ArticlePDF Available

Eagle River Flats Remediation Project Comprehensive Bibliography - 1998 to 2003

Authors:
  • U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

Abstract

White phosphorus (WP) has been implicated in the deaths of thousands of waterfowl annually at Eagle River Flats (ERF), an estuarine salt marsh located on Fort Richardson near Anchorage, Alaska. The source of WP contamination at ERF was the firing of WP-containing munitions into the area by the U.S. military. WP is a well known toxicant and is lethal to a wide range of species. However, WP contamination at ERF is the first documented case of a U.S. Army munitions impact area contaminated with WP particles. This has led to the designation of ERF as a Superfund site by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the Army must follow the guidelines of remediation set by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Numerous studies have been conducted to better characterize the nature and the extent of WP contamination, and treatability studies for remediation processes are currently being implemented. This comprehensive bibliography provides all publications related to WF contamination remediation project at Eagle River Flats through 2003.
... Fra USA og Canada er det kjent flere eksempler på omfattende forgiftninger av fisk og fugl som følge av hvitt fosfor (Vallentyne 1974, Nam m. fl. 1999, Walsh 2003. Eksperiment utført på vannfugl viste at hvitt fosfor fører til skader på lever og nyrer og kunne vaere letale i konsentrasjoner så lav som 1,7 mg/kg kroppsvekt (Coburn m. fl. ...
... 2000, Walsh m. fl. 2000, Walsh 2003). Døden har inntruffet innen få timer. ...
... Hvitt fosfor er funnet i egg fra fiskemåke og vadefugler som hekker i militaere øvingsområder i Alaska (7). I et forsøk med høner ble det påvist at hvitt fosfor overføres til egget ved oralt inntak. ...
... Nedslagsområdene for fosforammunisjon i Norge er av en slik karakter at det ikke vil vaere større forekomster av andefugler i disse områdene. Andre fugler vil i liten grad kunne forveksle hvitt fosfor med mat, og vil derfor i liten grad kunne bli eksponert (7). Det er i liten grad kjent at andre dyr er blitt eksponert for hvitt fosfor fra røykammunisjon i skytefelt. ...
... Dette medfører at det i dette tilfellet antagelig vil ta ca 6 år før en gitt mengde hvitt fosfor er fullstendig nedbrutt i myrområdet. I Alaska har det blitt foretatt feltundersøkelser av nedbryting av hvitt fosfor i umettet jord (8). Resultater herfra beskriver at i løpet av fire måneder vil mengden hvitt fosfor vaere redusert med 30 % til 95 % avhengig av metningsgraden i jorda. ...
... Hovedutfordringen når det gjelder skyting med granater med hvitt fosfor er detonasjonskrateret. Undersøkelser fra Hjerkinn skytefelt og skytefelt i Alaska, USA viser at større mengder hvitt fosfor ofte kan bli liggende i detonasjonskrateret i lengre tid (8). Det er også observert i Hjerkinn skytefelt at kratrene delvis fylles med vann i perioder med nedbør, noe som vil redusere omdanningen av hvitt fosfor til ufarlige forbindelser. ...
Chapter
Phenol is a petroleum-derived chemical used to produce compounds like phenolic resin polymer for military composite armor manufacture. Studies were available representing four mammalian species in two orders. Phenol displays generalized and nonspecific target organ toxicity. Two species (one order) had confirmed reproductive/developmental effects that ranged from reduced maternal and fetal body weight to reduced fetal survival. No and low observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL and LOAEL) of phenol in mammals of 12 and 36 mg/kg/day, respectively, were developed. One inhalation and two dermal studies were available, but were insufficient for Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) development. In amphibians (eight species, two orders), observed effects included growth retardation, edema, and intestinal and ocular malformations. No and low observed adverse effect concentrations (NOAEC and LOAEC) of 0.001 and 0.005 mg/L, respectively, were developed. Phenol toxicity data to develop TRVs for birds and reptiles were lacking.
Article
Hearing is extremely important for cetaceans because it is their “principal sense” (Weilgart, 2007) thus the harbor porpoise and other marine animals are highly dependent on sound for survival. This is why we should care about the impact of noise on animals like the harbor porpoise. Since sound travels so well in water, an explosion, sonar, boat noise, etc. can affect a very large area and thus many different species of marine mammals. Although military actions such as low frequency sonar have made recent news, noise has been affecting cetaceans, especially beaked whales, since at least 1991 (Weilgart, 2007). This study is an investigation of the possible impacts of artillery detonated on land on harbor porpoise hearing and covers some of the history of Fort Richardson, the legal and historical aspects and history of this type of concern, the science and physics of sound, marine mammal hearing and general biology of the harbor porpoise. Data were collected at the Fort Richardson Army base during June of 2007 by researchers from the University of Connecticut and the University of Rhode Island and will be used to determine the possible impacts that these detonations could have on the harbor porpoise.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.