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Molecular phylogeny of Cissus L. of Vitaceae (the grape family) and evolution of its pantropical intercontinental disjunctions
Abstract
Pantropical intercontinental disjunct distribution is a major biogeographic pattern in plants, and has been explained mainly by boreotropical migration via the North Atlantic land bridges (NALB) and transoceanic long-distance dispersal (LDD), and sometimes by vicariance. However, well-resolved phylogenies of pantropical clades are still relatively few. Cissus is the largest genus of the grape family Vitaceae and shows a pantropical intercontinental disjunction with its 300 species distributed in all major tropical regions. This study constructed the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic diversification history of Cissus, employing five plastid markers (rps16, trnL-F, atpB-rbcL, trnH-psbA and trnC-petN). The results confirmed that Cissus polyphyletic, consisting of three main clades: the core Cissus, the Cissus striata complex, and the Australian–Neotropical disjunct Cissus antarctica – C. trianae clade. The latter two clades need to be removed from Cissus to maintain the monophyly of the genus. The core Cissus is inferred to have originated in Africa and is estimated to have diverged from its relatives in Vitaceae in the late Cretaceous. It diversified in Africa into several main lineages in the late Paleocene to the early Eocene, colonized Asia at least three times in the Miocene, and the Neotropics in the middle Eocene. The NALB seems the most plausible route for the core Cissus migration from Africa to the Neotropics in the middle Eocene. Three African–Asian and two Neotropical–Australian disjunctions in Cissus s.l. are estimated to have originated in the Miocene and may be best explained by LDD.
... The largest genus in the Vitaceae is Cissus L., currently over 350 species are recognised (POWO 2022). Molecular phylogenetic data has shown that Cissus is polyphyletic (Rossetto et al. 2007;Liu et al. 2013;Wen et al. 2018). Liu et al. (2013) recognised that most species of Cissus were in a core group originating in Africa, diverging in the late Cretaceous with rapid migration elsewhere; however, there was a small clade referred to by Lu et al. (2018) as Cissus II which had a Neotropical -Australian origin. ...
... Molecular phylogenetic data has shown that Cissus is polyphyletic (Rossetto et al. 2007;Liu et al. 2013;Wen et al. 2018). Liu et al. (2013) recognised that most species of Cissus were in a core group originating in Africa, diverging in the late Cretaceous with rapid migration elsewhere; however, there was a small clade referred to by Lu et al. (2018) as Cissus II which had a Neotropical -Australian origin. Cissus II was considered to have diverged from the core Cissus clade in the late Eocene when Australia and South America were still connected via Antarctica. ...
... Cissus II was considered to have diverged from the core Cissus clade in the late Eocene when Australia and South America were still connected via Antarctica. This could have provided a route for species in this clade to be present in both areas, followed by rapid diversification in the Oligocene (Rodrigues et al. 2014), or it could possibly be long distance dispersal (Liu et al. 2013;Lu et al. 2018). Liu et al. 2016;Lu et al. 2018). ...
Apocissus Jackes & Trias-Blasi, a new genus in the Vitaceae.
Austrobaileya 13: 94–104. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Cissus L. is polyphyletic.
A small, Neotropical – Australian clade has been recognised as distinct. A new genus Apocissus
Jackes & Trias-Blasi, based on phylogenetic and morphological studies, is described to accommodate
the species included in this clade. Apocissus can be recognised by the following combination of
characters: the presence of domatia and/or large stipules. Species occur on the island of New Guinea,
in Australia and central South America. The following new combinations are made: Apocissus
acrantha (Lauterb.) Jackes & Trias-Blasi, A. antarctica (Vent.) Jackes & Trias-Blasi, A. behrmannii
(Lauterb.) Jackes & Trias-Blasi, A. hypoglauca (A.Gray) Jackes & Trias-Blasi, A. oblonga (Benth.)
Jackes & Trias-Blasi, A. sterculiifolia (F.Muell. ex Benth.) Jackes & Trias-Blasi and A. trianae
(Planch.) Jackes & Trias-Blasi. Lectotypes for Cissus behrmannii Lauterb., C. hypoglauca A.Gray
and C. oblonga Benth. are designated, as well as a neotype for C. acrantha Lauterb. All species are
concisely described for the purposes of comparison, with notes provided on distribution, habitat and
phenology. A key to the species of Apocissus is provided.
... Among continents, the TRF biome shows a disjunct distribution, which indicates that TRFs have undergone substantial shifts over time (Couvreur & Baker, 2013;Eiserhardt et al., 2017;Shiono et al., 2018). However, although the relationships between such species diversity and shift of habitats have been explored (Couvreur et al., 2011b;Hill & Hill, 2011;Couvreur & Baker, 2013;Liu et al., 2013;Eiserhardt et al., 2017), no consistent generalizations about TRF dynamics have been made most likely due to the lack of multi-taxon analyses across lineages. ...
... The first set of explanations concerns timing and place of origin of TRF (Jaramillo et al., 2010;Couvreur et al., 2011a;Eiserhardt et al., 2017) and include (i) an origin around the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary (K-Pg; ~66 million years ago [Ma]) at equatorial latitudes, which is strongly supported by most fossil records or (ii) a mid-Cretaceous origin (~100 Ma) at mid-latitude or low latitude (not equatorial zone) inferred by few fossil records, but supported by several biogeographical reconstructions. The second set of explanations attempt to explain TRF intercontinental disjunctions (Couvreur et al., 2011b;Liu et al., 2013) and include (a) vicariance, (b) continental rafting, (c) boreo-tropical migration and (d) transoceanic long-distance dispersal (TLDD). TLDD is usually applied to explain younger lineages that were not likely to disperse across a land bridge or with plate movement. ...
... (Särkinen et al., 2007). Similar transmarine long-distance dispersals between the palaeotropics of Africa and Asia by ocean currents, wind or/and birds during the Miocene were also proposed in several genera of Melastomataceae (Renner, 2004), Paederia (Rubiaceae) (Nie et al., 2013), Cissus (Vitaceae) (Liu et al., 2013) and Derris and Brachypterum (Fabaceae) (Sirichamorn et al., 2014). ...
Aim
The relationships between biome shifts and global environmental changes in temperate zone habitats have been extensively explored; yet, the historical dynamics of taxa found in the tropical rain forest (TRF) remain poorly known. This study aims to reconstruct the relationships between tropical rain forest shifts and global environmental changes through the patterns of historical biogeography of a pantropical family of monocots, the Zingiberaceae.
Location
Global.
Taxon
Zingiberaceae.
Methods
We sampled DNA sequences (nrITS, trn K, trn L‐ trn F and psb A‐ trn H) from GenBank for 77% of the genera, including 30% of species, in the Zingiberaceae. Global fossil records of the Zingiberaceae were collected from literatures. Rates of speciation, extinction and diversification were estimated based on phylogenetic data and fossil records through methods implemented in BAMM. Ancestral ranges were estimated using single‐tree BioGeoBEARS and multiple‐trees BioGeoBEARS in RASP. Dispersal rate through time and dispersal rate among regions were calculated in R based on the result of ancestral estimation.
Results
The common ancestor of the Zingiberaceae likely originated in northern Africa during the mid‐Cretaceous, with later dispersal to the Asian tropics. Indo‐Burma, rather than Malesia, was likely a provenance of the common ancestor of Alpinioideae–Zingiberoideae. Several abrupt shifts of evolutionary rates from the Palaeocene were synchronized with sudden global environmental changes.
Main conclusions
Integrating phylogenetic patterns with fossil records suggests that the Zingiberaceae dispersed to Asia through drift of the Indian Plate from Africa in the late Palaeocene. Formation of island chains, land corridors and warming temperatures facilitated the emigration of the Zingiberaceae to a broad distribution across the tropics. Moreover, dramatic fluctuations of the speciation rate of Zingiberoideae appear to have been synchronized with global climate fluctuations. In general, the evolutionary history of the Zingiberaceae broadens our understanding of the association between TRF shifts in distribution and past global environmental changes, especially the origin of TRF in Southeast Asia.
... Soejima and Wen, 2006;Wen, 2007aWen, , 2007bTrias-Blasi et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2016;Wen et al., 2018a) recognized the monogeneric Leeaceae as the sister family to Vitaceae and they have classified the two families into the order Vitales, an early-diverging lineage in the rosids (Soltis et al., 2011;Zhang et al., 2016;Zeng et al., 2017). The generic delimitation in Vitaceae has been comprehensively discussed with several genera newly described or recircumscribed in recent years (Liu et al., 2013Wen et al., 2014Wen et al., , 2018aWen et al., , 2018bLombardi, 2015). For example, Wen et al. (2013a) treated Causonis as a segregate genus from Cayratia. ...
... The phylogenetic relationships within Cissus have been complex and controversial (e.g. Rossetto et al., 2002Rossetto et al., , 2007Soejima and Wen, 2006;Ren et al., 2011;Liu et al., 2013;Zhang et al., 2015b;Lu et al., 2018). Several studies suggested that Cissus was a polyphyletic genus and some Cissus taxa from Australia, New Guinea, and South to Central America might be removed from Cissus (Rossetto et al., 2002(Rossetto et al., , 2007Nie et al., 2012;Liu et al., 2013;Rodrigues et al., 2014). ...
... Rossetto et al., 2002Rossetto et al., , 2007Soejima and Wen, 2006;Ren et al., 2011;Liu et al., 2013;Zhang et al., 2015b;Lu et al., 2018). Several studies suggested that Cissus was a polyphyletic genus and some Cissus taxa from Australia, New Guinea, and South to Central America might be removed from Cissus (Rossetto et al., 2002(Rossetto et al., , 2007Nie et al., 2012;Liu et al., 2013;Rodrigues et al., 2014). Jackes and Rossetto (2006) suggested that Cissus opaca (F. ...
The grape family consists of 16 genera and ca. 950 species. It is best known for the economically important fruit crop -- the grape Vitis vinifera. The deep phylogenetic relationships and character evolution of the grape family have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. We herein reconstruct the phylogenomic relationships within Vitaceae using nuclear and plastid genes based on the Hyb-Seq approach and test the newly proposed classification system of the family. The five tribes of the grape family, including Ampelopsideae, Cayratieae, Cisseae, Parthenocisseae, and Viteae, are each robustly supported by both nuclear and chloroplast genomic data and the backbone relationships are congruent with previous reports. The cupular floral disc (raised above and free from ovary at the upper part) is an ancestral state of Vitaceae, with the inconspicuous floral disc as derived in the tribe Parthenocisseae, and the state of adnate to the ovary as derived in the tribe Viteae. The 5-merous floral pattern was inferred to be the ancestral in Vitaceae, with the 4-merous flowers evolved at least two times in the family. The compound dichasial cyme (cymose with two secondary axes) is ancestral in Vitaceae and the thyrse inflorescence (a combination of racemose and cymose branching) in tribe Viteae is derived. The ribbon-like trichome only evolved once in Vitaceae, as a synapomorphy for the tribe Viteae.
... Two studies have revealed that the gene content and order of Ampelopsis and Vitis plastomes are identical to many other angiosperm plastid genomes (Jansen et al. 2006;Raman and Park 2016). Nonetheless, several authors detected sufficient variability to be used in interspecific phylogenetic studies, within different noncoding regions (Nie et al. 2010;Zecca et al. 2012;Liu et al. 2013;Wen et al. 2013;Wang et al. 2015). Some intergenic spacers have been used to delimit the boundaries of species or even to define the intraspecific relationships among geographical groups, although sometimes with uncertain results (Grassi et al. 2006;Tröndle et al. 2010;Beridze et al. 2011;Péros et al. 2011;Pipia et al. 2012;Poczai et al. 2013). ...
... The Vitis genus, that includes about 70 woody climber species mostly spread through Central and North America, Asia, and Europe, was shown to be monophyletic and to form a well-supported clade with Ampelocissus, Nothocissus, and Pterisanthes based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences (Liu et al. 2013;Lu et al. 2013;Wen et al. 2013). Two sister subgenera are commonly recognized: subg. ...
... Ma; Oligocene-Miocene) and at 28.32 ; Eocene-Miocene), respectively. In other studies, mainly focused on other genera of Vitaceae, the estimated crown group age for Vitis ranged from the Oligocene to the Miocene Wang et al. 2015) or throughout the Miocene (Nie et al. 2010;Liu et al. 2013). Uncertainties also persist regarding the appearance of the American and the Asian grapes. ...
The family Vitaceae includes the domesticated grapevine (Vitis vinifera), one of the most economically important crops in the world. Despite the importance of Vitaceae, there is still considerable controversy surrounding their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary timescales. Moreover, variation in rates of molecular evolution among Vitaceae remains mostly unexplored. The present research aims to fill these knowledge gaps through the analysis of plastome sequences. Thirteen newly sequenced grape plastomes are presented and their phylogenetic relationships examined. Divergence times and absolute substitution rates are inferred under different molecular clocks by the analysis of 95 non-coding plastid regions and 43 representative accessions of the major lineages of Vitaceae. Furthermore, the phylogenetic informativeness of non-coding plastid regions is investigated. We find strong evidence in favor of the random local clock model and rate heterogeneity within Vitaceae. Substitution rates decelerate in Ampelocissus, Ampelopsis, Nekemias, Parthenocissus, Rhoicissus, and Vitis, with genus Vitis showing the lowest values up to a minimum of ~ 4.65 × 10⁻¹¹ s/s/y. We suggest that liana-like species of Vitaceae evolve slower than erect growth habit plants and we invoke the “rate of mitosis hypothesis” to explain the observed pattern of the substitution rates. We identify a reduced set of 20 non-coding regions able to accurately reconstruct the phylogeny of Vitaceae and we provide a detailed description of all 152 non-coding regions identified in the plastomes of subg. Vitis. These polymorphic regions will find their applications in phylogenetics, phylogeography, and population genetics as well in grapes identification through DNA barcoding techniques.
... Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses of the genus Cissus ( Liu et al., 2013 ;Rodrigues et al., 2014 ) showed that modern species could be assigned to several distinct clades. All African species fell within the core Cissus clade, but within that were distributed in more than seven distinct subclades, two of which also included Asian species ( Liu et al., 2013 ). ...
... Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses of the genus Cissus ( Liu et al., 2013 ;Rodrigues et al., 2014 ) showed that modern species could be assigned to several distinct clades. All African species fell within the core Cissus clade, but within that were distributed in more than seven distinct subclades, two of which also included Asian species ( Liu et al., 2013 ). However, many African species were missing from these phylogenies, including those with external seed morphology most similar to the putative Cissus fossils. ...
... Cissus origins, phylogeny, and Miocene diversity in Africa -Relationships among genera in the Vitaceae are mostly comparable between our study and the most recent previous studies of Cissus ( Liu et al., 2013( Liu et al., , 2016Rodrigues et al., 2014 ), with limited support for the backbone of the trees (but see Wen et al., 2013 andZhang et al., 2015 ). Cissus species are found in three distinct clades in all analyses, identifi ed by Rodrigues et al. (2014) as the Cissus striata clade (clade III of Liu et al., 2013 ), the C . ...
Premise of the study: Fossilized seeds similar to Cissus (Vitaceae) have been recognized from the Miocene of Kenya, though some were previously assigned to the Menispermaceae. We undertook a comparative survey of extant African Cissus seeds to identify the fossils and consider their implications for the evolution and biogeography of Cissus and for African early Miocene paleoenvironments. Methods: Micro-computed tomography (µCT) and synchrotron-based X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) were used to study seed morphology and anatomy. Virtual taphonomy, using SRXTM data sets, produced digital fossils to elucidate seed taphonomy. Phylogenetic relationships within Cissus were reconstructed using existing and newly produced DNA sequences for African species. Paleobiology and paleoecology were inferred from African nearest living relatives. Key results: The fossils were assigned to four new Cissus species, related to four modern clades. The fossil plants were interpreted as climbers inhabiting a mosaic of riverine woodland and forest to more open habitats. Virtual taphonomy explained how complex mineral infill processes concealed key seed features, causing the previous taxonomic misidentification. Newly sampled African species, with seeds most similar to the fossils, belong to four clades within core Cissus, two of which are early diverging. Conclusions: Virtual taphonomy, combined with X-ray imaging, has enabled recognition of the first fossil Cissus and Vitaceae from Africa. Early-divergent members of the core Cissus clade were present in Africa by at least the early Miocene, with an African origin suggested for the Cissus sciaphila clade. The fossils provide supporting evidence for mosaic paleoenvironments inhabited by early Miocene hominoids.
... 300 species widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions in Asia (85 spp.), the Americas (70 spp.), Africa (135 spp.), and Australia (12 spp.) (Jackes, 1988;Lombardi, 2000;Latiff, 2001;Wen, 2007b;Rodrigues et al., 2014). Africa possesses the highest species richness of Cissus, and it was also inferred to be the ancestral area of the genus (Liu et al., 2013; also see Adams et al., 2016). Taxonomically Cissus remains poorly studied at present. ...
... Wen, unpublished data; also see Jackes, 1988). The small clade has been difficult to place phylogenetically (Rossetto et al., 2002(Rossetto et al., , 2007Liu et al., 2013). Recent studies (Zhang et al., 2015a;Lu et al., 2018) placed this small clade (Cissus II clade) as sister to the core Cissus clade. ...
... He later expanded Nothocissus to include five additional species of Cissus from New Guinea and Australia, C. acrantha, C. behrmanii, C. hypoglauca, C. penninervis and C. sterculiifolia (Latiff, 2001). However the five additional species did not group with the type species of Nothocissus; instead they formed a clade with Cissus antarctica from Australia as part of the Cissus II clade of Liu et al. (2013) and Lu et al. (2018) (J. Wen, unpublished data). ...
Vitaceae (the grape family) consist of about 16 genera and ca. 950 species primarily distributed in tropical regions. The family is well‐known for the economic importance of grapes, and is also ecologically significant with many species as dominant climbers in tropical and temperate forests. Recent phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses of sequence data from all three genomes have supported five major clades within Vitaceae: (1) the clade of Ampelopsis, Nekemias, Rhoicissus, and Clematicissus; (2) the Cissus clade; (3) the clade of Cayratia, Causonis, Cyphostemma, Pseudocayratia, Tetrastigma, and an undescribed genus “Afrocayratia”; (4) the clade of Parthenocissus and Yua; and (5) the grape genus Vitis and its close tropical relatives Ampelocissus, Pterisanthes and Nothocissus, with Nothocissus and Pterisanthes nested within Ampelocissus. Based on the phylogenetic and morphological (mostly inflorescence, floral and seed characters) evidence, the new classification places the 950 species and 16 genera into five tribes: (1) tribe Ampelopsideae J.Wen & Z.L.Nie, trib. nov. (47 species in four genera; Ampelopsis, Nekemias, Rhoicissus and Clematicissus); (2) tribe Cisseae Rchb. (300 species in one genus; Cissus); (3) tribe Cayratieae J.Wen & L.M.Lu, trib. nov. (370 species in seven genera; Cayratia, Causonis, “Afrocayratia”, Pseudocayratia, Acareosperma, Cyphostemma and Tetrastigma); (4) tribe Parthenocisseae J.Wen & Z.D.Chen, trib. nov. (ca. 16 spp. in two genera; Parthenocissus and Yua); and (5) tribe Viteae Dumort. (ca. 190 species in two genera; Ampelocissus and Vitis).
... Rossetto et al. (2006Rossetto et al. ( , 2007 focused on Australian species, and an overview of the phylogenetic relationships within the family was provided by Wen et al. (2007Wen et al. ( , 2013b and Ren et al. (2011). More detailed generic level phylogenies have studied Cissus using five plastid markers (rps16, trnL-F, atpB-rbcL, trnH-psbA and trnC-petN) (Liu et al., 2013), Tetrastigma , Ampelocissus (Nie et al., 2012), Ampelocissus-Vitis clade (Liu et al., 2016), and recent research has focused on understanding early divergences within the family (Zhang et al., 2015;Lu et al., 2017). These studies have collectively defined five major clades in the family (Wen et al., 2013b;Zhang et al., 2015;Lu et al., 2017). ...
... In the Ampelopsis-Rhoicissus-Nekemias clade, Nekemias and Ampelopsis have non-stratified phloem and scalariform intervessel pits, but they differ from Rhoicissus in having homocellular rays. While the wood anatomy of some genera, such as 'Cissus II' and Nothocissus is not known or incompletely known, scalariform intervessel pits which are probably plesiomorphic for the family are shared by all members of the Ampelocissus-Vitis clade, and Ampelopsis and Rhoicissus in Ampelopsis-Rhoicissus-Nekemias clade (Liu et al., 2013;Fig. 4) and 'Cissus II' (Jugo Ilic, 2017, pers. ...
... estimates for the Ampelocissus-Vitis and Parthenocissus-Yua clades suggest a Paleocene date (ca. 60 My BP; Liu et al., 2013Liu et al., , 2016Lu et al., 2017) with Parthenocissus appearing in the Eocene. Austrovideira is early Oligocene in age (29-32 My BP) while Vitis is estimated as having appeared in the Eocene (40 My BP) but underwent extensive and separate radiations in both Eurasia and North America during the Miocene (Liu et al., 2016). ...
Austrovideira dettmannae gen. & sp. nov. from the early Oligocene Capella Flora in central Queensland is the first fossil Vitaceae wood described from the Southern Hemisphere. A new combination, Stafylioxylon ramunculiformis (Poole and Wilkinson) Pace and Rozefelds for a Northern Hemisphere fossil wood is also proposed. Austrovideira and Stafylioxylon share with Vitaceoxylon secondary xylem with two diameter classes of vessels, wide vessels usually solitary, narrow vessels forming radial chains, very wide and tall rays, scanty paratracheal parenchyma and septate fibres. Austrovideira differs from Vitaceoxylon in having scalariform intervessel pits and homocellular rays composed exclusively of procumbent cells. This combination of features is seen in the Ampelocissus-Vitis clade, and a clearly stratified phloem with fibre bands alternating with all other axial elements and phloem rays rapidly dilating towards the periderm is restricted to Parthenocissus and Vitis. Stafylioxylon shares with Austrovideira the presence of scalariform intervessel pits but it differs from that genus in both ray composition and bark anatomy, as it lacks a stratified phloem. These fossil wood genera demonstrate that the lianescent habit in the Vitaceae was established by the Eocene in the Northern Hemisphere and by the Oligocene in the Southern Hemisphere. The pollen and seed fossil record shows that the Vitaceae were in Australia by the Eocene and fossil seeds suggest that the family had radiated by this time. The Oligocene Capella flora with two seed taxa and fossil wood (Austrovideira) provides further evidence of an Australian radiation. The fossil evidence, suggests a significant Gondwanic history for the family.
... Due to their unique effectiveness, safety, and economical impact on cancer, natural products today play an 3 important role in cancer prevention and therapy [32,33]. With approximately 300 species dispersed over all of the major tropical zones, Cissus is the biggest genus in the Vitaceae family of grapes [34]. One of the most well-known species of the genus Cissus in the family Vitaceae is Cissus Antarctica, sometimes known as "kangaroo vine" [35]. ...
... Cissus Antarctica is a yellowish leaf, lamina ovate to ovateoblong, mostly 4-12 cm long, 20-50 mm wide used traditionally used as a vine in subtropical climates as an ornamental plant in gardens. Cissus species contains saponins, triterpenoids, terpenoids, alcohols, phenols, alkanes, carboxylic acids, alkenes, aliphatic amines and aromatics [34,36,37]. Cissus species has been reported on human health as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive, antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic activity and anti-cancer [38][39][40][41][42] but there is no scientific evidence that Cissus antractica pharmacologically efficacious against lung cancer and inflammation. ...
Green products have excellent potential for discovering and producing new medicinal products. In recent years, there is a growing interest towards the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, particularly from plants sources. This eco-friendly approach was used in the recent research to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from Cissus antractica plant. The present study aims to examine the cell cytotoxicity, cell death, and pathways of apoptosis in lung cancer cells (A549) and inflammation properties treated with biosynthesized ZnO NPs. Additionally, synthe-sized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD and TEM analyses exhibited 31 nm as the size of synthesized nanoparticles, the pure crystal form of ZnO NPs, and the shape of the NPs as nearly spherical and hexagonal quartzite. The MTT assay used for cytotoxicity evaluation de-picted the significant toxic effect of CA-ZnONPs against the A549 lung cancer cells at concentra-tions up to 20 µg/mL than non-cancerous cells. Furthermore, we observed an elevated ROS level in cancer cells. These NPs also demonstrated dose-dependent ability to suppress colony for-mation and cell migration, which increases their potential as a lung cancer treatment. Further-more, The NPs formulation's ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells was further supported by Hoechst and propidium iodide dye. Further, CA ZnO NPs increased the gene expression of BAX, Cyto-c, Caspase 3 and 9, but decreased the expression of Bcl-2, indicating that the nanoformulation triggered mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Besides, this study showed that NPs suppressed in-flammatory responses by subsequently decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, downregulating the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, IL-8, and NO. Moreover, the study's findings imply that Cissus antractica are a potential source with biosynthesize nanoparticles that can might be further investigated for the progress of an-ti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drugs with further study.
... Due to their unique effectiveness, safety, and economical impact on cancer, natural products today play an important role in cancer prevention and therapy [32,33]. With approximately 300 species dispersed over all of the major tropical zones, Cissus is the biggest genus in the Vitaceae family of grapes [34]. One of the most well-known species of the genus Cissus in the family Vitaceae is Cissus Antarctica, sometimes known as "kangaroo vine" [35]. ...
... Cissus Antarctica is a yellowish leaf, lamina ovate to ovateoblong, mostly 4-12 cm long, 20-50 mm wide used traditionally used as a vine in subtropical climates as an ornamental plant in gardens. Cissus species contains saponins, triterpenoids, terpenoids, alcohols, phenols, alkanes, carboxylic acids, alkenes, aliphatic amines and aromatics [34,36,37]. Cissus species has been reported on human health as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive, antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic activity and anti-cancer [38][39][40][41][42] but there is no scientific evidence that Cissus antractica pharmacologically efficacious against lung cancer and inflammation. ...
Green products have excellent potential for discovering and producing new medicinal products. In recent years, there is a growing interest towards the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, particularly from plants sources. This eco-friendly approach was used in the recent research to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from Cissus antractica plant. The present study aims to examine the cell cytotoxicity, cell death, and pathways of apoptosis in lung cancer cells (A549) and inflammation properties treated with biosynthesized ZnO NPs. Additionally, synthe-sized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD and TEM analyses exhibited 31 nm as the size of synthesized nanoparticles, the pure crystal form of ZnO NPs, and the shape of the NPs as nearly spherical and hexagonal quartzite. The MTT assay used for cytotoxicity evaluation de-picted the significant toxic effect of CA-ZnONPs against the A549 lung cancer cells at concentra-tions up to 20 µg/mL than non-cancerous cells. Furthermore, we observed an elevated ROS level in cancer cells. These NPs also demonstrated dose-dependent ability to suppress colony for-mation and cell migration, which increases their potential as a lung cancer treatment. Further-more, The NPs formulation's ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells was further supported by Hoechst and propidium iodide dye. Further, CA ZnO NPs increased the gene expression of BAX, Cyto-c, Caspase 3 and 9, but decreased the expression of Bcl-2, indicating that the nanoformulation triggered mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Besides, this study showed that NPs suppressed in-flammatory responses by subsequently decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, downregulating the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, IL-8, and NO. Moreover, the study's findings imply that Cissus antractica are a potential source with biosynthesize nanoparticles that can might be further investigated for the progress of an-ti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drugs with further study.
... For example, the time of the most recent common ancestor of the Vitis subg. Vitis was estimated at 17.82 million years ago (Ma) by Wan et al. (2013), but dated to 6.31 or 6.55 Ma in Zecca et al. (2012), about 5.5 Ma by Nie et al. (2010), and~7 Ma by Liu et al. (2013). Indeed, the Vitis subg. ...
... This fossil was assigned with certainty to Ampelocissus, and it resembles the New World Ampelocissus, but is of smaller size. We used it as the fossil calibration to estimate the divergence time of Vitis, similar to the dating analyses of Parthenocissus (Nie et al., 2010), Tetrastigma , Ampelopsis (Nie et al., 2012), and Cissus (Liu et al., 2013) in Vitaceae. This fossil was also commonly used for biogeographic studies on Vitis (Zecca et al., 2012;Wan et al., 2013;Liu et al., 2016;Wen et al., 2018). ...
The north temperate region was characterized by a warm climate and a rich thermophilic flora before the Eocene, but early diversifications of the temperate biome under global climate change and biome shift remain uncertain. Moreover, it is becoming clear that hybridization/introgression is an important driving force of speciation in plant diversity. Here, we applied analyses from biogeography and phylogenetic networks to account for both introgression and incomplete lineage sorting based on genomic data from the New World Vitis, a charismatic component of the temperate North American flora with known and suspected gene flow among species. Biogeographic inference and fossil evidence suggest that the grapes were widely distributed from North America to Europe during the Paleocene to the Eocene, followed by widespread extinction and survival of relicts in the tropical New World. During the climate warming in the early Miocene, a Vitis ancestor migrated northward from the refugia with subsequent diversification in the North American region. We found strong evidence for widespread incongruence and reticulate evolution among nuclear genes within both recent and ancient lineages of the New World Vitis. Furthermore, the organellar genomes showed strong conflicts with the inferred species tree from the nuclear genomes. Our phylogenomic analyses provided an important assessment of the wide occurrence of reticulate introgression in the New World Vitis, which potentially represents one of the most important mechanisms for the diversification of Vitis species in temperate North America and even the entire temperate Northern Hemisphere. The scenario we report here may be a common model of temperate diversification of flowering plants adapted to the global climate cooling and fluctuation in the Neogene. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Biogeographical studies integrating phylogenetic, model-based biogeographical and molecular dating methods have largely focused on the Old and New World floristic disjunction pattern, especially on the amphi-Pacific tropical disjunction (e.g. Beaulieu et al., 2013;Li and Wen, 2013;Liu et al., 2013;Lian et al., 2020). The 'boreotropical flora' hypothesis proposed by Wolfe (1975) has been confirmed to be responsible for this disjunct distribution (Lian et al., 2020). ...
... Importantly, only one or two of these three disjunction patterns are involved in most studies (e.g. Liu et al., 2013;Huang et al., 2016;Lian et al., 2020). To gain a better understanding of their origin and diversification, we need to examine tropical disjuncts in a broader phylogenetic context. ...
Background and aims:
Modern tropical rainforests house the highest biodiversity of the Earth's terrestrial biomes and are distributed in three low-latitude areas. However, the biogeographical patterns and processes underlying the distribution of biodiversity among these three areas are still poorly known. Here, we used Tiliacoreae, a tribe of pantropical lianas with high level of regional endemism, to provide new insights into the biogeographical relationships of tropical rainforests among different continents.
Methods:
Based on seven plastid and two nuclear DNA regions, we reconstructed a phylogeny for Tiliacoreae with the most comprehensive sampling ever. Within the phylogenetic framework, we then estimated divergence times and investigated the spatio-temporal evolution of the tribe.
Key results:
The monophyletic Tiliacoreae contains three major clades, which correspond to Neotropical, Afrotropical and Indo-Malesian/Australasian areas, respectively. Both Albertisia and Anisocycla are not monophyletic. The most recent common ancestor of Tiliacoreae occurred in Indo-Malesia, Afrotropics and Neotropics in the early Eocene, then rapidly diverged into three major clades between 48 Ma and 46 Ma. Three dispersals from Indo-Malesia to Australasia were inferred, one in the middle Eocene and two in the late Oligocene-late Miocene, and two dispersals from Afrotropics to Indo-Malesia occurred in the late Eocene-Oligocene.
Conclusions:
The three main clades of Anisocycla correspond to three distinct genera, i.e., Anisocycla sensu stricto and two new genera (Georgesia and Macrophragma). Epinetrum is a member of Albertisia. Our findings highlight that sea-level fluctuations and climate changes in the Cenozoic have played important roles in shaping the current distribution and endemism of Tiliacoreae, hence contributing to the knowledge on the historical biogeography of tropical rainforests on a global scale.
... Niu sequenced psbA-trnH and 8 other chloroplast loci of 16 individuals of Triplostegia that represented the entire distribution range of both species recognized [20]. Similarly, trnC-petN showed high identification potential in Triticum plants [21], and Liu revealed the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic diversification history of Cissus, which used trnH-psbA and trnC-petN markers [22]. ...
... The PCR amplification and sequencing success rates for psbA-trnH in 122 plant samples of Apocynaceae were 100% and 61%, and the identification efficiency at the species level is 82% [31]. A study used trnC-petN and other markers to construct the relationships and biogeographic diversification history of Cissus [22]. psbA-trnH and trnC-petN fragments can be used as DNA barcode options. ...
DNA barcoding is a supplementary tool in plant systematics that is extensively used to resolve species-level controversies. This study assesses the significance of using two DNA barcoding loci (e.g., psbA-trnH and trnC-petN ) in distinguishing 33 plant samples of the genus Syringa . Results showed that the average genetic distance K2P of psbA-trnH DNA marker was 0.0521, which is much higher than that of trnC-petN , which is 0.0171. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on psbA-trnH and trnC-petN indicated that the identification rate of psbA-trnH and trnC-petN alone were 75% and 62.5%, respectively. The barcode combination of psbA-trnH + trnC-petN could identify 33 samples of the genus Syringa accurately and effectively with an identification rate of 87.5%. The 33 Syringa samples were divided into four groups: Group I is series Syringa represented by Syringa oblata ; Group II is series Villosae represented by Syringa villosa ; Group III is series Pubescentes represented by Syringa meyeri ; and Group IV is section Ligustrina represented by Syringa reticulata subsp. pekinensis . These research results provided strong evidence that the combinatorial barcode of psbA-trnH + trnC-petN had high-efficiency identification ability and application prospects in species of the genus Syringa .
... The biogeographic complexity of the Northern Hemisphere has been attributed to a once widely covered Boreotropical flora with subsequent dynamics of contractions and expansions between tropic and temperate regions (Morris et al., 2007;Nie et al., 2010;Nie et al., 2009;Wen et al., 2002;Yi et al., 2015). The Boreotropical theory postulates the presence of an extensive frost-free and humid belt reaching the northern midlatitudes throughout the Northern Hemisphere during the early Cenozoic era (Tiffney, 1985b;Wolfe, 1975) and has been used to explore the origin and biogeographic diversification of Northern Hemisphere plants (Davis et al., 2002a;Huang et al., 2016;Li et al., 2011;Liu et al., 2013;Tiffney, 1985b). Due to the climate deteriorations after the late Eocene, thermophilic plants were driven to extinction or retreated toward the equator, eventually leading to the disruption of the Boreotropical belt. ...
... The availability of the NALB route between the New and the Old World from the Eocene to the early Miocene is proposed for many tropical angiosperm taxa including lineages of Leguminosae (Hu et al., 2000;Lavin and Luckow, 1993), Malpighiaceae (Davis et al., 2002a), Melastomeae (Renner and Meyer, 2001), Buseraceae (Weeks et al., 2005(Weeks et al., , 2014. Other groups with extant subtropical to temperate distributions may have also been interpreted to have spread between North America and Eurasia through NALB, such as Cornus (Xiang et al., 2005), Guatteria (Erkens et al., 2009), Liquidambar (Ickertbond andWen, 2006), and Cissus (Liu et al., 2013). ...
The Northern Hemisphere was widely covered by a tropical flora (i.e., the Boretropical flora) in the Eocene and the evaluation of plant diversifications in the post-Boreotropical era has become an important challenge to understanding the modern biogeographic complexity in this vast region. Toxicodendron or the poison ivy genus of the sumac family has a temperate to tropical distribution in Asia and North America and can serve as an excellent model for investigating the evolution of the post-Boreotropical biogeographic complexity. Molecular age estimates were calculated using a Bayesian approach with sampling covering the taxonomic diversity and biogeographic distributions within the genus, and sequence data from three nuclear DNA (ITS, ETS, NIA-i3) and two chloroplast (ndhF, trnL-F) regions, combined with calibrations from three fossil records. Ancestral areas were reconstructed using RASP and BioGeoBears. Toxicodendron is estimated to have a Boreotropical origin in the New World in the late Eocene at 37.68 Ma. It then diversified into a subtropical-temperate and a tropical lineage, followed by migrating into eastern Asia via the North Atlantic land bridges in the Oligocene to early Miocene. Two tropical migration events during the Miocene are identified between continental Asia and SE Asia or New Guinea around 20.91 Ma and 14.33 Ma, respectively. Results from this study highlight the importance of the North Atlantic land bridges and eastern Asia in the post-Boreotopical plant divergences in the Northern Hemisphere, especially when biogeographic exchanges between North and South America were limited.
... A characteristic of angiosperm biogeography is intercontinental disjunct distributions of related species. Most of the species exhibiting these distributions are from temperate regions, with only a few being from tropical areas (Qian & Ricklefs, 2000), and intercontinental disjunct distributions of tropical species remain poorly understood (Renner, Clausing & Meyer, 2001;Liu et al., 2013). Previous biogeographic studies of tropical flora have attributed the transtropical disjunctions of higher taxonomic levels to the breakup of Gondwana (Raven & Axelrod, 1974). ...
... This hypothesis supports the migration of some tropical and subtropical lineages between the Old and New World via the Bering and North Atlantic land bridges (NALB) during the early Tertiary ( Davis et al., 2004;Li et al., 2011). Nevertheless, biogeographical analyses have supported trans-oceanic long-distance dispersal as an alternative explanation, especially when divergence times are too recent to implicate vicariance via tectonic plate movement or boreotropical migration (Clayton, Soltis & Soltis, 2009;Bartish et al., 2011;Liu et al., 2013). ...
We conducted a biogeographic analysis of Musaceae, emphasizing the importance of the fossil record to understand the early evolutionary history of the family. Molecular dating and integration of biogeographic reconstructions suggest a boreotropical origin for Musaceae across the landmasses of North America+Europe+Asia. We hypothesize that North America and Europe may be considered the grave of the more ancient lineages of Musaceae and tropical Asia as the cradle of more recent lineages of the family. The incorporation of fossil information in ancestral reconstructions improves the biogeographical history and expands hypotheses about the early evolution of Musaceae.
... The family Vitaceae consists of approximately 14 genera and about 900 species primarily distributed in tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Australia, Neotropics and the Pacific islands, with a few genera in temperate regions (Soejima and Wen 2006). Cissus is among the largest genera of the family Vitaceae which comprises about 300 species (Liu et al. 2013). Different parts of Cissus plants are employed in the treatment of different ailments (Doughari 2012, Fernandes and Banu 2012, Sudmoon et al. 2016. ...
Cissus oliveri (Engl.) Gilg ex Engl. is among the plant species of the family Vitaceae widely used in traditional medicine for management of different ailments. This study aimed at assessing the phytochemicals of C. oliveri parts in order to provide scientific validation for its use as a therapeutic agent. Qualitative analysis of water and ethanolic extracts was conducted by using standard methods and the results revealed that all the parts possess alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and tannins. Similarly, glycosides and saponins were only present in leaf and root. Quantitative analysis performed by gravimetric and spectrophotometric methods showed that all parts contain alkaloids, phenol, and tannins in large quantities. The largest amount was found in leaf for alkaloids (6.47 ± 0.41 mg/g DW) and phenols (4.85 ± 0.90 mg/g DW) compared to stem and root. Alkaloid content was higher in root than in stem (P < 0.01), whereas phenol content was the same in root and stem (p > 0.05). Further, there was no significant difference in tannins content among all the plant parts assessed. The presence and quantities of active phytochemicals in C. oliveri call for further investigations on the bioactivities of the extracts and isolated chemical constituents for potential pharmacological applications.
... Plateau, revealing that long-distance migration from old core distribution areas to new ones can follow climatic oscillations (Clayton et al., 2009;Givnish et al., 2016;Liu, Ickert-Bond, et al., 2013;Nakamura et al., 2012). ...
Paeonia decomposita, Paeonia rotundiloba, and Paeonia rockii are three closely related species of Sect. Moutan is distributed in the montane area of the Eastern Hengduan Mountain region. Understanding the population history of these three tree peony species could contribute to unraveling the evolutionary patterns of undergrowth species in this hotspot area. We used one nuclear DNA marker (internal transcribed spacer region, ITS) and two chloroplast DNA markers (matK, ycf1) to reconstruct the phylogeographic pattern of the populations. In total, 228 individuals from 17 populations of the three species were analyzed in this study. Three nuclear clades (Clade I - Clade III) and four maternal clades (Clade A - Clade D) were reconstructed. Molecular dating suggested that young lineages diverged during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, younger than the uplift of the Hengduan Mountains but older than the last glacial maximum (LGM). Significant population and phylogeographic structures were detected at both markers. Furthermore, the populations of these tree peonies were overall at equilibrium during the climatic oscillations of the Pleistocene. The simulated palaeoranges of the three species during the LGM period mostly overlapped, which could have led to cross-breeding events. We propose an evolutionary scenario in which mountain orogenesis around the Hengduan Mountain area triggered parapatric isolation between maternal lineages of tree peonies. Subsequent climatic fluctuations drove migration and range recontact of these populations along the valleys. This detailed evolutionary history provides new insights into the phylogeographic pattern of species from mountain-valley systems.
... A similar type of resolution difficulties involving C. antarctica Vent. were also documented in earlier studies, and for that reason, the Cissus is considered a polyphyletic clade as well (Rossetto et al. 2002(Rossetto et al. , 2007Liu et al. 2013). In the future, we believe that resolving this evolutionary uncertainty will be made easier by increasing the number of Cissus species, as well as with the inclusion of organellar and nuclear markers. ...
Unlabelled:
Cissus quadrangularis L., a member of the Vitaceae family, is an important medicinal plant with widespread application in Indian traditional medicines. C. quadrangularis L. whole chloroplast genome of 160,404 bp was assembled using a genome skimming approach from the whole genome library. The assembled chloroplast genome contained a large single-copy region (88,987 bp), a small single-copy region (18,621 bp), and pairs of inverted repeat regions (26,398 bp). It also comprised 133 genes, including 37 tRNAs, eight rRNAs, and 88 protein-coding genes. Aside from that, we annotated three genes atpH, petB, and psbL, as well as one duplicated copy of the ycf1 gene in C. quadrangularis L. that had previously been missing from the annotation of compared Cissus chloroplast genomes. Five divergent hotspot regions such as petA_psbJ (0.1237), rps16_trnQ-UUG (0.0913), psbC_trnS-UGA (0.0847), rps15_ycf1 (0.0788), and rps2_rpoC2 (0.0788) were identified in the investigation that could aid in future species discrimination. Surprisingly, we found the overlapping genes ycf1 and ndhF on the IRb/SSC junction, rarely seen in angiosperms. The results of the phylogenetic study showed that the genomes of the Cissus species under study formed a single distinct clade. The detailed annotations given in this study could be useful in the future for genome annotations of Cissus species. The current findings of the study have the potential to serve as a useful resource for future research in the field of population genetics and the evolutionary relationships in the Cissus genus.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01312-w.
... In recent years, several wild grapes have been well documented as important genetic resources showing resistance genes against environmental stresses and diseases as well as important sources of molecules beneficial to human health (Szekeres et al., 2011;Lekshmi et al., 2015;Méndez-López et al., 2020). As a consequence of the development of new molecular biology techniques and the increasing interest in wild relatives, the phylogeny of the grape family based on plastid DNA has improved greatly over the last decade allowing the identification of five major clades in the family: the Ampelocissus-Vitis-Nothocissus-Pterisanthes clade, the Parthenocissus-Yua clade, the Cayratia-Cyphostemma-Tetrastigma clade, the Cissus clade, and the Ampelopsis-Rhoicissus-Clematicissus clade (Liu et al., 2013Zhang et al., 2015b;Lu et al., 2018). Positive selection in grape plastomes has been investigated only in a few taxa (Yue et al., 2010;Raman and Park, 2016;Yu et al., 2019), but the substitution rate heterogeneity observed in non-coding sequences suggests that different lineages may have accelerated or slowed down during their evolution (Zecca et al., 2020a). ...
Background and Aims
Although the plastid genes are being largely used in phylogenetic studies, signals of positive selection have been scarcely investigated in grape family. The plastomes from 91 accessions of Vitaceae were examined to understand the extent to which positive selection is present and to identify which genes are involved. Moreover, the changes through time of genes under episodic positive selection were investigated and the hypothesis of an adaptive process following the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K/Pg) transition about 66 Ma was tested.
Methods
Different codon-substitution models were used to assess pervasive and episodic positive selection events on 70 candidate plastid genes. Divergence times between lineages were estimated and stochastic character mapping analysis was used to simulate variation over time of the genes found under episodic positive selection.
Key Results
A total of 20 plastid genes (29%) showed positive selection. Among them 14 genes showed pervasive signatures of positive selection and 9 genes showed episodic signatures of positive selection. In particular, 4 out of 9 genes (psbK, rpl20, rpoB, rps11) exhibited a similar pattern showing an increase in the rate of variation close to the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K/Pg) transition.
Conclusion
Multiple analyses have shown that grape family have experienced ancient and recent positive selection events and that the targeted genes are involved in essential functions such as photosynthesis, self-replication and metabolism. Our results are consistent with the idea that the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K/Pg) transition has favoured an increased rate of change in some genes. The intense environmental perturbations have influenced the rapid diversification of certain lineages and new mutations arising on some plastid genes may have been fixed by natural selection in the course of many generations.
... ex Knight [Barker et al., 2007]), and Vitaceae (30-36 Ma for the divergence of members of Cissus L. s.l. [Nie et al., 2012;Liu et al., 2013]). ...
... Previous phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses using sequences from chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genomes consistently support five major clades within Vitaceae: the Ampelopsis sensu lato (s.l.) clade, the Ampelocissus-Vitis clade, the Parthenocissus-Yua clade, the core Cissus clade, and the Cayratia-Cyphostemma-Tetrastigma (CCT) clade (Soejima & Wen, 2006;Wen, 2007;Ren et al., 2011;Trias-Blasi et al., 2012;Wen et al., 2013b;Zhang et al., 2015;Lu et al., 2018a). Generic circumscriptions in Vitaceae have changed substantially with recent progress in reconstructing phylogenetic relationships of the family (e.g., Liu et al., 2013Liu et al., , 2016Lu et al., 2013). Several genera have been segregated to maintain the monophyly of each genus in Vitaceae, for example, Causonis Raf. ...
The genus Cayratia Juss. in the traditional sense (i.e., Cayratia s.l.) of the grape family has been shown to be non-monophyletic. Previous studies supported the splitting of Cayratia s.l. into three genera, that is, Cayratia s.s., Causonis Raf., and a new genus representing the African Cayratia clade. However, the morphology of the African Cayratia clade has not been studied carefully and its phylogenetic position within Vitaceae remains unclear. Our study integrates molecular, distributional, and morphological data and supports the recognition of the new genus Afrocayratia from continental Africa and Madagascar. Phylogenetic analyses strongly support the monophyly of Afrocayratia and resolve it as a sister of Cayratia s.s. based on the chloroplast data, but it is placed sister to Cyphostemma based on the internal transcribed spacer dataset. Molecular dating suggests that Afrocayratia split with Cayratia s.s. during the Paleocene, but that the extant species of Afrocayratia did not diversify until the early Miocene. Afrocayratia differs from its allied genera in having short stigmas and seeds with subcircular ventral infold cavities in cross-section. Three clades are detected within Afrocayratia, with A. debilis (Baker) J.Wen & L.M.Lu as the first diverged lineage. The second diverged lineage includes A. delicatula (Willems). The third diverged lineage includes A. imerinensis (Baker) J.Wen & L.M.Lu, A. longiflora (Desc.) J.Wen & Rabarijaona, and A. triternata (Baker) J.Wen & Rabarijaona from Madagascar, which form a monophyletic group that diverged from the second lineage in the middle Miocene. Combining the morphological and molecular evidence, we formally describe the new genus Afrocayratia, make seven new combinations, and provide a key to species of the genus.
... Ma; Fig. S4) in the Miocene. Although it may seem difficult for organisms to migrate between tropical Asia and Central and South America, this type of disjunction has been documented in both plants (e.g., Li & Wen, 2013;Liu et al., 2013;Li et al., 2017;Martín-Bravo et al., 2019;Otero et al., 2019;Valcárcel & Wen, 2019) and animals (e.g., Sharma & Giribet, 2012;Chen et al., 2013). The golden-yellow pericarps and the red, fleshy arils in Celastrus, which are attractive to birds, may have facilitated LDD between tropical Asia and Central and South America. ...
The mechanisms underlying the origin, evolution and distributional patterns of organisms are a major focus of biogeography. Vicariance and long‐distance dispersal (LDD) are two important explanations for disjunct distribution patterns among lineages. In‐depth biogeographic studies of taxa that exhibit wide‐ranging disjunctions can provide valuable information for addressing the relative importance of these biogeographic mechanisms. The genus Celastrus contains ca. 30 species that are disjunctly distributed in five continents of both Northern and Southern Hemisphere, providing an excellent system for historical biogeographic analyses. Here, we used sequence data from five markers (nuclear ETS and ITS, and plastid psbA‐trnH , rpl16 and trnL‐F ) to reconstruct the phylogeny of Celastrus and investigate its phylogenetic relationships with Tripterygium , estimate clade divergence times using the fossil‐calibrated method, and infer its ancestral distribution range. Celastrus and Tripterygium were each supported as monophyletic. The morphology‐based classification systems were not supported by the phylogenetic results. The divergence time between Celastrus and Tripterygium was estimated to be 26.22 Ma (95% HPD: 24.46–28.17 Ma), and the diversification of Celastrus were suggested to be linked to global warming events during the Miocene. Celastrus was suggested to have a tropical Asian origin, and dispersed to Central and South America, North America, Oceania, and Madagascar at different period, most probably through LDD. Birds may have facilitated transoceanic migrations of Celastrus because of its bi‐colored fruits, which contain red and fleshy arils. Our results highlight the importance of key morphological innovations and animal‐mediated dispersals for the rapid diversification of plant lineages across vast distributional ranges.
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... The genus Cissus is considered the most abundant within the Vitaceae family with approximately 350 species worldwide distributed in the tropical regions [10]. The extracts of plants belonging to this genus are used in the treatment of various pathologies [11][12][13][14][15]. ...
AIMS: The objective of this study was to identify the phytochemical profile and to evaluate the biological effects of the crude ethanolic extract (EE) and the ethanolic fraction (EF) of leaves of the species Cissus spinosa Cambess, after oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide (CP) in mice.METHODS: Phytochemical profile was performed detecting functional groups and, analysis of total flavonoids and phenols concentration, as well as the antiradical activity in EE and EF. The phytochemical characterization was done for the identification of flavonoids present in the leaves of the plant. In the biochemical tests, hematological parameters, glucose and total cholesterol dosages in plasma, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and lipid damage marker were evaluated in different tissues (liver, kidney and heart), besides genotoxic and immunological analyzes. The animals received 15 days of treatment, via gavage, with EE (50 mg kg-1) or EF (50 mg kg-1) and on the 15th day, an intraperitoneal injection of CP (100 mg kg-1) or saline (0.9%). After 24 h the last treatment, the animals were anesthetized for blood withdrawal, sacrificed and removal of the organs.RESULTS: In the phytochemical analyzes, the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and phenols was identified, the latter presented a higher concentration for EF. Eight flavonoids were identified - Rutin, Quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside, Quercitrin, Taxifolin, Quercetin, Canferol, Luteolin and Apigenin. In the biochemical analyzes, in general, EE showed a better antioxidant action against oxidative damages, hypoglycemic and antitilipemic action when comparing with EF, probably due to the synergism caused by flavonoids. It was observed the reduction and an increase of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, due to the action of antioxidant compounds and alkaloids present in the plant, also considering the question of the seasonal period that directly interferes in the production of these compounds. In the immunological analysis, the extracts did not stimulate the spontaneous production of oxygen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO•). CONCLUSIONS: Other studies, such as the variation of the chemical composition of the plant by local seasonality, hypoglycemic and antilipemic action, should be carried out to better delineate the biological action present in this plant.
... ent at 11.31 Ma (95% HPD: 5.54-18.30 Ma; node 6 in Table 4 and Fig. 7). Africa and Madagascar were separated by the Mozambique Channel (ca. 430 km wide) from 120-116 Ma (Rabinowitz & al., 1983;Ali & Aitchison, 2008), but many plant taxa have shown the African-Madagascan disjunctions with much younger divergence times (Renner, 2004;Zhou & al., 2012;X.Q. Liu & al., 2013X.Q. Liu & al., , 2016Lu & al., 2013). Ali & Huber (2010) proposed oceanic currents from the Eocene to the early Miocene might have enabled the transport of vegetation from northeastern Mozambique and Tanzania to Madagascar, which may explain the dispersal from Africa to Madagascar in our case, dating to 17.54 Ma (95% HPD: 10.08-26.74 Ma ...
Pyrularia is a small parasitic genus of the Santalales with two to five species exhibiting a well‐known classical intercontinental disjunct distribution between eastern Asia (EA) and eastern North America (ENA). Pyrularia and another santalaceous genus Buckleya represent the only two parasitic plant lineages with the EA–ENA disjunction. The present study was carried out to assess the species number and molecular and morphological differentiation in Pyrularia, and to reconstruct the biogeography of the Pyrularia clade (Pyrularia and its close allies) using dating and biogeographic inferences. A phylogenetic analysis based on two nuclear and seven plastid markers strongly supported the monophyly of Pyrularia and revealed two highly distinct subclades corresponding to EA and ENA within the genus. Incongruent topologies within the eastern Asian lineage were found between the nuclear and the plastid datasets, which may be attributed to incomplete lineage sorting. Morphometric and phylogenetic analyses suggest that Pyrularia in eastern Asia may best be treated as a single species, P. edulis. Molecular dating based on four markers suggested that the divergence time between the intercontinental species was in the late Miocene at 5.58 Ma (95% HPD: 2.08–11.72 Ma), which was close to the split of the trans‐Pacific clades within the other parasitic EA–ENA disjunct genus Buckleya. The EA–ENA disjunction in the only two parasitic genera may have resulted from the fragmentation of the mesophytic temperate forests in the late Miocene. The Pyrularia clade (including the close allies of Pyrularia) was inferred to have originated in Africa, then dispersed to Asia, and subsequently to North America via the Bering land bridge, resulting in the current intercontinental EA–ENA distribution of Pyrularia.
... Cissus L. is seen widely distributed in the tropical regions such as Africa (ca.135 species), Southern Asia (ca. 85 species), Australia (ca.12 species) and the Americas (77 species) 3 . C. latifolia is a woody climber with leaf-opposed tendrils, which may be modified to form an inflorescence. ...
ABSTRACT: Cissus latifolia Lam. (Vitaceae) is a woody climber with leafopposed tendrils. It is a medicinal plant used in the traditional system of medicine
for the treatment of various ailments. The present study focused on the identification
and qualitative determination of phytoconstituent types and establishment of the
HPTLC fingerprint profile of the hot and cold extracts of C. latifolia. Preliminary
phytochemical screening was done to identify the class of compounds present.
HPTLC analyses of eight different extracts were carried out with the most suitable
mobile phase system using the Camag HPTLC instrument consisting of Linomat- V
automated spotter having a 100 μl syringe connected to a nitrogen cylinder, twintrough developing chamber, scanner-III and viewing cabinet with dual wavelength
UV lamps (Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland). Qualitative phytochemical screening
revealed the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, alkaloids, steroids,
terpenoids, saponins, quinines, anthraquinones and phenol in the stem of C. latifolia.
The HPTLC profiling of eight different extracts showed the presence of alkaloids,
flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and tannins with different Rf values. The results of
preliminary phytochemical screening and HPTLC fingerprint obtained from this
study can be used as a reference for the standardization and quality control of Cissus
latifolia stem.
... In addition, we limited the maximum range size to two, as individual Sageretia spp. are found in no more than two regions (Liu et al., 2013). Other parameters set here included were fivemillion-generations, one cold Markov chain and nine hot chains, temperature increments of 0.1; F81 as the state frequencies model and Gamma (+G) as the among-site variation rate. ...
Sageretia (Rhamnaceae) comprises c. 35 species of climbers and shrubs adapted to tropical and warm climates. The genus shows a disjunct distribution, with species in the Old and New Worlds. Aiming to trace the evolutionary history of Sageretia and understand its current Old-New World distribution pattern, we reconstructed phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical history of this taxon based on two nuclear (ITS, ETS) and three plastid (psbA-trnH, petA-psbJ and trnL-trnF) loci, against the backdrop of tribe Rhamneae. Phylogenetic analyses show that Sageretia is monophyletic and can be subdivided into three clades that are also supported by morphological and distributional data. Dating analyses and ancestral area reconstructions indicate that Sageretia probably originated in tropical Asia during the Eocene. Until the Miocene, it spread northwards, colonizing areas that became suitable due to the retreat of the arid belt, and it subsequently dispersed to the New World via the Beringian Land Bridge (BLB) and to Africa via Arabia. Global cooling, which began in the late Eocene, may have caused the split between the tropical Asian lineage (clade I) and its warm-range sister lineage (consisting of clades II and III), and the breaking of the BLB triggered the divergence of the warm-range lineage into Old World (clade II) and New World (clade III) lineages.
... The ancestor of Plukenetia corniculata most likely underwent a trans-Indian Ocean long-distance dispersal from Africa into Southeast Asia in the Pliocene (Fig. 3). Africa-to-Asia long-distance dispersals are still poorly understood but are indicated for several taxa starting from the Oligocene, including Begonia (Begoniaceae) [131], Exacum (Gentianaceae) [132], Osbeckia (Melastomataceae) [133], Eurycoma (Simaroubaceae) [134], and Cissus (Vitaceae) [135]. The Pliocene divergence of P. corniculata post-dates migration or step-wise dispersal via the Indian subcontinent or Eocene boreotropical forest, which emphasizes the probable role of the Indian Ocean equatorial countercurrent in transporting tangled plant mats from Africa to Southeast Asia [126,136]. ...
Background
Plukenetia is a small pantropical genus of lianas and vines with variably sized edible oil-rich seeds that presents an ideal system to investigate neotropical and pantropical diversification patterns and seed size evolution. We assessed the biogeography and seed evolution of Plukenetia through phylogenetic analyses of a 5069 character molecular dataset comprising five nuclear and two plastid markers for 86 terminals in subtribe Plukenetiinae (representing 20 of ~ 23 Plukenetia species). Two nuclear genes, KEA1 and TEB, were used for phylogenetic reconstruction for the first time. Our goals were: (1) produce a robust, time-dependent evolutionary framework for Plukenetia using BEAST; (2) reconstruct its biogeographical history with ancestral range estimation in BioGeoBEARS; (3) define seed size categories; (4) identify patterns of seed size evolution using ancestral state estimation; and (5) conduct regression analyses with putative drivers of seed size using the threshold model.
Results
Plukenetia was resolved into two major groups, which we refer to as the pinnately- and palmately-veined clades. Our analyses suggest Plukenetia originated in the Amazon or Atlantic Forest of Brazil during the Oligocene (28.7 Mya) and migrated/dispersed between those regions and Central America/Mexico throughout the Miocene. Trans-oceanic dispersals explain the pantropical distribution of Plukenetia, including from the Amazon to Africa in the Early Miocene (17.4 Mya), followed by Africa to Madagascar and Africa to Southeast Asia in the Late Miocene (9.4 Mya) and Pliocene (4.5 Mya), respectively. We infer a single origin of large seeds in the ancestor of Plukenetia. Seed size fits a Brownian motion model of trait evolution and is moderately to strongly associated with plant size, fruit type/dispersal syndrome, and seedling ecology. Biome shifts were not drivers of seed size, although there was a weak association with a transition to fire prone semi-arid savannas.
Conclusions
The major relationships among the species of Plukenetia are now well-resolved. Our biogeographical analyses support growing evidence that many pantropical distributions developed by periodic trans-oceanic dispersals throughout the Miocene and Pliocene. Selection on a combination of traits contributed to seed size variation, while movement between forest edge/light gap and canopy niches likely contributed to the seed size extremes in Plukenetia.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1308-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
... Vitales has been supported as one of the basal lineages of rosids with its closest relative remaining controversial (Zhang et al., 2015;Zeng et al., 2017). Extensive global collecting efforts and collaborative research from several teams across the globe have established the phylogenetic framework for the family (e.g., Rossetto et al., 2001Rossetto et al., , 2002Rossetto et al., , 2007Ingrouille et al., 2002;Soejima & Wen, 2006;Wen et al., 2007Wen et al., , 2013Ren et al., 2011;Trias-Blasi et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2015;Lu et al., 2018) and most of its genera (e.g., Nie et al., 2010Nie et al., , 2012Chen et al., 2011;Liu et al., 2013Liu et al., , 2016Lu et al., 2013;Rodrigues et al., 2014;Habib et al., 2017). In particular, recent phylogenomic analyses of data from all three genomes support five major clades in Vitaceae Zhang et al., 2015;Lu et al., 2018). ...
The grape family Vitaceae include 16 genera and ca. 950 species that are primarily distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, with a few genera extending to the temperate regions (Wen, 2007; Wen et al., 2018c). Vitaceae are economically well‐known as sources of wine, grapes, and raisins, and have therefore attracted extensive studies of their germplasm resources (Gerrath et al., 2015). The family is also ecologically important with many species as dominant climbers in tropical and temperate forests, savannas, and limestone mountains (Gentry, 1991; Wang et al., 2015), which may serve as an ideal model to investigate the association between habitat shifts and key innovations.
... Constructed phylogenetic trees by using the MP (Maximum Parsimony) and NJ (Neighbor-joining) methods were indicated in Fig. 1. The trnL-F region of cp DNA of grapevine cultivars has been known important to detect the genetic relationships (25). In this study, also a trnL-F region of cpDNA was found to be more valuable in term of phylogenetic analysis of grape varieties. ...
The quality of grape cultivars not only depends on the grape cultivar but also is influenced by the molecular concepts and agro-climatic factors. For this purpose, four different grape cultivars were collected from five different locations in Siirt province (Turkey). Totally twenty different grape cultivars were investigated. In the present study, the antioxidant activity (total phenolic, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin content, DPPH and FRAP activity) in seeds were indicated and phylogenetic analysis (cpDNA;trnL-F region) of twenty native grape cultivars were investigated to construct their phylogenetic tree. According to reported data on antioxidant activity and content of phytochemicals, all cultivars exhibited different values from each other, but Rutik and Gadüv cultivars were found as significantly higher in comparison to others. According to bioinformatics analysis, twenty grape cultivars were distributed into six different major groups. Rutik and Sevkeye cultivars exhibit significant distinction from other grape cultivars. The phylogenetic analysis was also associated and supported with the results of obtained data from bioactivity. The bioactivity and phylogenetic analysis were firstly identified and quantified in these grape cultivars, however, with regard to obtained data from the current study, the grape cultivars grown in Siirt province were indicated significant and valuable results and as a result, these cultivars have to be evaluated before extinction.
... Several authors explained amphi-Pacific or amphi-Atlantic distributions by the disruptions of the Boreotropics (e.g. Antonelli et al., 2009;Hennequin et al., 2010b;Couvreur et al., 2011;Manns et al., 2012;Liu et al., 2013;Smedmark et al., 2014;Wei et al., 2015), notably explaining disjunction between temperate and tropical regions (Weeks et al., 2014). Applied to Phlegmariurus, this hypothesis implies that the ancestor of modern Phlegmariurus was a northern lineage in the Boreotropics. ...
Madagascar is a continental island in the Indian Ocean, near African coasts. It is also a biodiversity hotspot, comprising more than 12,000 species of vascular plants and including more than 600 fern species with an endemism reaching the 45%. Comparatively, continental Africa comprises only 800 species. How can such a diversity be explained in Madagascar? What are the biogeographical origins of the Malagasy ferns? Thanks to new data combined to the literature, hypotheses on the biogeographical history of Malagasy ferns are here proposed.Four fern taxa were newly investigated: grammitid and blechnoid subfamilies, Rumohra and Lindsaea-Odontosoria, as well as Phlegmariurus, a genus of lycophytes considered as a phylogenetic replicate in another vascular spore-bearing plant lineage. The biogeographical history of the Malagasy lineages was inferred, based on worldwide molecular phylogenies completed by Malagasy species, molecular dating and ancestral area estimates.Despite its Gondwanian origin, ferns and lycophytes would have colonized Madagascar after its isolation, during the Cenozoic (< 66 Ma), from the Neotropics (South America), Africa and tropical Asia s.l. (meaning from continental Asia to Southeast Asia and Australasia). Dispersal events were especially inferred from the Miocene (< 23 Ma). These results could be explained by the combination of events during the Cenozoic (establishment of the Malagasy rainforests, onset of wind currents allowing spore dispersal) and ecological preferences of ferns and lycophytes for elevated tropical rainforests that have established from the Miocene in the source regions.
... Several authors explained amphi-Pacific or amphi-Atlantic distributions by the disruptions of the Boreotropics (e.g. Antonelli et al., 2009;Couvreur et al., 2011;Hennequin et al., 2010;Liu et al., 2013;Manns et al., 2012;Smedmark et al., 2014;Wei et al., 2015), notably explaining disjunction between temperate and tropical regions (Weeks et al., 2014). Applied to Phlegmariurus, this hypothesis implies that the ancestor of modern Phlegmariurus was a northern lineage in the Boreotropics. ...
... This cube is not meant to be exhaustive, and in particular, it ignores sexual selection, breeding system, and gene content/genomic structuring. 2013Wan et al., 2013), multiple phylogenetic analyses have clarified relationships within Vitaceae using a variety of molecular markers (Ren et al., 2011;Wen et al., 2013;Zhang et al., 2015a;Liu et al., 2016;Habib et al., 2017;Lu et al., 2018), and prior biogeographic analyses have begun to reconstruct the spatial context of diversification in Vitaceae (Nie et al., 2010(Nie et al., , 2012Liu et al., 2013Liu et al., , 2016Lu et al., 2013;Wan et al., 2013). We use information from 5 loci, including chloroplast and nuclear markers, fossil calibration dates, specimen occurrence records, and morphological data to reconstruct the spatial and temporal context of evolutionary diversification of Cyphostemma. ...
Multiple processes ‐ including dispersal, morphological innovation, and habitat change ‐ are frequently cited as catalysts for increased diversification. We investigate these processes and the causal linkages among them in the genus Cyphostemma (Vitaceae), a clade comprising ∼200 species that is unique in the Vitaceae for its diversity of growth habits. We reconstruct time‐calibrated evolutionary relationships among 64 species in the genus using five nuclear and chloroplast markers, and infer the group's morphological and biogeographic history. We test for changes in speciation rate, and evaluate the temporal association and sequencing of events with respect to dispersal, habitat change, and morphological evolution using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. In Cyphostemma, neither dispersal nor morphological evolution is associated with shifts in speciation rate, but dispersal is associated with evolutionary shifts in growth form. Evolution of stem succulence, in particular, is associated with adaptation to local, pre‐existing conditions following long‐distance dispersal, not habitat change in situ. We suggest that the pattern of association between dispersal, morphological innovation, and diversification may depend on the particular characters under study. Lineages with evolutionarily labile characters, such as stem succulence, do not necessarily conform to the notion of niche conservatism and instead demonstrate remarkable morphological adaptation to local climate and edaphic conditions following dispersal.
... The grape team has especially emphasized the training of many young colleagues from different parts of the world, using the family as an example of how this synthetic way of examining taxa works and ultimately providing a training module for systematics and evolution. The last decade of such studies has brought important new discoveries of three of the 17 genera of the family, the oldest fossil record from the late Cretaceous of India, many newly discovered species, and the employment of the family to explore the assembly of the viny plant elements across various biomes around the globe (e.g., Liu et al., 2013Liu et al., , 2016Dang et al., 2017;Habib et al., 2017Habib et al., , 2018Lu et al., 2018;Pace et al., 2018;Wen et al., 2018b). It is a model for a holistic treatment of a natural group of organisms that at its core depends on historical and modern collections. ...
Discoveries from collections‐based science change the way we perceive ourselves, our environment, and our place in the universe. The 18th Century saw the beginning of formal classification with Linnaeus proposing a system to classify all of life. The 19th Century ushered in the age of exploration as naturalists undertook large‐scale collecting expeditions leading to major scientific advances (the founding of Physical Geography, Meteorology, Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution) and challenging long held beliefs about nature. In the 20th Century collections were central to paradigm shifts, including theories of Continental Drift and Phylogenetic Systematics; Molecular Phylogenetics added testable hypotheses, and computerized specimen records gave rise to the field of Biodiversity. In the first 15 years of the 21st Century we have seen tree‐thinking pervade the life sciences, leading to the emergence of Evolutionary Medicine, Evolutionary Ecology, and new Food Safety methods. More advances are on the way: 1) Open access to large amounts of specimen data & images, 2) Linking of collections and climate data to phylogenies on a global scale, and 3) Production of vast quantities of genomic data allowing us to address big evolutionary questions. As a result of collections‐based science people see themselves not as the center of all things but rather as part of a complex universe. It is essential that we integrate new discoveries with knowledge from the past (e.g., collections) in order to understand this planet, we all inhabit. To ensure the health of collections‐based science we must come together and plan for the future.
... The amphi-Pacific disjunct distribution pattern is shown in over 100 plant taxa and its origin remains poorly understood (Thorne, 1972;van Steenis, 1962). Recent molecular dating and phylogenetic analyses, however, suggested that a boreotropical origin of the amphi-Pacific disjunct plants may have occurred more frequently than previously recognized (Antonelli et al., 2009;Fritsch et al., 2015;Li et al., 2011Li and Wen, 2013, 2014Liu et al., 2013;Wei et al., 2015). Meliosma is disjunctly distributed in warm temperate to tropical regions of southern and eastern Asia and the Americas (Fig. 1;van Beusekom, 1971). ...
... Planch., Pseudocayratia J. Wen, L. M. Lu & Z. D. Chen, and Acareosperma Gagnep.; (iv) Parthenocisseae, including two genera of Parthenocissus and Yua C. L. Li; and (v) Viteae, including the grape genus Vitis and the expanded Ampelocissus Planch. (Soejima & Wen, 2006;Wen et al., 2007Wen et al., , 2013Wen et al., , 2018Ren et al., 2011;Lu et al., 2012Lu et al., , 2013Lu et al., , 2018Liu et al., 2013). The backbone relationship of the grape family has also been well resolved with recent phylogenomic analyses of hundreds of nuclear genes from transcriptome data and the chloroplast and mitochondrial phylogenomic data (Zhang et al., 2015). ...
Genome size variation is of fundamental biological importance and has been a longstanding puzzle in evolutionary biology. In the present study, the genome size of 61 accessions corresponding to ten genera and 50 species of Vitaceae and Leeaceae is determined using flow cytometry. Phylogenetically based statistical analyses were used to infer ancestral character reconstructions of nuclear DNA contents. The DNA 1C-values of 38 species are reported for the first time here, with the largest genome (Cyphostemma humile, 1C = 3.25 pg) roughly 10.48-fold larger than the smallest (Vitis vulpina, 1C = 0.31pg). The large genomes are restricted to the tribe Cayratieae, and most other extant species in the family possess relatively small genomes. Ancestral genome size reconstruction revealed that the most recent common ancestor for the family had a relatively small genome (1C = 0.85 pg). Genome evolution in Vitaceae has been characterized by a trend towards genome size reduction, with just one episode of apparent DNA accumulation in the Cayratieae lineage. Such contrasting patterns of genome size evolution probably resulted from transposable elements and chromosome rearrangements, while neopolyploidization seems to contribute to recent genome increase in some species at the tips in the family tree.
... Continental terrestrial taxa may be analysed on the basis of AEs analytically defined for the studied group (e.g. Díaz Gómez 2011;Liu et al. 2013;Da Silva et al. 2017) or on the basis of AEs proposed for other taxa (e.g. Echeverry and Morrone 2013;Morrone 2014b;Paladini et al. 2015). ...
One of the recurrent themes in historical biogeography relates to the units of analysis, their definition and identification. Although areas of endemism are usually accepted as the standard units of study, other units have been suggested, as well as several methods for identifying them. There is no consensus on which units are best suited for the studies; however, the effect of the units and area schemes on analytical results is acknowledged. Here, I review the literature on biogeographic units, their uses and recommendations, highlighting the relevance of the use of more than one area-classification scheme in empirical studies.
Background and aims:
CAM photosynthesis is hypothesized to have evolved in atmospheres of low CO2 concentration in recent geological time because of its ability to concentrate CO2 around Rubisco and boost water use efficiency relative to C3 photosynthesis. We assessed this hypothesis by compiling estimates of when CAM clades arose using phylogenetic chronograms for 72 CAM clades. We further considered evidence of how atmospheric CO2 affects CAM relative to C3 photosynthesis.
Results:
Where CAM origins can be inferred, strong CAM is estimated to have appeared in the past 30 million years (Ma) in 46 of 48 examined clades, after atmospheric CO2 had declined from high (near 800 ppm) to lower (<450 ppm) values. In turn, 21 of 25 clades containing CAM species (but where CAM origins are less certain) also arose in the past 30 Ma. In these clades, CAM is likely younger than the clade origin. We found evidence for repeated weak CAM evolution during the higher CO2 conditions before 30 million years ago, and possible strong CAM origins in the Crassulaceae in the Cretaceous period prior to atmospheric CO2. Most CAM-specific clades arose in the past 15 Ma, in a similar pattern observed for origins of C4 clades.
Conclusions:
The evidence indicates strong CAM repeatedly evolved in reduced CO2 conditions of the past 30 million years. Weaker CAM can predate low CO2 and, in the Crassulaceae, strong CAM may also have arisen in water-limited microsites under relatively high CO2. Experimental evidence from extant CAM species demonstrates that elevated CO2 reduces the importance of nocturnal CO2 fixation by increasing the contribution of C3 photosynthesis to daily carbon gain. Thus, the advantage of strong CAM would be reduced in high CO2, such that its evolution appears less likely and restricted to more extreme environments than possible in low CO2.
Cissus montana (Lauterb.) Jackes & Trias-Blasi comb. & stat. nov. from New Guinea was initially described by Lauterbach in 1925 as C. adnata var. montana Lauterb. A comparison of herbarium material indicated that this variety was distinct from C. adnata Roxb. and should be recognised at species rank. The newly recognised species is fully described with notes provided on distribution, habitat, phenology
and typification. It is easily distinguished by a carpet-like indumentum of rusty-brown 2-armed hairs on the abaxial leaf surface. A lectotype is selected for C. adnata var. montana.
We examined here the diversity and distribution of Vitaceae species in Ceará state, Brazil, as part of the “Flora of Ceará Project: knowing to conserve”, analyzing the morphological characters of specimens collected in the field, those available in the ALCB, BHCB, EAC, CEN, EAFM, HCDAL, HST, HUEFS, HUVA, HVASF, IAN, IPA, K, MBM, MOSS, NY, P, R, UEC, and US herbaria or in the specialized literature. We include here an identification key, occurrence maps, morphological descriptions, and comments concerning their ecology. The main morphological features for species delimiting were leaf type and symmetry, trichome and tendril types, presence or absence of streaks on branches, stipule, flower bud and fruit shape. Eleven species of Vitaceae included within two genera were recorded in Ceará: Cissus albida, C. blanchetiana, C. campestris, C. erosa, C. gongylodes, C. subrhomboidea, C. sulcicaulis, C. tinctoria, C. verticillata, C. xerophila, and Clematicissus simsiana. The species were registered in 45 municipalities, with C. erosa and C. verticillata
being widely distributed. Those species inhabit different phytoecological areas in Ceará, although preferentially growing in Stepic Savanna (Caatinga). Six species occur in nine legally protected conservation areas. Ceará state holds 40.74% of the registered species of the family found in northeastern Brazil
Cissus is the largest genus of Vitaceae, with about 300 species widely distributed in tropical regions and temperate areas. Currently, the genus is inserted in the tribe Cisseae for presenting floral disk thick and undivided, flowers four-petaled, seeds one per fruit, with chalaza long and linear. This study investigated the pollen morphology of 31 Cissus species that have not been previously described, aiming to contribute to the taxonomy of the genus and the understanding of pollen characters. Pollen specimens were obtained from herbaria, subjected to lactic acid acetolysis for light microscopy or prepared conventionally for scanning electron microscopy, measured, photographed, and described. Cissus pollen grains were medium to large in size, isopolar in most species, tricolporate, prolate spheroidal to prolate in shape, with diverse ornamentation. The most distinct characters were pollen size, shape, polarity, and sexine ornamentation. Sexine ornamentation proved to be important, given that six different patterns were identified. Quantitative data from the 31 species described in this study, and 27 species from a previous study were subjected to principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering; however, this analysis did not obtain a significant answer for the formation of groups in Cissus. The findings may contribute to the knowledge of the palynology of Cissus species and increase knowledge about sexine ornamentation.
Cissus Linnaeus (1753: 117) is the most speciose genus in the family Vitaceae and notable for its pantropical intercontinental disjunct pattern (Liu et al. 2013). According to the recent estimate, the genus is known to have 291 accepted species (POWO 2020) and it is widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, Australia, Central and South America and Mexico (Wen 2007). The main characters delimiting Cissus from other Vitaceae genera are the well-developed, thick and undivided floral disks, tetramerous flowers, one-seeded berries, and seeds with a long and linear chalaza (Wen 2007). In South America, Cissus is represented by 64 species (Lombardi 2000, 2007, Rodrigues et al. 2014). Amongst C. ulmifolia (Baker 1871: 213) Planchon (1887: 552) that is a later homonym of an Italian fossil taxon Cissus ulmifolia Massalongo (1858: 80). While checking the literature and relevant websites for the availability of any synonyms, we found that C. allenii Croat (1977: 358) and C. serrulatifolia Williams (1962: 375) are listed as heterotypic synonyms of C. ulmifolia in Tropicos (2020) following Nelson (2010). However, C. allenii was synonymized under C. serrulatifolia by most of the workers (Govaerts 1999, Lombardi 2007, Morales 2015, POWO 2020, Raz & Zamora 2020) but C. ulmifolia was treated as a distinct species. So in order to ascertain the taxonomic status, we critically studied the protologues and digital specimens including types of these three species, we found that the characters of C. allenii are well within the range of C. serrulatifolia but C. ulmifolia differs from them by its 4-sided, distinctly winged stem (vs. stem terete, not winged or wingless in C. serrulatifolia) and the fruits ovoid or ovoid–subglobose, smooth (vs. obovoid or subpyriform, lenticellate in C. serrulatifolia). Since no other validly published legitimate name is available for this species (Lombardi 2007, Mota de Oliveira & Jansen-Jacobs 2016, POWO 2020), therefore, the authors propose Cissus lombardiana as a replacement name.
Tropical Africa is home to an astonishing biodiversity occurring in a variety of ecosystems. Past climatic change and geological events have impacted the evolution and diversification of this biodiversity. During the last two decades, around 90 dated molecular phylogenies of different clades across animals and plants have been published leading to an increased understanding of the diversification and speciation processes generating tropical African biodiversity. In parallel, extended geological and palaeoclimatic records together with detailed numerical simulations have refined our understanding of past geological and climatic changes in Africa. To date, these important advances have not been reviewed within a common framework. Here, we critically review and synthesize African climate, tectonics and terrestrial biodiversity evolution throughout the Cenozoic to the mid-Pleistocene, drawing on recent advances in Earth and life sciences. We first review six major geo-climatic periods defining tropical African biodiversity diversification by synthesizing 89 dated molecular phylogeny studies. Two major geo-climatic factors impacting the diversification of the sub-Saharan biota are highlighted. First, Africa underwent numerous climatic fluctuations at ancient and more recent timescales, with tectonic, greenhouse gas, and orbital forcing stimulating diversification. Second, increased aridification since the Late Eocene led to important extinction events, but also provided unique diversification opportunities shaping the current tropical African biodiversity landscape. We then review diversification studies of tropical terrestrial animal and plant clades and discuss three major models of speciation: (i) geographic speciation via vicariance (allopatry); (ii) ecological speciation impacted by climate and geological changes, and (iii) genomic speciation via genome duplication. Geographic speciation has been the most widely documented to date and is a common speciation model across tropical Africa. We conclude with four important challenges faced by tropical African biodiversity research: (i) to increase knowledge by gathering basic and fundamental biodiversity information; (ii) to improve modelling of African geophysical evolution throughout the Cenozoic via better constraints and downscaling approaches; (iii) to increase the precision of phylogenetic reconstruction and molecular dating of tropical African clades by using next generation sequencing approaches together with better fossil calibrations; (iv) finally, as done here, to integrate data better from Earth and life sciences by focusing on the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of tropical African biodiversity in a wider geodiversity context.
Cissus erosa (Vitaceae), popularly known in Brazil as Cipó-fogo, is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of warts and external ulcers. The present study aimed to evaluate the activity of stems and leaves ethanol extracts of C. erosa against the Dengue and Zika virus by the MTT colorimetric method and to carry on the phytochemical characterization of active extracts by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Only the leaves ethanol extract showed anti-Dengue virus activity EC50 18.2 µg/ml (SI > 27.5) and low cytotoxicity for LLCMK2 cells (CC50 > 500 mg/ml). Both extracts (stems and leaves) showed anti-Zika virus activity with EC50 of 45.8 mg/ml and 82.8 mg/ml, respectively. These extracts presented CC50 of 309.2 µg/ml (leaves) and 387.6 µg/ml (stems) to Vero cells. Analysis by CCD and HPLC-DAD detected the presence of triterpenes, steroids, flavonoids and tannins. UPLC-MS analyses of these extracts, allowed the identification of the majority of flavonoids present known as vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, isoorientin and two flavones derivatives, methoxyluteolin-6(8)-C-hexosyl and luteolin-7,4’-di-O-glycosylflavone. The results of the phytochemical studies here described suggest that flavonoids and terpenoids are the substances that contribute to the antiviral activity of the ethanol extracts within this species.
Cissus quadrangularis (Vitaceae) is a perennial climber endemic to Africa and is characterized by succulent angular stems. The plant grows in arid and semi-arid regions of Africa especially in the African savanna. The stem of C. quadrangularis has a wide range of applications in both human and animal medicine, but there is limited cytogenetic information available for this species. In this study, the chromosome number, genome size, and genome composition for C. quadrangularis were determined. Flow cytometry results indicated that the genome size of C. quadrangularis is approximately 2C = 1.410 pg. Fluorescence microscopy combined with DAPI stain showed the chromosome numbers to be 2 n = 48. It is likely that C. quadrangularis has a tetraploid genome after considering the basic chromosome numbers in Cissus genus ( n = 10, 11, or 12). A combination of low-throughput genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis allowed identification and quantification of repetitive elements that make up about 52% of the C. quadrangularis genome, which was dominated by LTR-retrotransposons. Two LTR superfamilies were identified as Copia and Gypsy, with 24% and 15% of the annotated clusters, respectively. The comparison of repeat elements for C. quadrangularis , Vitis vinifera, and four other selected members in the Cissus genus revealed a high diversity in the repetitive element components, which could suggest recent amplification events in the Cissus genus. Our data provides a platform for further studies on the phylogeny and karyotype evolution in this genus and in the family Vitaceae.
Rosa roxburghii Tratt (Rosaceae) of various organ surfaces are widely existing trichomes. Certain varieties have fruits that are thickly covered with macroscopic trichomes. R . roxburghii Tratt (RR) and R . roxburghii Tratt. f. esetosa Ku (RRE) are important commercial horticultural crops in China because of their nutritional and medicinal values. RRE is generally considered a smooth-fruit variant that arose from RR. Despite their economic importance, the morphological and anatomic features of organ trichomes have not been explored in detail for these two rose germplasms. In this research, we investigated the distribution, morphology, and structure of trichomes distributed on the stem, pedicel, fruit, sepal, and marginal lobule sepals (MLS) of RR as well as RRE. This was accomplished using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There are various shapes of trichomes distributed on the surfaces of stems, pedicels, fruits, and sepals of the two germplasms. Binate prickles arose on the stem nodes in both germplasms, but acicular trichomes, papillary trichomes, and ribbon trichomes were present only on the surfaces of pedicels in RR. Likewise, flagelliform trichomes were present only on the surfaces of pedicels in RRE. Furthermore, a transection of stems shows that thorns in the two germplasms are composed of epidermis, meristematic layer, and parenchyma cells. The trichome epidermis and meristematic layer in stems of RR are composed of round cells, whereas RRE exhibits square cells in the same layers. Trichomes on the fruit of RR were macroscopic and of single flagelliform and acicular shape. RRE exhibited polymorphic trichomes of flagelliform, triangular, capitate glandular, and elliptic glandular shapes on the pericarp. On the surfaces of RR sepals, there are thick macroscopic acicular trichomes. In contrast, RRE sepals presented flagelliform trichomes and capitate glandular trichomes. It is interesting that no trichomes were found on the surfaces of the MLS in the two germplasms; however, stomata were densely packed on the MLS of RRE when compared with RR. For RR, the trichomes on both sepal and fruit are composed of an epidermis layer and parenchyma cells; however, the epidermis cells of sepal trichomes are polygon-shaped, in contrast to the round epidermis cells in fruit. These results suggest that the two rose germplasms are good candidates for understanding the trichome ontogeny in the genus and for further breeding of the smooth organ trait in this rose species.
A new method is presented for inferring evolutionary trees using nucleotide sequence data. The birth–death process is used as a model of speciation and extinction to specify the prior distribution of phylogenies and branching times. Nucleotide substitution is modeled by a continuous-time Markov process. Parameters of the branching model and the substitution model are estimated by maximum likelihood. The posterior probabilities of different phylogenies are calculated and the phy-logeny with the highest posterior probability is chosen as the best estimate of the evolutionary relationship among species. We refer to this as the maximum posterior probability (MAP) tree. The posterior probability provides a natural measure of the reliability of the estimated phy-logeny. Two example data sets are analyzed to infer the phylogenetic relationship of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. The best trees estimated by the new method are the same as those from the maximum likelihood analysis of separate topologies, but the posterior probabilities are quite different from the bootstrap proportions. The results of the method are found to be insensitive to changes in the rate parameter of the branching process.
Ranunculus is distributed in all continents and especially species-rich in the meridional and temperate zones. To reconstruct the biogeographical history of the genus, a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences has been carried out. Results of biogeographical analyses (DIVA, Lagrange, Mesquite) combined with molecular dating suggest multiple colonizations of all continents and disjunctions between the northern and the southern hemisphere. Dispersals between continents must have occurred via migration over land bridges, or via transoceanic long-distance dispersal, which is also inferred from island endemism. In southern Eurasia, isolation of the western Mediterranean and the Caucasus region during the Messinian was followed by range expansions and speciation in both areas. In the Pliocene and Pleistocene, radiations happened independently in the summer-dry western Mediterranean–Macaronesian and in the eastern Mediterranean–Irano-Turanian regions, with three independent shifts to alpine humid climates in the Alps and in the Himalayas. The cosmopolitan distribution of Ranunculus is caused by transoceanic and intracontinental dispersal, followed by regional adaptive radiations.
Whereas Takhtajan and Smith situated the origin of angiosperms between Southeast Asia and Australia, Walker and Le Thomas emphasized the concentration of primitive pollen types of Annonaceae in South America and Africa, suggesting instead a Northern Gondwanan origin for this family of primitive angiosperms. A cladistic analysis of Annonaceae shows a basal split of the family into Anaxagorea, the only genus with an Asian and Neotropical distribution, and a basically African and Neotropical line that includes the rest of the family. Several advanced lines occur in both Africa and Asia, one of which reaches Australia. This pattern may reflect the following history: (a) disjunction of Laurasian (Anaxagorea) and Northern Gondwanan lines in the Early Cretaceous, when interchanges across the Tethys were still easy and the major lines of Magnoliidae are documented by paleobotany; (b) radiation of the Northern Gondwanan line during the Late Cretaceous, while oceanic barriers were widening; (c) dispersal of African lines into Laurasia due to northward movement of Africa and India in the Early Tertiary, attested by the presence of fossil seeds of Annonaceae in Europe, and interchanges between North and South America at the end of the Tertiary.
Chloroplast DNA sequences are a primary source of data for plant molecular systematic studies. A few key papers have provided the molecular systematics community with universal primer pairs for noncoding regions that have dominated the field, namely trnL- ...
Seeds of Vitaceae can be easily recognized by their unique features, a pair of ventral infolds and a dorsal chalaza knot, but the inter- and intrageneric morphological variation in seed morphology has not been explored in detail. To facilitate identification of genera based on seed morphology, a study of 252 extant seeds representing all 15 genera of Vitaceae was conducted with attention to morphological characters and seed coat anatomy. Principal-component analyses were employed to assess the variation of seed morphology. Shape and position of ventral infolds and chalaza, shape of ventral-infold cavities, and testa anatomy are characters that can generically differentiate vitaceous seeds. Typically, seeds of Leea, Cissus, Cyphostemma, Tetrastigma, Rhoicissus, and Cayratia have a long or linear chalaza, whereas those of the rest of the family usually have an oval chalaza. Nevertheless, some seed forms occur in more than one genus, and some genera possess more than one seed form. The overlapping seed morphology implies, in some cases, a closer relationship among these genera, but in other cases it probably reflects convergent or parallel evolution.
Central American rainforests are among the most diverse biomes in the world today. However, we know little about their history because of a poor fossil record. Here, we augment previous studies based on fossil pollen of Panama with an investigation of eight species of endocarps and seeds from an upper Eocene locality near Tonosí on the Pacific coast of central Panama. Affinities at the family/order level include: Arecaceae, Vitaceae, Humiriaceae, Anacardiaceae, and Lamiales. Biogeographically, two of the Tonosí fossil taxa, Dracontomelon and cf. Leea, are interesting because they occur today only in lowland rainforests of the Old World. The new fossil genus Saxuva, together with cf. Leea, are the earliest evidence of Vitaceae (the grape family) in the Neotropics. The new genus Lacunofructus is the oldest record for Humiriaceae and supports the previously suggested Neotropical origin for the family. We interpret the Tonosí macroflora as a record of the vegetation which colonized land that emerged as part of the Eocene volcanic arc in southern Central America.
Phylogeography posits that the sequence of speciation events within a clade should parallel the geographic migration and isolation of members of the clade through time. The primary historical features that govern migration and allopatry in land plants are changes in physical geography (e.g., oceans, mountains, and deserts) and in climate (e.g., moisture, temperature, and day length), features that are often interrelated. If we assume that living genera retain physiological stability through time, much as they retain the morphological features that allow their identification, then these environmental features of the geologic past may be used to test phylogeographic hypotheses of living genera based on phylogenetic analysis. The history of the climatic and geographic features of the Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere agrees with many phylogenetically based phylogeographic hypotheses of living angiosperm genera but indicates that some hypotheses require reanalysis. While the parallel comparison of phylogenetic hypotheses and historical biogeographic evidence is in its infancy, the reciprocal illumination of the two approaches shows great promise for future application.
The developmental morphology of Cissus antarctica Vent, was followed from seed to seed. As in the other taxa in the family we have examined (Vitis, Parthenocissus, Ampelopsis), both leaves and uncommitted primordia arise on the flank of the apical meristem. Also as in the other taxa, the uncommitted primordium may develop into either a tendril, an inflorescence, or an intermediate organ. An abaxial bract forms on the uncommitted primordium. If the primordium is going to develop into an inflorescence, the lateral arm develops in the axil of the bract. A second order inflorescence arm may also form and it is on these two axillary structures that most of the flowers develop. Each arm of the inflorescence forms a compound series of dichasia, with each dichasium oriented at 90° from the previous one. Flowers are tetramerous. The first two sepals are initiated at approximately 90° to the last-formed inflorescence branch primordium, in the same position as the dichasial bracts would form. Thus the early distinction between a floral and an inflorescence branch primordium is very difficult. A ring primordium then forms and the calyx becomes continuous. The petals arise simultaneously, followed by the stamens, which are petal-opposed. Thus there is no common petal–stamen primordium. The gynoecium arises as a ring primordium, and subsequently two septa form opposite one another on its inner wall. The septa touch, but they do not fuse. Two ovules form at the base of each septum. A floral nectary develops from the ovary base. At anthesis, the greenish petals reflex, usually for a day or less and then are shed, along with the stamens. Fruits are dark bluish and are usually one-seeded. Key words: development, flowers, Vitaceae, Cissus, morphology.
Annonaceae are a pantropically distributed family found predominantly in rainforests, so they are mega-thermal taxa, whereas Rhamnaceae are a cosmopolitan family that tend to be found in xeric regions and may be classified as mesothermal. Phylogenetic analyses of these families are presented based on rbcL and trnL-F plastid DNA sequences. Likelihood ratio tests revealed rate heterogeneity in both phylogenetic trees and they were therefore made ultrametric using non-parametric rate smoothing and penalized likelihood. Divergence times were then estimated using fossil calibration points. The historical biogeography of these families that are species rich in different biomes is discussed and compared with other published reconstructions. Rhamnaceae and most lineages within Annonaceae are too young to have had their distribution patterns influenced by break-up of previously connected Gondwanan landmasses. Contrasts in the degree of geographical structure between these two families may be explained by differences in age and dispersal capability. In both groups, long-distance dispersal appears to have played a more significant role in establishing modern patterns than had previously been assumed. Both families also contain examples of recent diversification of species-rich lineages. An understanding of the processes responsible for shaping the distribution patterns of these families has contributed to our understanding of the historical assembly of the biomes that they occupy.
Previous molecular studies have suggested that the genus Cissus (Vitaceae) is not monophyletic. The majority of species are grouped, but four Australian taxa (Cissus antarctica Ventaceace Cissus hypoglauca A. Gray, Cissus oblonga (Benth.) Planch., and Cissus stercuffifolia (F. Muell. ex Benth.) Planch.) form a distinct clade and Cissus opaca has now been recognized as belonging to the genus Clematicisstis (Cletnaticissus opaca (F. Muell.) Jackes & Rossetto). Here, we investigate relationships among the Australian Vitaceae by parsimony and Bayesian analysis of plastid trnL-trnF and nuclear internal transcribed spacer sequences and include a range of taxa that had not been previously investigated. We find no support for a close relationship between Nothocissus and the four distinct Australian Cissus, as suggested in previous morphology-based treatments. We find a robust sister relationship between Clematicissus and at least two southern American Cissus (Cissus tweediana (Baker) Planch. and Cissus striata Ruiz & Pav.), suggesting a possible origin from an ancient southern progenitor. Finally, this study confirms the paraphyletic nature of Cayratia, with species occurring in two clades, both with Australian and non-Australian species. The necessity in future studies for data from additional and more tractable nuclear loci is also noted.
Although the grape family, Vitaceae, is of great economic importance, there is little understanding of the relationships between and within the genera. Recent DNA-based phylogenies of the Vitaceae have disagreed with traditional classifications by grouping some Cissus species (e.g., Cissus antarctica Vent.) in a clade with Vitis species, while placing other Cissus species (e.g., Cissus quadrangularis L.) in a monophyletic clade. This study investigates Cissus phylogeny using epi-illumination light microscopy and histological ontogenetic comparisons of vegetative and reproductive characters of Vitis rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl. Vitis 'Ventura'. Vitis riparia Michx., C. antarctica, and C. quadrangularis. Ten characters limited to the Cissus species (connection of stipules, precocious axillary bud initiation, prophyll growth not obviously unequal, timing of mature shoot architecture on axillary buds, lack of spiral inflorescence branching. absence of calyptra, petals closely enveloping anthers, large gynoecial disk, ovary buried in the disk, and production of copious amounts of nectar) support the traditional phylogenies: the monophyly of Vitis and the exclusion of Cissus species from Vitis. The comparison of C. antarctica (Vitis-Cissus clade) and C. quadrangularis (monophyletic Cissus clade) supports the division of Cissus into two clades based on supernumerary buds, stipule connectivity, uncommitted primordium shape, and inflorescence branching patterns.
The phylogeny of Vitaceae was reconstructed sampling 114 accessions of Vitaceae and the outgroup Leea of Leeaceae, using three noncoding plastid markers: trnC-petN, trnH-psbA, and trnL-F. Six 5-merous genera including Parthenocissus, Yua, Ampelocissus, Vitis, Nothocissus, and Pterisanthes form a well-supported clade. Ampelopsis, Rhoicissus, and the Cissus striata complex form a clade sister to the clade containing all the other taxa of Vitaceae. The core Cissus clade is resolved to be sister to the Cayratia-Tetrastigma-Cyphostemma clade, forming a clade of taxa with 4-merous flowers. The Parthenocissus-
Yua clade is sister to the Ampelocissus-Vitis-Nothocissus-Pterisanthes clade. The Old World Cissus is paraphyletic, with the New World core Cissus nested within it. The intercontinental disjunction between Africa and Asia may have evolved at least twice in Cissus. Cayratia is paraphyletic with four Asian species sampled grouping with Tetrastigma and the African species forming another clade.
The trnL (UAA) intron and ITS1 region were sequenced to investigate relationships among the five genera of Vitaceae present in Australia relative to Vitis. Congruent results were obtained between separate and combined data sets, with all major clades being shared among trees. All bootstrap consensus trees obtained from single sequences or combined analysis strongly suggest that Cissus is polyphyletic, corroborating the morphological inconsistencies reported previously. Cissus opaca and Clematicissus angustissima consistently grouped in a common clade. A further four taxa (C. antarctica, C. hypoglauca, C. oblonga, and C. sterculiifolia) also grouped within a clade disjunct from the main Cissus clade. Our results suggest that these five species currently classified as Cissus should be segregated from the genus. Of further interest is the close relationship between Cayratia and Tetrastigma. Overall, the results presented provide new insights into the relationships within a number of Vitaceae genera and suggest directions for future studies. Communicating Editor: Aaron Liston
Phylogenetic analysis of 105 nuclear GA11 sequences of Vitaceae provided a fairly robust phylogeny, largely congruent with the recently published chloroplast data of the family. In the GA11 phylogeny, Cayratia Juss., Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch., and Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston form a clade. Cyphostemma and Tetrastigma are both monophyletic, and Cayratia is paraphyletic. Ampelopsis Michx is paraphyletic with the African Rhoicissus Planch. and the South American Cissus striata Ruiz & Pav. and its close relatives (e.g., Cissus simsiana Roem. & Schult.) nested within it. The pinnately leaved Ampelopsis forms a subclade, and the simple and palmately leaved Ampelopsis constitutes another subclade. All species of Cissus L. sampled from Asia, Africa, and Central and South America (except the C striata complex) form a monophyletic group. Pterisanthes Blume of southeastern Asia forms a clade with the Asian Ampelocissus Planch. Vitis L. is monophyletic and forms a larger clade with the tropical Ampelocissus and Pterisanthes. Parthenocissus Planch., forms a clade with Yua C.L. Li, with each genus reportedly monophyletic. Cissus from the Old World is paraphyletic with the neotropical core Cissus nested within it. The basal grade of Cissus consists of taxa from Africa. The African-Asian biogeographic relationships are complex, with several intercontinental disjunctions. The Northern Hemisphere Ampelopsis is most closely related to the South American C. striata complex and the African Rhoicissus.
Aim: Continental disjunctions in pantropical taxa have been explained by vicariance or long-distance dispersal. The relative importance of these explanations in shaping current distributions may vary, depending on historical backgrounds or biological characteristics of particular taxa. We aimed to determine the geographical origin of the pantropical subfamily Chrysophylloideae (Sapotaceae) and the roles vicariance and dispersal have played in shaping its modern distribution.
Location: Tropical areas of Africa, Australasia and South America.
Methods: We utilized a recently published, comprehensive data set including 66 species and nine molecular markers. Bayesian phylogenetic trees were generated and dated using five fossils and the penalized likelihood approach. Distributional ranges of nodes were estimated using maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses. In both biogeographical and molecular dating analyses, phylogenetic and branch length uncertainty was taken into account by averaging the results over 2000 trees extracted from the Bayesian stationary sample.
Results: Our results indicate that the earliest diversification of Chrysophylloideae was in the Campanian of Africa c. 73–83 Ma. A narrow time interval for colonization from Africa to the Neotropics (one to three dispersals) and Australasia (a single migration) indicates a relatively rapid radiation of this subfamily in the latest Cretaceous to the earliest Palaeocene (c. 62–72 Ma). A single dispersal event from the Neotropics back to Africa during the Neogene was inferred. Long-distance dispersal between Australia and New Caledonia occurred at least four times, and between Africa and Madagascar on multiple occasions.
Main conclusions: Long-distance dispersal has been the dominant mechanism for range expansion in the subfamily Chrysophylloideae. Vicariance could explain South American–Australian disjunction via Antarctica, but not the exchanges between Africa and South America and between New Caledonia and Australia, or the presence of the subfamily in Madagascar. We find low support for the hypothesis that the North Atlantic land bridge facilitated range expansions at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary.
Phylogenetic analyses and molecular dating estimates based on chloroplast DNA sequences were used to establish the relationships of the southern and Southeast Asian Crypteroniaceae and elucidate their biogeographic history. Maximum parsimony and likelihood analyses of rbcL sequences suggested that Crypteroniaceae should be restricted to Crypteronia, Axinandra, and Dactylocladus and that Crypteroniaceae, so defined, are sister to a clade formed by three small African taxa (Oliniaceae, Penaeaceae, and Rhynchocalycaceae) and the monotypic Central and South American Alzateaceae. Three molecular dating approaches (maximum-likelihood under a molecular clock, Langley-Fitch, and penalized-likelihood) were used to infer the age of Crypteroniaceae using both paleobotanic and geologic calibrations. Comparisons among these three methods revealed significant lineage effects in rbcL sequences. Clock-independent dating estimates suggested that divergence of Crypteroniaceae from its African and South American relatives coincided with the breakup of Gondwana, and that India likely served as a "raft" transporting Crypteroniaceae to Asia, with later expansion to Southeast Asia. To our knowledge, Crypteroniaceae are the first plant group for which the out-of-India hypothesis is well corroborated by molecular-based estimates of divergence times.
Tetrastigma (Vitaceae) comprises about 95 species widely distributed throughout subtropical and tropical Asia, and extending to Australia. The genus is best known for being the host plants of Rafflesia, with the largest flower in the world, and other members of Rafflesiaceae. The phylogeny of Tetrastigma, however, remains poorly known. Four plastid markers (atpBrbcL, psbA-trnH, trnL-trnF intergenic spacers, rps16 intron) were employed to infer the first phylogeny of Tetrastigma. Our sampling included eleven reported host species of Rafflesiaceae, being scattered in seven major clades throughout the Tetrastigma tree. A Templeton test rejected the hypothesis of a single origin of the parasite-host relationship between Rafflesiaceae and Tetrastigma. Analysis of 114 accessions representing 53 species and four varieties throughout the distributional range of the genus provided robust support for the monophyly of Tetrastigma, yet Tetrastigma was found to be nested within Cayratia. Tetrastigma subg. Palmicirrata from the Sino-Himalayan region was nested within the large and widely distributed T. subg. Tetrastigma. Two major clades (clades A and F) in our phylogeny correspond to T. sect. Tetrastigma and T. sect. Carinata of subgenus Tetrastigma, respectively.
Several hundred angiosperm genera range from Africa to Asia and Australia, among them Bridelia (Phyllanthaceae), with ca. 40 species, including commercially important timber trees. We here use nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences from herbarium material, plus new collections
from China, to test the monophyly of Bridelia and to infer the geologic times when it acquired its disjunct range. For the Southeast Asian mainland, within-species sampling, including material collected close to the type localities, allowed testing current species concepts. Based on
a sample of 114 chloroplast matK sequences of Phyllanthaceae, Bridelia is monophyletic and sister to an Asian clade which requires resurrecting an older generic name to make the African Cleistanthus monophyletic. Within Bridelia, gene trees from the combined data
(3,177 aligned nucleotides from 25 species of Bridelia plus outgroups) agree with most morphological species boundaries. Exceptions are that B. tomentosa must include B. harmandii and B. curtisii to become monophyletic and that B. fordii is distinct from
B. retusa. The topology, together with relaxed clock divergence times, implies that Bridelia dispersed from tropical Asia to Africa once or twice between 10 and 1.85 million years ago (Ma). Australia was reached, probably from New Guinea, at least twice, both times ca. 2 Ma.
Together with earlier studies, there are now at least eight cases of Neogene long distance dispersal between Africa and Asia (followed by speciation), with no directional bias apparent so far.
Lombardi, J. A.: Types of names in Ampelocissus and Cissus (Vitaceae) referring to taxa in the Caribbean, Central and N. America. – Taxon 46: 423‐432.1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.
Types are cited for accepted names and synonyms published in Ampelocissus (4 species) and Cissus (20 species), and concerning Central American, N. American or Caribbean taxa. Several lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are newly designated. Three new combinations (for one species and two subspecies) are proposed.
Phylogenetic relationships among 122 species of Lauraceae representing 44 of the 55 currently recognized genera are inferred from sequence variation in the chloroplast and nuclear genomes. The trnL-trnF, trnT-trnL, psbA-trnH, and rpl16 regions of cpDNA, and the 5′ end of 26S rDNA resolved major lineages, while the ITS/5.8S region of rDNA resolved a large terminal clade. The phylogenetic estimate is used to assess morphology-based views of relationships and, with a temporal dimension added, to reconstruct the biogeographic history of the family. Results suggest Lauraceae radiated when trans-Tethyean migration was relatively easy, and basal lineages are established on either Gondwanan or Laurasian terrains by the Late Cretaceous. Most genera with Gondwanan histories place in Cryptocaryeae, but a small group of South American genera, the Chlorocardium-Mezilaurus clade, represent a separate Gondwanan lineage. Caryodaphnopsis and Neocinnamomum may be the only extant representatives of the ancient Lauraceae flora documented in Mid- to Late Cretaceous Laurasian strata. Remaining genera place in a terminal Perseeae-Laureae clade that radiated in Early Eocene Laurasia. Therein, non-cupulate genera associate as the Persea group, and cupuliferous genera sort to Laureae of most classifications or Cinnamomeae sensu Kostermans. Laureae are Laurasian relicts in Asia. The Persea group and Cinnamomum group (of Cinnamomeae) show tropical amphi-Pacific disjunctions here credited to disruption of boreotropical ranges by Eocene-Oligocene climatic cooling. The Ocotea complex accommodates remaining Cinnamomeae and shows a trans-Atlantic disjunction possibly derived from a Madrean-Tethyan ancestral distribution. These findings support Laurasian ancestry for most extant Lauraceae, with their considerable neotropical representation primarily derived from Early Miocene radiation of the Ocotea complex upon reaching South America.
Palynological data emphasize the presence of two distinctive provinces during the Late Cretaceous, one including eastern North America and Europe and a second including the major part of Asia and western North America. The distinction between these two provinces became increasingly blurred during the Paleogene. During the Eocene, the ram forests of both Europe and western North America shared numerous genera, both extinct and extant. The great majority of the latter and most of the closest extant relatives of the former now occur in the Indomalayan region. It is thus clear that much of the present Indomalayan flora represents a relict of a once widespread Northern Hemisphere tropical (s.l.) flora, one that has largely (but not entirely) been eliminated from the New World. Among the possible New World survivors of this boreotropical flora are some of the dry Caribbean genera, which could have been derived from lineages of the dry tropical vegetation of the Gulf Coast Eocene; only a handful of present Neotropical lowland rain forest genera appear to be boreotropical relicts.
— We studied sequence variation in 16S rDNA in 204 individuals from 37 populations of the land snail Candidula unifasciata (Poiret 1801) across the core species range in France, Switzerland, and Germany. Phylogeographic, nested clade, and coalescence analyses were used to elucidate the species evolutionary history. The study revealed the presence of two major evolutionary lineages that evolved in separate refuges in southeast France as result of previous fragmentation during the Pleistocene. Applying a recent extension of the nested clade analysis (Templeton 2001), we inferred that range expansions along river valleys in independent corridors to the north led eventually to a secondary contact zone of the major clades around the Geneva Basin. There is evidence supporting the idea that the formation of the secondary contact zone and the colonization of Germany might be postglacial events. The phylogeographic history inferred for C. unifasciata differs from general biogeographic patterns of postglacial colonization previously identified for other taxa, and it might represent a common model for species with restricted dispersal.
Aim Several recent studies have suggested that a substantial portion of today’s plant diversity in the Neotropics has resulted from the dispersal of taxa into that region rather than by vicariance. In general, three routes have been documented for the dispersal of taxa onto the South American continent: (1) via the North Atlantic Land Bridge, (2) via the Bering Land Bridge, or (3) from Africa directly onto the continent. Here a species‐rich genus of Neotropical lowland rain forest trees ( Guatteria , Annonaceae) is used as a model to investigate these three hypotheses.
Location The Neotropics.
Methods The phylogenetic relationships within the long‐branch clade of Annonaceae were reconstructed (using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) in order to gain insight in the phylogenetic position of Guatteria . Furthermore, Bayesian molecular dating and Bayesian dispersal–vicariance (Bayes‐DIVA) analyses were undertaken.
Results Most of the relationships within the long‐branch clade of Annonaceae were reconstructed and had high support. However, the relationship between the Duguetia clade, the Xylopia – Artabotrys clade and Guatteria remained unclear. The stem node age estimate of Guatteria ranged between 49.2 and 51.3 Ma, whereas the crown node age estimate ranged between 11.4 and 17.8 Ma. For the ancestral area of Guatteria and its sister group, the area North America–Africa was reconstructed in 99% of 10,000 DIVA analyses, while South America–North America was found just 1% of the time.
Main conclusions The estimated stem to crown node ages of Guatteria in combination with the Bayes‐DIVA analyses imply a scenario congruent with an African origin followed by dispersal across the North Atlantic Land Bridge in the early to middle Eocene and further dispersal into North and Central America (and ultimately South America) in the Miocene. The phylogenetically and morphologically isolated position of the genus is probably due to extinction of the North American and European stem lineages in the Tertiary.