Article

The Calibration Experiment Network Architecture

July 2003

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In September 2001, a Calibration Experiment (CalEx) of the Army Materiel Command (AMC) Research, Development, and Engineering Center (RDEC) Federation was performed. Participants included members of the AMC RDECs, the Army Research Laboratory (ARL), and the Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation Command (STRICOM). The objective of this High Level Architecture (HLA)-based distributed simulation collaboration was to demonstrate the analysis capabilities of the AMC RDEC Federation. The AMC RDEC Federation is a distributed engineering and engagement level modeling and simulation environment. This report presents some of the network challenges that were experienced during the course of CalEx. Seven sites were connected via the Defense Research and Engineering Network (DREN). Network performance to include latency and bandwidth, multicast issues, Run-Time Infrastructure (RTI), firewalls and router issues will be discussed. Also, observations pertaining to the simulation network as an integration of the Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), and Wide Area Network (WAN) will be presented with recommendations for network infrastructure modifications.

Seamless Persistent National Connectivity: Code of Best Practice for Distributed Simulation Networks

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Article

A Distributed Interactive Simulation Intranet Using RAMP, a Reliable Adaptive Multicast Protocol

September 1998

A dynamic, heterogeneous, multicast environment has been fielded as a simulation Intranet over a wide area network (WAN) for distributed interactive simulation (DIS). By replacing the usual UDP-based unreliable broadcast and TCP-based reliable unicast mechanisms with a single multicast transport protocol (RAMP), the diverse goals of enhanced scalability, reliability (as needed), and efficient ... [Show full abstract] operation outside of LAN environments are achieved while still meeting the DIS stated maximum latency requirements. To further support scalability, hierarchies of reliability requirements have been established for DIS protocol data unit (PDU) types. The hierarchies are based on the reliability requirements of individual entities, and are used to dynamically select between RAMP's reliable and unreliable transport modes. By restricting use of reliability to only times when it is really needed, control channel traffic required for reliability is greatly reduced, furthering both scaleability and performance. The viability of this approach has been demonstrated through simulation exercises conducted via RAMP-enabled PDU transmissions across an Intranet comprised of multicast-capable routers and commercial WAN segments interconnecting five geographically disperse TASC simulation labs. RAMP also provides automatic fragmentation and reassembly of large packets, which facilitates transmission of DIS packets (such as environmental PDUs) that exceed the size limitations imposed by the Ethernet specification. The benefits to the DIS paradigm for a heterogeneous reliability are also shown to support the proposed next generation simulation initiatives under way with the object request broker (ORB) based high level architecture (HLA) efforts. Initiatives by the Object Management Group (OMG) to su...

Article

Design and Prototype of a Dual Mode Multicast Application Gateway

January 1997

A variety of RTI implementations should be considered under the HLA. We have been investigating a light-weight approach that will make effective use of current multicast technologies for small-to-medium distributed simulation configurations. Dual-mode multicast is a scalable approach for Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) simulators to communicate during an exercise. The objectives of this ... [Show full abstract] approach are to reduce the amount of input to the simulators and the amount of traffic sent over the simulation WAN. This approach uses an exercise-wide multicast group at the WAN level and grid-based multicast groups at the LAN level to filter irrelevant data. The grid-based filtering scheme uses geographic position to determine regions of interest. Previous work, 96-14-071, has simulated the use of such filtering techniques with data from typical large-scale simulations including behavior of the modeled entities. This paper describes the design and subsequent implementation of a dual-mode multicast application gateway (DMMC AG) that performs the relevance filtering described above. The paper will discuss the major components of the DMMC AG and how it will migrate to comply with the High Level Architecture (HLA).

Article

Synthetic Theater of War (STOW) Engineering Demonstration-1A (ED-1A) Analysis Report

June 1996

T. R. Tiernan

The primary goal of the Real Time Information Transfer and Networking (RITN) effort is to evaluate and develop technologies to integrate into a scaleable network solution for the distribution simulation ACTD STOW 97. Prior to ED-1A, the greatest success for network solutions within the STOW program occurred with the demonstration of the Synthetic Theater of War-Europe (STOW-E) in November 1994, ... [Show full abstract] in which 1800 simulation entries were supported on a distributed network with a 1.1 Mbps throughput limitation. The entity count goal to demonstrate the success of RITN in Engineering Demonstration 1A (ED-1A) was 5000 entities. Through the course of the demonstration, RITN achieved all of its major objectives. This report discusses several conclusions. Multicasting reduced the volume of traffic received by individual sites by 35% to 60% over that which would have been received with a broadcast delivery scheme. The new bi-level multicast and consistency protocols were very robust and show promise for extensibility into future applications. The High Performance Application Gateways (HPAG) introduced minimal transmission delays while providing a router interface between the LAN and WAN not available in the commercial world. The agent architecture employed was effective and contributed minimal additional traffic to the network. The RITN architecture allows for the participation of legacy simulations in the large-scale exercises of the future. An exercise of the magnitude envisioned for STOW 97 can be supported by existing backbone technology. LAN technologies must be upgraded to support local data loads to host processors. The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), with minor adjustments to the ED-1A implementation, will be an effective and indispensable tool for exercise management and rapid data collection in future exercises.

Article

Research on VPN-based communication mechanism of distributed simulation in WAN environment

December 2009

Some problems of extending to WAN in legacy LAN distributed simulation system were analyzed. An SVPN (Simulation Virtual Private Network) infrastructure was proposed based on tunnel technology, which is a lightweight method to realize distributed simulation over WAN. To meet the needs of security and multicast translation in WAN environment, the SVPN system provided a solution based on IPSec ... [Show full abstract] protocol. A discussion on the simulation data encapsulation and different information processes in various application cases was detailed. Finally, the research result was applied in a distributed simulation system, which shows that the solution provides satisfied functions and works effectively.