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Tainted milk scandal: Chinese probe unmasks high-tech adulteration with melamine
... "Researchers say the adulteration was nothing short of a wholesale re-engineering of milk. Weeks ago, investigators established that workers at Sanlu and at a number of milkcollection depots were diluting milk with water; they added melamine to dupe a test for determining crude protein content" (Xin & Stone, 2008). It is this crude protein testing that is at the root of the problem with melamine adulteration in milk products. ...
... Milk, he notes, is only 3.0% to 3.4% protein. Chen says a dean of a school of food science told him that it would take a university team 3 months to develop this kind of concoction (Xin & Stone, 2008). Compared to the UN standard of 1 mg/kg the amount of protein found in the milk this is nothing short of staggering. ...
... Several milk collecting companies were using the same premix, so someone with technical skill had to be training them (Xin & Stone, 2008). ...
Milk is one of the most important food products for children’s growth and overall health. Melamine (2,4,6-triazine-1,3,5-triamino) is an organic compound used in the manufacture of pesticides, plastics, sanitizers, and disinfectants. Melamine when added to milk increases the overall amount of nitrogen in the milk thus fooling common tests for protein content. Melamine is also extremely harmful when ingested, especially for young children. Sanlu, one of China's largest dairy producers, diluted their milk products with water and added then added melamine to fool the protein tests. Consumption of milk containing melamine in amounts greater than 1 mg/kg can cause kidney failure, bladder cancer and death. Testing milk using the LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS methods can reveal melamine contamination. Further actions that can be implemented to reduce milk adulteration include product traceability, corporate transparency, 100% product testing procedures and consistent enforcement of the law. 2008 Krisis Produk Susu ChinaAbstrak. Susu merupakan salah satu produk pangan yang paling penting untuk pertumbuhan anak-anak dan kesehatan. Melamin (2,4,6-triazina-1,3,5-triamino) adalah senyawa organik yang digunakan dalam pembuatan pestisida, plastik, pembersih, dan disinfektan. Melamin ketika ditambahkan ke susu meningkatkan jumlah keseluruhan nitrogen dalam susu sehingga mengelabui tes umum untuk kandungan protein. Melamin juga sangat berbahaya bila tertelan, terutama untuk anak-anak. Sanlu, salah satu produsen susu terbesar di China, mengencerkan produk susu mereka dengan air dan menambahkan melamin untuk mengelabui tes protein. Konsumsi susu yang mengandung melamin dalam jumlah yang lebih besar dari 1 mg/kg dapat menyebabkan gagal ginjal, kanker kandung kemih dan kematian. Pengujian susu menggunakan LC-MS/MS dan metode GC-MS/MS dapat mengungkapkan kontaminasi melamin. Tindakan lebih lanjut yang dapat diterapkan untuk mengurangi pemalsuan susu antara lain penelusuran produk, transparansi perusahaan, 100% prosedur pengujian produk dan penegakan hukum yang konsisten.
... Compared to southern states, it is more common in northern states. Xin & Stone, in 2008 [69] reported that history of milk adulteration is very old. Swill milk scandal has been reported in 1850 which killed 8000 infants in New York alone. ...
... Compared to southern states, it is more common in northern states. Xin & Stone, in 2008 [69] reported that history of milk adulteration is very old. Swill milk scandal has been reported in 1850 which killed 8000 infants in New York alone. ...
... For example, the chloride in milk interrupts the acid-base balance in the body as well as the pH of the blood [15]. Milk adulteration became a global concern after the 2008 outbreak of melamine-contaminated infant milk products in China [16]. One of the main factors afecting milk quality is the microbial load [17]. ...
... Ten, the immune-afnity column was washed with 5 ml of 10 M phosphate-bufered saline (PBS) three times and allowed to dry in air. AFM1 was eluted with 1 mL of methanol three times, fltered through a 0.45-μm syringe flter into an amber autosampler, and transferred to a 2-mL vial for highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis [16]. ...
Milk is an essential part of the human diet and is a nutrient-rich food that improves nutrition and food security. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), adulterants, microbial loads, and physicochemical properties of raw cow’s milk (CM) in Nekemte City, Ethiopia. A total of 12 samples of fresh CM were purposefully collected from four kebeles in the city (Bake Jama, Burka Jato, Cheleleki, and Bakanisa Kese) based on the potential of each milk production and distributor site. The AFM1 concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a Sigma-Aldrich standard (St. Louis, MO, USA). The concentrations of AFM1 in Bake Jama, Burka Jato, Cheleleki, and Bakanisa Kese were found to be 0.01–0.03 g/L, 0.31–0.35 g/L, 0.19–0.21 g/L, and 0.04–0.07 g/L, respectively. The concentrations of AFM1 in the present study varied significantly (p<0.05) and ranged from 0.01 g/L to 0.35 g/L. These results show that of the 12 samples tested, all were positive for AFM1 and contaminated to varying degrees. The results of this study also revealed that the concentration of AFM1 in 7 (58%) of the 12 milk samples was above the European Union’s (EU) maximum tolerance limit (0.05 g/L). The present study also revealed that of the investigated adulterants, only the addition of water had positive effects on three milk samples, while the remaining adulterants were not detected in any of the milk samples. The total bacterial count (TBC) and total coliform count (TCC) were significantly (p<0.05) different and ranged from 5.53 to 6.82 log10cfumL⁻¹ and from 4.21 to 4.74 log10cfumL⁻¹, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the milk samples in the present study were significantly (p<0.05) different and ranged from 2.8% to 5.75% fat, 7.03% to 9.75% solid-not-fat (SNF), 2.35% to 3.61% protein, 3.33% to 5.15% lactose, 11.54% to 13.69% total solid, 0.16% to 0.18% titratable acid, 26.7 to 32.1°C, 6.35 to 6.55 pH, and 1.027 to 1.030 specific gravity. The physicochemical parameters of the raw milk in the study area met the required quality standards. Hence, further studies are required to determine the extent of the problem and the factors associated with high levels of AFM1 in raw milk in the study areas, including the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in animal feed.
... Compared to southern states, it is more common in northern states. Xin & Stone, in 2008 [69] reported that history of milk adulteration is very old. Swill milk scandal has been reported in 1850 which killed 8000 infants in New York alone. ...
... Compared to southern states, it is more common in northern states. Xin & Stone, in 2008 [69] reported that history of milk adulteration is very old. Swill milk scandal has been reported in 1850 which killed 8000 infants in New York alone. ...
... In China, "big head disease" scandal was reported in 2004. Infants were fed an unhealthy formula of milk that caused rapid weight loss from their bodies and head swelling thus called as "big head disease" (Xin and Stone 2008). It is a case of acute malnutrition, in which the consumer appears to be thin because of lack of flesh and prominence of more bony structures all over the body, comparative to the skull. ...
... Basically, the companies made bogus milk formula that contained almost negligible nutrients where protein almost counts for 1% that was not enough to fulfill the needs of children. A lot of children died because of this formula especially from the poor families that did not have enough knowledge regarding nutrition etc. (Xin and Stone 2008). Naturally PH of milk ranges from 6.4-6.8. ...
Milk is a vital source of nutrients that are required for the proper growth, development, and functioning of the human body. Its adulteration is a global issue, mainly concerned in developing countries. Unfortunately, mixing milk with many toxic agents leads to various health issues in the consumers. Most of the time safety level and quality are hardly maintained. Milk adulteration is multi chain process which starts from animal owner, milk man, rural collection centers and finally to mega processing units. The main reason for the adulteration is to get maximum profit without taking in account the health of people due to poverty, lack of education and lack of law enforcement from basic to higher level. In this review, different adulterants added to the milk and the different emerging health issues due to the improper use of these adulterants have been discussed. Adulterants can be detected both qualitatively and quantitatively. These techniques are usually classified based on adulterants, as mostly used adulterants are detected by qualitative techniques and the limited major adulterants are detected by quantitative methods. This is need of time to create awareness among the community for timely stoppage of such immoral practices to avoid the alarming health issues. This review article would be helpful in creating awareness about the commonly used milk adulterants, their effects on human and animal health and the possible available ways for their detection particularly in the developing countries.
... In China, "big head disease" scandal was reported in 2004. Infants were fed an unhealthy formula of milk that caused rapid weight loss from their bodies and head swelling thus called as "big head disease" (Xin and Stone 2008). It is a case of acute malnutrition, in which the consumer appears to be thin because of lack of flesh and prominence of more bony structures all over the body, comparative to the skull. ...
... Basically, the companies made bogus milk formula that contained almost negligible nutrients where protein almost counts for 1% that was not enough to fulfill the needs of children. A lot of children died because of this formula especially from the poor families that did not have enough knowledge regarding nutrition etc. (Xin and Stone 2008). Naturally PH of milk ranges from 6.4-6.8. ...
Milk is a vital source of nutrients that are required for the proper growth, development, and functioning of the human body. Its adulteration is a global issue, mainly concerned in developing countries. Unfortunately, mixing milk with many toxic agents leads to various health issues in the consumers. Most of the time safety level and quality are hardly maintained. Milk adulteration is multi chain process which starts from animal owner, milk man, rural collection centers and finally to mega processing units. The main reason for the adulteration is to get maximum profit without taking in account the health of people due to poverty, lack of education and lack of law enforcement
from basic to higher level. In this review, different adulterants added to the milk and the different emerging health issues due to the improper use of these adulterants have been discussed. Adulterants can be detected both qualitatively and quantitatively. These techniques are usually classified based on adulterants, as mostly used adulterants are detected by qualitative techniques and the limited major adulterants are detected by quantitative methods. This is need of time to create awareness among the community for timely stoppage of such immoral practices to avoid the alarming health issues. This review article would be helpful in creating awareness about the
commonly used milk adulterants, their effects on human and animal health and the possible available ways for their detection particularly in the developing countries.
... The incident triggered a serious social crisis and was characterized as a "major food safety incident." The development of China's dairy industry entered an ice age and has not yet escaped its impact (Xin and Stone, 2008;Qian et al., 2010). inconvenient acquisition. ...
The downstream concentration of agricultural products markets under the asymmetric competition pattern of the supply chain has a profound impact on upstream agricultural production. Is this centralized market structure sustainable and efficient? The study examines the effects and mechanisms of agricultural product downstream concentration on the high-quality development of agriculture using the dairy industry as an example. Panel data from 10 provinces in China from 2004 to 2021 were selected for analysis. Using Malmquist index, fixed effects model and other methods, the research results prove that: (1) Downstream dairy market concentration is unfavorable to upstream raw milk total factor productivity growth. However, there is scale heterogeneity in this negative effect, with a positive impact for small-scale farming and a negative impact on medium-scale and large-scale farming. (2) Downstream market concentration drives upstream raw milk total factor productivity growth through technical efficiency improvements and market demand expansion, but it also inhibits raw milk total factor productivity growth through mechanisms that squeeze production margins and impede technological progress. Negative mechanisms are the main effect. (3) Higher wages, higher raw milk prices and an improved ratio of concentrate to crude are all helping to mitigate the negative effects of downstream concentration to some extent, but net profit retention and a high proportion of fixed assets will further exacerbate the negative effects. To better address the challenges brought by the trend of downstream market concentration and promote high-quality agricultural development, this paper proposes three suggestions: enhancing the market position of dairy farmers, regulating monopolistic behavior of oligopolies, and building a mechanism for linking interests.
... Concern over adulteration of milk and dairy products spread around the world in 2008 following the discovery of melamine adulteration in Chinese infant milk products. (Xin & Stone, 2008). On the other hand, milk adulteration has a long history. ...
Milk is an ideal food for both adults and infants, but adulterations in milk is common throughout the world. To detect adulterants and preservatives in milk, a snap shot study was performed on pasteurized (n=50) and unpasteurized (n=50) milk in Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu and found that four and two per cent of unpasteurized milk samples were adulterated with detergents and sugar, respectively. Four percent of unpasteurized milk samples analysed were positive for mastitis. Pasteurized milk samples were not be contaminated with any of the adulterants and preservatives and free of microorganisms and considered as safe for the consumers from food safety point of view
... Extensive adulteration of milk occurs worldwide particularly in developing and underdeveloped countries due to lack of proper enforcement laws which allows vendors to take financial advantages by maintaining demand-supply gap. Four infants died from melamine mass poisoning and over 53,000 suffered from illness as a result of drinking melamine contaminated milk products, making it an international issue (Xin and Stone 2008). 8000 infant fatalities were recorded in New York as a result of the Swill milk scandal few decades ago (Azad and Ahmed 2016). ...
A low-cost and effective method is reported to identify water and synthetic milk adulteration of cow's milk using coffee ring patterns. The cow's milk samples were diluted with tap water (TW), distilled water (DW) and mineral water (MW) and drop cast onto glass slides to observe coffee ring patterns. The area of the ring, total particle area and average particle diameter were extracted from these patterns. For each ring, the ratio of total particle area versus total ring area was calculated. The area ratio, regardless of water adulterants, follows an exponential model with respect to average particle diameter. Unlike TW, the ratio for DW and MW adulterated milk are clustered and classified together with respect to the particle diameter. These results were independent of dilution level and are used for adulterant classification. The ring of milk adulterated using synthetic milk gave multiple concentric rings, flower-like structures, and oil globules throughout the dilution level. An Alexnet model was used to classify water and synthetic milk adulterants in authentic milk. The trained model could achieve 96.7% and 95.8% accuracy for binary and tertiary classification respectively. These results enable us to distinguish synthetic milk from pure milk and segregate DW and MW with respect to TW adulterated milk.
... Melamine (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine) is being added to liquid and powdered milk in order to increase its protein content rapidly [1]. Major health hazards resulting from illegal melamine adulteration are kidney stones and kidney failure in the infants [2]. A number of products which are in daily use, manufactured from melamine, include wide range of plastic goods, resins, polymers and coatings [3]. ...
Melamine is being added in pet food, milk and infant formula to enhance its “false” apparent protein contents but when it is present in milk beyond its allowed limit, it causes serious health problems which leads to renal failure and kidney stones. In this work a highly selective, sensitive and rapid method has been developed for determination of melamine as potential milk adulterant. Ag-MOFs doped with magnetic nanocatalyst were synthesized by using chemical reduction method and characterized through UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The strong SPR peak of Ag-MOFs was observed at 400–500 nm and Fe-SnO2 was observed at 250–300 nm. The absorption band of Ag-MOF@Fe/SnO2 was found at 250–350 nm with energy band gap of 2.78. The average particle size of nanocomposite was found to be 54.11 nm having uniform and crystalline shape. Different factors i.e. adsorbent dose, adsorbate dose, pH, temperature and time were optimized for maximum sensing of melamine. Prepared nanocomposite showed 97% detection efficiency for melamine at pH = 8 and 45 °C temperature in time limit of 25 min. Feasibility of prepared nanocomposite was also checked by standard melamine samples and pre-treated spiked milk sample. Prepared nanocomposite gave a rapid sensitive detection of melamine with limit of detection 1.8 ppm and 77% recovery from spiked raw milk without using any costly instrument.
Graphical Abstract
... Milk adulteration became a global concern after breakthrough of melamine adulteration in Chinese infant milk formula. Worldwide, it is a terrible situation that milk is being very easily adulterated and the situation is significantly worse in underdeveloped countries due to lack of adequate monitoring and absence of proper law enforcement (Xin [2]). Dairy Milk adulteration is a socioeconomic issue in developing countries. ...
Milk is a complex mixture enriched with nutrients, minerals and vitamins which are considered crucial for normal growth and functioning of vital organs. Consumers are quite interested in buffalo milk composition due to its direct relation with human health. The study was performed to investigate the effects of seasonal variation on buffalo milk composition and level of milk adulteration in Southern Punjab region of Pakistan. A total of 100 buffalo milk samples (50 samples/season) were collected and were examined from January to June 2022.All milk samples were transferred to Milk Analysis Laboratory Punjab Food Authority, Multan. Milk composition and milk adulteration were checked by using Lacto scan and Latte adulteratization kit (Milk adulteration analyzer). Data was analyzed by independent t-test. The results revealed that milk composition (Fat, protein, solid not fat) showed significant (P<0.05) difference in winter and summer seasons. Analysis of milk adulteration showed that milk samples were adulterated with skim milk, urea, detergent, and starch. Strict quality control measures are required to stop buffalo milk adulteration, a major threat to public health.
... Melamine (MEL) is a triazine compound with nitrogenous heterocycles, which has raised human concerns due to its involvement in illegal adulteration scandals, such as the pet food recall of 2007 in America and the milk scandal of 2008 in China [1,2]. The occurrence of illegal adulteration under the continuous supervision of national governments has become increasingly rare, giving rise to other scenarios such as food contamination. ...
Objectives: The ecofriendly and sustainable concept of bamboo- and wheat straw-made tableware has gained attention in recent years. However, it is necessary to note that these kinds of tableware are composed of melamine (MEL)–formaldehyde resin with the addition of bamboo fibers or wheat straw. This study aims to explore the potential migration of MEL and its derivatives from the tableware and conduct a risk assessment. Methods: The study involved 46 bowls or cups purchased from Internet markets or retail shops in China, whose raw materials included MEL, bamboo, and wheat straw. There were four pieces of glass- or ceramic-made tableware used as the control group. Migration testing was performed according to the test conditions selected from the European Union Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials. Considering the realistic worst-case scenario, we measured the concentrations of MEL and its derivatives in food simulants using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and estimated the exposure risks for adults and 1-year-old infants. Results: MEL and its derivatives could migrate from MEL-, bamboo-, and wheat straw-made tableware with varying concentrations. The total migration was ranked as follows: bamboo-made tableware > MEL-made tableware > wheat straw-made tableware > glass- or ceramic-made tableware (p < 0.001). The primary contributor to the total concentration for MEL- and bamboo-made tableware was MEL, whereas cyanuric acid (CYA) was the main contributor for wheat straw-made tableware. Based on the total concentration of MEL and its derivatives and the strictest TDI value, the proportions of the calculated hazard quotient ≥1 for MEL-, bamboo-, and wheat straw-made tableware in adults were 53.50%, 92.30%, and 1.90%; and the proportions in 1-year-old infants increased to 86.00%, 100.00%, and 7.40%. Conclusion: The utilization of MEL-, bamboo-, and wheat straw-made tableware could be regarded as a significant source of human exposure to MEL and its derivatives. It is advisable for both adults and infants to refrain from using tableware manufactured with MEL and bamboo fiber, as it may increase the susceptibility to MEL-related diseases.
... The reasons such as the increase in milk consumption worldwide and the inability to produce enough to meet this consumption have led to the emergence of an application known as milk adulteration (Xin & Stone, 2008). Due to milk adulteration, a decrease is observed in the content of certain proteins that should be present in milk. ...
Cow’s milk, an excellent source of fat, protein, amino acids, vitamins and minerals, is currently one of the most consumed products worldwide. Contaminations originating from diverse sources, such as biological, chemical, and physical, cause dairy product quality problems and thus dairy-related disorders, raising public health issues. For this reason, legal authorities have deemed it necessary to classify certain contaminations in commercial milk and keep them within particular limitations; therefore, it is urgent to develop next-generation detection systems that can accurately identify just the contaminants of concern to human health. This review presents a detailed investigation of biosensors based on graphene and its derivatives, which offer superior sensitivity and selectivity, by classifying the contaminants under the headings biological, chemical, and physical, in cow’s milk according to their sources. We reviewed the current status of graphene-based biosensor (GBs) technology for milk or dairy analysis, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses with the help of comparative studies, tables, and charts, and we put forward a novel perspective to handle future challenges.
... complications in children and six deaths (Xin & Stone, 2008). However, in most cases the adulterant may be a benign substance, such as another food ingredient used as a substitute for a more expensive ingredient. ...
Adulterating foods, such as milk powder (MP), is a common practice in countries with no rigid policy on food quality control. This study employs Fourier transform near-infrared and mid-infrared (FT-NIR, FT-MIR) spectroscopy and chemometric analysis to detect milk powder adulteration with corn starch (CS) and wheat flour (WF) from 0.00 to 30.00% w/w concentrations. Partial least square regression (PLSR) models were developed, optimized, and compared to quantify corn starch and wheat flour adulterations. According to the results, the root mean square error prediction (RMSEP) for FT-NIR and FT-MIR in corn starch was 0.74 and 1.69% w/w and 0.82 and 2.63% w/w for wheat flour, respectively. FT-NIR spectroscopy, rather than FT-MIR coupled with the appropriate chemometrics models represents a more valuable tool for simple, rapid, and nondestructive detection of adulterants in milk powder. The recent availability of portable instruments, combined with suitable chemometric tools, makes it possible to discriminate adulterated food samples in situ.
... Melamine (MEL) is infamous for two scandals, including the pet food recall of 2007 in America and the milk scandal of 2008 in China (Dobson et al. 2008;Xin and Stone 2008), which has raised human concern because the adulterated MEL in animal feed and dairy products have been proved to cause urolithiasis ). Since then, many countries have strengthened their surveillance of MEL adulteration, and people may therefore overlook the impact of MEL exposure in daily life. ...
Timing of sampling is important for the exposure assessment of melamine (MEL) and its derivatives. This study aimed to investigate whether MEL and its derivatives in spot urine can effectively represent individual exposure levels throughout the day in adults and to explore their temporal trend before and after meal consumption for helping understand the timing of sampling and for assessing the potential exposure risk. This is a 2-day panel study with 43 college students being enrolled to provide urine specimens in 24 h (from the morning of the first day to the second day) and to answer a questionnaire on demographic characteristics, physical measurements, and time of having meal. Spearman correlation and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to examine the associations of the urinary concentrations of MEL and its derivatives in different sampled times and compare the concentrations’ differences before and after meal consumption. Urinary concentrations of MEL and its derivatives (ammeline (AMN), ammelide (AMD), and cyanuric acid (CYA)) in the first-morning urine at the second day and randomly selected spot urine were positively associated with the average concentrations in the previous 24-h urine (all P ≤ 0.002). Urinary MEL concentration increased rapidly after meal consumption, reaching a maximum at approximately 3 h and then decreased gradually towards baseline (P = 0.006). Two subjects (4.65%) had a cumulative daily intake exceeding the severest tolerable daily intake. MEL and its three derivatives in spot urine can effectively represent the average concentrations in the previous 24-h urine in adults. Meal consumption is still a notable source of exposure to MEL for humans. These findings are important for choosing a better sampling strategy of performing exposure assessment. Meanwhile, the acute elevation in urinary MEL concentration following meal consumption may pose a potential health risk.
... Figure 4, Level 2 shows all the purposes which are the main reasons to use adulterants, such as to increase the shelf life, maintain density and thickness, increase fat, SNF, protein and volume of milk and make synthetic milk. Level 3 listed various adulterants used for different purposes listed in Level 2. Milk adulteration, or the addition of exogenous material to milk, was first reported in 1958, with the Swill Milk Scandal resulting in nearly 8000 deaths (Xin and Stone 2008). Milk adulteration has evolved into a common practice carried out fearless in all areas of the world from a financial point of view. ...
The rise in milk adulteration and contamination, fraud incidents and improper handling necessitates effective traceability systems in the Indian dairy industry. Thus, this review investigates current trends, associated challenges, traceability and its fundamental applications to address food safety and quality issues. The paper covers the evolution of milk adulteration and contamination detection techniques from conventional to emerging. Such information and analytical technologies can improve transparency and safety in the dairy industry by implementing effective traceability systems. This review will explore the challenges and future opportunities associated with the current situation in the Indian dairy industry.
... Owing to its high nitrogen content (six nitrogen atoms) and low price, criminals add it to foods, especially milk [31], which resulting kidney failure and even death [32]. In China, melamine is well known for Sanlu milk scandal to common people [33]. Melamine has a great potential for adsorption with 8.71 m 2 /g of surface area and 0.0040 mL/g of pore volume [34]. ...
Many hydro-metallurgical methods are developed to recover vanadium, while the ammonium salts precipitation possesses the final step and it has threatened to the environment. The key point is to find a new compound to replace ammonium salts without reducing the vanadium recovery efficiency. Some compounds with -NH2 function group have attracted our attention as they have similar function group with ammonium salts. In this paper, the adsorption of vanadium with melamine is conducted. The results show that high adsorption efficiency can be achieved at a short time and melamine displays great performance on recovery of all concentrations of vanadium. Response surface methodology (RSM) is used to optimize the reaction conditions and order the parameters: reaction temperature > concentration of vanadium > dosage of melamine > reaction time. 99.63% vanadium is adsorbed under optimized conditions: n(melamine)/n(V) = 0.6, reaction time of 60 min, 10 g/L vanadium solution and reaction temperature of 60 ℃. The successful application of melamine in recovery of vanadium provides a new way for utilization of melamine and also a glorious future for -NH2 compounds in recovery heavy metals.
... Under the influence of climate change, the contradiction between the supply and demand of river water resources has become increasingly prominent, especially in the area of ecological environment water demand (Xin et al., 2008;Chen et al., 2014). To ease the contradiction between human and ecological environment water use and to achieve a balance between water supply and demand, the concept of ecological baseflow has risen at this historic moment (Yan et al., 2007). ...
River ecological baseflow is key to river ecosystem health and stability and has become particularly important with global climate change aggravation. By considering the Niya River Basin in Xinjiang, based on meteorological data from 1958 to 2021 and hydrological data from 1978 to 2018, the Tennant method was determined to be the best basin ecological baseflow calculation method, the M–K test was used to analyze the abrupt ecological baseflow and climate change characteristics, and the ecological baseflow regression response and sensitivity coefficient models concerning climate change were established. The results showed that 75% of the ecological baseflow in the Niya River Basin ranged from 15 to 31 m³•s⁻¹ in 1978–2018, the average annual temperature increased by 1.6°C at a 0.22°C•(10a)⁻¹ rate, and the annual precipitation increased by 6.3 mm at a 0.98 mm•(10a)⁻¹ rate. The prediction accuracy of the regression model was good, R ² exceeded 0.7, the ecological baseflow response to climate change lagged, and precipitation greatly impacted ecological baseflow. The basin sensitivity coefficient showed a decreasing trend from upstream to downstream, with the annual maximum value in 2010, the minimum value in 1984, the monthly maximum value in April and the monthly minimum value in November. Based on the climate change trend and the social water use of the basin, the ecological baseflow protection targets and measures were proposed according to the season and the hydrological period for actual water resource management and scheduling of the river in this and similar regions.
... For example, the increase in pesticide use in large crops is already causing serious environmental and public health impacts (World Health Organization 2006;Langley and Mort 2012;Rani et al. 2021). Improperly tampering with livestock products may put consumers' lives in danger (Xin and Stone 2008;Cavin et al. 2018), and industry investment in processed foods has been linked to the incidence of obesity, diabetes, celiac disease, and heart disease (Canella et al. 2014;Anand et al. 2015; Aguayo-Patrón and Calderón de la Barca 2017). Although for a long time environmental conditions and inadequate storage of food products have been ignored, today it is already clear that these conducts are responsible for the increasing presence of mycotoxins (Marroquín-Cardona et al. 2014). ...
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by species of filamentous fungi widely found as a contaminant in food and with high toxic potential. Studies have shown that this toxin causes kidney and liver damage; however, data on the central nervous system effects of exposure to OTA are still scarce. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to OTA on behavioral and neurochemical parameters in adult zebrafish. The animals were treated with different doses of OTA (1.38, 2.77, and 5.53 mg/kg) with intraperitoneal injections and submitted to behavioral evaluations in the open tank and social interaction tests. Subsequently, they were euthanized, and the brains were used to assess markers associated with oxidative status. In the open tank test, OTA altered distance traveled, absolute turn angle, mean speed, and freezing time. However, no significant effects were observed in the social interaction test. Moreover, OTA also increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR) levels and decreased non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels in the zebrafish brain. This study showed that OTA can affect behavior and neurochemical levels in zebrafish.
... The history of milk adulteration can be traced to 1850 when in New York about 8000 children were killed by the Swill milk scandal [1]. Later, it became a serious concern when in China 2 of 29 infant milk products were adulterated with melamine [2]. The adulteration is made for economic reasons; however, it affects public health [3]. ...
Conventional food supply chains are centralized in nature and possess challenges pertaining to a single point of failure, product irregularities, quality compromises, and loss of data. Numerous cases of food fraud, contamination, and adulteration are daily reported from multiple parts of India, suggesting the absolute need for an upgraded decentralized supply chain model. A country such as India, where its biggest strength is its demographic dividend, cannot afford to malnutrition a large population of its children by allowing them to consume contaminated and adulterated dairy products. In view of the gravity of the situation, we propose a blockchain-enabled supply chain platform for the dairy industry. With respect to the supply chain platform, the dairy products of choice include milk, cheese, and butter. Blockchain is one of the fastest growing technologies having widespread acceptance across multiple industry verticals. Blockchain possesses the power to transform traditional supply chains into decentralized, robust, transparent, tamper proof, and sustainable supply chains. The proposed supply chain platform goes beyond the aspect of food traceability and focuses on maintaining the nutritional values of dairy products, identification of adulteration and contamination in dairy products, the increasing economic viability of running a dairy farm, preventing counterfeit dairy products, and enhancing the revenue of the dairy company. The paper collates the mentioned functionalities into four distinct impact dimensions: social, economic, operations, and sustainability. The proposed blockchain-enabled dairy supply chain platform combines the use of smart contracts, quick response code (QR code) technology, and IoT and has the potential to redefine the dairy supply chains on socio-economic, operational, and sustainability parameters.
... In addition to accidental contamination during milk production, processing, packaging and storage, the adulteration of milk (deliberate contamination) is also a big concern affecting product quality and safety, with substantial economic loss (Azad & Ahmed, 2016). The melamine incident occurring in 2008 was a good example to show how adulteration of milk products (infant formula) could bring about devastating outcomes on human health (infant illness and death) (Xin & Stone, 2008). With advances in analytical technologies able to detect chemicals at trace levels, metabolomics has been increasingly used to assess events of contamination and adulteration in milk, with determining alterations in metabolites from these events. ...
Milk and milk products are nutritionally rich and consumed globally. Maintaining nutritional quality and ensuring safety of these products have become one of the major topics in dairy research. Dairy products contain metabolites including key nutritional elements, which are derived from dairy animals and elsewhere (e.g. milk processing, fermentation). Since the level and type of metabolites can vary by diverse factors from farm to table dairy, metabolites may represent the quality of milk and milk products in terms of nutritional value, authenticity, safety, and so on. In this review, we introduce metabolomics as a powerful tool to obtain a comprehensive snapshot of metabolite composition and dynamic changes, and focus on its recent progress and applications in dairy product quality. Factors (pre- and post-harvest effects, contamination, adulteration, etc.) affecting the quality and safety of products are dissected, and examples of related metabolomics works are provided. Potential metabolite indicators and metabolic mechanisms associated with the quality factors of dairy products are presented. With cases of single metabolomics approach, current trends in the integration of metabolomics with other omics techniques (so called multi-omics) in dairy science, as well as future perspectives of metabolomics in the field are also explored and discussed.
... For milk to be sold, unfortunately, the processes behind milk adulteration have become sufficiently sophisticated and widespread that regulatory bodies may find adulteration detection difficult or impossible 16,17 . Focusing on milk adulteration, it is easy to find the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and tolerable daily intake (TDI) for known chemical contaminants, such as melamine 18 , as well as plasticizers, preservatives, and antimicrobials, all of which are of significant concern for their impacts on human health 19,20 and to adulterate or dilute samples down in such a way as to defeat existing testing techniques. ...
This study used desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) to analyse and detect and classify biomarkers in five different animal and plant sources of milk for the first time. A range of differences in terms of features was observed in the spectra of cow milk, goat milk, camel milk, soya milk, and oat milk. Chemometric modelling was then used to classify the mass spectra data, enabling unique or significant markers for each milk source to be identified. The classification of different milk sources was achieved with a cross-validation percentage rate of 100% through linear discriminate analysis (LDA) with high sensitivity to adulteration (0.1–5% v/v). The DESI-MS results from the milk samples analysed show the methodology to have high classification accuracy, and in the absence of complex sample clean-up which is often associated with authenticity testing, to be a rapid and efficient approach for milk fraud control.
... Currently, the tools used to solve this issue are responsible for creating other problems. For example, the increase of pesticides in large crops is already causing serious environmental and public health impacts (Langley and Mort, 2012;Rani et al., 2021;World Health Organization, 2006); Improperly tampering with livestock products has become a crime that puts consumers' lives in danger (Cavin et al., 2018;Xin and Stone, 2008); Industry investment in processed foods has been linked to the incidence of obesity, diabetes, celiac disease and heart disease (Aguayo-Patrón and Calderón de la Barca, 2017;Anand et al., 2015;Canella et al., 2014). Although for a long time, environmental conditions and inadequate storage of food products have been ignored, today it is already clear that these conducts are responsible for the increasing presence of mycotoxins (Marroquín-Cardona et al., 2014). ...
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by species of filamentous fungi widely found as a contaminant in food and with high toxic potential. Studies have shown that this toxin cause kidney and liver damage, however, data on the effects of exposure to OTA on the central nervous system are still scarce. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a teleost often used in translational research due to its physiological, genetic, and behavioral homology with mammals, in addition to being useful as an environmental bioindicator. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to OTA on behavioral and neurochemical parameters in adult zebrafish. The animals were treated with different doses of OTA (1.38, 2.77, and 5.53 mg/kg) and submitted to behavioral evaluations in the open tank and social interaction tests. Subsequently, they were euthanized, and the brains were used to assess markers associated with oxidative status. In the open tank test OTA induced changes in distance, absolute turn angle, mean speed, and time-freezing. However, no significant effects were observed in the social interaction test. Moreover, OTA also induced alterations in neurochemical parameters with changes in non-protein thiols (NPSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR). This study showed that OTA can affect neurobiological aspects in zebrafish even at low doses.
... Milk and dairy product adulteration came into global concern [1] . Possible reasons behind it may include demand and supply gap, perishable nature of milk, low purchasing capability of customer and lack of suitable detection tests [2] . ...
This study was designed to elaborate the physical and chemical condition
of the milk supplied to the Bahawalpur city. A total of thirty samples were collected
from the various sources and were processed for the determination of physical
condition, chemical composition and adulterations. The results indicated that
the water was added in higher amounts in all the samples. 10% samples from
milk shops were found adulterated with vegetable oil. No samples were found
to adulterate with, starch, urea, formalin, detergent, ammonium sulphate etc.
The chemical composition of the milk samples from milk shops, tea shops and
households were acidity %(0.14 ± 0.02,0.12 ± 018,0.12 ± .016); protein%(2.79
± 0.38,2.68 ± 0.37,2.79 ± 0.36); pH% (6.74 ± .046.72 ± .062,6.70 ± 0.61) ;
Fat%(4.01 ± 0.68,3.13 ± 0.0.87,2.82 ± 0.81) Solid-Not-Fat(7.92 ± 0.82,6.97
± 1.08,6.34 ± 0.98) and total solids (14.2 ± 7.99,10.10 ± 1.88,9.16 ± 1.75)
respectively. The adulteration observed mostly in Milk shop sample, hence
the study clearly brought the fact that milk from all resources had adulterated
samples frequently with addition of water and vegetable oil.
... Food adulteration, which is mainly related to the failure of a food product to meet legal standards, is the result of the change in nature and quality of food with the addition or substitution of a food ingredient with another unspecified ingredient; this scenario poses a serious threat to healthcare, especially in developing countries [408]. An example of food adulteration is the contamination of Chinese infant's milk with the addition of melamine in 2008, and global attention has since been drawn to the continuous analysis of all basic food products, such as milk, dairy products, and meat [409][410][411][412][413][414]. Milk and dairy products, which can easily adulterate, are important for adults and infants as they include key complementary ingredients, such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. ...
Abstract
Food intake gives vitality and supplements to support humans and other living organisms. Food safety and contamination problems associated with food hygiene, storage, chemical additives, enzymes, bacteria, and pesticides are crucial issues because of their direct influence on the health of humans and even animals. New monitoring technologies should be developed for potential food safety and significant environmental benefits. To date, the ultrasensing, early detection, and real- and on-time monitoring of vital reactive species, biomolecules, chemicals, and hazardous agents are important in ensuring food quality. With significant advances in the engineering of sensory devices, the progressive development of accurate quantity screening, early explicit monitoring and assessment, and real-time detection analysis can support the standard food quality through the full control of an extraordinary food safety test. Progress in numerous auto-examining appraisals, sensing protocols, and tools of (i) reactive species and chemical additives associated with human metabolism and various nutritional and industrial processes of foods, including ascorbic acid (AA), H2O2, uric acid (UA), and nitrite and sulfite anions; (ii) extremely organic and inorganic hazards such as heavy metals and bisphenol A; and (iii) food adulteration, pesticides, pathogenic microorganisms are a key challenge for food safety concerns. To date, evidence supporting the possibility of transmitting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection through food products is unavailable. However, in a report on an outbreak in mid-June 2020 in China, food contamination with the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, was discovered. Thus, sensory protocol devices for monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 antigen associated with food products is urgently needed for the future perspective progress in health. As such, we provide details in advanced sensor development in the monitoring, analysis, and evaluation sectors for food safety applications. We also report on next-generation nano/microscale wearable sensor devices that can wirelessly provide relevant healthy and safety food information data. This review gives evidence that the powerful engineering of mobile food sensor devices is an ongoing acquisition, offering considerable future avenues to the perspective in-home healthcare of aging individuals.
... Milk and dairy product adulteration came into global concern [1] . Possible reasons behind it may include demand and supply gap, perishable nature of milk, low purchasing capability of customer and lack of suitable detection tests [2] . ...
... The gap between milk demand and supply has given way to an unscrupulous practice known as milk adulteration. Milk adulteration which is the addition of exogenous material to milk has been reported way back in the year 1958 with the Swill Milk Scandal resulting in nearly 8000 infant deaths in New York [2]. From the economic perspective also, milk adulteration has become a regular practice carried undaunted in every niche of the world. ...
Milk adulteration is one of the major global concerns as milk is being consumed as a wholesome dairy product in every part of the world. The fraudulent practice of milk adulteration is on the rise, which is making people apprehensive about the purity and quality of milk. The adulterants such as water, vegetable and animal fat, extraneous proteins and chemical components viz. melamine, urea, formalin, detergents, ammonium sulphate, boric acid, caustic soda, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide and sugars deliberately mixed in milk can be an be harmful to the health of consumers. This necessitates the availability of procedures and technologies that could curb this ill practice of milk adulteration. Over the years, various methods have been developed for the detection of milk adulterants. The chromatographic methods such as HPLC and GC, coupled with mass spectrometry have been used for selective identification as well as detection of different milk adulterants. Immunological techniques such as ELISA and various DNA based procedures like PCR have also been used for the specific detection of some common milk adulterants. Spectroscopic methods, namely FTIR and NIR in association with chemometrics have raised the bar of adulterant detection systems. The equipments such as electronic nose and electronic tongue are some of the fancy procedures used in milk and other food adulterants detection. The biosensors are the detection systems that can be used for rapid and real time detection of milk adulterants. This review brings insight into the biosensor application in milk adulterant detection and also tries to explore the potential of biosensors in identifying some common milk adulterants.
... Food "safety and quality" monitoring is of major public health importance because the growing incidences of food poisoning pose a cumulative threat worldwide, such as the outbreaks of melamine (MEL) contamination of milk and dairy products in China (2008) [15]. MEL a triazine heterocyclic organic compound, is being utilized in the manufacture of fertilizer, flame retardant paint, plywood, plastics, adhesives, and cement [16]. ...
The capability of functional logic operations is highly intriguing, but far from being realized owing to limited recognition element (RE) and complex readout signals, which limit their applications. In this contribution, for a visual colorimetric sensor for melamine (MEL) we described the construction of two- and three-input AND logic gate by exploiting the intrinsic peroxidase (POD)-like activity of CeO2 nanorods (NRs) (~23.04% Ce3+ fraction and aspect ratio (RTEM) of 3.85 ± 0.18) as RE at acidic pH (4.5). Further ATP piloted catalytic tuning of POD-like activity in CeO2 NRs employed for a functional logic gate-controlled MEL sensing at neutral pH (7.4). AND logic circuit operated MEL sensing record colorimetric response time of 15 minutes to produce blue color proportionate to MEL concentration. The fabricated nanozyme (CeO2)-based logic gate sensor probe for MEL at pH 4.5 showed a linear response from 0.004 nM to 1.56 nM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4 pM; while translation from acidic to neutral pH (at 7.4) sensor exhibited linear response ranging from 0.2 nM to 3.12 nM with a LOD value of 17 pM. Through CeO2 POD-like nanozyme behavior under acidic and neutral pH, the fabricated logic gate sensor showed high affinity for MEL, generating prominent visual output with picomolar sensitivity, good reproducibility, and stability with relative standard deviation (RSD) <1% and 2%, respectively. A feasibility study in real samples (raw milk and milk powder) showed good recoveries with negligible matrix effect, an anti-interference experiment revealed sensor selectivity, highlighting robust sensor practical utility. With the merits of high sensitivity, specificity, low cost, and simplified sample processing, the developed logic-controlled colorimetric MEL sensing platform with appropriate modifications can be recognized as a potent methodology for on-site analysis of various food adulterants and related applications.
As the degree of anisotropy in nanoparticle morphology increases, the resulting electromagnetic enhancement can be significantly intensified. Herein, we have attempted to develop anisotropic gold-silver (a-AuAg) nanoparticles deposited on a titanium sheet (a-AuAg@Ti) as a highly efficient Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) sensor for rapid detection of health-hazardous milk adulterants like melamine. Hierarchical a-AuAg nanoparticles have been synthesized via a facile seed and growth-mediated method, followed by immobilization on a titanium sheet using a drop-casting technique. The structural, morphological, chemical, and optical properties of a-AuAg@Ti sensors have been systematically investigated and correlated with their respective SERS performance. Morphological analysis revealed the occurrence of triangular, hexagonal, and pentagonal-shaped nanoparticles with an average particle size of ~23 to 26 nm. Preliminary SERS analysis using Rhodamine 6G (R6G) probe molecule revealed significantly higher SERS activity for a-AuAg nanoparticles compared to their spherical counterparts. This could be attributed to the lightning rod effect associated with the synthesized anisotropic nanostructures. An enhancement factor of 1.7 x 108 has been estimated for a-AuAg@Ti sensor with excellent signal reproducibility. Further, the efficacy of melamine detection has been investigated by spiking it into water and milk samples. The estimated lower detection limit (LDL) near picomolar and nanomolar concentrations have been obtained for melamine-spiked samples in water and milk, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis for melamine revealed an LDL of only 0.1 µM, indicating the higher sensitivity of a-AuAg@Ti SERS sensor. Moreover, we have also analyzed commercial milk products to verify the melamine contents, but none of them showed melamine-specific fingerprint bands. Our findings highlight the superior sensitivity of a-AuAg@Ti substrates for real-time melamine detection, making them excellent optical sensing tools for food safety analysis.
O artigo aborda as fraudes cometidas na indústria do leite, com foco nos tipos de adulterações mais comuns e nos principais métodos de detecção. As fraudes no leite são práticas ilegais que comprometem a qualidade do produto, colocando em risco a saúde do consumidor e afetando a integridade do mercado. O objetivo principal é destacar as diferentes formas de adulteração, como a adição de água e substâncias para mascarar a diluição, além de discutir os métodos laboratoriais utilizados para identificar essas fraudes. A metodologia inclui uma revisão bibliográfica de estudos científicos que analisam os tipos de fraudes e a eficácia dos métodos de detecção. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de práticas rigorosas de controle de qualidade para garantir a segurança alimentar e a proteção do consumidor. Conclui-se que a implementação de tecnologias avançadas de detecção e a conscientização da cadeia produtiva são essenciais para combater as fraudes no leite e assegurar a confiança do consumidor.
In 2012, the Beijing First Intermediate Court’s ruling reignited public controversy over a 2010 revision of China’s national raw milk standard. A consumer rights activist filed an open information application, requesting that China’s Ministry of Health disclose meeting minutes related to the revision. His request hinged on public perception that China’s dairy corporations helped lower quality and safety thresholds for domestic raw milk supplies, while the country still reeled from the 2008 melamine scandal. The case re-emerged as Chinese policymakers, seeking to strengthen and respond to domestic and international food safety concerns, crafted and revised standards and restructured government agencies to address shortcomings in the 2009 Food Safety Law. As the case unfolded, China was flexing its international power in standards-setting despite criticism of its domestic standards regime. Grounded in fieldwork conducted during this period, I trace the intersection and dissonance between standards, regulations, and best practices crafted by government institutions and private sector actors alongside their recalibration in practice. I use the 2010 revision debate to explore the efforts of scientific experts and government officials to convey the standard to different actors, not as acts of translation but rather as acts of transformation, as regulations and regulatory practices move across disparate sites and media.
Milk has been an indispensable part of our diet because of its rich content of vital nutrients. The demand and supply gap in milk production along with its perishable nature have resulted in the increased menace of milk adulteration. Various adulterants such as detergents, urea, ammonium salts, sodium chloride, nitrates, sulphates, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, boric acid, neutralisers and melamine present in the milk give rise to serious health problems such as nausea, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, renal failure, heart problems, asthma, pneumonia, cancer and allergic reactions. This paper describes the adverse health effects of consuming adulterated milk.
Purpose
Milk is often referred to as the ultimate food because it meets the nutritional needs of infants, children and adults alike. It is a rich source of protein, fat, sweetness, vitamins and minerals. Because of its widespread usage as a healthy dairy product, the issue of milk adulteration is of global significance. The increasing frequency of fraudulent methods in the dairy business raises concerns about its purity and quality.
Design/methodology/approach
A study was conducted and reviewed that looked at several approaches for detecting milk adulteration during the past 15 years. This study examines the current state of research and analyzes recent advances in development.
Findings
There are ways and technology available that can effectively put an end to the abhorrent practice of milk adulteration.
Originality/value
This research takes a unique approach, focusing on the application of milk adulteration. It provides an overview of milk adulteration detection and investigates the effectiveness of biosensors in identifying common milk adulterants.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that influence Japanese consumer purchase intention toward products bearing animal welfare (AW) certification labels.
Design/methodology/approach
A conceptual model was developed with the constructs of informativeness, trust, consumer perception, health consciousness, moral norms and purchase intention and tested using a sample of 513 Japanese consumers. Data were collected using an online panel with the direct effects analyzed using regression while the mediation analysis was performed using Hayes PROCESS macro.
Findings
The findings have confirmed that informativeness, consumer perception and trust contribute to consumer purchase intention of products with AW certification labels. Moral norm has a significant indirect effect on the relationship between consumer perception and intention to purchase. However, health consciousness did not demonstrate any indirect effect on the relationship between consumer perception and intention to purchase.
Originality/value
This study contributes significantly to our understanding of Japanese consumers' perception toward AW certification labels, especially considering the limited discussion surrounding this topic in Japan. By highlighting the importance of informativeness, it sheds light on how enhancing consumer knowledge can potentially boost the demand for AW foods. Moreover, it challenges the conventional belief in the impact of health consciousness and consumer behavioral intention, thereby expanding the discourse on the role of health consciousness in consumer choices. Through this exploration, the study not only enhances consistency in discussing consumer behavior but also strengthens the coherence and argumentation of the research findings.
Nanozymes are a class of nanomaterials with biocatalytic function and enzyme-like activity, whose advantages include high stability, low cost, and mass production. They can catalyze the substrates of natural enzymes based on specific nanostructures and serve as substitutes for natural enzymes. Their applied research involves a wide range of fields such as biomedicine, environmental governance, agriculture, and food. Molecular logic gates are a new cross-disciplinary discipline, which can simulate the function of silicon circuits on a molecular scale, perform single or multiple input logic operations, and generate logic outputs. A molecular logic gate is a binary operation that converts an input signal into an output signal according to the rules of Boolean logic, generating two signals, a high level, and a low level. The high and low levels represent the “true” and “false” values of the logic gates, and their outputs correspond to “l” and “0” of the molecular logic gates, respectively. The combination of nanozymes and logic gates is a novel and attractive research direction, and the cross-application of the two brings new opportunities and ideas for various fields, such as the construction of efficient biocomputers, intelligent drug delivery systems, and the precise diagnosis of diseases. This review describes the application of logic gates based on nanozymes, which is expected to provide a certain theoretical foundation for researchers’ subsequent studies.
Food safety is a scientific discipline that requires sophisticated handling, production, and storage. Food is common for microbial development; it acts as a source for growth and contamination. The traditional procedures for food analysis are time-consuming and labor-intensive, but optical sensors overcome these constraints. Biosensors have replaced rigorous lab procedures like chromatography and immunoassays with more precise and quick sensing. It offers quick, nondestructive, and cost-effective food adulteration detection. Over the last few decades, the significant spike in interest in developing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors for the detection and monitoring of pesticides, pathogens, allergens, and other toxic chemicals in foods. This review focuses on fiber-optic SPR (FO-SPR) biosensors for detecting various adulterants in food matrix while also discussing the future perspective and the key challenges encountered by SPR based sensors.
Blockchain technology (BCT) has been proven to have the potential to transform food supply chains (FSCs) based on its potential benefits. BCT promises to improve food supply chain processes. Despite its several benefits, little is known about the factors that drive blockchain adoption within the food supply chain and the impact of blockchain technology on the food supply chain, as empirical evidence is scarce. This study, therefore, explores factors, impacts and challenges of blockchain adoption in the FSC. The study adopts an exploratory qualitative interview approach. The data consist of Twenty-one interviews which were analyzed using thematic analysis techniques in NVivo (v12), resulting in identifying nine factors classified under three broad categories (Technology—complexity, compatibility, cost; Organization—organization size, knowledge; Environment—government support, competitive pressure, standardization, and compliance) as the most significant factors driving blockchain adoption in the FSC. In addition, five impacts were identified (visibility, performance, efficiency, trust, and value creation) to blockchain technology adoption. This study also identifies significant challenges of blockchain technology (interoperability, privacy, infrastructure conditions, and lack of knowledge). Based on the findings, the study developed a conceptual framework for blockchain adoption in food supply chains. The study adds to the corpus of knowledge by illuminating the adoption of blockchain technology and its effects on food supply chains and by giving the industry evidence-based guidance for developing its blockchain plans. The study provides full insights and awareness of blockchain adoption challenges among executives, supply chain organizations, and governmental agencies.
Globalization of the food supply chain (FSCs) has brought significant challenges to the food system, such as fraud, safety, security, and quality issues due to information asymmetry. Globalization also increases the difficulty and complexity of solving these problems to improve FSC efficiency. Blockchain technology (BCT) has proven to have the potential to transform FSC based on its potential benefits. However, studies of BCT adoption in FSC are relatively new and scarce. This study systematically reviews the current state of research that has been done in the space of blockchain and food supply chains. In carrying out the research, a systematic literature review (SLR) was deployed using two prominent databases, Scopus and Business Source Complete (EBSCO), covering articles from 2016 to 2021, and 52 articles were synthesized to identify blockchain enablers, benefits, and barriers. Based on this review, a conceptual framework is developed for blockchain adoption within the food supply chain. The study identified scalability, interoperability, high cost, lack of expertise, and regulations as the most likely barriers to blockchain adoption. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by providing insights into blockchain adoption in the food supply chain. In addition, it offers evidence-based direction for other industries to build their blockchain strategies.
Milk contains whole nutrients and is consumed by the majority of population in the form of drinking as well as dietary products. Milk adulteration is one of the most common phenomena, this milk adulteration can be over looked in many countries. it shows serious health hazards leading to fatal diseases. Milk adulterants have been reported globally by adding various instances such as adding water, whey proteins, melamine, urea, detergents, starch hydrogen peroxide, boric acid. This paper presents a detailed review of common milk adulterants as well as different methods such as the chromatographic methods such as HPLC and GC coupled with mass spectrometry to detect the adulterants in milk, and immunological techniques such as ELISA and various DNA based procedures like PCR have also been used to detect the adulterants both qualitatively and quantitatively. This study is organized to be an adulterants-based study instead of a techniques-based one, where qualitative detection for most of the common adulterants are enlisted and quantitative detection methods are limited to a few major adulterants of milk. Apart from regular techniques, recent development in these detection techniques has also been reported. Nowadays milk is being adulterated in more sophisticated ways that demand for cutting- edge research for the detection of adulterants. This review intends to contribute towards the common knowledge base regarding possible milk adulterants and their detection techniques.
A collaborative study was undertaken in which five international laboratories participated to determine amino acid fingerprints in 39 authentic nonfat dry milk (NFDM)/skim milk powder (SMP) samples. A rapid method of amino acid analysis involving microwave-assisted hydrolysis followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (UHPLC-UV) was used for quantitation of amino acids and to calculate their distribution. The performance of this rapid method of analysis was evaluated and was used to determine the amino acid fingerprint of authentic milk powders. The distribution of different amino acids and their predictable upper and lower tolerance limits in authentic NFDM/SMP samples were established as a reference. Amino acid fingerprints of NFDM/SMP were compared with selected proteins and nitrogen rich compounds (proteins from pea, soy, rice, wheat, whey, and fish gelatin) which can be potential economically motivated adulterants (EMA). The amino acid fingerprints of NFDM/SMP were found to be affected by spiking with pea, soy, rice, whey, fish gelatin and arginine among the investigated adulterants but not by wheat protein and melamine. The study results establish an amino acid fingerprint of authentic NFDM/SMP and demonstrate the utility of this method as a tool in verifying the authenticity of milk powders and detecting their adulteration.
A simple and green colorimetric sensing assay strategy for highly efficient determination of melamine has been fabricated, which is based on the redox reaction of gallic acid with Ag⁺. Monodispersed Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) were obtained using gallic acid as a reducing and stabilizing agent. However, the aggregate behavior of AgNPs was observed, while the melamine was present in the reaction medium. As a result, the color of the solution changed from vivid yellow to brown, and the density of the color was quantitatively correlated with the melamine concentration. The aggregation of AgNPs could be attributable to the formation of hydrogen bonds between melamine and gallic acid. The designed sensor exhibited a good detection limit of 0.099 μM (0.012 ppm), which was much lower than the safety limit in China (1.0 ppm) and EU (2.0 ppm). Additionally, the sensing assay displayed good selectivity toward melamine over other coexisting substances. Consequently, the proposed colorimetric sensor was successfully used for the determination of melamine detection in raw milk samples.
It is meaningful and promising to develop a practical sensor toward melamine in dairy products with high sensitivity and selectivity. However, complicated composition and environment in milk necessitate stable luminophore as sensor with excellent photophysical properties. Herein, ultrathin graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet (CNNS) is prepared via successive thermal polymerization and acid exfoliation. The photophysical property of CNNS states its strong ultraviolet absorption and intense blue‐light emission. Noteworthily, the CNNS could act as a chemo‐sensor to detect trace melamine in dairy products. The high stability, eminent sensitivity, powerful selectivity and competitiveness substantiates that this CNNS luminophore is a promising sensor for melamine in dairy products, being of potentially practical value on monitoring milk quality.
Urea is authorised in the European Union (EU) as feed additive for ruminants. Because of its high molecular nitrogen content, it is a substance for potential protein adulteration in non-ruminant feed. The EU defines a spectro-colorimetric method as an official control method for the determination of urea in feed, whereas the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) in the United States recommends an enzymatic method. Discrepancies between results obtained by these different approaches have been reported, especially at low concentrations. Therefore, we developed and validated two methods for urea determination in compound feed, including pet food, and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) over a wide concentration range using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and compared performance with a commercial enzyme kit. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 3 and 8 mg kg −1 for LC-MS/MS and 2 and 7 mg kg −1 for HPLC-FLD, respectively. For both methods, the variation coefficients ranged between 1.4% and 7.2% in ruminant feed used as reference material as well as spiked samples of complete feed for chicken, pet food for dogs and cats, as well as yeast. Recovery rates for spiked samples ranged from 86% to 105%. For real samples of complete feed for poultry, wet and dry pet food for cats and dogs and yeast amounts of urea between < LOD and 200 mg kg −1 relative to a feedingstuff with a moisture content of 12% were found. In comparison with the enzyme kit, the newly developed methods proved to be less time-consuming in sample preparation and more stable regarding matrix effects.
Melamine poisoning incidents and potential health risks raise global attention. Recent studies imply that melamine exposure is related to male reproductive dysfunction, however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, 32 male Kunming mice were administered with 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/L melamine via drinking water for 13 weeks, respectively. Sperm quality, testicular morphology, and the mRNA expression levels of MAPK family members p38, ERK5, ERK1/2, JNK1/2/3 and their downstream transcription factors GADD153, MAX, MEF2C, CREB, c-Myc, JunD, c-JUN, Sap1a, p53, ATF-2, Elk1, and Nur77 in testes were investigated. The results revealed that low-dose melamine exposure reduced sperm quality, altered the testicular histological structure, and reduced the mRNA expression levels of p38, ERK1/2, MAX and Sap1a in the testes. The p38 and phosphorylated-p38 expressions analysis further suggested that the down-regulated phosphorylation of p38 and downstream transcription factors MAX and Sap1a play key roles in male reproductive dysfunction caused by melamine. Altogether, our study provides a new insight to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which melamine induces male reproductive toxicity, and to evaluate the health risks of melamine.
We first time compared the synthesis mechanism of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the marine plant extract (MPE) such as sargassum carpophyllum and spirulina and the terrestrial plant extract (TPE) as for rose petal and longan leaf. Also, the different aggregation behaviors and the color changes of AuNPs in MPE and TPE when they met melamine (Mel) were discussed. In the visual color detection of Mel, the color of AuNPs in MPE rapidly turned blue-gray from wine red encountered Mel, but it was still wine red in the TPE. The size and surface composition of AuNPs in MPE and TPE were analyzed by UV-vis, TEM, FTIR, and XPS. Meanwhile, we further clarified the reason why the AuNPs in TPE can’t colorimetric detection of Mel, despite a lot of hydroxyl groups in biomolecules.
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