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Demographic Trends in the Twentieth Century. Census 2000 Special Reports
Abstract
This report consolidates U.S. Census information from 1900-2000 to illustrate population changes over the 20th century. The population more than tripled, from 76 million in 1900 to 281 million in 2000. It grew increasingly metropolitan each decade. In 1900, half of the population was under 22.9 years old. By 2000, half of the population was over 35.3 years old. During the century, the population over age 64 increased tenfold. The country's gender composition shifted from majority male to majority female around midcentury. From 1900-2000, the number of non-southern states with populations of at least 10 percent races other than White increased from 2 to 26, reflecting the spread of diversity nationwide. From 1980-2000, the Hispanic population more than doubled. By 2000, California, Hawaii, New Mexico, and the District of Columbia had predominantly minority populations. Before 1950, over half of all occupied housing units were rented. By 1950, homeownership became more prevalent than renting. At the end of the 20th century, householders who were Black, Hispanic, or two or more races were more likely to rent than own their homes. In 1900, the most common household contained seven or more people. From 1940-2000, it contained two people. Between 1950-2000, married couple households declined from more than three-fourths of all households to just over one-half. (SM)
... About 80 million Baby Boomers in the United States were born 1946-1964 (Strauss & Howe, 1992;Hobbs & Stoops, 2000;Lancaster & Stillman, 2002). Mannheim (1952) stated that generations are comparable to class. ...
... Baby Boomers: Baby Boomers are individuals born 1946-1964(Hobbs & Stoops, 2000, White, 2006Jefferies & Hunte, 2004). Although no agreement has been reached on the birth years for the generational cohorts, the current study uses the 1946 -1964 age range, which appears most reliable according to the US Census as reported by Hobbs and Stoops (2000). ...
... Baby Boomers: Baby Boomers are individuals born 1946-1964(Hobbs & Stoops, 2000, White, 2006Jefferies & Hunte, 2004). Although no agreement has been reached on the birth years for the generational cohorts, the current study uses the 1946 -1964 age range, which appears most reliable according to the US Census as reported by Hobbs and Stoops (2000). ...
... Each era covers a 20-to 35-year period. The first is from 1915 to 1944, a period that began in the middle of a major growth period for cities (Hobbs & Stoops, 2002;Massey & Denton, 1998) and ended with the creation of one of the largest federal programs, the 1944 Veterans Administrations program, that actively sponsored residential segregation (Jargowsky, 2015;Massey & Denton, 1998). The second period is from 1945 to 1970, the beginning of the era of mass suburbanization-an era that ended with a deepening city-suburban divide (Massey & Denton, 1998). ...
... The second period is from 1945 to 1970, the beginning of the era of mass suburbanization-an era that ended with a deepening city-suburban divide (Massey & Denton, 1998). The third period, from 1970 to 1990, was marked by further suburban expansion, an increase in income inequality, and a rise in concentrated poverty (Hobbs & Stoops, 2002;Jargowsky, 2015). In the fourth period, from 1990 to 2015, metropolitan areas saw significant growth in suburban diversity while urban cores saw contradictory trends: emerging gentrification and, first, a decrease (1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000), then an increase (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013) in concentrated poverty and concentrated affluence (Frey, 2011;Jargowsky, 2015;Kneebone & Garr, 2010). ...
The authors situate the emergence and effects of contemporary market-based reforms within a framework of urban political economy that centers on racial inequality. They discuss how and why market-based reforms have evolved alongside racialized political and economic trends that have transformed cities over the past century, and they critically evaluate the research literature in light of such trends. The authors argue that deterioration of the urban core’s infrastructure, schools, and housing has created ripe conditions for market-oriented reforms to take root. They also argue that these reforms have exacerbated divides in increasingly unequal and bifurcated cities. The authors conclude that these intersections and interactions between market-based reforms and urban contexts must be addressed by policy and research.
... The U.S. racial and ethnic minority population grew 11 times as rapidly as the White non-Hispanic population between 1980 and 2000 (U.S.Census, 2010a). The Hispanic population alone more than doubled in the same time period (Hobbs & Stoops, 2002) and is projected to comprise almost 30% of the population in 2060 (Colby & Ortman, 2014). The Black, American Indian and Alaskan Native, and ...
... Hispanic populations all skew young, suggesting a future surge in the number of collegeaged people in these groups (Hobbs & Stoops, 2002). Between 2011 and 2022, public school enrollment is expected to decline 6% among White students and 5% among Native students (Hussar & Bailey, 2013, p. 5). ...
This study uses mixed methods research to explore the phenomenon of partnerships between higher education institutions (HEIs) and nonprofit organizations (NPOs) focused on improving college access for diverse populations. Using available quantitative data, interviews and documentary evidence collected from nonprofit, four-year, private and public HEIs in Pennsylvania, this research seeks to understand whether relationships between HEIs and NPOs are a common feature of the college access landscape; how institutions understand relationships with college access nonprofits; how they use relationships to achieve particular goals including and in addition to improving college access for diverse populations; and what motivates institutions to engage in and sustain relationships. This research also considers whether there are relationships between institutional characteristics and undergraduate student diversity. Drawing from theoretical literature on the antecedents to partnership formation developed within the field of business and from organizational learning theory, this study finds that there is little agreement on what constitutes a relationship between HEIs and NPOs and a “college access nonprofit”; that HEIs rarely articulate specific, measurable goals for the enrollment of diverse populations; that relationships are used to improve direct and indirect access to students, to build trust in HEIs, to fill perceived deficits for students and families, and to address demographic pressures. Furthermore, the study finds that relationships’ effectiveness is rarely measured and that ties between entities are rarely severed, except in the case of extreme failure to meet expectations. The findings of this study suggest that what HEIs refer to relationships are instead “less formal dyadic linkages.” HEIs forms ties to NPOs primarily in the pursuit of enhanced institutional legitimacy with respect to the recruitment of diverse students, which is perceived to enhance institutions’ ability to recruit these students with greater efficiency. Relationships are also perceived to have potential to contribute to HEI’s ability to develop a pipeline of students. In addition, this study finds that the exploitation aspect of organizational learning helps explain relationship formation between HEIs and NPOs.
... The statistics show that the percentage of older people is continuously growing due to many reasons, in particular, the declining of birth rates and the reduction of women fertility. In the United States, the proportion of population 65 years and over has increased from 12.4% in 2000 to 13.3% in 2011 and it is expected to grow to reach 21% of the population by 2040 [1]. Moreover, the current social life style, modern medicine, and the easy access to medical care have increased life expectancy. ...
... On the other hand, it was reported that 35% of people age 65+ in 2011 had some type of disability [1]. Some of them require assistance to meet important personal needs. ...
Smart home automation system is increasingly used due to the wide manufacturer brands and various available technologies. From a social point of view, residents are admitted to smart homes for comfort, luxury, improving quality of live, and for providing security against intrusion and burglars. Secondly, home automation is achieved using a single controller, monitoring and the controlling many interconnected appliances such as lights, power plugs, HVAC system, humidity and temperature sensors, gas, smoke and fire detectors, audio, video and home theater as well as security and emergency systems. Smart homes are cheap, low-power, cost effective, efficient, and realize the automation of a variety of domestic appliances using user-friendly interface as remote control or any other handheld devices. Elderly, handicapped patients, and people with disabilities who have problems with locomotion difficulty can benefit from this smart home to totally operate, with high performance, all appliances and devices from anywhere in the house. When a resident is living alone, the ubiquitous access becomes very important and it is realized by using XBee transceivers that maintain RF wireless communication between the remote control and the master control panel board.
... South Florida experienced a rapid change in economic and demographic factors within the last century. Florida was the only state in the U.S. to grow from a population of less than one million at the start of the 20th century to a population of over 10 million by the century's end (Hobbs and Stoops, 2002). Most of this population growth happened in the five southern counties adjacent to coral reefs (Palm Beach, Broward, Miami‑Dade, Monroe, and Collier) (Figure 7). ...
... South Florida experienced a rapid change in economic and demographic factors during the 20th century. Florida was the only state in the U.S. to grow from a population of less than 1 million at the start of the 20th century to a population of over 10 million by the century's end (Hobbs and Stoops, 2002). Most of this population growth occurred in the five southern counties adjacent to coral reefs (Palm Beach, Broward, Miami‑Dade, Monroe, and Collier). ...
... Philadelphia's experience was representative of what most industrial cities in the United States had experienced. Philadelphia's central business district experienced a gradual decline in population and lost businesses beginning the early 20th century, particularly after the 1950s (Warner, 1987), which paralleled the trends in the central business districts of most other North Eastern and Midwestern cities (for comparisons among cities, see Hobbs & Stoops, 2002). The dire economic conditions and crime problems in Center City in the late 1980s motivated business and political leaders to initiate a process that led to the official authorization of the BID in 1990. ...
Using a longitudinal case study, we analyzed the centralities and roles of the actors in an urban governance network. The results of our network text analyses and social network analyses of newspaper articles show that the director of the business improvement district, the city council, and mayors were the most central actors in the governance network. Our thematic content analyses of the policy-related actions of these actors show that while the council and mayors played their prescribed roles, the director's roles were more diversified than what his position requires. We discuss the implications of these findings for urban governance.
... However, it is not only important to examine relationship status as an outcome, but also how satisfied people are with either being in a relationship or being single (i.e., relationship status satisfaction), which could be even more informative. A rising number of people are living as single [35], and with the sexual revolution, sexuality has become more open [36]. Therefore, both partnered and single people can experience satisfying sex lives and be satisfied with their respective relationship status. ...
Research on body image and sexual satisfaction after adult onset cancer has shown significant and lasting impairments regarding survivors' sexuality and romantic relationships. However, knowledge about these topics and their associations in adult survivors of childhood cancer is largely lacking.
Participants completed web-based questionnaires concerning body image, body dissociation, sexual satisfaction, and relationship status satisfaction (i.e., satisfaction with either being in a relationship or being single). Survivors (n = 87) and controls (n = 87) were matched on age and gender, with a mean age of 27 years (range: 20-40). Survivors were most often diagnosed with leukemia (46%), at an average of 16 years prior to study participation (range: 6-33 years).
Similar numbers of survivors and controls were single (n = 24/31), in a committed relationship (n = 33/23), or married (n = 30/33). Survivors and controls reported comparable levels of body image, body dissociation, sexual experiences, and sexual and status satisfaction (d = 0.15-0.28). Higher status satisfaction was associated with being in a relationship (compared with being single, β = 0.439), more positive body image (β = 0.196), and higher sexual satisfaction (β = 0.200).
Adult survivors of childhood cancer were comparable to healthy peers regarding views of their bodies and psychosexual development, which was unexpected. Independent of whether people experienced cancer or not, their status satisfaction was associated with their relationship status, body image, and sexual satisfaction. Future research should explore why sexual and body problems are identified after adult onset cancer, whereas this seems to be less of a problem in childhood cancer survivors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... In addition, specific park features such as amenities and playgrounds have also been shown to be associated with increased physical activity levels in children and young people5678. More than 80% of Americans live in metropolitan areas [9], however, many residents of these cities lack adequate access to parks and open spaces near their homes [10]. Even in cities that have substantial park space, many neighbourhoods still have residents who lack access to near-by parks [10]. ...
This study investigated the differences in the quality of park play spaces between an affluent and a non-affluent community in a large US Southeastern metropolitan area. Two cities were purposefully selected to reflect differences in household income and race/ethnicity characteristics. Using the Playable Space Quality Assessment Tool (PSQAT), all parks (n = 11, with six in the affluent city, and five in the non-affluent city) in these two cities were evaluated. The data were analyzed across three aspects of environmental features of the PSQAT: Location, Play Value and Care and Maintenance between parks in the two cities. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to test the study hypotheses. Results indicated significant differences between parks in the two cities in all three aspects of the PSQAT with p-values ≤ 0.03 and effect sizes of > 0.65, suggesting that the affluent city had parks of a higher quality than the non-affluent city. Significant disparity in Play Value (p = 0.009) in parks between these two communities suggests that children and young people are likely to have different experiences of the play spaces in their locality and therefore may experience different physical and psychological health benefits.
... High levels of immigration along with high fertility rates have contributed significantly to such rapid growth. (Humes, Jones, & Ramirez, 2011;Hobbs & Stoops, 2002). Furthermore, the Hispanic population increased by 15.2 million between 2000 and 2010 (see Figure 1), accounting for over half of the 27.3 million increase in the total population of the U.S. Between 2000 and 2010, the Hispanic population grew by 43 percent, which was four times the growth in the total population at 10 percent. ...
This study explores the effects of a Two-Way Bilingual Immersion (TWBI) program on language majority and minority students. The fundamental hypothesis was that the process of receiving instruction in two languages (English and Spanish) throughout elementary school (i.e., attendance at a TWBI school) would help the native Spanish-speaking students and not have a negative effect on the native English-speaking students in the performance of core academic areas (reading, mathematics, writing), and that this beneficial effect would carry through Junior High and High School in which instruction was delivered through a “business as usual” English-only model.
This is a longitudinal quasi-experimental study with an ex post facto, non-randomized, matched-pairs design. A multi-level matching procedure was used to match students from the TWBI elementary school (treatment group) with comparable students from throughout the school district (control group) beginning in third grade. Eleven annual cohorts of students from the treatment school were matched on a student-by-student basis on seven variables – cohort year, student’s primary language, years of enrollment in the program, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, and 3rd grade performance – with comparable students from within the school district. These eleven cohorts of 3rd graders were then tracked to the end of elementary school, middle and high school and measured on their reading, writing, and math achievement scores at each year. ACT scores were also collected in 11th grade.
We found that students who graduated from the TWBI program had significantly higher CSAP reading, writing and math scores at the end of their elementary school when compared with their matched pairs. We also observed a consistent main effect on program type over time across all three outcome domains, indicating the strength and breadth of the intervention across Junior High and High School.
Native Spanish-speaking students who graduated from the TWBI program achieved significantly better in reading and math, and somewhat better in writing across Junior High through 10th grade than the matched control group. Native English-speaking students who graduated from the treatment program achieved as well as their matched counter parts in writing and math across Junior High through 10th. Furthermore, in the reading area, native English-speaking students who graduated from the treatment program achieved significantly better than their matched controls.
We found that the overall program main effect was small in all three CSAP areas (reading, writing, and math), with at least three interesting trends. First, effect sizes (ESs) tended to be higher for native Spanish-speaking than for native English-speaking students in all three domains, and especially in grades 8, 9 and 10. Second, ESs tended to get bigger for native Spanish-speaking students and smaller for native English-speaking students across Junior High and High School (time) in all three domains. Third, ESs for native Spanish-speaking students in math were the biggest ones at each grade level, with only the exception of 9th grade. Also, math ESs for Spanish-speaking students were bigger than reading and writing ESs for this language group. ESs for native Spanish-speaking students in math were bigger than all ESs for English-speaking students. The treatment program had its biggest effect in the math area for native Spanish-speaking students.
Results also indicate that all students who attended the TWBI program performed better in ACT English, reading, and math scores when compared with their matched pairs. ACT Reading scores were significantly higher for native Spanish-speaking students than for their matched pairs (d = .72), but this was not the case for English, math and science. Native English-speaking students from the treatment group performed equal to or better than their matched counterparts. Furthermore, students from the treatment program obtained mean ACT scores significantly higher than the control group in English (d = .28), reading (d = .36), and math (d = .35) but not science (d = .22). Effect sizes were medium and large for native Spanish-speaking students in English and Reading while they were small to medium for native English-speaking students in these areas, a pattern that is similar to the one that was observed in grades 6 to 10.
Findings suggest consistent support for the two-way immersion program over matched control students across all three achievement areas in Junior High and in three of the four areas evaluated in High School. It appears the greatest effect for native English speakers may be in reading, while native Spanish speakers may benefit more in writing and mathematics. Limitations to generalizability and causal inferences due to the small sample sizes and inherent weaknesses of the research design are noted.
The analysis of attrition revealed that native Spanish speakers from the TWBI program were more likely to stay in the school district than native Spanish speakers from other programs. This was an unexpected but important finding. It could be possible that native Spanish speakers who attended the TWBI program received the benefits of a coherent and theory-based program that successfully helped them improve their academic achievement and allowed them to pursue and navigate their secondary level of instruction.
... Although aging is certainly not the precondition for individuals to engage in meaningful end-of-life planning and conversations (see life cycle model in the IOM report; IOM, 2014a), aging individuals and their families are more likely to face serious illnesses and end-of-life care decisions. The proportion of U.S. adults aged 65 years or older have more than tripled (4% in 1900 to 14% in 2012; Hobbs & Stoops, 2002; U.S. Census Bureau, 2013). Despite this, individuals (and their health care providers) have not thought about increasingly complex health care decisions they are likely to face. ...
The Institute of Medicine's 2014 report Dying in America: Improving quality and honoring individual preferences near the end of life provides recommendations for creating transformational change in the models of end-of-life care delivery, clinician-patient communication, and advance care planning; improving professional education, reforming policies, and payment systems; and engaging and educating the public toward high-quality, coordinated, and comprehensive care that is person centered and family oriented. This article provides a policy brief of this recently released report. The role of nursing in advancing these recommendations is discussed.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
... Although aging is certainly not the precondition for individuals to engage in meaningful end-of-life planning and conversations (see life cycle model in the IOM report; IOM, 2014a), aging individuals and their families are more likely to face serious illnesses and end-of-life care decisions. The proportion of U.S. adults aged 65 years or older have more than tripled (4% in 1900 to 14% in 2012; Hobbs & Stoops, 2002; U.S. Census Bureau, 2013). Despite this, individuals (and their health care providers) have not thought about increasingly complex health care decisions they are likely to face. ...
A panel of 21 diverse individuals representing different areas of expertise and experience in end-of-life care was appointed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 2012 to review available evidence and craft recommendations for further improvements in care for infants, children, adolescents, and adults of all ages dying in America. The work of this panel, named the Committee on Approaching Death, was sponsored by an anonymous donor, and the oversight for the committee work was with the IOM and supported by the IOM’s well-established processes to create highly credible reports that have the potential to positively affect the health of a nation. Here we briefly describe the IOM and its function in America and then the specific charge, constitution, methods, and recommendations of the Committee on Approaching Death. Importantly, we propose implications for nursing related to the recommendations from the Committee’s final report (www.iom.ed/Reports/2014/Dying-in-America-Improving-Quality-and-Honoring) that was released by the IOM to the public on September 17, 2014.
... With the rapid rate of population aging in developing countries, more older people will be residing in developing countries within the next few decades. 1 Older people consisted of 6.3% of the Malaysian population in the year 2000. 2 In comparison with developed countries, such as the USA, 12.4% of the population were aged over 65 years in the year 2000. 3 In middle income developing countries, such as Malaysia, factors such as better healthcare facilities, increasing life expectancy and declining fertility rates are giving rise to an aging society. It is projected that the older population will increase to 9.9% of the total population by the year 2020, which in absolute numbers will equate to doubling of the older population from 1.4 million to 3.2 million within 20 years, as the total population of Malaysia will also increase from 22.3 million to 32.4 million within the time-period. ...
Background: Injuries resulting from falls in older people incur large economic, social and psychological burdens to individuals, careers and the society. The consequences of falls in the older population in Malaysia have not been defined previously. Objective: To determine the effects of falls in terms of injury rate, activities of daily living and mortality in older fallers attending the Accident and Emergency (A&E) department at the University of Malaya Medical Centre. Method: Consecutive patients over the age of 65 years presenting to A&E over a 6 month period were included in the study. Activities of daily living (ADLs) were assessed at presentation and oneyear follow-up, using the Barthel Index. Injury rates at presentation were recorded. Vital status was determined at one-year. Results: 72/198 (37%) sustained fractures, 32/72 (44%) of which were hip fractures. Mortality data was available in 168 patients. 41/168 (24%) had died at 12-month follow-up, with 41% of deaths occurring in the first 4 weeks. Survivors showed reductions in all ADL domains at one year, with a significant reduction in total Barthel score (20 vs 18, p<0.001). Conclusion: The older fallers presenting to our A&E department had a 16% hip fracture rate and a 24% oneyear mortality rate, while survivors experienced significantly increased dependency. Studies to develop effective interventions for this highly vulnerable group of patients are urgently required as the number of older fallers are likely to increase with our rapidly ageing population.
... Table 2 further indicates that the population of Whites was higher than the African Based on ACS 5-year estimates data at the block group level opportunities available in the service sectors (Hobbs and Stoops 2002). Table 3 shows the six characteristics that were used to evaluate the stereotype of the MLK neighborhood as deprived. ...
In addition to recognizing a commemorative space and geography that serve to legitimize a particular racial identity, streetscapes in the U.S. named after Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., (MLK) are also a stereotyped space that is presupposed as marginalized. The main objective of this paper is to investigate whether stereotyped MLK neighborhoods differ from the lived spaces. To achieve this objective, the paper relies on two indexes of segregation: namely dissimilarity and interaction indices, the racial composition, and the socioeconomic characteristics of MLK neighborhoods in the 48 contiguous states. Both dissimilarity and interaction indices implied higher segregation in the South and Midwest. The higher proportion of the African American population relative to Whites and other races in the MLK neighborhoods, except in California, confirms that the MLK streetscapes are racially concentrated spaces. Further, analysis of socioeconomic variables does resonate with the stereotype of MLK neighborhoods as marginalized spaces. To demystify the stereotype and to reconstruct the identity of African Americans and their lived and experienced spaces, this paper draws upon studies of the broader process of racialization, critical toponymy, and stereotype theories. Based on this exploratory approach, the paper concludes that though the characteristics of MLK neighborhoods reflect their marginalized status, this status is itself the result of a broader process of racialization. This process has distributed resources unequally among racial groups, forming and buttressing negative stereotypes about African Americans while also stigmatizing their living spaces, which are all too often susceptible to a policy of benign (or not-so-benign) neglect, property devaluation, and industrial pollution.
... Residential landscapes are an integral part of urban ecosystems, accounting for nearly 41% of all urban land (Nowak et al., 1996). Though urban areas include densely populated core cities, most growth throughout the twentieth century occurred in suburban areas, home to half of the United States population in 2000 (Hobbs & Stoops, 2002). As cities expand outward to suburbs and exurbs, residential land cover-especially lawns-is expanding as well. ...
As urban areas expand in population and geographic spread, residential landscapes become more pervasive, which is often associated with an increase in turfgrass that can contribute to changes in water use and nutrient flows. Management of these landscapes is influenced at multiple scales—municipal policies, individual homeowner decision-making, and neighborhood norms, and municipal policies. Most municipalities implement policies that encourage (i.e., weed and grass height ordinances) and restrict (i.e., irrigation ordinances) lawn management. But what is the relationship between yard ordinances, homeowner awareness of these ordinances, and neighborhood yard norms? We explored this question through homeowner interviews and a review of yard ordinances in 17 cities in the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area as well as interviews with code enforcement officers. We found most municipalities have lawn irrigation restrictions and weed or grass height ordinances, yet generally rely on complaints from neighbors to enforce these lawn management policies. This may be helpful when it comes to policies reinforcing agreed upon social norms—like grass height ordinances—but may be difficult with policies acting against the norm—like lawn irrigation restrictions. Additionally, homeowners in suburban areas posted high rates of awareness of local policies. Homeowner comments suggest social norms regarding lawn management are present across the urban gradient; weed-free and mowed lawns were most commonly identified. These findings have implications for policy development moving forward as cities face issues related to water scarcity or try to accommodate changing resident desires for natural landscaping.
... urban sprawl; Squires, 2002). To control for suburbanization trends, we relied on the U.S. Census distinction between the nonsuburban population living in the central city and the total population of a metropolitan area, data for which were available from 1900 to 2010 (Hobbs & Stoops, 2002, Figs. 1–15 andTable 8; Mather, Pollard, & Jacobsen, 2011,Fig. ...
Psychologists who study culture tend to do so by compar-ing distinct populations to determine universal and cul-ture-specific patterns of behavior. Research in this tradition has revealed that Westerners tend to be individualist; they emphasize personal autonomy, self-fulfillment, and uniqueness. In contrast, East Asians and Eastern Europeans tend to be collectivist; they emphasize strong family ties, in-group cohesion, and a focus on duty (for reviews, see Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Triandis, 1995). Yet cultures are not static, as suggested by recent studies on cultural change in individualism in the United States (Greenfield, 2013; Twenge, Campbell, & Gentile, 2012) and elsewhere (Hamamura, 2012). In the present research, using the United States as a case study, we aimed to systematically test five socio-ecological hypotheses addressing why the individualism of cultures changes over time.
... American society (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Hobbs & Stoops, 2002; Lee & Robbins 1995). Consequently, the lack of social connection (loneliness) represents one of the leading causes for people to seek therapy and counseling (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). ...
Love is all around us. It flows through every aspect of our lives and has inspired legions of people to talk, write, paint, act, and fight for it. Moreover, love affects our biological, mental, and physical states of being. A lack of love in ones life can have disastrous effects while an abundance of love can produce life-enhancing rewards. Positive psychology is the study of what makes life worth living and the strengths and virtues that enable people to live within optimal ranges of human functioning. Through a positive psychology lens and a review of the current literature, this capstone is an exploration into the contextual and biological implications of love, why it is a key component into what makes life worth living, and how people can learn to cultivate more love in their lives through empirically-tested activities and exercises.
... Other groups, such as the Hmong, Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians, tend to be comparatively recent immigrants. During the last two decades of the 20 th century, the Asian and Pacific Islander population tripled because of large scale immigration (Hobbs & Stoops, 2002). Between 2005the Asian population was the second fastest-growing minority group in the United States, with a three percent increase (U.S. Census Bureau News, 2007). ...
The lotus lily is a symbol of beauty and tranquility that rises up and breaks through the muddy darkness. Like the flower, we can break through the destructive cycle of domestic violence. Asian and Pacific Islander (API) women remain silent survivors of intimate violence. Hidden in violence statistics, unheard over crisis lines, unseen in mainstream shelters, the invisibility of API women is captured in the phrase " violence must not happen to them. " Conversely, when situations of domestic violence in API communities do become public, we may hear the opposite-" those women always face violence; it's part of their culture. " Between the myths of the peaceful and harmonious API family and that of the patriarchal violent API man coupled with a passive, obedient wife lies a complex truth. This chapter provides social workers, domestic violence advocates and other human service providers with a framework for understanding the realities of domestic violence in the API communities in the United States, as well as to offer them some guidelines for working effectively with these families and survivors of domestic violence.
... These processes occur in more economically developed countries. The United States is the generic example: it is believed to be the first country, where the majority of the population lives in the suburbs, rather than in the cities or rural areas (Hobbs & Stoops, 2002). Urban sprawl, a direct consequence of suburbanisation, is an unrestricted growth in many urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning (Fouberg & Murphy, 2020). ...
This article investigates the causes of spatially uneven migration from Warsaw to its suburban boroughs. The analysis is based on the gravity model of migration extended by additional measures of possible pulling factors. We report a novel approach to modelling suburbanisation: several linear and non-linear predictive models are estimated and explainable AI methods are used to interpret the shape of relationships between the dependent variable and the most important regressors. It is confirmed that migrants choose boroughs of better amenities and of smaller distance to Warsaw city center.
... Between 1970 and 1980 the percentage of Black women maintaining a household more than doubled. In 1980, women first became eligible to be identified as " householder of a married couple household " ; since then, they have " …represented an increasing proportion of all married couple householders for every race and Hispanic origin since 1980 " (Hobbs & Stoops, 2002). In 1950, 78% of Black families were married couples, compared with 56% in 1980 and 28.5% in 2010. ...
AHRQ’s Chartbook on Health Care for Blacks, derived from the National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report, summarizes trends in health care disparities by race related to access, Heckler Report priorities, and National Quality Strategy priorities. Key findings include increases in suicide and mental health disparities, improvements in access to care since the Affordable Care Act, and poorer quality of care related to person-centeredness and care coordination.
... Suburbanisation can be traced back to the beginning of the 20 th century, when it commenced in southern counties of England (Burchardt 2012). Since the 1950s it became an important social process in the United States leading to a situation where in 2000 a half of the U.S. population lived in suburban areas (Hobbs, Stoops, 2002: 10) which, though counted by statisticians as metropolitan areas and considered urban, existed as rural areas before the suburbanisation occurred. Moreover, suburbanisation appears to be a common process throughout the world, including the European Union (Cox 2009 The newcomers' influence on the local communities is not limited to the educational and cultural activities for the local communities, which they are involved in. ...
The following article deals with the problem of interrelations between spatial and social structures in the context of two different cases of migration – economically motivated immigration of Asians to the trade centre in Wólka Kosowska and urban to rural migration in the Holy Cross voivodeship. Migration, by its very nature, implies the appearance of strangers on an established group's territory. Hence, the local and spatial dimensions are crucial to the understanding of the processes of inclusion and exclusion of migrants and vice versa – newcomers' arrival gives an opportunity to examine the process of interrupting, changing and restabilising of the local spatial order. This case of migration seems to be suitable for an analysis of the relative significance of structure and agency in shaping the interactions within local communities and tracing the influence of the current global trends in economy and lifestyle in various local conditions.
... In Kansas, Hispanics were 2.7 percent of the total population in 1980 and 11 percent in 2010, with a growth rate of 9.3 percent. In Missouri, Hispanics were 1.1 percent in 1980 and 4 percent in 2010, with a growth rate of 2.9 percent (Cohn 2011;Hobbs and Stoops 2002). 4. ...
This study explores the socio-spatial, economic, and policing inequities experienced by Latinxs in the Kansas City metropolitan using geographic, census, and police data as well as qualitative analysis of interviews and workshops. Data show there has been an expansion of Latinx enclaves over time in the metropolitan area and suggest that enclaves function as both a protective factor for Latinxs against socio-structural hardship and also render them highly visible as targets for disproportionate criminalization. To redress the latter, we offer planning recommendations for community development and policing that promote socio-spatial equity in law enforcement practices while adapting to demographic shifts.
... Since zoning is a more rapid method of changing a community's design than master plans, which set long-term goals, these communities may have skipped the formal planning stage. The prevalence of having plans in the West may also be greater than in other regions due to the higher rate of population growth (Hobbs & Stoops, 2002;U.S. Census Bureau, 2001). Municipalities might therefore wish to be better prepared for infrastructure changes to cope with an expanding population and additionally, might have an increased demand for community design to support an active lifestyle to attract new residents. ...
Community planning documents can play an important role in promoting the design and maintenance of walkable communities. This study estimates the prevalence among US municipalities of (1) community wide planning documents and (2) inclusion of plan objectives supportive of active living within these documents.
Data from the 2014 National Survey of Community-Based Policy and Environmental Supports for Healthy Eating and Active Living (CBS HEAL), a survey of local officials, were analyzed (n = 2005). Prevalence of comprehensive or general plans, 3 specific plan types, and 3 objectives supportive of active living were analyzed using survey weights to create national estimates.
Overall, 64% of municipalities had a comprehensive/general plan, 46% had a transportation plan, 48% had a bicycle or pedestrian plan and 76% had a land use plan. Of municipalities with a plan, 78% included at least one of the three objectives measured supportive of active living. Differences in presence of plans and objectives were observed by population size of the municipality, urban status, region, and median education.
Helping communities, especially smaller or rural municipalities and those with lower median education levels, create and adopt planning documents supportive of active living may be an important step in creating more walkable communities.
... The changing ethnic, racial, and cultural composition of the United States is well-documented. Census data from 2000 indicate several trends toward a more culturally and linguistically diverse society (Hobbs & Stoops, 2002). For instance, one indicator of the changing face of America is that, although the birthrate in the United States is decreasing, the proportion of children from non-white and non-English speaking backgrounds is increasing. ...
... Geriatric surgery is showing continuous expansion worldwide, mostly in the cardiovascular, oncologic and orthopedic field. After the early studies from Etzioni [1] and Liu [2], forecasts from these authors about the increasing impact exerted by the aging population on surgical workload received confirmation in a number of studies [3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, the percentage of patients aged 65 and more in the surgical population is estimated to range from 40 to 50%, with no significant differences between US and European countries. ...
Universally recognized goals of preoperative anesthesia assessment are the evaluation of patient’s health status to define the entity of the surgical risk, and the anticipation of possible complications while optimizing and planning preventive strategies. Data obtained by Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) and frailty evaluation are of extreme usefulness in surgical risk evaluation in older patients and in the decision about surgery. It is from the team-based discussion of such results that the most appropriate treatment can be individuated, surgery invasiveness and duration critically analyzed and if needed modified, and the best perioperative strategy carefully tailored. These data should thus be used as reference points not only in preoperative assessment but also in planning the perioperative course, from pre-habilitation to adequate intraoperative management to complications prevention and care continuity after discharge. It is from such a far-seeing approach that issues emerged from preoperative evaluation can really contribute to decision-making about surgery in the elderly.
... Water samples were collected quarterly for two years from 100 different sampling sites that encompassed the entire watershed, incorporating not only relatively pristine streams but also streams with a history of human impacts, such as runoff from agricultural activities as well as contaminated effluents from wastewater treatment plants, discharges from failing septic systems, and sewer line leaks. As approximately half of the U.S. population lives in suburban areas [54], this mixed-use watershed may be a good representation of the conditions many U.S. residents are exposed to by surface water used for recreational, agricultural, and municipal purposes. ...
Surface waters are important sources of water for drinking, industrial, agricultural, and recreational uses; hence, contamination of water by fecal, pathogenic, or antimicrobial resistant (AR) bacteria is a major environmental and public health concern. However, very little data is available on prevalence of these bacteria in surface water throughout a watershed. This study aimed to characterize Escherichia coli present in the Upper Oconee Watershed, a mixed-use watershed in Athens, GA, USA for potential pathogenicity and AR. E. coli were enumerated by colony counts, cultured by enrichment and direct plating, and characterized by phylo-groups, diarrheagenic pathotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility. From the analysis, 99.3% (455/458) of the total samples were positive for E. coli resulting in 496 isolates. E. coli counts were as high as 1.2×10⁴ CFU/100 ml, which is above the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) threshold for recreational water (235 CFU/100 ml based on a one-time measurement). Phylo-groups B2 (31.7%; 157/496) and B1 (30.8%; 153/496) were the most prevalent among the isolates. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (19/496) and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) (1/496) were the only diarrheagenic pathotypes detected. AR was observed in 6.9% (34/496) of the isolates, 15 of which were multidrug resistant (MDR; resistance to two or more classes of antimicrobials). Tetracycline resistance was most often detected (76.5%; 26/34), followed by ampicillin (32.4%; 11/34), streptomycin (23.5%; 8/34), sulfisoxazole (23.5%; 8/34), and nalidixic acid (14.7%; 5/34). Results from this study showed that E. coli is prevalent in high levels in the Upper Oconee Watershed, suggesting possible widespread fecal contamination. The presence of pathogenic, AR E. coli in the watershed indicates that environmental water can serve as a reservoir of resistant bacteria that may be transferred to humans through drinking and recreational activities.
... The US Census Bureau traditionally defines racial and ethnic identity using the principle of selfidentification, i.e., people themselves determine which race and ethnic group they belong to (FFEU, 2014). According to the US Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity of 1997 it can be said that the racial structure of the US population is one of the most varied in the world (Hobbs and Stoops, 2002). The largest part of the population (78.7% as of 2015) is the white race which includes people of European, Middle East or North African origin. ...
Conceptual interpretation of research practices undertaken in this study enabled the authors to identify the specific role of value policy as an efficiency factor of state management in improving race and ethnic relations in the United States. In this regard, the article aims to determine the priorities of value policy, considering the major trends of race relations development in the United States. The methodological basis for the research was formed by a sociological survey representing the formation of the system of core values in contemporary multicultural American society. Using the method of cluster analysis, the authors formed the matrix of social values differentiation according to their impact on race relations. The authors identified two types of values: Incentive values that facilitate improvement of race and ethnic relations and disincentive values which aggravate interracial conflicts. The authors defined and provided rationale for “high”, “medium” and “low” influence levels of incentive values on race relations in contemporary American society. The article explains the necessity of subordinated development of disincentive values in contrast to incentive values in value policy related to race relations. Influence levels of incentive values were used to determine the priorities in modern value policy being a factor of social and economic security of the multicultural American society. The findings were processed into conceptual provisions, so that this concept can be used in managing race ethnic relations at the federal level. © 2016 Yury Grigoryevich Volkov, Alexander Konstantinovich Degtyarev, Galina Sergeevna Denisova, Valeriya Petrovna Voytenko and Igor Pavlovich Chernobrovkin.
Compared to their grandparents living in the 1970s, our more self-reliant and empowered American aging baby boomers will be better able to access the goods, services, and care they need to age in place autonomously in their current dwellings. The emergence of the Internet economy and the prospects of gerontechnological advances will only increase this connectivity divide. However, one unintended consequence of increased connectivity may be a generation of more socially isolated older baby boomers.
As educational history and urban history have developed in recent decades, a significant gap has opened up between them. On one side, educational historians have focused on the rise and fall of big-city school districts. On the other side, urban historians have documented how governmental housing, tax, and transportation policies fueled the postwar decline of cities and expansion of outlying suburbs. But these two fields have failed to connect with one another. In general, educational historians have not yet connected the decline of urban schools with the growth of the suburbs, and the broader political and economic shifts in the metropolitan context. Likewise, urban historians have rarely discussed what role schools played in the transformation of cities and suburbs. This chapter seeks to bridge the historiographical gap between urban, suburban, and educational history by demonstrating how these works can inform one another. It highlights major books that have served as the foundations in each field over the past few decades, as well as the rising body of new scholarship that attempts to span the distance between them.
This study compared a value-added approach to school accountability to the currently used metrics of accountability in California of Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) and Academic Performance Index (API). Five-year student panel data (N = 53,733) from 29 elementary schools in a large California school district were used to address the research questions. Results show the strong relationship between AYP and API to student background measures. Schools with a majority of students from low socioeconomic background lagged far below schools from more affluent context. Results from the value-added approach however, showed a strongly diminished relationship to student background. Under this model, several schools from a low socioeconomic context can be seen as high achieving. Additionally, little evidence was found that high levels of student achievement negatively affect school value-added scores. Schools that enroll large proportions of advanced students, which often do not show positive growth across years are not penalized under a value-added approach. Recommendations for policy and future research are discussed.
Objective
To derive a US-based value set for the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire using an international, standardized protocol developed by the EuroQol Group.
Methods
Respondents from the US adult population were quota-sampled on the basis of age, sex, ethnicity, and race. Trained interviewers guided participants in completing composite time trade-off (cTTO) and discrete choice experiment (DCE) tasks using the EuroQol Valuation Technology software and routine quality control measures. Data were modeled using a Tobit model for cTTO data, a mixed logit model for DCE data, and a hybrid model that combined cTTO and DCE data. Model performance was compared on the basis of logical ordering of coefficients, statistical significance, parsimony, and theoretical considerations.
Results
Of 1134 respondents, 1062, 1099, and 1102 respondents provided useable cTTO, DCE, and cTTO or DCE responses, respectively, on the basis of quality control criteria and interviewer judgment. Respondent demographic characteristics and health status were similar to the 2015 US Census. The Tobit model was selected as the preferred model to generate the value set. Values ranged from −0.573 (55 555) to 1 (11 111), with 20% of all predicted health states scores less than 0 (ie, worse than dead).
Conclusions
A societal value set for the EQ-5D-5L was developed that can be used for economic evaluations and decision making in US health systems. The internationally established, standardized protocol used to develop this US-based value set was recommended by the EuroQol Group and can facilitate cross-country comparisons.
The spatial redistribution of population in the context of urban development has not yet been the topic of thorough research in Slovakia. Some research leading to the identification of processes of urban development and their impact to the spatial redistribution of population was carried out only in the Bratislava urban region but the knowledge of recent processes and trends in the regions of other cities and towns in Slovakia is rather limited. Since Bratislava has recorded dynamic economic development and regional disparities among the Bratislava region and other regions in Slovakia has been growing after the Velvet revolution, it is likely that the urban development and intensity of spatial redistribution of population processes are different than in the rest of Slovakia.
Therefore, the aim of this monograph is to examine and assess the processes of spatial redistribution of population in the context of urban development in the Košice functional urban region (FUR). Particular attention is paid to the role of migration in the spatial redistribution of population, both at the inter-regional and intra-regional level. This objective includes some basic partial goals:
- To assess the role of migration and natural reproduction of population in the total population growth of the region and the redistribution of population within the region.
- To identify the changes of position of the Košice FUR in stages and phases of selected urban development models, considering the development within the region as well as comparison of the development of the region as whole with other functional urban regions in Slovakia.
- To analyze the changes in migration trends in the Košice FUR as whole, at the level of its basic components (the core and the ring) and also at the level of individual communities within the region.
- To analyze the changes in the population structure and to assess its relation to the identified processes of spatial redistribution of population.
The research is aimed to capture the development in transition and post-transition period after the Velvet revolution in 1989. However, due to substantial changes in the spatial units of public administration in Košice between 1995 and 1996 and related availability of reliable statistic data, some partial analyzes are starting in 1996. The research is based on two basic sources of statistic data provided by Statistical office of the Slovak Republic: The Population Change in the SR published annually (ŠÚSR 1991 – 2013) and the results of population censuses that took place in 1991, 2001 and 2011 (ŠÚSR 1991, 2001, 2011). Since the data in The Population Change in the SR are adjusted on the basis of the censuses results after every census, to avoid the impact of these adjustments, some analyzes are carried out only in the period 2001 – 2010.
Higher administrative spatial units (districts and regions) in Slovakia in many cases do not reflect real functional relations and ties in space. Therefore, we decided to use functional urban region as main spatial unit for the research. The network of FURs was delimited by Bezák (2000) in Slovakia on the basis of daily urban systems concept. In terms of (daily) commuting, FURs are internally integrated and externally relatively closed. It means that majority of commuting flows (among the communities) takes place within the region and only minority crosses its border. That allows us to assume that the influence of various factors on intra-regional migration within the FUR is also relatively closed. Therefore, the network of FURs in Slovakia can be regarded as an appropriate regional system for the research of population redistribution at both, intra-regional and inter-regional level.
At the level of the region as whole, decisive role of natural reproduction of population in the total population growth was identified. Nevertheless, within the region the migration is the key factor of spatial redistribution of population and its significance has been growing during whole observed period. Also at the level of individual communities, the migration was identified as a decisive component of total population growth in growing majority of communities. Therefore, in the identification of the spatial redistribution of population processes, particular attention was paid to the migration of population.
Košice is the second most populous city in Slovakia, the metropolis of Eastern Slovakia and together with Bratislava it was included in the first category of centres in Slovakia by the hierarchization made by Slavík (1991). Nevertheless, we expected that the development after 1989 could weaken the position of Košice in relation to Bratislava which became the capital of the independent state and recorded strong economic growth related to the integration to the European structures. On the other hand, in Košice as well as majority of towns and regions in Slovakia, the transformation of economy was much more difficult and complicated.
The results of analyzes of the region’s position in the Stages of urban development model and the Differential urbanization model confirmed the aforementioned assumption. Urban development observed in the Košice FUR was similar with those observed in the categories of the regions of smaller town, while the Bratislava FUR underwent dynamic development significantly different from other categories of urban regions. This indicates that the urban development in Slovakia is not determined by the population size of the urban regions or its central cities as expected by the authors of the Stages of urban devel-opment model (Klaassen and Scimemi 1981) and Differential urbanization model (Geyer and Kontuly 1996) but rather regional disparities and the level of economic development of regions play a key role in the processes of spatial redistribution of population at least at the inter-regional level. These findings suggest the dynamics and intensity of migration processes in the Košice FUR might be lower than in the Bratislava FUR on the one hand, but on the other hand it can be assumed that in the Košice FUR identified relations of spatial redistribution of population and changes of population structure might be applicable to some extent to other FURs in Slovakia.
Considering inter-regional migration, the process of concentration of population from other region to the Košice FUR was alternating with the process of deconcentration that was taking place predominantly. However, the intensity of those processes was very weak. Much stronger dynamics and intensity of processes was observed at the intra-regional level. In the early 1990s the process of centralization of population from the region’s ring to its core was observed but in the mid-1990s it changed into the decentralization with rapidly growing intensity.
Ongoing process of decentralization of population resulted also to the changes at the local level. During whole observed period, the number of communities recording migration gains was growing with some fluctuations. The communities recording relatively high values of net migration, net migration rate and migration efficiency index created spatially almost compact area around the region’s core to the end of observed period.
At the beginning of observed period, there was only trivial or rather no correlation be-tween migration gains and the distance of communities from the region’s core. However, during 1990s the relation characterized as negative correlation emerged and its strength was growing till the end of observed period. The biggest migration gains, whether in terms of net migration or net migration rate were recorded in the communities located less than 15 kilometres from the centre of region’s core. Lower, but relatively big gains were recorded also in the category of communities located from 15 to 25 kilometres from the centre of the core. Categories of communities more distant from the core started to record migration gains in the mid 1990s but acquired values of net migration and net migration rate were relatively low there. This indicates the decentralization of population is the most intensive within the radius 25 kilometres from the centre of region’s core and at the greater distance its impact is much lower.
The key part of the study is also the assessment of the relations between changes in the structure of population and the observed processes of spatial redistribution of population. In this analysis, migration is represented by the net migration rate and the migration efficiency index. For more comprehensive understanding of factors influencing the changes in the structure of population the crude rate of natural increase was also included to the analyzes to represent the process of natural reproduction of population.
For the analyses of population structure data on religion, education and economic ac-tivity were available from the population censuses and data on age, sex and nationality of population were available from Statistical office of Slovak Republic annual publications (for age and sex from 1996 and for nationality from 1999; ŠÚSR 1996-2013, 1999-2013).
Changes in any of the observed features of population structure are not inconsistent with the expected impact of decentralization of population. In some cases (e.g. economic activity) the relationship observed is statistically very weak. However, it does not exclude the impact of decentralization. Especially characteristics based on statistical data from the censuses may be influenced by the circumstances and methodology of each census. Strong relationship was observed especially between the values of indicators of migration and changes in the age-structure and nationality (ethnic)-structure of population, where in both cases data were available from annual reports and so it was possible to observe the relation not influenced by corrections based on the census results. Relatively strong relationship was also observed with religious structure and educational structure of population but also the role of natural reproduction of population was significant in these cases.
Generally, it is possible to conclude that the process of decentralization of population identified on the bases of migration is to some extent responsible for the changes of popu-lation structure in the ring of the Košice FUR which is becoming more similar with the population structure in the core. Nevertheless, selective migration is influencing also the structure of population in the region’s core, which is particularly apparent in much faster ageing of population in the core whether compared with the ring or the population of whole Slovakia.
Although the monograph is focused on the topic that has not yet been the subject of thorough research in Slovakia, we believe it provides comprehensive overview based on relevant theoretical, methodological as well as empirical background. We hope, the research results presented in this monograph will be rich source of information for the reader but also the source of inspiration for further geographic research.
Coupled processing of N and C in headwater wetlands can strongly affect downstream water quality. To understand how wetlands affect dissolved N and C concentrations in surface waters and the factors that influence changes in concentration, we measured landscape and physicochemical variables and dissolved N and C concentrations at the in- and outflows of 10 headwater wetlands in a suburban watershed (New Hampshire, USA) over 18 mo. We analyzed changes (Δ) in dissolved N and C concentrations (outflow – inflow) with linear mixed-effects models. A pulse in N2O concentrations that exceeded mean values by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude was observed during a summer characterized by rapidly fluctuating water-table elevations. NO3− concentrations were significantly lower, and DOC and DON concentrations were significantly higher at outflows than inflows. ΔNO3− was predicted by inflow concentrations of NO3−, NH4+, and DON, ΔDON, and season. ΔDON was predicted by inflow DON and DOC concentrations, ΔDOC, and dissolved O2 (as the mean of in- and outflow concentrations). ΔTDN (total dissolved nitrogen) was predicted by inflow TDN and DOC concentrations, dissolved O2, and season. ΔDOC was predicted by DON inflow concentration and ΔDON, season, and the ratio of study-wetland to subwatershed area. No significant predictors of ΔN2O or ΔNH4+ concentrations were found. In this suburban watershed, the passage of surface water through headwater wetlands is associated with decreased NO3− concentrations, increased DON and DOC concentrations, and seasonal shifts in TDN fractionation. Linear mixed-effects modeling was an effective approach to understanding coupled N and C dynamics in the study wetlands.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
aIn this manuscript, the term Latino/a is used, except when referring to reports published by others. In these cases, the term used in the original document is used.
bLatinas who did not complete the TOFHLA-S differed significantly from those who did complete the TOFHLA-S on only one of the survey items. Women who did not complete the TOFHLA were significantly more likely to report that they had not followed a provider’s instructions in the last year (Chi square = 12.3, p = 0.002).
cMore than half of the women who received a mammogram were not referred to receive a Pap test through the program: 24% had had a Pap within the last year, 16% had no cervix intact, 8.2% refused the referral, and 6.8% had had three consecutive normal Pap tests.
dQuestion wording, from Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics: “In general, what language do you read and speak?”
The overall goal of the MARine and Estuarine goal Setting (MARES) project for South Florida is “to reach a science-based consensus about the defining characteristics and fundamental regulating processes of a South Florida coastal marine ecosystem that is both sustainable and capable of providing the diverse ecosystem services upon which our society depends.” Through participation in a systematic process of reaching such a consensus, science can contribute more directly and effectively to the critical decisions being made by both policy makers and by natural resource and environmental management agencies. The document that follows briefly describes the MARES project and this systematic process. It then describes in
considerable detail the resulting output from the first two steps in the process, the development of conceptual diagrams and an Integrated Conceptual Ecosystem Model (ICEM) for the second subregion to be addressed by MARES, the Southwest Florida Shelf (SWFS). What follows with regard to the SWFS is the input received from more than 60 scientists, agency resource managers, and representatives of environmental organizations beginning with a workshop held August 19-20, 2010 at Florida Gulf Coast University in Fort Myers, Florida.
Background: Since the passage of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, the demographic landscape of American schools has changed dramatically. By 2011, there were 12.4 million Latinos enrolled in prekindergarten to 12th-grade public schools, which constitutes 23.9% of the U.S. student population. A primary challenge that faces schools today is the increasing segregation of these Latinos, who are now the most segregated group of students in the West. Despite the Supreme Court decision to address the plight of segregation of Latino students, desegregation and language programming to assist English learners has been viewed as contradictory and competing with each other. Implications: The authors contend that school and community leaders should focus on the promotion of dual immersion, International Baccalaureate, and magnet programs to provide Latino, and particularly, English learners, the opportunity to attend strong integrated schools.
In this article, we argue that migration as a social process, contributes whit others to structure of contemporary global societies. In this sense, this paper is a contribution to this perspective. Based on empirical data and statistical analyzes, we illustrate the centrality of migrants in various fields and dimensions of social life in advanced societies. Based on official country statistics, we show estimates of the contribution of Latin American immigrants to the economic and social dynamics of the United States and Spain, the main destinations of these immigrants. In particular, it shows that while migration contributes to remedy the structural deficit of labor force of an aging population, by the same means, brings the workforce needed to maintain both economic dynamism and to support lifestyle and consumption patterns that require
reproduction of the native population in these societies.
Medical educators, clinicians, and health policy experts widely acknowledge the need to increase the diversity of our healthcare workforce and build our capacity to care for medically underserved populations and reduce health disparities.
The Program in Medical Education for the Urban Underserved (PRIME-US) is part of a family of programs across the University of California (UC) medical schools aiming to recruit and train physicians to care for underserved populations, expand the healthcare workforce to serve diverse populations, and promote health equity. PRIME-US selects medical students from diverse backgrounds who are committed to caring for underserved populations and provides a 5-year curriculum including a summer orientation, a longitudinal seminar series with community engagement and leadership-development activities, preclerkship clinical immersion in an underserved setting, a master's degree, and a capstone rotation in the final year of medical school.
This is a mixed-methods evaluation of the first 4 years of the PRIME-US at the UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Joint Medical Program (JMP). From 2006 to 2010, focus groups were conducted each year with classes of JMP PRIME-US students, for a total of 11 focus groups; major themes were identified using content analysis. In addition, 4 yearly anonymous, online surveys of all JMP students, faculty and staff were conducted and analyzed.
Most PRIME-US students came from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds and ethnic backgrounds underrepresented in medicine, and all were committed to caring for underserved populations. The PRIME-US students experienced many program benefits including peer support, professional role models and mentorship, and curricular enrichment activities that developed their knowledge, skills, and sustained commitment to care for underserved populations. Non-PRIME students, faculty, and staff also benefited from participating in PRIME-sponsored seminars and community-based activities. Challenges noted by PRIME-US students and non-PRIME students, faculty, and staff included the stress of additional workload, perceived inequities in student educational opportunities, and some negative comments from physicians in other specialties regarding primary care careers.
Over the first 4 years of the program, PRIME-US students and non-PRIME students, faculty, and staff experienced educational benefits consistent with the intended program goals. Long-term evaluation is needed to examine the participants' medical careers and impacts on California's healthcare workforce and patient outcomes. Attention should also be paid to the challenges of implementing new medical education enrichment programs.
By the middle of this century, racial/ethnic minority populations will collectively constitute 50% of the US population. This temporal shift in the racial/ethnic composition of the US population demands a close look at the race/ethnicity-specific burden of morbidity and premature mortality among survivors of childhood cancer. To optimize targeted long-term follow-up care, it is essential to understand whether the burden of morbidity borne by survivors of childhood cancer differs by race/ethnicity. This is challenging because the number of minority participants is often limited in current childhood cancer survivorship research, resulting in a paucity of race/ethnicity-specific recommendations and/or interventions. Although the overall childhood cancer incidence increased between 1973 and 2003, the mortality rate declined; however, these changes did not differ appreciably by race/ethnicity. The authors speculated that any racial/ethnic differences in outcome are likely to be multifactorial, and drew on data from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study to illustrate the various contributors (socioeconomic characteristics, health behaviors, and comorbidities) that could explain any observed differences in key treatment-related complications. Finally, the authors outlined challenges in conducting race/ethnicity-specific childhood cancer survivorship research, demonstrating that there are limited absolute numbers of children who are diagnosed and survive cancer in any one racial/ethnic minority population, thereby precluding a rigorous evaluation of adverse events among specific primary cancer diagnoses and treatment exposure groups. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Resumen En este artículo sostenemos que las dinámicas demográficas de los países de destino y de origen de la migración internacional (sociedades avanzadas y países periféricos), si bien son estructuralmente heterogéneas y diferenciadas, a través de la migración se combinan y complementan de manera recíproca, configurando un sistema global de reproducción demográfica, en que cada dinámica y estructura poblacional particular tiene un sentido y una función específica. En el caso de las sociedades de destino, se trata de la conjunción de dos procesos demográficos diferentes pero complementarios: el envejecimiento de la población y el advenimiento de la segunda transición demográfica. Por su parte, en el caso de las sociedades de origen, se trataría de la configuración de una coyuntura demográfica única en la historia, que se caracteriza por un elevado y sistemático incremento de la población en edades activas, que da origen a lo que se ha llamado bono demográfico. Al respecto, nuestra tesis es que la migración internacional constituye un mecanismo que permite la vinculación de ambas estructuras y dinámicas demográficas, generando un sistema de complementariedad entre ellas. Se conforma así una coyuntura, también única en la historia, en que se combinan los vacíos y carencias demográficas del actual régimen de reproducción de los países centrales, con los excedentes poblacionales que se producen en los países periféricos. Palabras clave: migración internacional, envejecimiento, segunda transición demográfica, bono demográfico, reemplazo demográfico. 1 Universidad de Guadalajara (México). Correo electrónico: acanales60@gmail.com.
The sixth chapter examines how consumption per capita tends to track income per capita across countries and within individual countries with diverse income levels and cultures. It discusses the Life-Cycle Hypothesis concerned with the maximisation of consumption during the life-cycle. It also illustrates life-cycle hump-shaped trends. It raises conceptual and measurement issues including household-size equivalence measures. These issues include the question of cross-sectional findings and longitudinal trends and the use of pseudo panels. It examines issues related to consumption and savings in old age and differential mortality. It then reviews empirical findings related to household size, employment, work-related expenditures, durable and non-durable goods related to consumer behaviour. Finally, it assesses factors affecting consumer behaviour in retirement, a growing demographic trend, including credit/liquidity constraints, income and life expectancy uncertainty, bequest motives, leisure choices and unanticipated shocks.
It is frequently asserted that religion enhances the ethical climate of business. This is buttressed by the tacit assumption that religious moral authority is easily combined with and exerted in business, an inter-institutional process I call Engagement. By drawing upon Secularization Theory’s societal-level focus on religious authority and the symbolic boundary work surrounding the interface of competing institutional logics, I theorize a broader range of inter-institutional processes including, Disengagement, Co-optation and Adjudication. To exemplify these inter-institutional processes, I engage in qualitative analysis of historic religious magazines from 1927-1931 and 1985-1989 and focus on the religious moral authority directed at the financial market. I discuss how my findings relate to the scholarship on Religion and Business in particular and Business Ethics more broadly.
The presence of Asian students can be strongly felt in U.S. universities these days. As non-native English-speaking (NNES) students, many of them face challenges in reading and writing in English, inside and outside the classroom. Research suggests that challenges specific to Asian students include indirection in making points, lack of personal voice, and discomfort in collaborative work. While some studies have examined these students’ difficulties and strategies in academic literacy, very few have explored how university subject teachers accommodate these students’ reading and writing abilities to facilitate learning. We studied American professors’ practices in using writing to facilitate learning at an English-medium summer school in China, a school which constitutes part of transnational American higher education. All professors came from well-ranked American universities and taught a variety of courses typically offered to freshmen and sophomores in their home institutions. The majority of students are Chinese international students returning home from North America for the summer. Focusing on humanities and social sciences professors, who made up the majority of the faculty, the study has identified several key accommodation strategies that these professors adopted for their Chinese students. We conclude the study by discussing implications for assisting Asian students with their written English in English-medium university content courses. The professors’ practices also raise questions about higher education in the United States.
In the United States the aging of the white population is already generating significant demographic deficits, specially in population in active and reproductive ages. In this context, Latin American immigration has helped to cover these imbalances by providing, on the one hand, the volumes needed to maintain population levels of demographic reproduction, while providing contingent workforce needed to maintain economic dynamism. However, this demographic complementarity is not absent from tensions and contradictions. Large volumes of migration with their higher levels of birth and fertility, could lead in the near future to a situation where the traditional primacy of the white population could be challenged by the growth of the Latino population. Recent population projections indicate a step in that direction. In this article we document this situation using official statistics of the Census Bureau of the United States.
This chapter explores demographic factors related to gay male and lesbian adoptions, and corresponding family policies. First, I provide background on adoption law and policy. This history and background will summarize the current state of law in the U.S., with a comparison to gay and lesbian adoption policy elsewhere in the world. The second half of the chapter draws on both survey and census data to examine policy issues surrounding same-sex adoption. I first examine the prevalence of adopted children in same-sex households in the United States, using census data. Next, I present survey data exploring the acceptance of same-sex adoptions, using two national surveys: The National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle 6 (2002) and the Evan Donaldson National Survey. These surveys sampled the informal acceptance of adoption for both placing agencies and the general female population of child-bearing age in the U.S.
A growing trend among colleges in the U.S. particularly public universities, is their increased recruitment and enrollment of international students, particularly from China. This trend reflects both an inherent recognition of the value of promoting multiculturalism and cultural globalization, along with an effort to generate more revenue and to compensate for the budget shortfalls. In either case, the growing presence of Chinese students at U.S. universities also represents an increasingly common site of transnational intersection between U.S. and Chinese societies. To better illuminate one aspect of this multilevel social dynamic, this paper focuses on the motivations, expectations, and concerns of students in China who are interested in coming to the U.S. to study.
Although research documents a link between neighborhood physical disorder and psychological distress, we know little about the extent to which this association varies by age. Utilizing the person–environment fit model and drawing on data from the fourth wave of the Americans’ Changing Lives Survey, we examine the extent to which age influences the association between perceptions of neighborhood physical disorder and psychological distress, as measured by depressive symptoms. We employ both continuous and categorical measures of age to test for a potential moderating effect. Overall findings based on linear regression analyses reveal that the mental distress resulting from the perception of physically deteriorating neighborhood declines with age. Stated otherwise, we find that the psychological distress associated with the perception of neighborhood physical disorder is far less pronounced for the young-old (60 years and above) and late-old (70 years and above) adults as compared with their young middle-aged (40–49 years) and late middle-aged (50–59 years) counterparts.
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