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El género Canthon (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) en Costa Rica
... En México se ha establecido en localidades áridas, semiáridas, tropicales y subtropicales, dispersándose de norte a sur siguiendo tres frentes de penetración principales: llanuras del Golfo de México (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán), Altiplano Mexicano (Coahuila, Durango, Hidalgo) y llanuras del Pacífico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca) (Morón et al., 1988;Montes de Oca et al., 1994;Kohlmann, 1994;Montes de Oca & Halffter, 1998;Verdú et al., 2007;Arellano et al., 2008;Basto-Estrella et al., 2014;Moctezuma, 2021). Los principales sistemas montañosos representan para esta especie una barrera natural (Kohlmann, 1994), lo cual impide una invasión a estas áreas, sin embargo, ha continuado su distribución por las costas llegando al norte de Centroamérica y Sudamérica (Miranda et al., 1990;Kohlmann, 1994;Noriega, 2002;Solís & Kohlmann, 2002;Álvarez-Bohle et al., 2009;Pablo-Cea et al., 2017). ...
... Navarrete y Halffter (2008a) registraron una sola captura de esta especie, atraída con una trampa de caída cebada con excremento humano, en la Selva Lacandona (Reserva de la Biósfera Montes Azules, Chiapas, México). Es una especie de amplia distribución en Sudamérica, cuyo límite de distribución norte estaba registrado hasta Costa Rica, con un límite máximo de altitud de 1,000 m(Solís & Kohlmann, 2002;Navarrete & Halffter, 2008b).Penetración con poblaciones marginales de Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) edmondsi Rivera-Cervantes yHalffter, 1999. Rivera-Cervantes y Halffter (1999, consideran a los Canthon (Glaphyrocanthon) de México como un grupo aislado e importante que se distingue de los otros Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie)Volumen 38, 2022 ...
Se utilizaron como indicadores biogeográficos siete especies de Deltochilina (Anomiopus cirulito, Canthon triangularis, C. lituratus, C. edmondsi, C. morsei, C. angustatus y C. lucreciae), para ejemplificar la influencia de la fauna sudamericana en la diversidad tropical mexicana, buscando explicar por qué México, al sur del Istmo de Tehuantepec, es cada vez más Neotropical. La escala temporal empleada es del fin del Pleistoceno a la época actual y se consideraron tres niveles de información: 1) Penetración con presencia mínima, 2) Penetración con poblaciones marginales y 3) Penetración con poblaciones establecidas. Se ofrecen ejemplos de invasores foráneos que han tenido éxito en lugares ganaderos, sin desplazar a ninguna especie autóctona. Los fenómenos naturales que han condicionado la distribución actual de las especies indicadoras seleccionadas se corresponden con procesos geológicos y macroclimáticos, que influyeron en la composición y los movimientos de las horobiotas a nivel continental. La tendencia de Deltochilini de Centro y Sudamérica por invadir México ha sido muy intensa, empleando el Puente Panameño o incluso el puente inter-Caribe para dispersarse, avanzando con las selvas y, su número supera a las especies incipientes de penetración reciente, de cualquier otro borde de México.
... We obtained records for 168 species of Scarabaeoidea (Table S1) from three sources: Global Biodiversity Information Facility We take the identifications provided in the cited electronic sources as correct without independent corroboration, and for those species coming from field work, taxonomic determinations were made with taxonomic guides, generic revisions, and catalogues (e.g., Edmonds, 1994;Edmonds & Zidek, 2010;Filippini et al., 2016;Génier, 2009;Kohlmann & Solís, 1997, 2001Morón, 1986;Orozco, 2012;Ratcliffe & Cave, 2006;Shaughney & Ratcliffe, 2015;Solís & Kohlmann, 2002, 2004Vaurie, 1958). Classification follows Bouchard et al. (2011). ...
1. Ecological niche models and species distribution models (SDMs) are tools used to define a species’ niche based on presence records and to identify areas where appropriate ecological conditions converge, indicating zones of potential distribution for the species. SDMs help optimize conservation efforts, which is particularly important in countries facing ecological and economic challenges.
2. We constructed SDMs using the Maxent algorithm for 160 species of scarab beetles (Scarabaeoidea) to identify chorotypes and important zones for conservation in El Salvador, as well as to evaluate species richness representativity within the System of Protected Natural Areas (SANP).
3. Chorotypes were identified using the UPGMA method with a presence-absence matrix at ≈3 km² resolution.Important zones for conservation were identified using the Zonation algorithm. Richness representation within the SANP was assessed using EstimateS, comparing the richness estimated by Chao 2 ± 95% confidence intervals for the same number of grid cells (n = 811).
4. We identified five chorotypes: C1: Lowland and middleland species.. C2: Widely distributed species. C3: Species with an affinity for mid-elevations. C4: Species limited to lowlands. C5: Species limited to high montane areas.
5. The most important conservation zones are located in montane regions. As in other tropical areas, the volcanic and montane slopes of El Salvador represent key areas for biodiversity conservation.
6. Species richness within the SANP was not significantly greater than that outside the system. Therefore, we recommend continuous prioritization and expansion of the country's protected natural areas, with a special emphasis on the mountainous regions
... It is distributed from the ground level up to 30 m high (with up to 50 specimens caught per trap, Halffter personal observations). In the state of Chiapas, C. angustatus has been collected in the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve (Howden and Young, 1981;Solıś and Kohlmann, 2002; Chame-Vaźquez and , always strongly associated with dung of Alouatta palliata and Allouatta pigra. Howden and Young (1981) pointed out that C. angustulus inhabiting Barro Colorado Island is a diurnal species with two peaks of activity, one from 06:00 to 10:00 hours and the other from 15:00 to 18:00 hours, coinciding with the periods of monkey defecation. ...
The relationship between dung beetles and arboreal mammals has been scarcely studied, and many of the reports refer to observations without a standardized methodology. The accelerated loss of tropical forests urges us to understand this mutualistic association. Using our studies on arboreal dung beetles in the Palenque Archaeological Zone-National Park, Mexico, as a baseline, we analyzed the information on arboreal dung beetles in Neotropical forests in Mexico and around the world. Canthon euryscelis Bates, 1867, Canthon angustatus Harold, 1867, Canthon subhyalinus Harold, 1867, and Canthon femoralis (Chevrolat, 1834) are the main species collected in trees of Palenque, Onthophagus maya Zunino, 1981 and other non-Scarabaeinae species were occasionally collected from trees in Palenque. The small Canthon species are skilled fliers strongly relationship with monkeys in Palenque and other tropical regions of Mexico and Central America. In South America, arboreal dung beetles are more diverse and include these and other dung beetle species associated with monkeys. Several dung beetle species of the genus Onthophagus have been reported in association with African monkeys. In India, several studies report a wide variety of dung beetle species associated with monkeys. In Australia and New Guinea, only some species of Macropocopris are described as being associated with arboreal monkeys, but in Borneo, several dung beetle species have been observed associated with arboreal monkeys, mostly in managed forests. In Madagascar, Arachnoides gandi is the only beetle species reported in trees. We need to formulate a systematic and comparative methodology to understand better how arboreal beetles search for food, where the food is located, and how brood balls are made, how male-female pairs meet and nest, and how they contribute to arboreal dung recycling.
... Biological and Ecological Data Diurnal beetles, this species has coprophagous habits (Rodrigues and Flechtmann 1997). Widespread from Costa Rica to South America (Vulcano and Pereira 1964;Howden and Young 1981;Solís and Kohlmann 2002; but not in the Antilles as said by Harold [1868], see Matthews [1966] Records Paraíba (Areia, Mamanguape), Pernambuco (Caruaru, Igarassu, Itamaracá, Tamandaré). ...
Dung beetles are sensitive to environmental quality, therefore being excellent bioindicators and are being used to assess the effects of habitat transformation. These beetles are detritivores, thus contributing to the environment by cycling soil nutrients, aerating the soil, and performing secondary seed dispersal. In this chapter, our primary goal is to compile from the scattered literature information on the dung beetle species already identified in the Atlantic Forest north of the São Francisco River. We provide information on the diversity, biology, and conservation status of dung beetle species already evaluated, as well as point out the gaps in our knowledge and regions that still lack surveys. Our literature review found 6 tribes, 23 genera, and 89 species of dung beetles, comprising data from Atlantic Forest, Restinga and Brejos de Altitude ecosystems in the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Alagoas. Although information on the diversity of dung beetle in the northern Atlantic Forest is still limited in terms of territorial extension, its importance and fragility are undeniable. The number of endemic species is significant, thus making this area and its beetle fauna a priority for conservation.KeywordsScarabaeidaeScarabaeinae distributionEndemismBrejo de AltitudeRestinga
... Canthon cyanellus LeConte, 1859 is a necrophagous roller species distributed from southern North America to northern South America (Halffter 1961;Solis and Kohlmann 2002). Despite its almost continuous distribution across this region, C. cyanellus is genetically structured into nine monophyletic lineages that recently evolved during the Pleistocene between 1.63 and 0.91 Myr, having accumulated a Nei's genetic distance of around 0.2 (Nolasco-Soto et al. 2017, 2020. ...
Physiological traits in insects are intrinsically related to their behavior, fitness, and survival and can reflect adaptations to ecological stressors in different environments, leading to population differentiation that may cause hybrid failure. In this study, we characterized five physiological traits related to body condition (body size, body mass, amount of fat, total hemo- lymph protein, and phenoloxidase activity) in two geographically separated and recently differentiated lineages of Canthon cyanellus LeConte, 1859 within their natural distribution in Mexico. We also performed experimental hybrid crosses between these lineages to better understand the differentiation process and explore the presence of transgressive segregation over physiological traits in them. We found differences between lineages in all traits except body mass, suggesting selective pres- sures related to different ecological pressures. These differences were also apparent in the transgressive segregation of all traits in F1 and F2 hybrids, except for phenoloxidase activity. Protein content was sexually dimorphic in both parental lineages but was reversed in hybrids, suggesting a genetic basis for the differences between sexes. The negative sign of transgressive segregation for most traits indicates that hybrids would be smaller, thinner, and generally unfit. Our results suggest that these two lineages may undergo postzygotic reproductive isolation, confirming the cryptic diversity of this species complex.
... In other words, polychromy is part of the population variation of this species in Costa Rica. A similar phenomenon has been observed and reported for Costa Rica in the case of Canthon cyanellus LeConte, 1859 (Solís and Kohlmann 2002), populations of which can include up to five color morphs in one locality. Table 1 ...
To better understand the dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) biodiversity of Costa Rica and Panama, new synonyms, records, distributions, and updates are presented. This paper analyzes the distribution and taxonomy of Phanaeus olsoufieffi Balthasar, 1939 in Panama and establishes the following new subjective synonym: Phanaeus panamensis Moctezuma and Halffter, 2021 = Phanaeus olsoufieffi Balthasar, 1939. Color morphs of Phanaeus pyrois Bates, 1887 in Costa Rica are analyzed. The Costa Rican distribution of Onthophagus bidentatus Drapiez, 1819 and O. marginicollis Harold, 1880 is stud- ied. Onthophagus bidentatus is recorded for Costa Rica for the first time. A population analysis of barcode mtDNA, color morphs, and morphological and genitalia characters for different body sizes of Onthophagus cyanellus is undertaken. An mtDNA barcode tree is presented to assess the molecular identity of O. cyanellus resulting in the reaffirmed subjective synonymy, Onthophagus mesoamericanus Zunino and Halffter, 1988 = O. cyanellus Bates, 1887.
... In other words, polychromy is part of the population variation of this species in Costa Rica. A similar phenomenon has been observed and reported for Costa Rica in the case of Canthon cyanellus LeConte, 1859 (Solís and Kohlmann 2002), populations of which can include up to five color morphs in one locality. Table 1 ...
To better understand the dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) biodiversity of Costa Rica and Panama, new synonyms, records, distributions, and updates are presented. This paper analyzes the distribution and taxonomy of Phanaeus olsoufieffi Balthasar, 1939 in Panama and establishes the following new subjective synonym: Phanaeus panamensis Moctezuma and Halffter, 2021 = Phanaeus olsoufieffi Balthasar, 1939. Color morphs of Phanaeus pyrois Bates, 1887 in Costa Rica are analyzed. The Costa Rican distribution of Onthophagus bidentatus Drapiez, 1819 and O. marginicollis Harold, 1880 is studied. Onthophagus bidentatus is recorded for Costa Rica for the first time. A population analysis of barcode mtDNA, colour morphs, and morphological and genitalia characters for different body sizes of Onthophagus cyanellus is undertaken. An mtDNA barcode tree is presented to assess the molecular identity of O. cyanellus resulting in the reaffirmed subjective synonymy, Onthophagus mesoamericanus Zunino and Halffter, 1988 = O. cyanellus Bates, 1887.
Background
Dung beetles provide many important ecosystem services, including dung decomposition, pathogen control, soil aeration, and secondary seed dispersal. Yet, the biology of most dung beetles remains unknown. Natural diets are poorly studied, partly because previous research has focused on choice or attraction experiments using few, easily accessible dung types from zoo animals, farm animals, or humans. This way, many links within natural food webs have certainly been missed. In this work, we aimed to establish a protocol to analyze the natural diets of dung beetles using DNA gut barcoding.
Methods
First, the feasibility of gut-content DNA extraction and amplification of 12s rDNA from six different mammal dung types was tested in the laboratory. We then applied the method to beetles caught in pitfall traps in Ecuador and Germany by using 12s rDNA primers. For a subset of the dung beetles caught in the Ecuador sampling, we also used 16s rDNA primers to see if these would improve the number of species we could identify. We predicted the likelihood of amplifying DNA using gut fullness, DNA concentration, PCR primer, collection method, and beetle species as predictor variables in a dominance analysis. Based on the gut barcodes, we generated a dung beetle-mammal network for both field sites (Ecuador and Germany) and analyzed the levels of network specificity.
Results
We successfully amplified mammal DNA from dung beetle gut contents for 128 specimens, which included such prominent species as Panthera onca (jaguar) and Puma concolor (puma). The overall success rate of DNA amplification was 53%. The best predictors for amplification success were gut fullness and DNA concentration, suggesting the success rate can be increased by focusing on beetles with a full gut. The mammal dung–dung beetle networks differed from purely random network models and showed a moderate degree of network specialization ( H 2 ′: Ecuador = 0.49; Germany = 0.41).
Conclusion
We here present a reliable method of extracting and amplifying gut-content DNA from dung beetles. Identifying mammal dung via DNA reference libraries, we created mammal dung-dung beetle trophic networks. This has benefits over previous methods because we inventoried the natural mammal dung resources of dung beetles instead of using artificial mammal baits. Our results revealed higher levels of specialization than expected and more rodent DNA than expected in Germany, suggesting that the presented method provides more detailed insights into mammal dung–dung beetle networks. In addition, the method could have applications for mammal monitoring in many ecosystems.
After almost two decades of stagnation, the taxonomy of the New World Scarabaeinae dung beetles has since 1988 been going through a period of great effervescence. In the last 35 years, 81 complete revisions and 69 supplements have been produced by 86 authors based in 15 countries, addressing the taxonomic status of 950 species. This is what we christen as the Taxonomic Revolution of New World dung beetles. We review the history and products of this revolution, explore its causes and its apparent exceptionalism among most other New World Coleoptera groups, and point to the many great challenges that still face the scarabaeine taxonomists. An aspect of interest to ecologists is the coevolution of the Taxonomic Revolution with what we call the Ecological Revolution of dung beetles, i.e., the similar expansion in ecological studies about these organisms. We argue that it has been the continuous feedback between these two simultaneous processes that has enabled each of them to exist and flourish: without the Ecological Revolution, the Taxonomic Revolution could not have existed, and vice-versa. Ecologists and taxonomists are partners in the scientific enterprise, symbionts one may say.
Spiders are a common and supposedly well-known group of animals that can be found in a large variety of microhabitats, including human constructions. These organisms represent a highly diversified taxon, with significant ecological and human importance. Although spiders are among the most diversified groups of arthropods, the knowledge regarding their diversity patterns suffers from strong biodiversity shortfalls. In Brazil, the distribution of spider records is strongly aggregated spatially, which can be explained by a museum effect, and the effect of easy-to-sample localities. The highest number of records is found in Atlantic Forest, and therefore, this biome has the highest number of recorded spider species and endemic species. However, these records are concentrated in a few regions. The Northern Atlantic Forest, located north of the São Francisco River, is one of the least sampled portions of the biome. This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the diversity and distribution patterns of spiders in this part of the Atlantic Forest considering data of orb-weavers (superfamily Araneoidea) and daddy long-legs (family Pholcidae) spiders. We produced maps showing the spatial variation of the distribution records in order to evaluate the sampling effort, species richness, beta-diversity, and areas of endemism. The spider fauna in Northern Atlantic Forest is known from 212 records of 70 species, and 19 of those are endemic. The present results evidence and corroborate the hypothesis of strong biodiversity shortfalls regarding the spider fauna from this part of the Atlantic Forest. These results support the striking need to stimulate the development of more scientific studies and to allow a proper recognition and conservation of this fauna.KeywordsAraneoideaBiodiversity shortfallsBiogeographyDistribution recordsPholcidaeSpatial analysis
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