplam tüketim harcamaları içerisinde çok büyük bir paya sahip olmaktadır. Pazarlama araştırmacıları, tüketicilerin hediye satın alma davranışlarını ve onları motive eden unsurları ayrıca ele alarak incelemektedirler. Ülkemizde bu alanda yapılan çalışmaların yetersiz oluşu nedeniyle öncelikle, hediyelerin hangi motivasyonlarla satın alındığına ilişkin, kapsamlı bir literatür taraması yapılarak hediye ve hediye satın alma motivasyonlarına ilişkin teorik bir çerçeve oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın bu alana yönelik daha sonra yapılacak teorik ve ampirik çalışmalara öncülük etmesi ve kaynak oluşturması amaçlanmıştır.
İşletmelerin pazarlama karar ve stratejilerinin belirlenmesinde cinsiyet kavramı, etkili bir pazar bölümleme değişkenidir. Ürünlerin ve hizmetlerin hedef kitlenin isteklerine ve ihtiyaçlarına hitap edebilmesi, hedef kitlenin dikkatini çekebilmesi etkin bir pazarlama iletişimi ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Satın alma davranışını önemli ölçüde şekillendiren reklamlar, pazarlama iletişimi açısından hedef kitleye ulaşmada anahtar rol üstlenmektedir. Hedef kitlenin, reklamı yapılan ürüne veya hizmete dikkatinin çekilmesi, ürünün veya hizmetin akılda kalıcılığının sağlanması, rakiplerinden ayırt edilebilir olması için geliştirilen unsurları ifade eden reklamda çekicilik ve strateji, bu çalışma ile irdelenen başlıklar arasındadır. Bu kapsamda dezenfektan reklamlarında kullanılan görsellerin reklamda çekicilik ve strateji oluştururken cinsiyet kaynaklı; algılama farklılıkları, dikkat süre ve sayılarındaki farklılıklar, nöropazarlama araştırma tekniklerinden EyeTracking yöntemi ile ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışma; Fırat Üniversitesi Pazarlama ve Nöropazarlama Araştırma Merkezi kapsamında 15 kadın ve 15 erkek olmak üzere toplam 30 gönüllü katılımcı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada, hedef kitlenin Eye Tracking analiz yöntemi ile dezenfektan reklamlarında kullanılan görsellerin farkındalık düzeyleri araştırılmış ve görsel etki düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Bu sebeple, dezenfektan reklamları aracılığı ile kadın ve erkeğin marka seçimindeki farklı kararlarının altında yatan gerçek sebepler anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Böylece, dezenfektan reklamları üzerindeki görsel etki düzeylerinin cinsiyete göre farklılaşma düzeyleri tespit edilmiştir.
The aim of this study is to investigate the brand name's effect on brand preference of women having a child. The data were obtained through a face-to-face questionnaire from 498 women having a child using convenience sampling. The brands included in the study have been selected from sectors such as solid soap, baby's nappy and household electrical appliances. These sectors have been determined as women having a child have high involvement with them. In this context, totally 11 brands have been determined. 3 of them have been named with local names though they are foreign origin and 8 of them have been named with foreign names though they are local brands. Logistic regression has been used as the analysis method. Findings have showed that the women have very low knowledge level about the country of brand origin. Moreover, in this study it has been founded that although the women represent themselves as ethnocentric, they tend to prefer foreign brands more.
This chapter investigates gender differences in motivations to use social networking sites (SNS), a subset of social media. The present research focuses on Facebook given its prominence among currently available SNS. Analysing a survey of university students in Australia, the results indicate that female consumers are more likely than male consumers to use Facebook to seek information (to research and learn new things and to discuss products and brands) and for convenience (to obtain things with little effort). Both of these reasons in turn relate positively to their degree of engagement on Facebook, where engagement is operationalized as cognitive absorption which is a state of deep involvement with an activity.
This article examines the relationship between online hedonic shopping motivations and obsessive–compulsive buying of online buyers. The useable data of 503 respondents are analysed through structural equation modelling (SEM). The results indicate that online buyers exhibit adventure seeking and idea shopping, which have a positive effect on obsessive–compulsive buying, whereas role shopping and value shopping are found to be negatively significant to obsessive–compulsive buying. Surprisingly, gratification seeking and social shopping are found to be insignificant. The implications of the study for researchers and managers are discussed.
Purpose
The purpose of this qualitative research study was to explore male and female sports fandom through examining the prototype of a loyal National Football League (NFL) fan.
Design/methodology/approach
Eighteen in-depth interviews were conducted with male and female participants who self-identified as NFL fans from the Midwest and Northeast regions of the US. Data were analyzed using open coding.
Findings
Both female and male participants identified three common criteria for being a prototypical NFL fan: loyalty, knowledge and wearing of team apparel. The findings also demonstrated gender differences in both how a fan identifies a prototypical fan and how that dictates fan identity, attitudes and behavior. Additionally, prototypical fandom might need to be defined differently for males and females.
Originality/value
This study contributes to the literature by exploring the perspectives of both genders of NFL fans and by providing a more balanced perspective of how males and females define prototypical fans and how each gender perceives the fan behavior of the opposite sex.
Reactions to a scent are both cognitive and neurobiological, and impact fragrance evaluation along two key factors. One is gender, due to information processing differences among men and women. The other one is uncertainty, which firms induce via sales strategies by either spritzing a fragrance before revealing brand and price information, or by showcasing the fragrance by revealing brand and price prior to smelling. Surprisingly, how and when to implement these strategies remains unexplored. This research addresses this gap. It conceptualizes a new mechanism by applying spreading activation theory to the context of the neurobiological scent-processing pathway, proposing that scent, as the prime node in the associative network, automatically activates six attributes: scent characteristics, personal memories, qualitative attributes, social aspects, valence, and marketing-related attributes. We then empirically investigate how these attributes impact product evaluation. A multi-methods approach employing electronic word-of-mouth analysis finds support for the activation of the six fragrance attributes. Two experiments also support their presence, and reveal that men and women evaluate fragrances differently because their information processing is contingent on uncertainty. Managers can nudge the attribute activation process and maximize fragrance evaluation by implementing a gender-based sales strategy, relying on spritzing for men and showcasing for women.
The aim of this paper was to investigate the role of brand
personality in strengthening consumer loyalty towards brands. The
study also intended to identify the mediating role of consumer
involvement in the relationship between brand personality and loyalty.
Structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 118 respondents
from the consumers of three super shop i.e. Agora, Meena Bazar and
Shwapno. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLSSEM)
was followed in data analysis. The study identified the brand
personality was the predictor of consumer loyalty whereas the
relationship between brand personality and consumer loyalty was
mediated by consumer involvement. The study is significant for the
marketers as they can identify what factors influencing consumers’
loyalty towards the brands in Bangladesh. The study could have been
done on large number of respondents including different divisional
cities. However, this empirical investigation found out ways how
consumer loyalty could be enhanced.
In our country, just as it is in the rest of the world, in many occasions and special days such as baby
births, weddings, circumcision ceremonies, anniversaries, birthdays and graduation ceremonies gifts are
exchanged. Apart from these, gifting has become a norm in many special days, spreading from the
Western World to the globe, such as Mother’s Day, Valentine’s Day, Father’s Day and so on with the
help of marketing efforts. The economic size, which arises in many special days and with gifts, has a
striking share in total consumption expenditures. Therefore, marketing researchers examine consumers'
gift buying behaviors separately. In our country, due to the inadequacy of academic studies on this
subject, a theoretical framework has been formed for gift and gift buying behaviors. In this context, as a
result of a large literature research, the main functions of gift giving, the main factors affecting gift-giving
behavior and the modeling of gift buying are presented. This study aims to both be a pioneer and a source
for further research
Data from two experiments suggest that the genders differ in how they make judgments. In comparison with men, women appeared to have a lower threshold for elaborating on message cues and thus made greater use of such cues in judging products. These differences were eliminated both when the message cues prompted so little attention that they were below men's and women's thresholds for message elaboration and when they prompted so much attention that both genders’ thresholds were exceeded. The origins and implications of these differences are discussed.
The underlying premise of this article is that changing demographics will lead to a splintering of the mass markets for grocery products and supermarkets. A field study investigated the relationships between five demographic factors—sex, female working status, age, income, and marital status—and a wide range of variables associated with preparation for and execution of supermarket shopping. Results indicate that the demographic groups differ in significant ways from the traditional supermarket shopper. Discussion centers on the ways that changing demographics and family roles may affect retailers and manufacturers of grocery products.
The underlying premise of this article is that changing demographics will lead to a splintering of the mass markets for grocery products and supermarkets. A field study investigated the relationships between five demographic factors-sex, female working status, age, income, and marital status-and a wide range of variables associated with preparation for and execution of supermarket shopping. Results indicate that the demographic groups differ in significant ways from the traditional supermarket shopper. Discussion centers on the ways that changing demographics and family roles may affect retailers and manufacturers of grocery products.
According to the “selectivity model,” females are comprehensive information processors who consider both subjective and objective product attributes, and respond to subtle cues. Conversely, males are selective information processors who tend to use heuristics processing and miss subtle cues. These predictions are tested in an experiment where males and females listened to either objective or subjective advertising claims for either a low-risk or moderate-risk product. The results generally supported the predictions of the selectivity model with the exception that males did not respond more favorably to the objective claims. Implications for advertising theory and research are discussed.
Two experiments provide convergent evidence that sex roles, when activated, influence males' and females' judgments. Activation of the genders' sex roles was achieved either by means of explicit sex role primes or by making unambiguous self- and other-relevant information highly salient. In accordance with males' self-focused agentic sex role, males' judgments were sensitive to the favorableness of only self-relevant information, whereas females, who adhere to a self- and other-sensitive sex role, rendered judgments that reflected the implications of both self- and other-relevant information.
Some twenty years ago the Journal of Marketing published an article by Edward Tauber entitled ‘Why do people Shop?', which hypothesised that shopping trips were not always related to the purchase of goods, and that a number of other social and personal motives account for shopping behaviour. This article is an updated replication of Tauber's study but was conducted under an explicitly different set of metatheoretical assumptions from those implicit in Tauber's 1972 piece. Tauber's basic findings are corroborated but significantly developed in this replication, which is grounded on constructionist rather than positivistic assumptions. Accordingly, motives are defined not as internalised states but as descriptive or ascriptive accounts of some contextualised act, expressed in terms of prefigurative or practical logical force. Three key findings distinguish this article from the earlier one. First, people account for their shopping behaviour in terms of logical force. Shopping trips are made both as a result of prefigurative causes and for practical reasons. Second, motives for shopping are not personal attributes or general orientations. People account for their shopping behaviour in a number of ways which are incompatible with the notion of a general orientation towards shopping. Finally, motives for shopping are contextualised. People contextualise the shopping experience before offering motivational accounts. Since shopping is contextualised in different ways shopping motives are also contextualised. The context markers which are cited most often are life-script, life-style, episode (product class), relationships, gender and location. Motives can therefore be thought of as structured in some way around the realities of lived experience, rather than being abstract internalised potentialities.
Data from two experiments suggest that the genders differ in how they make judgments. In comparison with men, women appeared to have a lower threshold for elaborating on message cues and thus made greater use of such cues in judging products. These differences were eliminated both when the message cues prompted so little attention that they were below men's and women's thresholds for message elaboration and when they prompted so much attention that both genders' thresholds were exceeded. The origins and implications of these differences are discussed.
Gender schema theory proposes that the phenomenon of sex typing derives, in part, from gender-based schematic processing— a generalized readiness to process information on the basis of the sex-linked associations that constitute the gender schema. In particular, the theory proposes that sex typing results from the fact that the self-concept itself is assimilated in the gender schema. Several studies are described, including 2 experiments with 96 male and 96 female undergraduates, that demonstrate that sex-typed individuals do, in fact, have a greater readiness to process information—including information about the self—in terms of the gender schema. It is speculated that such gender-based schematic processing derives, in part, from the society's ubiquitous insistence on the functional importance of the gender dichotomy. The political implications of gender schema theory and its relationship to the concept of androgyny are discussed. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Reports the results of 4 experiments with 80, 90, and 60 undergraduates, respectively, in Exp. I, II, and IV, and 40 high school students in Exp. III. Ss performed a 65-item conformity measure constructed to control for sex relatedness of the judgmental task. Data led to the conclusion that the simple explanation of sex differences in conformity as a function of cultural role prescriptions is inadequate, and that a disregard for the nature of the experimental tasks has contributed to artificially inflated observations of sex differences in conformity. (31 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
In Exp I, 183 undergraduates read a persuasive message from a likable or unlikable communicator who presented 6 or 2 arguments on 1 of 2 topics. High involvement (HI) Ss anticipated discussing the message topic at a future experimental session, whereas low-involvement (LI) Ss anticipated discussing a different topic. For HI Ss, opinion change was significantly greater given 6 arguments but was unaffected by communicator likability. For LI Ss, opinion change was significantly greater given a likable communicator but was unaffected by the argument's manipulation. In Exp II with 80 similar Ss, HI Ss showed slightly greater opinion change when exposed to 5 arguments from an unlikable (vs 1 argument from a likable) communicator, whereas LI Ss exhibited significantly greater persuasion in response to 1 argument from a likable (vs 5 arguments from an unlikable) communicator. Findings support the idea that HI leads message recipients to employ a systematic information processing strategy in which message-based cognitions mediate persuasion, whereas LI leads recipients to use a heuristic processing strategy in which simple decision rules mediate persuasion. Support was also obtained for the hypothesis that content- vs source-mediated opinion change would result in greater persistence. (37 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)
Because of the increasing time pressure they face, many consumers are becoming more concerned about the efficiency of their shopping patterns. Retailers have recognized this trend and have improved shopping convenience by offering greater variety in product categories and making it easier for consumers to combine visits to multiple stores. However, little is known about how consumers improve the efficiency of their shopping trips or how changes in retail supply affect the way in which consumers combine multiple purposes and destinations. Building on previous work in consumer shopping trip modeling and conjoint design theory, the authors introduce a choice-based conjoint approach to studying and modeling this phenomenon. The authors illustrate the approach in a case study that investigates the tendency of Dutch shoppers to combine grocery, drugstore, and clothing purchases across multiple shopping destinations. The authors observe that the tendency of consumers to combine purchases differs from category to category and depends on category availability. In general, consumers combine considerably fewer purchases than could be expected if their shopping trip planning was based purely on travel cost minimization.
The author extends the research on consumer prepurchase information seeking to a product which is essentially socially symbolic rather than utilitarian. A survey of the purchasers of a fashion item was undertaken, and the data subjected to a novel cluster analytic technique. Several distinct patterns of overt search were derived and related to socioeconomic segments of individuals. The author concludes that to explain consumer information seeking it is necessary to gain a better understanding of both the motives underlying search and the risks inherent in any purchase.
Can wives accurately report who exerts influence in family decisions? What self-reported measure of purchase influence is best? A multitrait-multimethod approach is used to answer these questions about the reliability and validity of influence measures.
Durable goods buyers’ prepurchase information search activities were studied to determine whether distinctive patterns of information source usage could be identified. A method based on canonical analysis of retail, neutral, and personal source usage measures in conjunction with selected explanatory variables proved useful in distinguishing four different patterns. Tradeoffs were evident in the usage of and reliance on different information sources. The results emphasize the need for further study of consumer information need and information-gathering abilities.
This paper reviews research and theory on human memory, emphasizing key findings and concepts of importance to marketing and consumer choice. Several implications for promotional decisions are discussed. It is hoped that this review will stimulate further research on, and applications of, memory principles in marketing.
Women's current high levels of participation in the labor force have focused attention on changing life-styles and consumption patterns. This study uses life-style variables as predictors of food shopping behavior. A set of intervening variables reflecting women's attitudes toward food preparation explains their food shopping behavior better than either a working/nonworking classification or general role orientations.
This research develops a Likert-type scale to measure final consumers' involvement with the purchasing activity. The scale is employed to test hypotheses concerning relationships between market characteristics and purchasing involvement. Purchasing involvement is found to be related to sex, education, income, and stage of the family life cycle.
This research develops a Likert-type scale to measure final consumers' involvement with the purchasing activity. The scale is employed to test hypotheses concerning relationships between market characteristics and purchasing involvement. Purchasing involvement is found to be related to sex, education, income, and stage of the family life cycle.
Can wives accurately report who exerts influence in family decisions? What self-reported measure of purchase influence is best? A multitrait-multimethod approach is used to answer these questions about the reliability and validity of influence measures.
Women's current high levels of participation in the labor force have focused attention on changing life-styles and consumption patterns. This study uses life-style variables as predictors of food shopping behavior. A set of intervening variables reflecting women's attitudes toward food preparation explains their food shopping behavior better than either a working/nonworking classification or general role orientations.
This article provides two kinds of information about the measurement of husband-wife influence in family decision making. First, confirmatory support is given to certain conclusions by Davis [4] in his study of alternative measures of relative spousal influence. Second, the article extends the application of multitrait-multimethod procedures to the stages or phases of the decision process to determine the commonality of perceived influence across spouses and how these phases interrelate. Limited information about ethnic variations in family decision behavior is also presented since only black families were included in the study. METHODOLOGY
In an earlier paper in this journal,* the author suggested that the processes of attitude change underlying mass communication impact are of two kinds: with low involvement to persuasive stimuli one might look for gradual shifts in perceptual structure, aided by repetition, activated by behavioral choice situations, and followed at some time by attitude change, while with high involvement one could look instead for the classic and familiar conflict of ideas at the level of conscious opinion and attitude that precedes changes in behavior. The present paper describes the development and application of a workable tool to measure this involvement, a necessary step if the study of communication impact along these lines is to proceed further.
Durable goods buyers' prepurchase information search activities were studied to determine whether distinctive patterns of information source usage could be identified. A method based on canonical analysis of retail, neutral, and personal source usage measures in conjunction with selected explanatory variables proved useful in distinguishing four different patterns. Tradeoffs were evident in the usage of and reliance on different information sources. The results emphasize the need for further study of consumer information need and information-gathering abilities.
The author extends the research on consumer prepurchase information seeking to a product which is essentially socially symbolic rather than utilitarian. A survey of the purchasers of a fashion item was undertaken, and the data subjected to a novel cluster analytic technique. Several distinct patterns of overt search were derived and related to socioeconomic segments of individuals. The author concludes that to explain consumer information seeking it is necessary to gain a better understanding of both the motives underlying search and the risks inherent in any purchase.
The ritual Christmas gift giving in Middletown involves virtually the entire population and is governed by elaborate unwritten rules that are remarkably well enforced without obvious means of enforcement. Most gifts are scaled to the formal relationship between giver and receiver. It is proposed that ritualized gift giving in this society, as in others, is a way of reinforcing relationships that are highly valued but insecure.
Consumer purchase decisions can be influenced by many emotions,
including guilt. Guilt which enters into the consumer purchase decision
is identified as “consumer guilt” and may provide opportunities for
marketers to influence the consumer decision process. A negative
emotion which results from a consumer decision that violates one's
values or norms, explores the consumer guilt construct in a series of
focus groups. The groups were composed of subjects representing various
age, religious affiliation, occupation, and income groups. Four types of
consumer guilt were identified: financial; health; moral; and financial
responsibility. Consumer guilt is further classified in terms of
anticipatory and reactive states, occurring in both decisions to
purchase as well as not to purchase, and as it relates to focus on
oneself or others.
This paper reviews research and theory on human memory, emphasizing key findings and concepts of importance to marketing and consumer choice. Several implications for promotional decisions are discussed. It is hoped that this review will stimulate further research on, and applications of, memory principles in marketing.
The authors wish to thank John F. Mount, Director of Marketing Research, Los Angeles Times, for his help in constructing the social class index used in this research.
This article was also published in Journal of Consumer Marketing, Volume 4 Issue 2.
The interaction between social class and perceived risk on the way that consumers use various sources of information is examined in this article. The conclusions reached here suggest that perceived risk explains a great deal about the way that information is acquired and that social class explains relatively little. The results of the study indicate that marketing managers may well be able to improve the effectiveness of their budgets by reexamining the way they use newspapers and word‐of‐mouth communications.
While several studies have examined the roles of husbands and wives in making decisions about products, few have examined the impact of children. This article reports the results of a 1985 study of the influence of children on families. The study examines children's influence in each of four stages of the purchase decision, for 25 products, and by age of the children. For child-centered (e.g., toys, children's clothing, food) and child-used products or services (e.g., vacations, restaurant choices, outside entertainment), the study shows that children are perceived as influential by most households. Older children are perceived as more influential than younger children for nearly all the products studied. The study concludes that “family” decision making is quite different from “husband-wife” decision making.
This study investigates the relationship between ethnicity and lifestyles in the context of multiple ethnic group comparisons involving English, French, Italian, and Greek Canadians. The ethnic identification scheme used is based on the self-identification measure. Four separate factor analyses were compared using canonical correlation, and the four factor structures were found to be similar. This allows the comparison of the four groups in a common factor structure. Fourteen main factors were generated and the four groups exhibited major differences in thirteen dimensions, with or without controlling for five socio-demographic variables. Very clear lifestyle patterns emerge for each group.
A classic in the field, "Understanding Social Psychology" is built around an exceptionally accurate view by premier scholars of what it takes to lay the groundwork in social psychology. Exciting and accessible, each chapter opens with an incident from social and political events that is carried through the chapter. The book stresses a balance between being up-to-date and keeping focus on historical roots and the enduring character of important questions in social psychology and its fundamental scientific underpinnings. The authors underline the importance of the great classical findings and have been applauded for their explanation of theory and methodology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This article identifies differences between sex, gender identity, and gender role attitudes. Using measures of these constructs, data were collected in a field study of Christmas shopping behaviors. Alternative measurement and multivariate regression models were estimated. The results showed the models best fit the data when the measures were specified as reflecting unique rather than common gender constructs. The measures also each explained significant incremental variance in different shopping behaviors. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prior knowledge was varied in problem solving, thinking, and reading tasks in three experiments. The hypothesis was that the prior knowledge used in a cognitive task uses capacity in the same limited capacity active processing system that is used to process the ongoing task. In a reading experiment, prior knowledge about a target page was manipulated by controlling the preceding pages. In an experiment dealing with problem solving in the context of a chess game, prior knowledge was controlled by comparing experts with novices. In a third study subjects thought about personality descriptions of persons and groups, and about women's fashions and football plays; it was assumed that persons have more prior knowledge concerning the personality of persons than the personality of groups, that women have more prior knowledge about women's fashions, and that men have more prior knowledge about football. In all experiments, use of cognitive capacity in task performance was observed with a secondary task technique. The results of all three experiments were consistent with the hypothesis that prior knowledge uses capacity in the active processing system. The prior knowledge hypothesis is consistent with some aspects of current cognitive theory but not consistent with others. The results also suggest a fundamental and unexpected limit on the cognitive processing of experts.
Due to the increasing time pressure that they face, many consumers are becoming more concerned about the efficiency of their shopping patterns. Retailers have recognize this trend, have improved shopping convenience by offering greater variety in product categories and making it easier for consumers to combine visits to multiple stores. However, little is known about how consumers improve the efficiency of their shopping trips, or how changes in retail supply affect the way in which consumers combine multiple purposes and destinations. Building on previous work in consumer shopping trip modeling and conjoint design theory, this paper introduces a choice-based conjoint approach to studying and modeling this phenomenon. The approach is illustrated in a case study which investigated the tendency of Dutch shoppers to combine grocery, drugstore and clothing purchases across multiple shopping destinations. It was observed that the tendency of consumers to combine purchases differed from category to category and also depended on category availability. In general, consumers combined considerably less purchases than could be expected if their shopping trip planning were based purely on travel cost minimization.
How consistent is a single farm payment system with rural development goals? A new economic geography model is used to compare coupled subsidies to 'single farm payments' effects on the location of farming, agro-industry and non-farm activity between rural and urban areas. This abstract model features a majority of employment in service sectors, farming vertically linked to manufacturing, and strong preferences for geo-varieties. It appears that both coupled subsidies and single farm payments can decrease spatial agglomeration. But only the single farm payment policy raises welfare in both rural and urban regions of this stylised economy. Copyright (c) 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation (c) 2009 The Agricultural Economics Society.