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Structure and Relations: The Influence of Familial Factors on Adolescent Substance Use and Delinquency
Abstract
In this paper we examine the robustness of the influence of family structure on substance use among 2,057 Ontario adolescent students interviewed in 1993. Specifically, we examine the unadjusted and adjusted influence of four family structures (both parents; one parent; one parent and stepparent; and neither natural parent) on five substance use and delinquency outcomes. The results showed family structure differences for four of the five outcome variables disappeared or weakened significantly after adjusting for familial factors. The most influential familial interaction factor was the amount of time students spent with their family, which showed a significant inverse relationship for all five outcome variables. Overall, the analysis suggests that family relations and interactions are more influential on substance use and delinquency than is family Structure.
... Strong relation between family and substance users appeared in the research. Different family structures have been observed among different drug addicts even tobacco users (Hundleby and Mercer, 1987;Adlaf and Ivis, 1996;Amey and Albrecht, 1998), as well as alcohol (Burnside et al., 1986;Adlaf and Ivis, 1996), marijuana and other drugs (Adlaf and Ivis, 1996;Amey and Albrecht, 1998). Different styles of drug use have been observed, like forever usage (Flewelling and Bauman, 1990;Turner et al., 1991). ...
... Strong relation between family and substance users appeared in the research. Different family structures have been observed among different drug addicts even tobacco users (Hundleby and Mercer, 1987;Adlaf and Ivis, 1996;Amey and Albrecht, 1998), as well as alcohol (Burnside et al., 1986;Adlaf and Ivis, 1996), marijuana and other drugs (Adlaf and Ivis, 1996;Amey and Albrecht, 1998). Different styles of drug use have been observed, like forever usage (Flewelling and Bauman, 1990;Turner et al., 1991). ...
... Strong relation between family and substance users appeared in the research. Different family structures have been observed among different drug addicts even tobacco users (Hundleby and Mercer, 1987;Adlaf and Ivis, 1996;Amey and Albrecht, 1998), as well as alcohol (Burnside et al., 1986;Adlaf and Ivis, 1996), marijuana and other drugs (Adlaf and Ivis, 1996;Amey and Albrecht, 1998). Different styles of drug use have been observed, like forever usage (Flewelling and Bauman, 1990;Turner et al., 1991). ...
This study was set out to investigate perceived social support and clinical anger among drug addicts of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The research contained a sample of seventy (70) registered drug addicts of age18-65 years, selected randomly from three major cities/divisions of Southern-Punjab (Bahawalpur, Multan, and Dera Ghazi Khan). Sample was divided into two age groups; young adults (18-35 years) and middle adults (36-65years). Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) by © Zimet, Dhalem, Zimet and Farley (1988) and Clinical Anger Scale (CAS) by © Snell (2002) were used. Tukey's test, R-square, P-values, t-test and regression analysis were used towards the analysis of results of research. Results indicated an inverse relation between perceived social support and clinical anger. All the sub-groups in clinical anger showed a significant difference. Finally, it was established that majority of drug addicts had severe level of clinical anger with positive perception about family.
... Family structure is among the predisposing factors most consistently associated with adolescent smoking and various other delinquent behaviors (Bjarnason, 2000). Research has generally found adolescents who reside with both biological parents to be less likely to smoke cigarettes than those living with single parents (Adlaf & Ivis, 1996;Amey & Albrecht, 1998;Glendinning, Shucksmith & Hendry, 1997;Miller, 1997). The evidence of increased smoking among adolescents living with one biological parent and a stepparent is somewhat less conclusive, and may be culturally specific. ...
... For instance, studies in Iceland (Adalbjarnardottir & Blondal, 1996), Norway (Irgens-Jensen, 1991), and Scotland (Glendinning et al., 1997) have found adolescent cigarette smoking to be similar in parent-stepparent households and single-parent households, while studies performed in e.g. Canada (Adlaf & Ivis, 1996) and the United States (Amey & Albrecht, 1998) have found parent-stepparent households to be similar to two-parent households in this respect. It is not clear if these differences in research findings reflect cultural or structural differences in the situation of different types of families, or if they are simply due to random fluctuations between studies. ...
... In accordance with most earlier studies (e.g. Adlaf & Ivis, 1996;Amey & Albrecht, 1998;Glendinning, Shucksmith & Hendry, 1997;Miller, 1997) we find adolescents who live with single parents to be more likely to smoke than those who reside with both biological parents. However, our results clearly show that the effects of living with a single mother are significantly weaker than the effects of living with a single father. ...
This study seeks to establish (1) if different types of non-traditional family structures are related equally to adolescent cigarette smoking; (2) if each type of family structure is related equally to adolescent smoking in different countries and (3) if differences in such patterns can be explained by the prevalence of such family structures in each country.
Self-reported cigarette smoking among 33 978 students in Cyprus, France, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Lithuania, Malta, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden and the United Kingdom is analysed with multi-level hierarchical regression models.
Adolescents living with both biological parents smoke less than those living with single mothers, who in turn smoke less than those living with single fathers, mothers-stepfathers, or with neither biological parent. Living with fathers-stepmothers is associated with less smoking than living with single fathers, mother-stepfathers, or with neither biological parent, but does not differ from living with both biological parents or single mothers. The effects of living with single mothers, single fathers, or with neither biological parent are stronger in countries where such family types are less common. Differences in the strength of effects between countries become non-significant once the prevalence of each family type has been taken into account.
Adolescents living with both biological parents smoke less than their counterparts in most other family types, and adolescents living with single mothers or fathers-stepmothers smoke less than those living in other non-traditional family structures. The strength of this pattern varies inversely with the prevalence of such households in each country.
... ShiftsAdlaf and Ivis 1996; Albrecht, Amey, and Miller 1996; Aseltine 1996; Flewelling and Bauman 1990; Garnefski and Diekstra 1997; Gore et al. 1992; Needle, Su, and Doherty 1990 processes," such as family cohesion (Kashani et al. 1987; McKeown et al. 1997; Needle et al. 1990) and perceived support from family members (Mason and Windle 2001; Patten et al. 1997; Swaim, Bates, and Chavez 1998Adlaf and Ivis 1996; Aseltine 1996; Farber, Felner, and Primavera 1985; McKeown et al. 1997; Turner, Irwin, and Millstein 1991).Pavalko, Mossakowski, and Hamilton 2003; Ren, Amick, and Williams 1999; Taylor and Turner 2002; Williams et al. 1997Amato and Sobolewski 2001; Barrera et al. 1995; Gilman et al. 2003), family conflict (Aseltine 1996), emotional detachment from parents (Catalano et al. 1992; Turner et al. 1991), perceived family support (Mason and Windle 2001; Patten et al. 1997; Swaim et al. 1998), family cohesion (Kashani et al. 1987; McKeown et al. 1997; Needle et al. 1990), family adaptability (Garrison et al. 1990Adlaf and Ivis 1996; Farber et al. 1985; McKeown et al. 1997)Amey and Albrecht 1998; Gil et al. 1998; Needle et al. 1990; Turner et al. 1991Albrecht et al. 1996; Amey and Albrecht 1998; Flewelling and Bauman 1990; Gil et al. 1998; Gore et al. 1992; McLanahan 1997; Sokol-Katz and Ulbrich 1992; Spruijt and de Goede 1997; Suh et al. 1996).Gil et al. 1998; Gore et al. 1992). Wall 2003; Lyons-Ruth et al. 1986; Oliver and Berger 1992; Stewart et al. 2003 Adlaf and Ivis 1996; Farber et al. 1985; McKeown et al. 1997). ...
... processes," such as family cohesion (Kashani et al. 1987; McKeown et al. 1997; Needle et al. 1990) and perceived support from family members (Mason and Windle 2001; Patten et al. 1997; Swaim, Bates, and Chavez 1998Adlaf and Ivis 1996; Aseltine 1996; Farber, Felner, and Primavera 1985; McKeown et al. 1997; Turner, Irwin, and Millstein 1991).Pavalko, Mossakowski, and Hamilton 2003; Ren, Amick, and Williams 1999; Taylor and Turner 2002; Williams et al. 1997Amato and Sobolewski 2001; Barrera et al. 1995; Gilman et al. 2003), family conflict (Aseltine 1996), emotional detachment from parents (Catalano et al. 1992; Turner et al. 1991), perceived family support (Mason and Windle 2001; Patten et al. 1997; Swaim et al. 1998), family cohesion (Kashani et al. 1987; McKeown et al. 1997; Needle et al. 1990), family adaptability (Garrison et al. 1990Adlaf and Ivis 1996; Farber et al. 1985; McKeown et al. 1997)Amey and Albrecht 1998; Gil et al. 1998; Needle et al. 1990; Turner et al. 1991Albrecht et al. 1996; Amey and Albrecht 1998; Flewelling and Bauman 1990; Gil et al. 1998; Gore et al. 1992; McLanahan 1997; Sokol-Katz and Ulbrich 1992; Spruijt and de Goede 1997; Suh et al. 1996).Gil et al. 1998; Gore et al. 1992). Wall 2003; Lyons-Ruth et al. 1986; Oliver and Berger 1992; Stewart et al. 2003 Adlaf and Ivis 1996; Farber et al. 1985; McKeown et al. 1997). ...
... processes," such as family cohesion (Kashani et al. 1987; McKeown et al. 1997; Needle et al. 1990) and perceived support from family members (Mason and Windle 2001; Patten et al. 1997; Swaim, Bates, and Chavez 1998Adlaf and Ivis 1996; Aseltine 1996; Farber, Felner, and Primavera 1985; McKeown et al. 1997; Turner, Irwin, and Millstein 1991).Pavalko, Mossakowski, and Hamilton 2003; Ren, Amick, and Williams 1999; Taylor and Turner 2002; Williams et al. 1997Amato and Sobolewski 2001; Barrera et al. 1995; Gilman et al. 2003), family conflict (Aseltine 1996), emotional detachment from parents (Catalano et al. 1992; Turner et al. 1991), perceived family support (Mason and Windle 2001; Patten et al. 1997; Swaim et al. 1998), family cohesion (Kashani et al. 1987; McKeown et al. 1997; Needle et al. 1990), family adaptability (Garrison et al. 1990Adlaf and Ivis 1996; Farber et al. 1985; McKeown et al. 1997)Amey and Albrecht 1998; Gil et al. 1998; Needle et al. 1990; Turner et al. 1991Albrecht et al. 1996; Amey and Albrecht 1998; Flewelling and Bauman 1990; Gil et al. 1998; Gore et al. 1992; McLanahan 1997; Sokol-Katz and Ulbrich 1992; Spruijt and de Goede 1997; Suh et al. 1996).Gil et al. 1998; Gore et al. 1992). Wall 2003; Lyons-Ruth et al. 1986; Oliver and Berger 1992; Stewart et al. 2003 Adlaf and Ivis 1996; Farber et al. 1985; McKeown et al. 1997). ...
Although numerous studies reveal differences in mental health by the structure of one's family of origin, there remains debate regarding the processes generating these patterns. Using a sample of young adults (19-21 years) in Miami-Dade County in Florida, this study examines the explanatory significance of three presumed correlates of family type: socioeconomic status, family processes, and level of social stress. Consistent with prior research, our results reveal higher levels of depressive symptoms among those from stepfamilies, single parent families, and single parent families with other relatives present, compared with mother-father families. All three presumed correlates make significant independent contributions to the prediction of depressive symptomatology. Substantial mediating effects also are observed for all three explanatory dimensions. Collectively, they completely or largely explain observed family type variations in mental health risk.
... Stern, Northman & Van Slyck 1984; Burnside et al . 1986; Selnow 1987; Flewelling & Bauman 1990; Needle, Su & Doherty 1990; Turner, Irwin & Millstein 1991; Hoffman 1993; Adlaf & Ivis 1996; Albrecht, Amey & Miller 1996; Suh, Schutz & Johanson 1996; Amey & Albrecht 1998; Gil, Vega & Biafora 1998; Aquilino & Supple 2001; see Fawzy et al . 1987 for an exception). ...
... 1987 for an exception). Individuals from households in which neither parent was present face the greatest risk, while mother–father families confer the strongest protection (Adlaf & Ivis 1996; Albrecht et al . 1996; Suh et al . ...
... 1990; Turner et al . 1991; Hoffman 1993; Adlaf & Ivis 1996; Albrecht et al . 1996; Suh et al . ...
Our study has two goals: to evaluate variation in symptoms of substance abuse/dependence by family structure and to examine several potential explanations for this association, including differences in socio-economic status, social support, social stress and perceived approval and use of substances by family and friends.
Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is used to examine the association between family type and problematic substance use and to assess the hypothesized mediators.
Data were collected between 1998 and 2000 as part of a study of the prevalence and social distributions of psychiatric and substance use disorders. The study involved face-to-face interviews with a representative sample of young adults in a South Florida community.
Respondents (n = 1760) were between 18 and 23 years of age. Approximately 25% were of Cuban origin, 25% other Caribbean basin Hispanic, 25% African American and 25% non-Hispanic white.
Four family types are examined: mother-father families, single-parent families, single-parent families that include other adult relative(s) and stepfamilies. Problematic substance use is measured by a set of 22 substance abuse/dependence symptoms.
Controlling for race-ethnicity and gender, respondents from single-parent families report a significantly higher level of problematic substance use than those from mother-father families. Although nearly all explanations receive support, we find the strongest evidence for differential association with deviant peers and exposure to stress.
Our findings suggest that--rather than representing a unique and independent predictor of substance use problems--family structure can be viewed as a marker of the unequal distribution of factors influencing the risk of problematic substance use.
... individual, social and cultural. Studies conducted in this area have found that nuclear families have the greatest protection against 'mental health' problems (see Adlaf and Ivis, 1996;Aseltine, 1996). Also, there is evidence to suggest that the nonexistence of both parents' accounts for the least protection against mental illness (Adlaf and Ivis, 1996). ...
... Studies conducted in this area have found that nuclear families have the greatest protection against 'mental health' problems (see Adlaf and Ivis, 1996;Aseltine, 1996). Also, there is evidence to suggest that the nonexistence of both parents' accounts for the least protection against mental illness (Adlaf and Ivis, 1996). It is largely accepted that the risk of mental illness is larger in single-parent and stepfamilies (Barret and Turner, 2005). ...
This thesis explores the ways in which the Gujarati communities come to understand, experience and conceptualise ‘mental health’. These were explored under the following categories: social, cultural, economic and institutional. Ethnic inequalities and ‘mental health’ have been widely researched but explanations can provide a distorted picture for particular communities (Raleigh, 1995). Published information on measuring rates of inequalities focus use of services and wide categories such as ‘South Asians’ can be misleading in health research (Nazroo et al., 2002). Not only are current epidemiological studies problematic with the categories they utilise to group people together, but also using the medical model to define ‘mental health’ as an universally applied term indeed has its’ pitfalls. The major one that is inherent to this thesis is the complex relationship culture and social factors has in contributing to understandings of ‘mental health’ and how they are managed. Therefore, the crux of this thesis explores practices and beliefs the Gujarati communities have that help ‘mental health’ management but also their limitations that constrain and restrict help-seeking from western health services. This research is informed by two key phenomena and the complex relationship between the two – ‘mental health’ and culture. There is an exploration of social processes such as culture and the range of identity and historical factors such as migration, family, social capital and religion to name a few. A Bourdieusian analytical framework is used, in particular his forms of capital; social, cultural and economic to illustrate how culture influences conceptualisations, experiences and management of ‘mental health’ and how culture contributes to the complexity that cuts across the universality/specificity binary of addressing ‘mental health’. Qualitative interviews with the Gujarati communities in Leicester were used to explore these issues. 35 interviews were conducted with first-generation Gujarati migrants and 15 were conducted with second generation Gujarati migrants. These were all recorded, analysed using various thematic analytical techniques, analytic induction and cognitive mapping. It is argued that, strong forms of social and cultural capital contribute to and strengthen cultural opinions of mental illness as ‘mad’, ‘crazy’ and ‘slow’. Thus, these attitudes and understandings are lived realities for the Gujarati communities. However, it is also strong forms of social capital that contribute to potential ‘mental health’ problems due to the pressure of ‘social obligations’. This entails, behaving in a certain manner that abides to and maintains acceptable norms in the Gujarati communities. Consequently, social and cultural capital are underlying factors that explain the stigmatized nature of ‘mental health’ and their help-seeking trajectories. Additionally, the empirical data from my interviews has begun to demonstrate that attitudes towards ‘mental health’ are not as simple as being educated about it but rooted deeply in social and cultural practices, beliefs and traditions. Rightly so, Dogra et al. (2005) argues conceptualisations and expressions of ‘mental health’ can vary across cultures and thus these need to be considered when looking at ethnic groups. Additionally, due to the changing nature of cultures, continuous research is required to uphold suitable treatment and support for ‘mental health’. Therefore, I argue that research that informs policy in this area, such as cultural components of ‘mental health’ needs to be inductive rather than deductive in nature.
... Finally, they need to understand why certain demands are being made of them and the reasons for those demands" (Grusej, 2010, p. 21). Research reveals that adolescents who are in single parent families are more likely to engage in risky behavior than are adolescents in a two parent family (Adlaf & Ivis, 1996). Family members play a role in shaping the behaviors of other members in the family. ...
... The finding for the association between parental caring and the likelihood of association with deviant peers reaffirms the previous finding presenting adolescents who are in single parent families are more likely to engage in risk behavior than are adolescents in a two parent family (Adlaf & Ivis, 1996). Furthermore, adolescents in single parent families are more likely to use substances such as alcohol and drugs because it is more difficult for a single parent to influence the behavior of their child (Gil et al., 1998). ...
... They found that the addition of three key family process variables (discipline, maternal supervision, and parent-child attachment) into multivariate regression models tended to negate most of the significant correlations between the structural indicators of family life and delinquent behavior. Adlaf and Ivis (1997) arrived at similar conclusion: they showed that familial disruption was significantly correlated with four substance abuse measures and a composite delinquency scale. When a number of demographic and family quality variables were entered into a multivariate regression equation, family structure remained a significant predictor of only one of the five outcome measures. ...
... Biron and LeBlanc (1977) examined only home-based delinquent behavior and used a small, single city sample. Adlaf and Ivis (1997) did not differentiate between different types of delinquency in their study (Kierkus & Baer, 2002). ...
Today, criminologists, especially, Black criminologists, are thoroughly perplexed by the same problem of disproportionate minority confinement (DMC) most especially of Blacks in both the juvenile and criminal justice systems. Are African Americans more criminally minded than other races or ethnic groups? Do African Americans actually commit more crimes than others? These are the questions that the different deviant theories have tried to answer. The concept of social bonding arose from social control theory, which suggests that attachment to family and school, commitment to conventional pathways of achievements and beliefs in the legitimacy of social order are primary and important elements of establishing a social bond (Hirschi, 1969). In expounding his social control theory, Hirschi listed the elements of the bond as attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. Does it mean that African Americans commit more crimes than other racial and ethnic groups? Or are African Americans genetically wired to be criminogenic? Is the society or the environment to blame for the perceived higher rate of crime among African Americans? Or are the criminal justice system, the judicial system, and the juvenile justice system, all together racially biased against Blacks, especially, Black males? Even though Hirschi (1969) did not mention attachment to religious beliefs as part of social control, but for the African American families, the church could play a significant role in helping to cement the bond of adolescents to their families. Any study of the African American family is not complete without the church. According to Work (1900), in all social study of the Negro, the church must be considered, for it is one of the greatest factors in his social life.
... Similarly, while school commitment, involvement, and attachment were found to be associated with crime (Rankin, 1980) affecting both genders (Burton et al., 1995), such traits had variant effects on males and females in another analysis (Sarri, 1983). Other studies illustrated that parental control was negatively related to delinquency (Gove and Crutchfield, 1982;Wiatrowski et al., 1981), and that social control was altogether inversely connected to drug use (Adlaf and Ivis, 1996;Hoffmann, 1995;Rosenbaum, 1987). Notably, such studies shared a remarkable limitation; they were all cross-sectional. ...
... p<.05, r=-.40; a finding that is also supported by the reasons for crime commission variables, discussed at the end of this section. Variables from social control theory such as the family attachment and involvement in conventional activities have explained drug use effectively (Adlaf and Ivis, 1996;Hoffmann, 1995;Rosenbaum, 1987); partially (Butters, 2002;Crawford and Novak, 2007); or even not at all (Ginsberg and Greenly, 1978). This study' s findings partially emulate Hoffmann' s results (1995); which is that association with drug-users increases drug use, which in turn perpetrates crime (Huizinga et al., 1995;Menard et al., 2001). ...
Cypriot youth crime, as most types of crime on the island, has thus far evaded thorough examination. Hirschi's theorisation that delinquency occurs only after an individual's connection to society attenuates is examined within a Cypriot context. The analysis of data collected from 53 Cypriot male criminal youths, points out that Hirschi's theory does not satisfactorily explain the reasons behind their criminal acts. However, given the small size of our sample and its non-probabilistic selection, shortcomings for robustness become inherent. Nonetheless, incumbent findings open the way to further pertinent exploration.
... Mental health problems have been associated with an assortment of social and psychological processes in one's family of origin. These include parental conflict and affection, (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) emotional detachment from parents, (6,7) parenting style, (8,9) time spent with family, (10) family cohesion (11) and perceived family support. (12)(13)(14)(15) Low socioeconomic status of the family and exposure to social stress have also been found to be correlated with poorer mental health. ...
The family unit plays a crucial role in patients with mental illness. Mental health problems have been associated with an assortment of dysfunctional social and psychological processes in one’s family of origin, yet families are now expected to be responsible for the care of the patient with mental illness. There are many short- and long-term benefits of engaging the families in the care of patients with mental illness. However, the implementation of family engagement in patients with mental illness is fraught with challenges. The primary care provider possesses several distinctive characteristics that lend an advantage to successfully engaging the families of patients with mental illness, such as better accessibility, better rapport, and being associated with less stigma. Primary care providers could engage the family in various ways, ranging from basic functions such as psychoeducation and supporting the family’s needs, to more specialised interventions such as family assessment and family therapy.
... 9,10 Marijuana use during adolescence can be especially traumatizing because the brain is actively developing during this period. 11 Social disparities in adolescent marijuana use exist along socio-demographic lines including sex, 12 sexual orientation, 13 racial identity, 14,15 academic performance, 16 family status, 17,18 and socioeconomic status of the family. 19,20 A holistic view of temporal patterns of substance use warrants the separation of different sources of temporal clocks. ...
To investigate temporal patterns, socio-demographic gradients, and structural breaks in adolescent marijuana use in the United States from 1991 to 2018, we used hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort logistic models to separate temporal effects of marijuana use among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders from 28 waves of the Monitoring the Future survey. Structural breaks in period effects were further detected via a dynamic-programing-based method. Net of other effects, we found a clear age-related increase in the probability of marijuana use (10.46%, 23.17%, and 31.19% for 8th, 10th and 12th graders, respectively). Period effects showed a substantial increase over time (from 16.23% in 2006 to 26.38% in 2018), while cohort effects remained stable over the period of study. Risk of adolescent marijuana use varied by sex, racial group, family status, and parental education. Significant structural breaks during 1995–1996, 2006–2008, and 2011–2013 were identified in sub-populations. A steady increase in marijuana use among adolescents over the latter years of this time period was identified. Adolescents who were male, non-Black, lived in non-intact families, and who had less educated parents were especially at risk of marijuana usage. Trends of adolescent marijuana use changed significantly during times of economic crisis.
... In spite of the fact that family structure is associated with children's mental health, this relationship has been found to be reduced or absent after controlling for family processes (e.g., acceptance, support, control, and interaction;Feldman, Rubenstein, & Rubin, 1988). This finding suggests that it is not the family composition but the specific parenting practices that matter most for child development and well-being (Adlaf & Ivis, 1997;Farber et al., 1985;Fein & Ooms, 2006;McKeown et al., 1997;Osborne, McLanahan & Brooks-Gunn, 2005). ...
Background: Left-Behind Children (LBC) refers to children who are under 18 and must live separately from at least one of their parents for longer than six months because of parents’ labor migration (Zhou & Duan, 2006). The long-term family separation might greatly impair the family environment and increase the risk of developing depression among LBC. This research examined the relationships among family structure (left-behind status), caregiving, and child depression using archival data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Methods: In Study 1, multilevel regression analyses investigated how contextual factors (family structure and caregiving) and personal characteristics (age and gender) related to children’s depressive symptoms in a CFPS 2012 sample of 2,936 Chinese children aged 10-15. In Study 2, latent growth analyses examined the predictive role of family structure and child age/gender in the developmental trajectory of depressive symptoms in a sample of 1,588 Chinese children aged 10-19 from CFPS 2010 to 2014. Results: In Study 1, multilevel regression analyses revealed that the family structure did not have a significant effect over and above the influence of caregiving. Children reporting more positive caregiving tended to experience fewer depressive symptoms. The interactive effects of the family structure and caregiving did not influence child depressive symptoms. In Study 2, latent growth analyses indicated that paternal absence significantly predicted a more increase in depression over time compared to non-LBC. Maternal absence significantly predicted a less increase in depression compared to non-LBC. Importantly, LBC who have been cared for by non-parent guardians (usually grandparents) indicated no significant effects on concurrent depressive symptoms or developmental trajectories in depressive symptoms over time. Conclusions: The present findings indicated that child depressive symptoms were significantly associated with the family structure, caregiving, and child age. Understanding how familial and individual factors may affect the development of child depressive symptoms is critical for the development of prevention and intervention strategies. Findings supported the premise that training to increase parenting skills and responsiveness of guardians has the potential to reduce the risk of depressive symptoms in LBC. Advisor: Eric S. Buhs
... Neste sentido, o consumo de drogas encontra-se associado a relações tensas no meio familiar, falta de vínculos afectivos positivos, falta de confiança e padrões de comunicação pouco claros. Adlaf e Ivis (1996) verificaram que as relações e interacções existentes no seio da família exercem um maior impacto no uso de drogas do que a estrutura familiar. De acordo com Weiner (1995), os factores familiares podem exercer a sua influência independentemente, no entanto a probabilidade máxima de consumir drogas aumenta quando coexistem em larga medida. ...
The current project assesses the impact of family variables: cohesion, adaptability, family strengths, family satisfaction, burden assessment in drug users and families with the intent of contributing to elaborate future intervention programs in the field of health education. The sample of our study is composed of 208 subjects: 113 drug users and 95 family members, divided into 3 groups: drug users who were in treatment for the first time, relapsed drug users and rehabilitated drug users. The data was gathered at Projecto Homem in Braga. The following instruments were used: Family Cohesion and Adaptability Scales (Faces II) by Olson, Portner & Bell; Family Satisfaction Scale (FSS) by Olson & Wilson (1982) and Family Strengths by Olson, Larsen & McCubbin (1982). Results showed greater level of cohesion, adaptability, family satisfaction and more family resources in the rehabilitated drug users. Family members of rehabilitated drug users perceive more adaptability in the family than family members from the other two groups. Drug users perceive less family satisfaction, cohesion and resources than their family member. Implications of results are addressed.
... In the present study, this issue applied more to girls than to boys, so that in addition to the " Family history of drug use " risk factor, other family risk factors such as " Poor family management " , and " Parental attitude favorable toward drug use " with high OR as well as " Family conflict " were the predictors of lifetime tobacco product use only in girls, but not in boys. It is argued that girls are probably more sensitive to family issues, or since they spend more time indoors compared to boys, they interact more with parents and are more exposed to family conflicts (Fagan et al., 2007), As resarchers have shown that the most effective factor in family interactions is length of time spent with the family (Adlaf & Ivis, 1997). However our study is in agreement with studies that found family factors stronger predictors in girls than boys (Farrington & Painter, 2004; Blitstein, Murray, & Lytle, 2005; Yeh, Chiang, & Huang, 2006; Choquet et al., 2008; Sanchez, Opaleye, & Martins, 2010;), Other studies have found the above factors more dominant in boys (Moffitt, Caspi, & Rutter, 2001; Piquero & Sealock, 2004) or have not found a significant difference between boys and girls in terms of existing risk factors in the family (Loeber, & Stouthamer-Loeber, 1986; Rowe, Flannery, & Flannery, 1995; Fergusson & Horwood, 2002). ...
Introduction: Family and peer risk factors are considered as important predictors of tobacco use in adolescents. Furthermore, information regarding gender differences in lifetime tobacco use of adolescents is essential for designing gender-specific tobacco prevention policies. Methods: In a cross-sectional population-based study, 870 Iranian adolescents (430 boys and 436 girls) aged 15-18 years old, filled out the adopted form of “Communities That Care Youth Survey”. Four family and two peer risk factors were entered in adjusted logistic regression analyses to predict the lifetime tobacco use (cigarette and smokeless tobacco) in boys and girls, separately. Results: Boys reported higher prevalence of lifetime cigarettes use compared to girls (22.8% vs. 17.8%, p = 0.04). However, the prevalence of lifetime smokeless tobacco use in girls was the same as boys, even slightly higher (7.9% vs. 7.1%, P=0.5). “Family history of drug use” and “Friends use of drugs” were common risk factors predicting cigarettes and smokeless tobacco use between both genders. On the other hand, other family risk factors included “Poor family management”, “Parental attitude favorable toward drug use” and “Family conflict” were the predictors of lifetime tobacco use only in girls, but not in boys. Conclusion: Design and implementation of preventative programs for adolescents tobacco use should be conducted with emphasis on the role of smoker parents at home, and friendship with substance user peers with antisocial behaviors. It seems that family risk factors may have more value in prevention of tobacco use in female adolescents.
... Two potential explanations for family structure differences in adolescent mental health, family processes and socioeconomic resources, have received primary attention. Some researchers have found that family structure differences are mediated entirely through family processes (Adlaf and Ivis 1996) while others find that significant differences remain , Turner et al. 1991. Family processes can include such dimensions as family conflict before and after divorce, parental social support, the role of nonresident fathers, and parenting style. ...
As Pearlin (1989) has argued, risk and protective factors for mental health problems arise out of the structural contexts of people’s lives and are fundamental to the study of mental health. Despite wide acceptance of this proposition by the field, relatively little attention has been devoted to the effort to specify those variations in social context that matter. That is, what are the aspects of context that put people at risk for risks and/or are protective from risks?
Although efforts have been made to understand the mental health significance of separate dimensions of context, few studies consider them together. Specifically, research on the mental health significance of neighborhood circumstances has rarely considered other aspects of social context. Thus, an effort to understand the role and significance of neighborhoods for mental health that includes a consideration of more proximal family arrangements is likely to advance the field. Within this framework, the present study examines two spheres of adolescent social context, neighborhoods and families, and considers how such contexts influence young adult mental health. Further, this research explores mechanisms that may explain the linkage between social context and mental health problems.
Data from a large (n = 1803) study of young adults allows for a relatively more comprehensive estimation of social context than has previously been examined. The sample was drawn such that 25% were non-Hispanic white, 25% were African American, and 50% were of Hispanic origin.
Findings suggest that multiple dimensions of neighborhood context make independent contributions to the prediction of young adult psychological distress. Considering the relevance of both neighborhood and family context for young adult mental health, respondents from disadvantaged neighborhoods, single parent families, and families with few socioeconomic resources have higher levels of psychological distress. However, it is the more proximal family conditions that matter for the relationship between social context and psychological distress. Findings indicate family socioeconomic status to be the most robust predictor of psychological distress, all study variables considered. Additionally, results suggest that family processes and exposure to social stress are two of the mechanisms that explain the linkage between social context and psychological distress. However, they do not fully explain the link between family socioeconomic status and young adult mental health.
... Mais qu'entend-on par milieu familial inadéquat? Des auteurs, comme Adlaf et Ivis (1996), montrent que les relations et interactions au sein de la famille ont un impact plus grand sur i'usage de drogues et la délinquance que la stmcture familiale (famille nucléaire, recomposée, monoparentale, etc.) elle-même. Les facteurs de risque familiawe seraient plutôt liés à des conflits au sein de la famille; à une discipline parentale trop permissive, trop sévère ou inconsistante; à un support parental déficient; à un faible attachement aux parents; à des situations de violence conjugale ou, plus largement, familiale; à la consommation de drogues par les parents ou la fratrie; à la présence d'une psychopathologie chez les parents. ...
Abrégé
L’impact important qu’un milieu familial inadéquat peut avoir sur la consommation de drogues des jeunes est bien connu et documenté. Par exemple, une discipline parentale inconsistante constitue un facteur de risque avéré pour le développement d’une toxicomanie. Mais comment peut-elle justement y conduire ? Quels processus entrent en jeu ? Nos études montrent qu’une partie de la réponse réside dans la façon dont les jeunes vivent ce type de discipline parentale, dont ils l’interprètent et aussi dans les sentiments qu’il provoque chez eux, et auxquels ils réagissent. Menée dans une perspective phénoménologique, nous avons conduit une étude qualitative auprès de 38 jeunes majoritairement pris en charge dans un centre de traitement de la toxicomanie ou dans un centre jeunesse. Le récit de vie a été privilégié comme mode de recueil de données. Une combinaison d’analyses thématiques et séquentielles a constitué le mode principale de réduction du matériel. Les points de convergence ou de divergence ressortant de l’analyse transversale des récits recueillis quant aux rôle de la famille dans leur trajectoire de consommation sont présentés. Vu sous la lorgnette familiale, il apparaît que plusieurs jeunes disent faire usage de drogues parce que leurs parents consomment, pour faire comme eux ou, encore, pour oublier leurs problèmes familiaux.
... Socio-demographic and other control variables. Research has shown that cannabis use is correlated with gender, family finances and other substance use (Gore et al. 1992;Adlaf and Ivis 1996) and these factors were controlled in the analysis. Gender takes on the categories 0: Male and 1: Female. ...
This article attempts to improve the models and theories researchers use when investigating drug use in the normal population. The study systematically investigates two dimensions of the normalisation thesis, namely behavioural and cultural normalisation. Whilst the former is measured based on national prevalence rates, the measurement of the latter dimension is based on parameters used in social control theory. More concretely, cultural normalisation is measured based upon the comparative strength of social bonds of cannabis users vs. non-users. The regression analysis, conducted on a Swedish and Swiss student sample, suggests that cannabis users in both the countries are reasonably bounded to conventional society, yet total cultural normalisation does not exist as social bond factors successfully separate users from non-users. Furthermore, the study shows that cultural cannabis normalisation does not necessarily follow behavioural cannabis normality. As such the study brings light to the fact that the normalisation concept may be useful to the investigation of drug-taking in very different drug-taking contexts.
... We have found that the effect of family (positive family history of substance use and work of the mother and attachment) was a predictor of lifetime drug use in boys only and not girls. One study showed that the most influential familial interaction factor in this regard is the time spent with family [37]. An employed mother was also a risk factor of drug involvement in boys, not girls. ...
Information regarding gender differences in drug use of adolescents is essential for designing gender-specific drug prevention policies. This study was conducted in high school students in Tehran, Iran, in 2007. Here, we report the gender differences in lifetime prevalence as well as psychosocial associates of drug use.
This was a gender analysis of the data collected in a drug use survey conducted in a random sample of high school adolescents (573 boys and 551 girls) in Tehran, Iran, 2007. Demographic characteristics, parental and peers' substance use, school performance, religious beliefs, attachment, self-esteem and emotional intelligence (EI) were entered in logistic regression analyses to predict the lifetime illicit drug use in boy and girls, separately.
Boys were more likely to report lifetime illicit drug use than girls (10.1% vs. 6.4%, p = 0.023). Differences in the risk profile associated with lifetime illicit drug use by gender included history of substance use in the family, higher score of attachment, and having an employed mother as predictors of substance use in boys, but not girls.
Understanding this gender difference in predictors of lifetime use of illicit drugs in high school adolescents facilitates the design of gender-sensitive drug use preventive programmes. It seems that family variables may have more value in prevention of illicit drug use in male adolescents.
... This subjective measure of economic well-being is a common measure of socio-economic status (e.g. Gore et al., 1992) and previous analyses displayed construct validity with family finances being significantly related to family intactness and physical health (Adlaf and Ivis, 1996). ...
Data from a randomly selected sample of 840 Ontario students were used to examine factors that affect self-rated physical health. Analyses focused on demographics, family structure, family financial situation, child-parent relationship, school achievement, self-esteem, alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use as factors which directly and indirectly influence self-rated health. Specifically, higher income, good child-parent relationship, higher interest and achievement in school, high self-esteem, not smoking, and being male were all positively and directly associated with higher self-ratings of health. Family structure was mediated by income, and school achievement and child-parent relationship were mediated by tobacco use and self-esteem. Our analyses suggest that student perceptions of physical health are affected by demographic, economic, social, psychological and competency factors.
... Various studies have found that adolescents who report that they are involved less with their families are more likely to use marijuana.11 Adlaf and colleagues operationalized family involvement as the time that adolescents spend with their families and found that time spent together was inversely related to adolescent substance use.12 In addition, low levels of family involvement have been linked to a number of problem behaviors during adolescence including marijuana use.13–15 ...
Objective
Family involvement and several characteristics of parenting have been suggested to be protective factors for adolescent substance use. Some parenting behaviors may have stronger relationships with adolescent behavior while others may have associations with undesirable behavior among youth. Although it is generally acknowledged that families play an important role in the lives of Chilean adolescents, scant research exists on how different family and parenting factors may be associated with marijuana use and related problems in this population which has one of the highest rates of drug use in Latin America.
Methods
Using logistic regression and negative binomial regression, we examined whether a large number of family and parenting variables were associated with the possibility of Chilean adolescents ever using marijuana, and with marijuana-related problems. Analyses controlled for a number of demographic and peer-related variables.
Results
Controlling for other parenting and family variables, adolescent reports of parental marijuana use showed a significant and positive association with adolescent marijuana use. The multivariate models also revealed that harsh parenting by fathers was the only family variable associated with the number of marijuana-related problems youth experienced.
Conclusion
Of all the family and parenting variables studied, perceptions of parental use of marijuana and harsh parenting by fathers were predictors for marijuana use, and the experience of marijuana-related problems. Prevention interventions need to continue emphasizing the critical socializing role that parental behavior plays in their children’s development and potential use of marijuana.
This research is dealt with socioeconomic factors affecting male juvenile delinquency in Ahvaz city. Data were collected using survey method and the statistical population included delinquent adolescents aged 13-18 years residing in correctional institution in Ahvaz city. The surveyed population included 60 people and they were studied through census method. The results showed that the variables of socioeconomic status, the degree of parental supervision, parental attachment, relative deprivation, powerlessness, anomie, self esteem and self alienation (self estrangement) are significantly related with the intensity of delinquency. But, the impact of the variables of family members' offences, family breakdown and the association with delinquent peers was not confirmed in present research.The results proved the capacity of Merton's, Cohen's and Seeman's "anomie theory" and Hirschi's "social control theory".
The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of psychoactive substance use among incarcerated delinquents in Nigeria and its determinants. The total inmate population of 401 individuals were interviewed over a period of four weeks using an interviewer administered questionnaire that assessed for socio demographic, forensic, and drug use history among other variables. All the respondents were males, with a mean age of 20.6 ± 3.1 years, ranging from 12 to 39 years and had spent an average of 16.1 ± 9.9 months. The average age of first use was 12.6 ± 5.9 years. The prevalence of lifetime and current use of any substance was 88.0% and 64.3% respectively. Prior arrest, being sexually active and family drug use significantly (p<0.05) predicted lifetime use of any substance while being raised in a monogamous family was protective. Prior arrest, family drug use, and being sexually active significantly (p<0.05) increased lifetime use of illicit substances while being raised from a monogamous home significantly (p<0.05) reduced same. Prior arrest and substance use before incarceration significantly (p<0.05) predicted current use of any substance. Being sexually active and substance use before incarceration significantly (P<0.05) predicted current use of illicit substances while high self esteem and being the first born was protective. Since substance use prevalence is high among incarcerated delinquents, the incorporation of substance abuse screening and treatment as part of their programmeme is advocated.
Parental divorce during childhood is associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts for male but not female offspring. This study examines whether parental remarriage has a differential effect on suicide risk for male and female adult offspring. Using the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), the sample consists of respondents who experienced parental divorce (N = 6,436). Multivariable regressions were estimated. Females who lived with a stepparent were significantly more likely to report a lifetime suicide attempt compared with females who had not. Clinicians should note that female depressed patients who have a history of childhood parental divorce and remarriage may be at more risk for suicide attempt than previously recognized.
There is abundant evidence that childhood health status affects socioeconomic status (income, wealth and academic results) in later stages of life. This study examines the potential impact of social fathers on children’s health and behavioral outcomes. The current family and health literature mostly focuses on the impact of social fathers on the well-being of older children or adolescents. Using the data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we examine the health and behavioral outcomes of younger children (3-year olds) whose mothers marry (or live with) social fathers after the children are born. Moreover, most of the past studies neglect the self-selection problem; we apply the propensity score matching method to address the sample bias issue of the child’s mother self-selecting to have a new partner. We found that children with social fathers did not differ significantly in terms of the probability of having asthma, measures of depressive, aggressive behavior and positive attitude, from children living with only biological mothers.
Abstract Youth substance abuse is widely recognized as a major public health issue in Thailand. This study explores family and community risk and protective factors relevant to alcohol and illegal drug misuse in 1,778 Thai teenagers. Strong family attachment and a family history of antisocial behaviors were strongly associated with nearly all forms of substance abuse, with adjusted ORs ranging from 5.05 to 8.45. Community disorganization was strongly associated with self-reported substance use, although involvement in prosocial activities acted as a protective factor. The findings suggest that interventions that promote family cohesion and encourage community involvement may have considerable benefits in reducing substance abuse in Thai adolescents.
The purpose of this paper was to assess the relative effects of parents and peers on adolescent alcohol use via mechanisms of attachment and opportunity. Panel data from the second and third waves of the National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS:88) were used to examine the relationship between multiple measures of peer and parent-child relations reflecting these concepts and alcohol use among high-school students. Overall, our results indicated that peers are more influential than parents in shaping adolescents' patterns of alcohol consumption and that unstructured peer interaction is an especially powerful predictor of adolescent alcohol use and binge drinking. Our findings further suggest that gender serves as a conditioning factor, moderating the effects of parental and peer variables on high-school students' drinking. Potential programmatic applications, as well as the theoretical implications, of these findings are discussed within the context of control theory and prior research on the relationship between opportunity and delinquency.
Research based on clinical samples suggests that poor-quality relationships with parents are associated with paranoid disorders; however, no research has investigated such relations within nonclinical populations. Undergraduate students (N = 179) completed self-reports of paranoid thinking, quality of relationships with mothers and fathers, loneliness, and social isolation. Paranoid thinking was associated with poor-quality relationships with parents and loneliness, including when both variables were considered simultaneously. Paranoid thinking was also associated with social isolation, but only for participants not currently residing with parents, suggesting that living in the family home may ameliorate links between paranoid thinking and isolation from friends. Family relationships are discussed as potential targets for clinical intervention in emerging adulthood.
Parmi les facteurs favorisant les conduites addictives, certaines caractéristiques du fonctionnement familial sont souvent évoquées dans les troubles alimentaires et dans les dépendances aux substances psychoactives ou à l’alcool. La mise à l’épreuve des observations des processus familiaux par des recherches empiriques intégrant différents niveaux épistémologiques et méthodologiques a conduit à des résultats contradictoires concernant les différentes formes de fonctionnements familiaux associés à ces pathologies addictives. Cet article propose une revue critique de la littérature dans le cadre des conceptions systémiques concernant les dérèglements familiaux impliqués dans l’apparition des troubles alimentaires et des dépendances aux substances ou à l’alcool chez les adolescents. Il s’agira également de discuter la similarité des caractéristiques familiales entre ces pathologies addictives et l’hypothèse d’une typologie familiale propre aux conduites addictives.
This study explores the relationship between social capital and adolescent violent behaviors for a national sample of secondary school students (N = 4,834). Cross-sectional data from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to evaluate multivariate models examining the family, school and neighborhood correlates of violent behaviors. Results demonstrate the importance of social capital factors across domains as significant resources moderating violence outcomes, especially parent-child relationships and school affiliation. Although we hypothesized that greater sports and club participation would decrease tendencies toward violence, results indicate otherwise.
Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Survey of 1988, the authors assess the extent to which adolescents' levels of parental attachment and opportunities for participating in delinquent activities mediate the family structure—substance use relationship. A series of hierarchical regressions supported the hypotheses that high levels of substance use among adolescents residing with stepfamilies would be explained by low parental attachment, whereas heightened opportunities for participating in deviant activities would account for the substance use behaviors of individuals living in single-parent households. More generally, the findings suggest that family structure has a moderate effect on youth substance use; that parental and peer relations are better predictors than family structure of levels of alcohol and marijuana consumption; and that variations in parental attachment, parenting style, and peer relations across family types explain some, but not all, of the effects of family structure on adolescents' substance use behaviors.
The criminal justice system has recognized the need to focus on the delinquent behavior of females; however, the research being conducted focuses on the differences between male and female delinquency and assumes that females are a homogeneous group. In addition, research on Latinas that offers insight into factors that impact their delinquency is limited. The present study uses a nationally representative data set to assess the differential impact of risk indicators on Latina and White female delinquency. The findings highlight the need for race-specific research. Implications for delinquency prevention and intervention programs are discussed.
Prior research has established that children from traditional, two-parent nuclear families experience a lower risk of delinquency than children raised in alternative family structures. However, many studies have ignored the effect of parental cohabiting on delinquent development. A growing body of research suggests that cohabiting (even among biological parents) may be harmful to children. This study tests the hypothesis that cohabiting is associated with four different types of delinquent behavior. It examines two theoretical models, a family stress model and a community stress/selection model, as possible explanations of ‘‘the cohabiting effect.’’ The analysis reveals that cohabiting is generally associated with increased risk of misbehavior (although the effects do vary somewhat by type of delinquency). Although the theoretical models could not completely explain ‘‘the cohabiting effect,’’ substantial evidence of both mediation and moderation is found. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Drug use among children and adolescents continues to be a source of considerable national concern. Despite declining trends over the past 15 years, drug use is fairly high among school-aged children and adolescents and is again on the rise. The present study evaluates a social development model of psychosocial predictors of drug use in Anglo and Hispanic children and adolescents. Participants in this longitudinal study include 392 parent-child pairs who completed questionnaires and interviews at 12-month intervals. Structural equation models reveal that patterns and predictors of drug use are distinct for each sub-group, by age and ethnicity. Later drug use was primarily associated with prior use, exposure to parental and peer models of drug use, and family disruption. These findings are partially consistent with Social Development theory in that strong links to conventional social institutions and behavior appear to protect children and adolescents from significant investment in drug-using behaviors. These effects are not, however, necessarily influenced by association with peers or peer groups.
Aims: This study examined relations between cultural norms and drinking practices in Italian young people using qualitative interviewing techniques. We collected self-report drinking history information from young people including whether or not they were allowed alcohol with meals in a family setting when growing up. Methods: We conducted ethnographic interviews of 80 adolescent (ages 16–18) and 80 young adult (ages 25–30) regular and heavy drinkers in two regions (Abruzzo and Umbria). All 20 Italian regions produce wine. Abruzzo has a high ratio of heavy drinkers while Umbria has a high ratio of regular drinkers. We used the AUDIT to determine eligibility. We queried age at first drink, first 5+, first drunk, context of drinking, drinking with family during meals, availability of alcohol at home, parent's relationship to, attitudes about and discussion about alcohol. Results: Half of regular and heavy drinkers were allowed alcohol in a family setting while growing up. Those allowed alcohol with meals when growing up consumed less on their first drink occasion and were more likely to never drink 5+ or get drunk than those not allowed. They also had reduced or delayed 5+ or drunk occasions. Conclusions: In Italy the tradition of incorporating alcohol with meals in a family setting may protect against harmful drinking. Other qualitative research should explore family, other adult and peer relationships to clarify alcohol use and risk-related behaviors. Research in countries with similar and different early age introduction would increase knowledge about the protective aspect of drinking in a family setting.
It is well established that growing up in a nontraditional family represents a risk factor for delinquent behavior; however, the understanding of whether this effect is universal remains imperfect. The present study examined whether the link between nontraditional family structure and delinquency varies according to six distinct circumstances: gender, race, age, SES, family size, and place of residence. Regression analysis of a nationally representative sample of adolescents between the ages of twelve and seventeen (n = 3,499) suggests that gender, race, SES, and place of residence do not condition the family structure/delinquency relationship. Significant interactions, however, were discovered with respect to age and family size. Generally, living in a nontraditional family is more criminogenic for older adolescents, and for those from larger families. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
This study examines the relationship between some family variables and cigarette, alcohol and drug abuse. Differences between adolescent boys and adolescent girls, according to the family variables used, were also researched. The sample included 1 258 boys and 1 538 girls from all areas of Croatia. The adolescents described their family structures, the degree of family cohesion, parental social support, and family interaction (family activities and leisure time spent with family). They also described their use of cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs during their lives. The results show that, when compared to adolescents from single parent families, both boys and girls whose parents are married feel that they receive more parental social support. While adolescent boys do not make a distinction in their evaluation of family cohesion, adolescent girls whose parents are married evaluate family cohesion better than adolescent girls from single parent families. The family interaction scale showed a statistically significant difference only for the boy sample, on the subscale of leisure time spent with family. Stepwise regression analyses were conducted on both adolescent boy and adolescent girl samples with three types of substance abuse (cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs) as criterion variables, and four subscales of family functioning as predictors. Family variables are related to adolescent cigarette, alcohol and drug use, but predictive factors vary according to the gender of the participant. The results are discussed in relation to different socialization patterns of adolescent boys and adolescent girls.
This study compared the influence of family problems with influence of deviant and delinquent social behavior and peer relationships up to the time of the 16th birthday as risk factors for substance use, for lifetime up to age 26. Control variables for the analysis were available from the National Collaborative project's longitudinal data file, collected from time of birth, on the African American community study sample (N = 380). A key finding was that the social behavior and peer relationship problems accounted for 18.8% of the additional variance in later degree of substance use, whereas the family problems accounted for only 5.1% of the additional variance in later degree of substance use.
Driver history data, in combination with previously collected tenth-grade questionnaire data, for 4403 subjects were analyzed by Poisson regression models to identify the significant substance use and parental characteristics predicting subsequent high-risk driving of new drivers (starting at age 16) through age 23-24 years. Substance use (cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol) reported at age 15 was shown to be an important predictor of subsequent excess risk of serious offenses and serious crashes for both men and women. In addition, negative parental influences (lenient attitudes toward young people's drinking; low monitoring, nurturance, family connectedness), were also demonstrated to increase the risk of serious offenses and serious crashes for both men and women.
The extent to which the family environment is characterized by stress may have a substantial impact on life-course trajectories of young people. Illicit drug use is a fairly common part of these trajectories. This paper estimates the direct impact of family stressors on the progression to problem cannabis use, as well as their indirect effects via the youth's school experience among adolescents in Ontario. The results suggest that family stressors have direct and indirect effects increasing the probability of cannabis use outcomes. The implications of these more complex associations between factors believed to influence adolescent drug use trajectories are discussed.
Past literature has established an association between children's alcohol-related behaviors and parents' use of and attitudes toward alcohol. However, most studies tend to measure parental use and attitudes through proxy, i.e. children's perception. It is not clear the extent to which actual parental use and attitudes influence children's alcohol behaviors. The current study directly used parents' reports on alcohol use and attitudes toward alcohol and examined their impact on children's alcohol use. Based on a three-stage random sampling design, 642 dyads of parents and children (ages 15-18) were interviewed by telephone in New York State. Study variables include parental alcohol use, children's alcohol use, parental attitudes toward underage drinking and parent-child interaction. While parental use and attitudes do not seem to significantly affect children's alcohol use, the extent to which parents prohibit children from using alcohol at home tends to reduce children's alcohol involvement. In addition, the greater the amount of time spent with alcohol-using parents, the more likely the children are to use alcohol. Findings suggest that, while parents' alcohol use influences children's alcohol use through extensive interaction, parental control of underage alcohol use in the household appears to reduce children's involvement in underage alcohol use.
Education can affect the lives of adolescents by reinforcing healthy choices and promoting a healthy lifestyle. However, difficulties experienced in the school and family environments may interfere with these goals. This may be particularly true for those youth already participating in health-compromising behaviors such as drug use. Of course, patterns of drug use take many forms, and some are more serious than others. Youth using cannabis at more intensive levels have often been overlooked in the literature. This paper, based on 1997 data, addressed this gap by examining the effects of individual and cumulative school and family factors on not only the probability of any cannabis use but also the progression to problem use among 1980 Ontario students. The results suggested that disrupted family structure increased the likelihood of cannabis use in general. However, patterns of problem use were displayed among youth experiencing problems in school and poor family relationships. As anticipated, adolescents experiencing multiple school and family factors were also significantly more likely to engage in cannabis use, and in its more serious form, when controlling for other demographic predictors. The implications for health promotion initiatives in the school are discussed.
Assessed the relationship between adolescent and parental drug use among 8,865 Grade 6-13 students. A positive association was found between parental use of psychoactive drugs, alcohol, and tobacco, as reported by Ss, and S psychoactive and hallucinogenic drug use. The relationship was strongest when both used psychoactive drugs. A family pattern, characterized by only mothers' use then use by both parents was found but was common to S drug users and nonusers. There was no sex relationship in S-parent drug use. Data suggest that adolescents model their drug use after parental use and that in order to reduce adolescent use parental use would have to be reduced.
Examined the prevalence of family structural and dynamic factors in terms of type, frequency, and multiplicity of drug use among 151 drug-using adolescents. Ss completed the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES III) and the Parent–Adolescent Communication Inventory. In general, relational family factors, including cohesion, discipline, and open communication with mother, were more salient than structural factors, such as family size, birth order, biological parents' relationship status, and number of parents in the household, in discriminating drug use patterns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A nationally representative sample of 6- through 12-year-old children and their parents is used to examine the development of illness orientations. A comprehensive model linking family structure and socioenvironmental factors, health service utilization, parents' child-rearing practices, children's basic health, and one specific type of illness orientation (accepting "correct" beliefs about illness and doctors) is developed. Findings suggest that the most important direct influence on children's illness orientations is the child's self-esteem. The most prominent background factors relating directly and indirectly to the child's self-esteem are the parents' intellectual ability and, for younger children, living in a one-parent family. No evidence is found for hypothesized differences between 6- and 7-year-olds and 11- and 12-year-olds.
This article examines the relationship between substance usage and parent-child relationships and the number of parents with whom the child lives. These relationships were examined through initial and cross-validation studies. Findings disclosed that youngsters who lived with both parents were less likely to report higher substance usage than those who lived with one parent. Also, youngsters who reported better parent-child relationships were more likely to report lower substance usage. Evidence is offered that parent-child relationships may be more important in predicting substance usage than the number of parents at home.
Alcohol use increases among adults in response to marital disruption and divorce, but data that are available regarding adolescent alcohol use are inconsistent in the light of whether or not families are intact. To explore this question we obtained measures of frequency and quantity of alcohol use from 2595 junior and senior high school students, together with information about family intactness and parental alcohol use. Adolescents in single and stepparent families reported more alcohol use than adolescents from intact families, for both frequency and quantity of use. This was the case for boys and for girls, as well as for junior high school and for senior high school students. Parents in nonintact families also were reported to be using more alcohol than parents in intact families. Adolescent alcohol use was significantly correlated with parental alcohol use. After adjusting adolescent alcohol use for parental alcohol use as a covariate, the finding of greater alcohol use by adolescents in non-intact families remained.
Tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use were examined in a seventh-grade population from a north central U.S. metropolitan community. Participation exceeded 94% and biological testing was used to increase the disclosure of drug use during the survey. Drug use was related to age, gender, race, family structure, and parental occupation in a series of logit analyses to identify high-risk groups. While univariate analyses uniformly supported earlier studies, the logit analyses revealed patterns not previously reported and at times contrary to previous reports. Significant associations were observed between drug use and each of the demographic factors; the likelihood of drug use increased by as much as 80-fold in subgroups defined by interactions among these variables. Native Americans, Hispanics, Black females, and adolescents whose mothers held white-collar jobs were substantially more likely to report drug use compared to other groups; females were generally similar to males in their level of use after adjustment for other factors. These results suggest that multivariate analyses which consider higher-order interactions may more adequately model the distribution of drug use in adolescent populations, compared to those based on univariate or first-order multivariate techniques.
The correlations between self-reported alcohol use by adolescents and peer and parental alcohol use, tolerance of deviance, emotional maladjustment and self-derogation were studied in two independent samples--172 seventh-grade boys, 221 seventh-grade girls, 131 tenth-grade boys and 164 tenth-grade girls in Sample 1, and 166 seventh-grade boys, 149 seventh-grade girls, 120 tenth-grade boys and 129 tenth-grade girls in Sample 2. Regression analyses were performed to identify the relative contribution of each correlate in a prediction formula for alcohol use at the two grade levels and to determine whether the predictors differed at the two grade levels. The results were cross-validated in the two samples and showed that the predictors were similar at the two grade levels, despite the much greater alcohol use by tenth-graders. The major predictors for both grade levels and for both boys and girls were peer and parental alcohol use. Tolerance of deviance contributed to a much lesser degree and emotional maladjustment did not contribute to the prediction equations.
This article reports the results of a questionnaire survey of a representative random sample of all the in-school Francophone adolescents of Montreal. The sample size was 4,539 and included adolescents from legally intact homes, separated/divorced homes, and homes in which a parent was decreased. Health-risk behavioral indicators were smoking (how many cigarettes a day), fastening of car seat belts, and intemperate drinking. Adolescents who lived in intact families engaged less in health-risk behavior than the other adolescents, especially those from separated/divorced families. The results for adolescents from widowed families were mixed. Several mutually complementary explanations are presented.