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Macroanatomy of coronary arteries in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)
Abstract
The aim of present study was to determine the origin, distribution and course of the coronary arteries in Bactrian camels. Ten hearts of adult healthy Bactrian camels of different sex constituted the material. Following exposition of the arteries by means of injection of 15% ABS coloured with red carmine to a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra, dissection was performed. The arterial vascularization of the heart in Bactrian camels was determined to be supplied by a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra which originate from the aorta. The results showed that ramus interventricularis subsinuosus is one branch of a. coronaria dextra in Bactrian camels, which is characteristic of a. coronaria dextra pattern. Ramus septi interventricularis that supplied the interventricular septum mainly originates from ramus interventricular paraconalis. Two muscular bridges ware observed crossing ramus interventricular paraconalis in the middle third of sulcus interventricularis paraconalis. Muscular bridge was not found above ramus interventricularis subsinuosus in this study.
... As reported by Yuan et al. [21], the branches of the left coronary artery of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) show no significant differences in branching except for the absence of an angular branch. Yuan et al. [21] also confirm that the left coronary artery has a larger diameter and that the left circumflex branch does not anastomose with the right circumflex branch, which was the case in most specimens examined in our study. ...
... As reported by Yuan et al. [21], the branches of the left coronary artery of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) show no significant differences in branching except for the absence of an angular branch. Yuan et al. [21] also confirm that the left coronary artery has a larger diameter and that the left circumflex branch does not anastomose with the right circumflex branch, which was the case in most specimens examined in our study. The right coronary artery of the camel had no anatomical structures relevant to this study. ...
... In their study, Yuan et al. [21] define the classification of coronary artery branching into two classes: group A, in which the subsinuosal interventricular branch originates from the left coronary artery. This situation occurs in bovines, sheep, goats, dogs and cats [28][29][30][31][32]. ...
Coronary circulation determines the proper functioning of the heart muscle and blood circulation in the body. Cardiovascular diseases in humans are creating an ever-increasing demand for more research into their pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.
Animal models of organs are an indispensable part of research for the development of human medicine. Due to the high genetic similarity, the most commonly used donor is the domestic pig. The Eurasian wild boar is the ancestor of the domestic pig and an invasive species not covered by European protection programmes. Given its analogous structure and genotype to the pig, it could potentially also become an organ donor.
The aim of this study was to analyse the normal coronary anatomy of the Eurasian wild boar and compare it to humans, domestic pigs and other animal species.
The study was conducted on 60 wild boar hearts. Twenty-eight slides were prepared using acrylic, while liquid latex was injected into 32 hearts. The blood vessels were then manually prepared using surgical instruments for examination.
Both the right coronary artery and the left coronary artery of the boar diverge from the ascending aorta from opposite aortic sinuses. The left coronary artery begins its course in the left aortic sinus, starting between the left appendage and the pulmonary trunk. It then heads inferiorly. The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricle.
The study points to the wild boar coronary system’s individual morphological features and notes the common arterial patterns in mammals.
... The heart is an organ with great functional importance, considering that a great amount of the human population suffers from functional problems which might require a transplant or These arteries can vary as to their origin, path and number (Schlesinger et al., 1949;Cervený and Kaman, 1963;Schummer et al., 1981;Ghoshal and Getty, 1986;Vicentini et al., 1991;Valentina et al., 2003;Olabu et al., 2007;Yuan et al., 2009;Agustin et al., 2010, Srour, 2011Kareem et al., 2014)) and they can be presented completely intramyocardial (Sans Coma et al., 1993) or partially (Bezerra et al.,1985 andMachado et al., 2002). In instances where part of the artery is covered by the myocardium, structures called myocardial bridges can be observed and their functions are widely discussed (Berg, 1964 andCorban et al., 2014). ...
... The left coronary artery is divided into paraconal interventricular branch and circumflex branch in donkeys (Ozgel et al., 2004), North American beavers ((Bisaillon, 1981), rabbits (Dursun et al., 1996), crab-eating macaques (Buss et al., 1982;Mandarim and Hureau, 1986;Teofilovski-Parapid et al., 1993;Shimada et al., 1994;Teofilovski-Parapid andKreclovi, 1998), ruminants (Schummer et al., 1981;Ghoshal and Getty, 1986;Oliveira et al., 2013), spotted pacas (Ávila et al., 2009(Ávila et al., ), porcupines (Atalar et al., 2003 and pigs (Moura-Junior et al., 2008), or it can trifurcate into another branch in rodents in a frequency up to 45% (Aikawa and Kawano, 1985;Sans Coma et al., 1993) and green monkey (Valentina et al., 2003). This branch can be named diagonal (Baptista et al., 1991;Moura-Junior et al., 2008;Sahni et al., 2008;Oliveira et al., 2010;Oliveira et al., 2013), ramus marginalis sinister (Valentina et al., 2003), obtuse marginal artery (Durán et al., 2006) or ramus marginis concavi (Yuan et al., 2009). ...
... This vessel was reported in Angora rabbits (Bahar et al., 2007), also belonging to the right coronary artery as the r. intermedius atrii desxtri, in donkeys (Ozgel et al., 2004) as the ramus marginalis convexi and in camels Yuan et al. (2009) as the ramus cone arteriosi. In carnivores, sometimes an accessory right coronary artery emerged from the aorta, close to the origin of the right coronary artery, and that normally ended around the arterial cone (Ghoshal and Getty, 1986). ...
Were used twelve (12) adult anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), adults, 6 (six) males and 6 (six) females, weighing from 20 to 27.32kg from free life. The thoracic cavity was opened until visualization of the whole heart and lungs and later injection of the coronary vessels. The right coronary artery emerged through a single coronary ostium of the aorta, 50%, emitting the intermediate branch and the subsinuous interventricular branch, had a path directed to the subsurface interventricular groove. In the other 50%, the right coronary artery was not present, showing only its branches, intermediate branch and subsurface interventricular branch with emergence of the aorta. Left coronary artery presented, in 83.33%, origin from the aorta in single ostium, issuing the circumflex and interventricular paraconal branches. In 16.66%, the left coronary artery was not evidenced originating from the aorta, but its branches, circumflex and interventricular paraconal.
... Coronary vessels have been studied in domestic and wild ruminants including Angora and Akkamaran goats (Besoluk and Tipirdamaz 2001), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758) (Frąckowiak et al. 2007), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus Linnaeus, 1758) (Yuan et al. 2009), one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus, 1758) (Ghazi and Tadjalli 1993), European bison (Bison bonasus Linnaeus, 1758) (Kupczyńska et al. 2015). However, the available literature provides little information on the topography of coronary arteries and their ramifications in the goats (Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758) (Nickel et al. 1981;Barone 1996;Besoluk and Tipirdamaz 2001). ...
... There were a stronger paraconal interventricular branch and a weaker circumflex branch. This type of trunk morphology has also been described in ruminants (Nickel et al. 1981;Barone 1996), roe deer (Frąckowiak et al. 2007), Bactrian camel (Yuan et al. 2009), donkey (Ozgel et al. 2004), porcupine (Atalar et al. 2003), ringed seal (Smodlaka et al. 2008), chinchilla (Ozdemir et al. 2008), cat (Barszcz et al. 2014(Barszcz et al. , 2016b and European bison (Kupczyńska et al. 2015). Whereas Bahar et al. (2007) reported that in the Angora rabbit, the common trunk of the left coronary artery was divided into the paraconal interventricular branch, the circumflex branch and the proximal branch of the left atrium. ...
... In our study, the circumflex branch ended with small ramifications on the atrial surface of the heart or extended as the subsinuosal interventricular branch in the subsinuosal interventricular groove. The researches in roe deer and Bactrian camel showed that the circumflex branch has not entered the subsinuosal interventricular groove but ended only as small ramifications on the atrial surface of the heart (Frąckowiak et al. 2007;Yuan et al. 2009). Furthermore, observations in domestic cats by Barszcz et al. (2014) showed the three variants of arising of subsinuosal interventricular branch: it was a direct continuation of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery or it was an extensions of the circumflex branch of the right coronary artery or observed two strong trunks of the subsinuosal interventricular branches, each departing from one or both circumflex branches. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology of the coronary arteries of the goat’s heart. The study was carried out on 36 hearts of adult females dairy goats, belonging to two breeds, aged 7–12 years, with an average body weight of 37 kg. A distinct view of coronary arteries and their branches was obtained by filling them with dyed synthetic latex (LBS 3060) or Batson’s No. 17. In all studied goats the common trunk of the left coronary artery was divided into the interventricular paraconal branch and the circumflex branch. The branch of the interventricular septum originated in the interventricular paraconal branch. In 25 individuals (69%) the circumflex branch ended with small ramifications on the atrial surface of the heart. In 11 individuals (31%), the vessel extended in the subsinuosal interventricular groove into the subsinuosal interventricular branch. The right coronary artery was less developed than the left coronary artery. In 35 individuals (97%) the right coronary artery ended with small ramifications on the atrial surface of the heart. In one goat (3%) the vessel reached the subsinuosal interventricular groove and extended into the subsinuosal interventricular branch.
... The concept of right and left coronary dominance, widely used in humans, depends on which coronary artery gives origin to the interventricular subsinusal branch (ISB), or which one irrigates the greater part of the left posterior ventricular wall (Cavalcanti et al 1995, Ballesteros et al 2007. Right coronary dominance has been reported in horses, pigs, elephants and camels (Cave 1936, Sabathie and Pianetto 1941, Bertho and Gagnon 1964, Rawlings 1977, Ghazi and Tadjalli 1993, Sahni et al 2008, Yuan et al 2009 whereas left coronary dominance has been reported in donkeys, ruminants and dogs (Bertho andGagnon 1964, Ozgel et al 2004). Right dominance is more prevalent in humans, reported in a wide range from 48% to 90% (Schlesinger 1940, James 1965, Cavalcanti et al 1995, Nerantzis et al 1996, Kalpana 2003, Ballesteros et al 2007. ...
... Consistent with our findings, the ISB is described in donkeys, in elephants, camels and humans as ending mainly at the apex (Cave 1936, James 1965, Ghazi and Tadjalli 1993, Nerantzis et al 1994, Ozgel et al 2004, Yuan et al 2009, Ballesteros et al 2011. In horses (Bertho and Gagnon 1964) and pigs (Gómez and Ballesteros 2013), it is reported as ending at the middle third of the ISS. ...
... In these cases, irrigation compensation phenomena of the posteroinferior surface of the heart have been described, given by the distal segment of the anterior interventricular branch (equivalent of the paraconal interventricular branch), which, after surpassing the apex, distributes into the territory near the diaphragmatic face, by irrigating the segment not reached by the posterior interventricular branch (James 1965, Kalpana 2003, Ballesteros et al 2007. According to previous reports (Ghazi and Tadjalli 1993, Ozgel et al 2004, Yuan et al 2009, our series also reports the RCXB as extending along the coronary sulcus. Ozgel and Dursun 2005 reported the presence of five right and six left ventricular branches emerging from the ISB in donkeys, whereas the present work observed a lower number of branches (3.2 right and 3.4 left). ...
The objective of this research was to characterise morphologically the right coronary artery and its branches in the horse. The right coronary arteries of 120 horse hearts were perfused with semi-synthetic resin (85% Palatal GP40L; 15% styrene) and mineral red dye. The morphological and biometric characteristics of the right coronary artery and its branches (digital calibrator) were assessed. The diameter of the right coronary artery was 6.72 ± 2.58 mm. The interventricular subsinusal branch ended at the apex in 94 specimens (78.4%). The right circumflex branch originated at the site of intersection of the subsinnusal interventricular sulcus and the atrioventricular septum, extended along the coronary sulcus with a convoluted trajectory, ended at the obtuse edge of the heart or even at the anterior aspect of the left ventricle in 62 hearts (52.5%), and at the middle segment of the left ventricle in 42 cases (35.6%), whereas in 14 samples (11.9%) it ended at the adjacent surface of the left ventricle. The right conus branch was found in 98 specimens (81.6%) and in 2 of them (1.7%) it emerged directly from the right aortic sinus (third coronary artery). The hearts exhibited right coronary dominance in 118 specimens (98.3%) and in 2 specimens (1.7%) the coronary dominance was balanced. No myocardial bridges were observed. The high incidence of right coronary dominance observed in this study is consistent with previous studies. Due to its similarity with the human heart, we may ratify the equine model for procedural and hemodynamic applications.
... The information on the morphological characteristics of the LCA in the horse is limited. Therefore, the findings of the present study significantly enrich the information reported in previous studies on this subject, and allows for making comparisons within the context of comparative anatomy with humans, pigs, donkeys, and other animal species (Cave, 1936;Rodriguez et al., 1961;Schummer et al., 1981;Thtiroff et al., 1984;Ozgel et al., 2004;Ballesteros and Ramirez, 2008;Sahni et al., 2008;Yuan et al., 2009) The diameter of the LCA in donkeys is 0.9-1 mm (Ozgel et al., 2004;Ozgel and Dursun, 2005). This differs from our findings in horses with much greater figures (6.76 mm). ...
... This differs from our findings in horses with much greater figures (6.76 mm). A division of the LCA into paraconal interventricular branch and left cir-cumflex branch has been reported in 100% of the cases in donkeys, horses, camels, and elephants (Cave, 1936;Schummer et al., 1981;Ghazi and Tadjalli, 1993;Ozgel et al., 2004;Ozgel and Dursun, 2005;Yuan et al., 2009). This differs from our study, which found a trifurcation variant with the presence of an intermediate left diagonal branch in 5.8% of the cases. ...
... Ozgel et al., 2004 described the left circumflex branch as ending primarily as left marginal branch, which is consistent with our findings. In camels, pigs, and humans it has been reported as ending primarily at the posterior aspect of the left ventricle (Crick et al., 1998;Ballesteros and Ramirez, 2008;Sahni et al., 2008;Yuan et al., 2009;Gómez and Ballesteros, 2014) and in elephants at the interventricular paraconal sulcus (Cave, 1936). ...
Objective: To determine the anatomy expression of the left coronary artery and its branches in the horse. Methods: The left coronary artery of 120 hearts of horse were perfused with semi-synthetic resin (85% Palatal GP40L with 15% styrene) and mineral red dye. A digital calibrator (Mitutoyo®) was used to measure the external diameter of the left coronary artery and its branches. The samples were assessed for the existence of myocardial bridges. The findings obtained were compared with those from humans, donkeys, pigs, elephants, and camels. Results: The left coronary artery had a diameter of 6.76 ± 2.1 mm. It bifurcated into the paraconal interventricular branch and the left circumflex branch in 113 specimens (94.2%). The proximal diameter of the paraconal interventricular branch was 5.62 ± 1.97 mm, and it ended at the apex in most cases (65.8%). The left circumflex branch was short and ended as a left marginal branch in 55 samples (45.8%); its proximal diameter was 4.05 ± 1.49 mm. The sinoatrial node branch originated from the left circumflex branch in 100% of the cases. The left marginal branch was found in 92 specimens (76.7%), and ended primarily at the upper third of the obtuse margin of the heart. Discussion: The sinus node branch emerging in all cases from the left circumflex branch differs from what has been observed in other species. Due to its similarity with the human heart, we may ratify the equine model for both procedural and hemodynamic applications.
... Tecirlioğlu ve ark. [3] , ile Karadağ ve Soygüder'in [5] bildirdiği gibi a. coronaria sinistra'nın, çok sayıda atrial ve ventriküler dalı olan r. circumflexus sinister'e, Literatürde [18,20,[27][28][29] r. interventricularis subsinuosus'un a. coronaria dextra'dan orijin aldığını bildirilmiştir. Fakat Zavot ırkı sığırlarda r. interventricularis subsinuosus'un a. coronaria sinistra'nın sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus içerisinde devamı eden bir kolu olduğu belirlendi. ...
... [18] , Yuan ve ark. [28] , Tıpırdamaz'ın [30] çalışmalarındaki bilgilere paralel olarak araştırmamızda r. proximalis atrii sinistri'nin r. circumflexus sinister'den orijin aldığı tespit edildi. Ancak Doğruer ve Özmen [15] çalışmalarında 9 kalpte, Tecirlioğlu ve ark. ...
... Özgel ve ark. [18] , Taha ve Abel-Magied [27] , Yuan ve ark.'nın [28] araştırmalarında r. circumflexus sinister ile r. circumflexus dexter arasında bir anastomozun olmadığını belirtmişlerdir. Fakat çalışmamızda r. circumflexus sinister ile r. circumflexus dexter arasında bir anastomozun olduğu tespit edildi. ...
... Coronary vessels have been studied in a wide range of animals including Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) [7], guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) [8], the Angora rabbit [9], domestic dog (Canis lupus f. domestica) [10,11], domestic cat [12,13], donkey (Equus asinus) [14,15], Angora and Akkamaran goats [16], roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) [17], Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) [18], one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) [19], ringed seal (Pusa hispida) [20], porcupine (Hystrix cristata) [21,22], shrew (Suncus murinus) [23], crabeating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) [24,25], grivet ...
... In 63 bisons (90 %), the main trunk was divided into two terminal branches: the paraconal interventricular branch and the left circumflex branch. This type of trunk anatomy has also been reported in ringed seal [20], donkey [15], Bactrian camel [18] and roe deer [17]. Some reports indicate that the left coronary artery has three terminal vessels: the paraconal interventricular branch, the left circumflex branch and the interventricular septum branch [10,29,33]. ...
... It originates from the left coronary artery in dogs, cattle and roe deer [1,17,35]. However, in the pig, donkey, Bactrian camel and ringed seal, subsinuosal interventricular branch is an extension of the right coronary artery [1,15,18,20]. In the majority of the studied bisons, the subsinuosal interventricular branch (in 53 individuals, 75.7 %) was a terminal vessel of the left circumflex branch. ...
Background:
The European bison (Bison bonasus) is an endangered species. More information on its anatomy is needed as only few studies have been published. This study is the first report on the morphology of the coronary vessels. Given the anatomical similarity between the European bison and other ruminants, the results of this study can be applied to other species, including endangered ones.
Results:
The study was conducted on 70 hearts of European bisons of both sexes, aged 5-20 years, with an average body weight of 449 kg. A distinct view of subepicardial arterial vessels was obtained by filling them with dyed synthetic latex (LBS 3060) and Plastogen G. There was a division of the common trunk of the left coronary artery into the interventricular paraconal branch and the left circumflex branch in 63 individuals (90 %). In five individuals (7.1 %), the presence of a third vessel, which was a branch of the interventricular septum, was observed. There was a lack of a common trunk in two individuals (2.9 %). Ramifications of the interventricular paraconal branch to the wall of the left ventricle were significantly larger than those to the wall of the right ventricle. In 17 individuals (24.3 %), the right coronary artery extended into the subsinuosal interventricular branch.
Conclusion:
The blood supply to the heart in bisons is provided by the left and right coronary arteries. In all the studied specimens, the left coronary artery was better developed than the right coronary artery.
... Tecirlioğlu ve ark. [3] , ile Karadağ ve Soygüder'in [5] bildirdiği gibi a. coronaria sinistra'nın, çok sayıda atrial ve ventriküler dalı olan r. circumflexus sinister'e, Literatürde [18,20,[27][28][29] r. interventricularis subsinuosus'un a. coronaria dextra'dan orijin aldığını bildirilmiştir. Fakat Zavot ırkı sığırlarda r. interventricularis subsinuosus'un a. coronaria sinistra'nın sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus içerisinde devamı eden bir kolu olduğu belirlendi. ...
... [18] , Yuan ve ark. [28] , Tıpırdamaz'ın [30] çalışmalarındaki bilgilere paralel olarak araştırmamızda r. proximalis atrii sinistri'nin r. circumflexus sinister'den orijin aldığı tespit edildi. Ancak Doğruer ve Özmen [15] çalışmalarında 9 kalpte, Tecirlioğlu ve ark. ...
... Özgel ve ark. [18] , Taha ve Abel-Magied [27] , Yuan ve ark.'nın [28] araştırmalarında r. circumflexus sinister ile r. circumflexus dexter arasında bir anastomozun olmadığını belirtmişlerdir. Fakat çalışmamızda r. circumflexus sinister ile r. circumflexus dexter arasında bir anastomozun olduğu tespit edildi. ...
... Heart vascularization is a common topic of anatomical studies both in human and veterinary medicine [5,8,19,21,35,40,41,42,43,50,58]. A detailed analysis of the coronary vessels has been performed in domestic and wild ruminants including goats [10], sheep [12,40], roe deer [20], and European bison [9,29]. ...
... Its area was on average 31.6 mm 2 larger than the right coronary ostium [9]. In the case of the Bactrian camel, the mean diameter of the left coronary artery was 16.98 mm and the right one was 11.08 mm [58]. ...
Background:
The coronary vessels have been described in various species of domestic and wild ruminants. However, no studies on the detailed morphology and morphometry of heart orifices and coronary ostia in the Polish goat are available.
Materials and methods:
The study was carried out on 112 female, adult dairy goats belonging to Polish Fawn Improved and Polish White Improved breed, closely related to French Alpine and Saanen, respectively.
Results:
In all examined individuals, all heart orifices and heart valves were of normal structure. There was no significant diametrical difference between the aortic and pulmonary orifice. The right atrioventricular opening was significantly wider than the left atrioventricular opening. The dimension of the left coronary ostium ranged from 1.0 to 5.5 mm with the arithmetic mean (±standard deviation [SD]) of 4.3 ± 0.8 mm. The dimension of the right coronary ostium ranged from 0.5 to 5.0 mm with the arithmetic mean (±SD) of 2.8 ± 0.7 mm. Both coronary artery ostia were located under the sinotubular junction. 39/112 examined goats (34.8%) had variations in the structure of the coronary ostia such as the lack of main trunk or the presence of additional coronary ostia. They were observed in one (in 34/39 goats) or both coronary arteries (5/39 goats).
Conclusions:
In goats, the dimensions of aortic and pulmonary orifices are similar while the right atrioventricular opening outsizes the left one. On the other hand, the left coronary ostium is wider than the right one. Morphological variations in the coronary ostia occur in approximately one third of goats, more often in the right than in the left ostium.
... The concept of coronary dominance, widely known in humans, depends on which coronary artery gives origin to the SIB, or which one supplies the greater part of the left posterior ventricular wall [3,9]. Right coronary dominance has been reported in pigs, horses, elephants and camels [8,10,14,30,32,33,36], while left dominance has been reported in ruminants, donkeys and dogs [8,27]. In humans, right coronary dominance has been reported with the highest incidence, within a wide range of 48% to 90% [3,9,21,22,25,34]. ...
... In donkeys, horses, camels and elephants, the LCA has been observed to bifurcate, giving origin to the PIB and the LCxB [10,12,14,27,36], whereas in the present study there was a trifurcation variant involving the presence of a LDB (8.1% of the cases). ...
Background:
Despite the importance of the coronary system in the African sheep as an possible experimental model, there is little information about this particular anatomical. The objective of this investigation was to characterize morphologically the coronary arteries and their branches in African sheep.
Materials and methods:
This descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated the coronary arteries and their branches of 62 hearts of short hair sheep. The right and left coronary ostia were perfused with a semi-synthetic resin (Palatal GP40L 85%; styrene 15%) dyed with mineral red. The morphological characteristics were evaluated using a digital calibrator and the biometrics of the coronary arteries and their branches were registered.
Results:
The right coronary artery had a proximal caliber of 2.11±0.46 mm. The subsinusal interventricular branch ended at the middle third of the homonym sulcus in 19 specimens (30.6%).The left coronary artery had a diameter of 5.38±1.59 mm and a length of 4.67±3.32 mm. This artery bifurcated itself in the paraconal interventricular branch and the left circumflex branch in 57 hearts (91.9%) and trifurcated with an additional left diagonal branch in five specimens (8.1%). Left coronary artery dominance was observed in 51 specimens (82.3%), whereas in 11 cases (17.7%) the coronary circulation dominance was balanced.
Conclusions:
Due to the similitude in the features of the coronary arteries between African sheep and humans, this animal model can be proposed for procedural and hemodynamic activities.
... Alpaca is a member of the Camelidae family. According to our literature search, many researches were performed about heart anatomy and cardiac vessels of the camels (Ghazi & Tadjalli, 1993;Ghonimi, 2014;Ghonimi, Abuel-Atta, Bareedy, & Balah, 2014a,b,c;Hegazi, 1954;Kanan, 1971;Nawal, Osman, & Abdalla, 2002;Taha & Abel-Magied, 1996;Yuan, Ma, Ye, Bai, & Wang, 2009). In comparison with the abundance of the studies on common camels, the morphological studies on South American camelids are scarce (Heath et al., 1974). ...
... The coronary arterial circulation of the alpaca corresponded to the right type of circulation, since the subsinusal interventricular branch was issued by the right coronary artery. The same results were found in the dromedary (Ghazi & Tadjalli, 1993;Kanan, 1971;Taha & Abel-Magied, 1996;Yuan et al., 2009) and equine (Barone & Malavieille, 1951). Domestic ruminants and other species such as roe deer and giraffes are described as the left type, where the circumflex branch of left coronary artery gives to the subsinusal interventricular artery (Barone, 2011;Frąckowiak et al., 2007;. ...
The available information about anatomical characteristics of the cardiovascular system of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos, Linnaeus 1758) is scarce. The general objective of this work was to describe its heart anatomy. We dissected six adult animals and five neonates. The heart of the alpaca was located in the middle mediastinum, with a craniocaudal extension from the third to the sixth rib. No ligament that connected the fibrous pericardium to the sternum or to the diaphragm was detected. In the right atrium, there was a developed crista terminalis and small pectinate muscles. In the right ventricle, the septomarginal trabecula was very large. From the proximities of the interventricular septum arose small septomarginal trabeculae that ended in carnous trabeculae of the septal wall. The left atrium included little developed pectinate muscles. On the left ventricle, both papillary muscles were bilobed. Two left septomarginal trabeculas were detected in this ventricle. The left subclavian artery was originated from the aortic arch separately from the brachiocephalic trunk, and bicarotid trunk was present. The other branches of the subclavian artery were similar to the domestic ruminants. The arterial supply of the heart was of the right type. In conclusion, the heart anatomy of alpaca and the irrigation of thoracic cavity were more similar to those of old world camels and different from domestic ruminants.
... According to the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria [1], the left main coronary artery is divided into two vessels: the interventricular paraconal branch and the left circumflex branch. This is confirmed in the studies of Habermehl [2], Atalar et al. [3], Smodlaka et al. [4], Yuan et al. [5] and Kupczyńska et al. [6] in selected species of mammals. However, some authors describe a tripartite branching of the left main coronary artery. ...
... A double-branched left main stem coronary artery was also noted in the porcupine, ringed seal and Bactrian camel [3][4][5]. ...
The aim of this study was to measure the area of the coronary ostia, assess their localization in the coronary sinuses and to determine the morphology of the stem of the left and right coronary arteries in the domestic shorthair cat. The study was conducted on 100 hearts of domestic shorthair cats of both sexes, aged 2–18 years, with an average body weight of 4.05 kg. A morphometric analysis of the coronary ostia was carried out on 52 hearts. The remaining 48 hearts were injected with a casting material in order to carry out a morphological assessment of the left and right coronary arteries. In all the studied animals, the surface of the left coronary artery ostium was larger than the surface of the right coronary artery ostium. There were four types of the left main coronary artery: type I (23 animals, 49%)–double-branched left main stem (giving off the left circumflex branch and the interventricular paraconal branch, which in turn gave off the septal branch), type II (12 animals, 26%)–double-branched left main stem (giving off the left circumflex branch and the interventricular paraconal branch without the septal branch), type III (11 animals, 23%)–triple-branched left main stem (giving off the left circumflex branch, interventricular branch and the septal branch, type IV (1 animal, 2%)–double-branched left main stem (giving off the interventricular paraconal branch and the left circumflex branch, which in turn gave off the septal branch). The left coronary artery ostium is greater than the right one. There is considerable diversity in the branches of proximal segment of the left coronary artery, while the right coronary artery is more conservative. These results can be useful in defining the optimal strategies in the endovascular procedures involving the coronary arteries or the aortic valve in the domestic shorthair cat.
... The coronary vascularization of vertebrate hearts has been the subject of extensive research involving many groups of animals, including exotic species and specific breeds within a given species (Atalar et al. 2003;Hagensen et al. 2008;Yuan et al. 2009). Most descriptions have naturally focused on human coronary artery pathology (Kang et al. 2006;Gleeson et al. 2009;Sanyal et al. 2012). ...
The pattern of normal coronary vascularization in a mammalian heart includes the presence of both right and left coronary arteries. According to the literature data, the presence of single major coronary arteries is mainly related to cardiac abnormalities. Previously it has been reported that the right coronary artery is absent in the coronary vascularization of the heart in the chinchilla. Our research was carried out on thirty chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger Molina). The coronary vessels were filled with colored latex to render them visible. The examinations were supplemented additionally with the use of microcomputed tomography with arterial contrast. Our study demonstrates its undoubtedly presence of the right coronary artery. In all subjects the right coronary artery was present, as was the left coronary artery. Two types of right coronary artery were found. Our results indicate that the normal pattern of coronary vascularization of heart in chinchilla includes both the right and left coronary arteries. An open question remains the presence of single coronary artery is a normal pattern of cardiac arterial vascularization in chinchilla.
... Many cases of myocardial bridges of variable diminutions were seen embedded in the ventricular myocardium, the result which has not been mentioned in horses (Gómez et al., 2017a;Gómez et al., 2017b). On the other hand, myocardial bridges have been reported in humans, pigs and camels within a range of 20-80% (Gómez and Ballesteros, 2015b;Taha and Abel-Magied, 1996;Yuan et al., 2009). In the same regards some researchers have considered the myocardial bridges as a risk factor for the development of certain cardiac pathological conditions like angina (Bourassa et al., 2003). ...
The present study was investigated the morphological features of the coronary arteries in the donkey. The study was carried on the hearts of thirty adult donkeys. The specimens were injected with red gum milk latex/barium suspension through the right and left coronary arteries. The injected hearts were imaged then preserved in 10% acidified formalin solution before the dissection. The coronary artery is a bilateral coronary type. No anastomosis was observed between both left and right circumflex branches. A high incidence of right coronary dominance was observed. The present study traced rare cases of arterial trifurcation of the left coronary artery along with the presence of a left diagonal branch. The conus arteriosus had supplied by two main branches, R. coni arteriosus dextra from A. coronaria dextra and R. coni arteriosus sinister from A. coronaria sinistra and they were anastomosed together at the margo cranialis. The myocardial bridge as a congenital heart defect was recorded in five specimens. In conclusion, the coronary circulation of donkeys was more similar to those of horses and mules.
... Among domestic mammals, ruminants and dogs have left dominance, while pigs and horses have balanced coronary circulation (SINGH, 2020). Among wild ruminants, camels (PÉREZ et al., 2018) and alpacas (YUAN et al., 2009) were described with balanced irrigation in studies with ten and eleven specimens, respectively. In contrast, a specimen of Rothschild Giraffe (PÉREZ et al., 2008) was revealed with left domain. ...
Mazama gouazoubira is a widely distributed deer in the South American continent. However, studies on its anatomical characteristics are still scarce. The objective of this study was to elucidate the coronary circulation of M. gouazoubira. With this aim, after collecting cadavers on highways, twenty-four hearts injected with latex and preserved in formaldehyde at 10% were dissected. The dissections revealed that all specimens presented left coronary dominance, characterized by the origin of the subsinuous interventricular branch from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. The number of ventricular branches originated from branches of the left coronary artery was approximately five times higher than that of the right coronary artery. The occurrence of myocardial bridges was registered in 91.7% of the individuals, with bridges predominating over the paraconal interventricular branch. The mean length of the paraconal interventricular sulcus was significantly higher in males (p = 0.02). The number of atrial branches and ventricular branches, length of myocardial bridges and length of subsinuous interventricular sulcus did not vary significantly between sex. Left coronary dominance and high frequency of myocardial bridges in M. gouazoubira are preponderant anatomical traits also present in different species of Ruminantia suborder. Coronary dominance studies in other South American deer species may confirm the correlation of this trait with the evolutionary history of these animals.
... Coronary vessels have been studied in domestic and wild ruminants including the Angora and Akkamaran goats [10], domestic goat (Capra hircus) (8), the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) [19], the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) [48], the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) [20] and the European bison (Bison bonasus) [25]. This is the first study on the topography and morphometry of the coronary ostia in the European bison. ...
Background:
Coronary vessels have been widely studied in many species of domestic and wild mammals. However, there are no available literature reports describing the morphology and morphometry of the coronary ostia of the European bison (Bison bonasus). The aim of this study was to measure the area of the coronary ostia and assess their localisation in the coronary sinuses of the aortic root in the European bison.
Materials and methods:
The study material comprised 27 hearts from European bison of both sexes (16 males and 11 females), from 3 months to 26 years old, inhabiting the Bialowieza Forest (Bialowieza National Park, Poland). The animals were divided into two age groups: ≤ 5 years (group I) and > 5 years (group II).
Results:
In all the studied European bison, the aortic valve consisted of three semilunar leaflets, left, right and septal. The ostia of both coronary arteries were located beneath the sinotubular junction. The dimensions of the left coronary ostium were larger than those of the right coronary ostium. They were longer by on average 4.5 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.5-5.6 mm), they were wider by on average 1.6 mm (95% CI 1.0-2.2 mm) and they had a larger area by on average 31.6 mm2 (95% CI 22.7-40.5 mm2). This was evident both in young and in adult bison. After adjusting for age, there were no differences in the ostia dimensions between males and females. There were no differences in the structure of the left and right coronary arteries in nine animals. In the remaining 18 animals, there were variations in the morphology of the coronary ostia or additional ostia.
Conclusions:
Because of the anatomical similarity between the European bison and other ruminants, the results of this study can be applied to the other species including endangered ones.
... Our previous study had reported the origin, distribution and course of the coronary arteries in Bactrian camels on gross examination (Yuan et al., 2009). However, much less is known of the ultrastructure of the coronary artery endothelium. ...
Vascular endothelium play an essential role in regulating endothelial functions by maintaining normal vascular tone, modulating hemostasis, and preventing thromobogenesis. The aim of present study was to reveal ultrastructure features of coronary artery endothelium in Bactrian Camels by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology. The results showed that the endothelial cells distribute along the direction of blood flow. Their morphology and protuberant degree towards luminal surface vary for different parts of the coronary artery. The luminal surface of a.c oronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra was covered by impaired and intact endothelium, respectively. Platelets and leukocytes sticking to the endothelium were found.
... No camelo, o ramo interventricular subsinuoso, se originou exclusivamente da artéria coronária direita (Guoqiang et al. 2009) semelhante ao observado na presente investigação apenas em 20% dos machos. Nos demais animais não foram observados o referido ramo, concordando com Bahar et al. (2007), em coelhos da raça Angorá. ...
Cardiac morphometry and distribution of coronary arteries in New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cunniculus) The rabbit heart has been frequently used as an experimental model to study regional ischemia. However some aspects of their macro anatomy still need a more detailed description, especially the cardiac arterial vascular system, which has a huge variability in distribution and trajectory. Thirty cadaveric adult New Zealand rabbits, 15 of each sex, with an average weight and rostrum-sacral length of 2.5 kg and 40 cm, respectively, were used. The thoracic aorta was cannulated and the vascular system was filled with stained latex S-65. The aim of this study was to determine the cardiac morphometry and main branches of the coronary arteries in New Zealand rabbits. The left coronary artery showed a bifurcation pattern with paraconal interventricular and left ventricular marginal branch in 86.66[%] of males and 93.33[%] of females and a trifurcation pattern with paraconal interventricular, left ventricular marginal and left circumflex branch in 13.33[%] of males and 6.66[%] of females. The paraconal interventricular branch occupied the groove of the same name in 13.33[%] of males and 46.66[%] of females. The sinuous interventricular branch occupied the groove in only 20[%] of males. This study showed no statistical difference between the measurements of height, width and thickness of the heart between both sexes.
... Este tipo es referido como tipo derecho y se adjudica al caballo y cerdo (Christensen;Hoffmann;Ghoshal, 1975a, c) al búfalo de agua de Egipto (George et al., 1969). A este grupo pertenecen el camello dromedario descrito en tres trabajos (Kanan, 1971;Ghazi & Tadjalli, 1993;Taha & Abel-Magied, 1996), y el camello bactriano (Yuan et al., 2009). En Arctocephalus australis la rama interventricular subsinusal procede en la mayoría de los animales de la arteria coronaria derecha (Pérez et al., 2008b). ...
We dissected the heart of white rhino in order to give an anatomical description of the distribution of coronary arteries. We recorded the length and caliber of the main branches. The coronary arteries were the same caliber at its origin and the right coronary artery emitted subsinusal interventricular branch, rhinoceros corresponded to the pattern of the right coronary artery. The left coronary artery is released into the left breast of the aorta was divided into three branches (trifurcation) paraconal interventricular branch, circumflex branch and diagonal branch.
... Często obiektem badań były zwierzęta egzotyczne, a nawet tylko konkretne rasy wyróżniane w obrębie danego gatunku. Należy tu wymienić m.in.: chomika syryjskiego (Mesocricetus auratus) (16), szynszylę małą (Chinchilla lanigera) (30), świnkę morską (Cavia porcellus) (38), królika rasy angora (6), psa (Canis lupus f. domestica) (12,28), osła (Equus asinus) (31,32), kozę rasy angora (8), owcę rasy akkaraman (8), wielbłąda dwugarbnego (Camelus bactrianus) (40), wielbłąda jednogarbnego (Camelus dromedarius) (18), fokę obrączkowaną (Pusa hispida) (34), jeżozwierza afrykańskiego (Hystrix cristata) (4,5), ryjówkę domową (Suncus murinus) (21), makaka jawajskiego (Macaca fascicularis) (27,35), koczkodana zielonego (Cercopithecus aethiops) (27) czy grzechotnika straszliwego (Crotalus durissus) (19). Nieliczne prace odnoszą się także do gromady ptaków: strusia północnoafrykańskiego (Struthio camelus) (9) i kury domowej (Gallus gallus domesticus) (7). ...
Modern methods of diagnosis and treatment used in veterinary practice require detailed knowledge of the morphology, including clinical aspects of the subepicardial vessels of the heart. The study was performed on 60 hearts of female and male adult domestic shorthair cats. A distinct view of subepicardial arterial vessels was obtained by filling them with dyed synthetic latex (LBS 3060). The next stage of the study consisted in a detailed preparation of the left and right coronary arteries with a Global surgical microscope. The aim of the study was to determine the most frequent pattern of vascularization of the cat's heart. In all specimens, the left coronary artery (a. coronaria sinistra) and the right coronary artery (a. coronaria dextra) were present. The origin, course, and termination of the coronary arteries were determined. Considering the clinical importance of the coronary arteries and their branches, universal nomenclature was suggested.
... Często obiektem badań były zwierzęta egzotyczne, a nawet tylko konkretne rasy wyróżniane w obrębie danego gatunku. Należy tu wymienić m.in.: chomika syryjskiego (Mesocricetus auratus) (16), szynszylę małą (Chinchilla lanigera) (30), świnkę morską (Cavia porcellus) (38), królika rasy angora (6), psa (Canis lupus f. domestica) (12,28), osła (Equus asinus) (31,32), kozę rasy angora (8), owcę rasy akkaraman (8), wielbłąda dwugarbnego (Camelus bactrianus) (40), wielbłąda jednogarbnego (Camelus dromedarius) (18), fokę obrączkowaną (Pusa hispida) (34), jeżozwierza afrykańskiego (Hystrix cristata) (4,5), ryjówkę domową (Suncus murinus) (21), makaka jawajskiego (Macaca fascicularis) (27,35), koczkodana zielonego (Cercopithecus aethiops) (27) czy grzechotnika straszliwego (Crotalus durissus) (19). Nieliczne prace odnoszą się także do gromady ptaków: strusia północnoafrykańskiego (Struthio camelus) (9) i kury domowej (Gallus gallus domesticus) (7). ...
Modern methods of diagnosis and treatment used in veterinary practice require detailed knowledge of the morphology, including clinical aspects of the subepicardial vessels of the heart. The study was performed on 60 hearts of female and male adult domestic shorthair cats. A distinct view of subepicardial arterial vessels
was obtained by filling them with dyed synthetic latex (LBS 3060). The next stage of the study consisted in a detailed preparation of the left and right coronary arteries with a Global surgical microscope. The aim of the
study was to determine the most frequent pattern of vascularization of the cat’s heart. In all specimens, the left coronary artery (a. coronaria sinistra) and the right coronary artery (a. coronaria dextra) were present. The
origin, course, and termination of the coronary arteries were determined. Considering the clinical importance
of the coronary arteries and their branches, universal nomenclature was suggested.
... Este tipo es referido como tipo derecho y se adjudica al caballo y cerdo (Christensen;Hoffmann;Ghoshal, 1975a, c) al búfalo de agua de Egipto (George et al., 1969). A este grupo pertenecen el camello dromedario descrito en tres trabajos (Kanan, 1971;Ghazi & Tadjalli, 1993;Taha & Abel-Magied, 1996), y el camello bactriano (Yuan et al., 2009). En Arctocephalus australis la rama interventricular subsinusal procede en la mayoría de los animales de la arteria coronaria derecha (Pérez et al., 2008b). ...
We dissected the heart of white rhino in order to give an anatomical description of the distribution of coronary arteries. We recorded the length and caliber of the main branches. The coronary arteries were the same caliber at its origin and the right coronary artery emitted subsinusal interventricular branch, rhinoceros corresponded to the pattern of the right coronary artery. The left coronary artery is released into the left breast of the aorta was divided into three branches (trifurcation) paraconal interventricular branch, circumflex branch and diagonal branch.
... This pattern is referred to as right coronary pattern, which is ascribed to horse and pig (Christensen 1962; Ghoshal 1975a, c; Hoffmann 1975) and the Egyptian water buffalo (George et al. 1969). This group also includes the dromedary camel (Kanan 1971; Ghazi and Tadjalli 1993; Taha and Abel-Magied 1996) and the Bactrian camel (Yuan et al. 2009). In Arctocephalus australis, the ramus interventricularis subsinosus proceeds in the majority of animals from the right coronary artery (Pérez et al. 2008b). ...
In this study, we describe the internal structures of both ventricles and the valvular apparatus of the heart of the white rhino. In the right of the heart, three papillary muscles were found in septal and marginal walls and m. papillaris magnus was the biggest. There was only one m. papillaris parvus in the right ventricle. The right atrioventricular valve was tricuspid, and the parietal cusp was longest. In the left of the heart, two papillary muscles were found on the septal wall and the subauricular was the biggest. The left atrioventricular valve was bicuspid and the parietal cusp was longest. There were no nodules in the valves of the pulmonary trunk and aorta, and the semilunar valves had many fibrous folds and transparent parts. Within the cardiac skeleton there was a cartilago cordis which occupied a small part of the right fibrous trigone. While the right ventricle included only one septomarginal trabecula, there were many trabeculae in the left ventricle. In both ventricles, the endocardium was thin and the subendocardial network was visible, also their continuation with the septomarginal trabeculae. We also found many trabeculae carneae in the dorsal part of the ventricles.
The objective of this work was to study the histological structure of the dog's coronary artery by light and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The coronary artery consisted of three tunics: tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consisted of endothelium rested directly on internal elastic lamina without the subendothelial connective tissue layer. The tunica media were composed of smooth muscle fibres interspersed with few elastic and collagen fibres. The tunica adventitia consisted of collagen and elastic fibres intermingled with fibroblast cells; it had vasa vasorum and nervi vasorum. Some histomorphometric measurements were performed and compared statistically. The ultrastructural study showed that the endothelial cells were communicated through complex junctions and characterised by filiform cytoplasmic processes passed through the opening of the underlying internal elastic membrane. The smooth muscle fibres of tunica media communicated with each other through cytoplasmic processes. The tunica adventitia showed minute non‐myelinated nerve. This work revealed that the dog's coronary arteries are typical muscular arteries, which show little structural variations from that of other mammals.
Operando UV-Vis spectroscopy with on-line mass spectrometry was used to study the effect of different types of impurities on the hydrocarbon pool species, and the activity of H-SAPO-34 as a methanol-to-olefins (MTO) catalyst. Successive reaction cycles with different purity feedstocks were studied, with an intermittent regeneration step. The combined study of two distinct impurity types (i.e., feed and internal impurities) leads to new insights into MTO catalyst activation and deactivation mechanisms. In the presence of low amounts of feed impurities, the induction and active periods of the process are prolonged. Feed impurities are thus beneficial in the formation of the initial hydrocarbon pool, but also aid in the unwanted formation of deactivating coke species via a separate, competing mechanism favoring coke species over olefins. Further, feedstock impurities strongly influence the location of coke deposits, and thus influence the deactivation mechanism, while a study of the organic impurities retained after calcination reveals that these species are less relevant for catalyst activity, and function as "seeds" for coke formation only.
The aim of this study was to define the anatomic characteristics of the principal arterial source of the atrioventricular node, known as the artery of the atrioventricular node. Ten healthy hearts of bactrian camel were studied by means of injecting a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra with red and white coloured 15% ABS (Acrylonitrile, Butadiene and Styrene), followed by corrosion with concentrated hydrochloric acid, and then the vascular casts were described and measured. The results showed arterial blood supply for the atrioventricular node just stems from a.coronary adextra.
Full use of nonhuman primates as a model for coronary vascular disease has been hampered by several factors, including the limited availability of detailed coronary anatomic data. This study was undertaken to identify the gross coronary arterial anatomy of the Bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata). The hearts of sixteen adult male Bonnet monkeys were subjected to postmortem coronary angiography and gross morphological examination. The main left coronary artery divided into the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and the left circumflex coronary artery (LCA). The posterior descending coronary artery (PDCA) arose from the LCA in 31% of the cases and from the right coronary artery (RCA) in 56% of the hearts. Hearts from two animals (13%) had paired arteries, arising from the LCA and RCA, located in the posterior interventricular groove. The arterial supply to the sinoatrial node originated from the LCA in 69% of the animals and from the RCA in the remainder. The atrioventricular node was supplied by a branch of the RCA in 69% of the animals and from the LCA in the remainder. The coronary anatomy of the bonnet monkey resembles that of man more closely than does the dog in terms of origin of the PDCA, supply of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, and perfusion of the interventricular septum. The Bonnet monkey may therefore be a useful model for certain specific pathophysiological studies on the coronary circulation.
The aim of this study was to define the arteries that supply the cardiac muscle in donkeys with regard to their course and possible variations. Six hearts belonging to donkeys of different age and sex constituted the material of the study. Following exposition of the arteries by means of injection of latex coloured with Rotring ink to a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra, dissection was performed. The arterial vascularization of the heart in donkeys was determined to be supplied by a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra which originate from the aorta. A. coronaria sinistra, measured to be larger than a. coronaria dextra, was determined to have its origin at the aorta, at the level of the free border of valvula semilunaris sinistra, and to extend between truncus pulmonalis and auricula sinistra. The mentioned artery was detected to give off two branches, namely, ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus circumflexus sinister which extend in sulcus interventricularis paraconalis and sulcus coronarius, respectively. However, a. coronaria dextra was determined to have its origin at the beginning of the aorta, at the level of valvula semilunaris dextra, and to extend to margo ventricularis dexter between truncus pulmonalis and auricula dexter. This study has revealed ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and ramus circumflexus dexter to intercommunicate by means of anastomosis and to form a. coronaria dexter. Examination of material revealed the absence of anastomosis between r. circumflexus sinister and r. circumflexus dexter. Branches named rami septales, originating from ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus interventricularis subsinuosus were determined to supply septum interventriculare. Ramus proximalis atrii sinistri was determined to have its origin at ramus circumflexus sinister whereas ramus proximalis venriculi dextri was determined to stem from the beginning of a. coronaria dextra in the material of this study. However, examination of the cranial and caudal branches of ramus coni arteriosi, revealed the cranial branch to be ramus proximalis ventriculi dextri in a cadaver.
The ventricular coronary model was studied on hearts of eleven healthy adult male cats. The arterial network in four of the hearts was studied using injected coloured gelatine. After a polymer inoculation seven hearts were macerated and the vascular prints observed. In all cases studied A. coronaria sinistra began as a common trunk. In the coronary furrow we found a division of the artery into R. interventricularis paraconalis and R. circumflexus with the latter giving off a lot of branches. Variability was observed in R marginis ventricularis sinistri and R. distalis ventricularis sinistri. R. marginis ventricularis sinistri was either well expressed or considerably less expressed. The continuation of R. circumflexus along the right interventricular furrow gave rise to R. interventricularis subsinuosus. The left coronary artery was found to be involved in the vascularisation of the bigger part of the myocardium, and A. coronaria dextra was found to ramify only in the region of Margo vеntricularis dexter. On the basis of this the ventricular part of the heart could be divided into four regions, namely: 1. R. interventricularis paraconalis and R. distalis ventricularis sinistri; 2. R. distalis ventricularis sinistri and R. interventricularis subsinuosus; 3. R. interventricularis subsinuosus and R. marginis ventricularis dextri and 4. R. marginis ventricularis dextri and R. interventricularis paraconalis. The separate parts of the ventricular myocardium were found to belong to different haemodynamic framework because the ramification of A. coronaria dextra and A. coronaria sinistra occurred at a different angle in the separate ventricular segments. We conclude that the ramification peculiarities of A. coronaria sinistra and A. coronaria dextra determine a left dominant type of ventricular vascularisation in the cat.
This study describes the left and right coronary artery distribution in the Spanish fighting bull, and compares the findings of the investigation with those of other bovine species in which similar investigations have been carried out. It is concluded that the general distribution of the coronary system in the Spanish fighting bull is similar to that of other bovine species which have been studied.
The cardiac arteries and veins are described in the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) following the injection of the vessels of 15 hearts with either latex, vinyl plastic or barium sulfate. The left coronary artery gives off the typical circumflex and paraconal interventricular branches which supply the left atrium and ventricle and part of the right ventricle and interventricular septum. The right coronary artery vascularizes the right atrium and ventricule and by means of its subsinuosal interventricular branch, part of the left ventricle and interventricular septum. The paraconal interventricular branch of the left coronary artery lies within the myocardium and is not visible on the surface of the heart. There are no intercoronary anastomoses between the right and left vessels. The major cardiac veins open into the terminal end of the left cranial vena cava. Unlike the arteries, there are venous anastomoses interconnecting the great cardiac vein and the middle cardiac vein. It is concluded that the cardiac blood vessels in Castor canadensis are typically mammalian and resemble those of both land and aquatic mammals.
The coronary arterial epicardial network in the monkey Macaca fascicularis was studied. The study concerned 11 hearts of healthy and fertile animals of both sexes. The morphological and morphometric results of the studies performed by microdissection revealed that: In all examined cases of the Macaca fascicularis the heart was supplied by blood through the left and right coronary arteries. The left coronary artery had a larger external diameter (1.2 mm-2.5 mm, average 1.8 mm) than the right one (0.7 mm-1.2 mm, average 0.9 mm). The left coronary artery, with the average length of 4.3 mm (1.8 mm-6.5 mm), usually (82%) ended by bifurcation in to the anterior interventricular and the circumflex branch, and less frequently (18%) by trifurcation forming, in this way, another branch: the left marginal branch. The anterior interventricular branch had the larger external diameter (0.9 mm-1.7 mm, average 1.3 mm) than the circumflex one (0.7 mm-1.7 mm, average 1.1 mm). Most frequently (73%) it could be traced along the diaphragmatic cardiac surface. The circumflex branch usually (73%) terminated as the posterior interventricular branch, and less frequently (9%) as one of the right posterior ventricular branches. The long type of the right coronary artery was observed in 45% of the cases. The presence of the myocardial bridges over the branches of the left coronary artery was found in 54% of the examined hearts. The great resemblance between the Macaca fascicularis subepicardial network with the corresponding one in humans suggest that Macacus fascicularis is a suitable experimental animal for functional studies of the cardiovascular system.
The detailed coronary arterial anatomy of seven camels was studied and compared with that of horses and cattle. In camels, there is a bilateral coronary supply, the right coronary artery being the larger. The left coronary artery follows the same pattern as that in horses. The ramus collateralis proximalis in camels separates off some distance away from the origin of the ramus interventricularis paraconalis, as in horses, whereas it separates of very quickly in cattle. The ramus collateralis distalis has two branches in camels, whereas the left distal ventriculi ramus does not branch. The ramus angularis is also absent but the left distal atrii ramus is present.
Bearing in mind that the Syrian hamster provides an animal model for the study of congenital coronary artery anomalies, we decided to undertake a definition of its normal coronary artery pattern. The sample examined consisted of 1204 specimens. They were studied both histologically and by means of a corrosion-cast technique. The course of the coronary arteries in this species is intramyocardial. The right coronary artery has two principal branches: the right circumflex branch and the dorsal interventricular branch. The conal branch usually originates from the main trunk of the right coronary artery. The main branches of the left coronary artery are the obtuse marginal branch, the left circumflex branch, and usually a dorsal ventricular branch as well. The ventral interventricular branch is often absent. When it is present, it always originates from the left coronary artery and seldom reaches the apex of the heart. The interventricular septum is principally supplied by one, or rarely two, septal arteries arising from the right and/or left coronary arteries. According to the number and origin of these vessels, three septal coronary artery patterns were established; namely, the right, the left, and the right-left septal patterns. In the Syrian hamster, the left septal pattern is the most frequent (70.4%). The right septal pattern occurred in 28.1% of the specimens studied, whereas the right-left septal pattern was only found in 1.5% of them.
The pattern of distribution of the coronary arteries of the camel was studied by combining dissection and vinyl acetate casts. The results showed that in the camel the right coronary artery supplies the interventricular subsinuosal artery, characteristic of a right coronary pattern. The septal branch that supplied the interventricular septum originated from the paraconal interventricular artery. A muscular bridge was observed crossing each of the paraconal and subsinuosal interventricular arteries in the middle third of the longitudinal grooves.
The rabbit heart has been frequently used to study regional ischemia, but there is hardly any detailed information on the epicardial branching of the coronary arteries. Therefore, we wanted to determine whether there is a constant branching pattern and how comparable this pattern is with the human heart.
We investigated epicardial branching of the coronary arteries in 30 adult rabbit hearts. For vessel visualisation, we used injections of Technovit, followed by corrosion.
We found that there is not one constant pattern but rather a bifurcation or a trifurcation of the arteria coronaria sinistra (15 of 15 hearts). The left coronary artery is always the dominant artery; a vessel comparable to the human ramus interventricularis anterior is rarely found in the bifurcation type. The ramus circumflexus is a constant but minor branch of the posterior or posterolateral division and does not originate directly from the main stem of the left coronary artery, as it does in humans. As a consequence, ligation of the left ramus interventricularis anterior leads to severe ischemic injury only where trifurcation exists (50% of our population). A ligation of the ramus circumflexus proximal to its origin produces a large posterolateral infarction in the bifurcation type (50% of our population).
Because a defined ischemic area is difficult to reproduce under these anatomical conditions, the rabbit heart may be a model only for regional ischemia if the investigator is knowledgeable about the distributions of the coronary arteries.
Etudes anatomique surle coeur et les arteres du coeur chez le buffle
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Considering this, the aim of this study was to complement the lack of information in this field and to define the distribution and course of coronary arteries in Bactrian camels An anatomic investigation on the heart and coronary arteries in the domestic cat and white New Zealand rabbits
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Considering this, the aim of this study was to complement the lack of information in this field and to define the distribution and course of coronary arteries in Bactrian camels. References Aksoy, G., and H. Karadag, 2002: An anatomic investigation on the heart and coronary arteries in the domestic cat and white New Zealand rabbits. Vet. Bil. Derg. 18, 33–40.
Coronary arterial anatomy of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) Equine heart and arteries. In: Sisson and Grossman's Anatomy of The Domestic Animals
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An anatomic investigation on the heart and coronary arteries in the domestic cat and white New Zealand rabbits
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An anatomical investigation on the coronary arteries of dog
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Ruminant heart and arteries. In: Sisson and Grossman’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals
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The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals
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Microvasculature of the human lung
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