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Source v. Content Effects of Judgments of News Believability
Abstract
A between-groups 3 × 3 factorial experiment (N=516) tests effects of message type and source reputation on judgments of news believability, judgments conceptualized as source credibility (judgments about the source), and assessments of apparent reality (judgments about the message content). Three indices combining measures of source credibility and message apparent reality emerge from a factor analysis, comprising judgments of (1) source truthfulness and message accuracy, (2) source expertise and message representativeness, and (3) source bias and personal perspective. The results show that a more innocuous message results in more positive judgments of believability, but the reputation of the source has no direct effect on believability judgments, nor does it interact with message type. It is concluded that at least some publics base judgments of news believability more on judgments of the apparent reality of message content rather than on the reputation of the media source.
... Previous studies have measured the effect of textual and source information (Austin and Dong, 1994;Dias et al., 2020;Kim et al., 2019) months after publication. Here, we present a new method to measure this effect directly after publication. ...
... Previous academic work on the effect of source information is mixed. Some studies found that source information affects the perceived veracity of information (Baum and Groeling, 2009;Berinsky, 2017;Kim et al., 2019;Sundar and Nass, 2001;Swire et al., 2017), while others found no effect (Austin and Dong, 1994;Dias et al., 2020;Jakesch et al., 2019). Past work, however, has not tested these effects in real time. ...
... These results suggest that source effects are stronger when respondents visit the website and see the full text relative to when they only evaluate the headline/lede of an article. This may explain why previous studies investigating source effects (Austin and Dong, 1994;Jakesch et al., 2019;Pennycook and Rand, 2019b) without the full web page did not find any source cue effects. The format in which source cues are provided matter. ...
Despite broad adoption of digital media literacy interventions that provide online users with more information when consuming news, relatively little is known about the effect of this additional information on the discernment of news veracity in real time. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of how information impacts discernment of news veracity has been hindered by challenges of external and ecological validity. Using a series of pre-registered experiments, we measure this effect in real time. Access to the full article relative to solely the headline/lede and access to source information improves an individual's ability to correctly discern the veracity of news. We also find that encouraging individuals to search online increases belief in both false/misleading and true news. Taken together, we provide a generalizable method for measuring the effect of information on news discernment, as well as crucial evidence for practitioners developing strategies for improving the public's digital media literacy.
... Scholars stated that media credibility comprises various constructs, including accuracy, trustworthiness, fairness, bias, and completeness (Austin & Dong, 1994;Meyer, 1988). However, believability, accuracy, completeness, biasness, and trustworthiness are considered to be the most comprehensive and consistent constructs of media credibility (Austin & Dong, 1994;Metzger et al., 2003;Meyer, 1988;Rimmer & Weaver, 1987;West, 1994). ...
... Scholars stated that media credibility comprises various constructs, including accuracy, trustworthiness, fairness, bias, and completeness (Austin & Dong, 1994;Meyer, 1988). However, believability, accuracy, completeness, biasness, and trustworthiness are considered to be the most comprehensive and consistent constructs of media credibility (Austin & Dong, 1994;Metzger et al., 2003;Meyer, 1988;Rimmer & Weaver, 1987;West, 1994). Both source credibility and type of message and source are associated with the pervasiveness and acceptance of a particular message (Callison, 2001;Hovland & Weiss, 1951;Pornpitakpan, 2004). ...
... (no = 1 to yes, both shots plus booster shot = 4). The instrument also included the media credibility scale, which is considered the most consistent and comprehensive scale to assess media credibility on a particular topic (Austin & Dong, 1994;Gaziano, 1988;Metzger et al., 2003;Meyer, 1988;Rimmer & Weaver, 1987;West, 1994). The 5-point Likert scale assessed five dimensions of COVID-19 information, including believability, accuracy, trustworthiness, biasness, and completeness (e.g., extremely believable = 5 to not at all believable = 1), and a higher mean score means higher information credibility. ...
This study utilized the health belief model (HBM) to investigate the association between the perceptions of COVID-19, adherence to healthy behaviors, and the credibility of COVID-19 information. This cross-sectional study utilized an online survey distributed to a random sample of graduate and undergraduate college students ( N = 408) at a large public university in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study utilized two validated and reliable 5-point Likert scales to assess individuals’ perceptions of COVID-19 and the credibility of health messages promoted via various communication channels. Various statistical analyses, including Kruskal-Wallis H and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) tests, suggested a positive association between the credibility of COVID-19 information and the HBM and a positive association between the HBM and adopting COVID-19 preventive measures. Individuals perceived public health authorities as more credible sources of COVID-19 information than traditional and social media platforms. The study recommends that public health authorities convey tailored, effective, consistent, and transparent health messages via proper communication channels to persuade and motivate individuals to adopt healthy behaviors during future pandemics.
... A rich canon of literature has explored news credibility and the related but distinct concept of news trust (e.g., Austin & Dong, 1994;Gaziano & McGrath, 1986;Hovland et al., 1959), making it a seminal topic for journalism research. Research has examined organizational credibility (Gass & Seiter, 1999), website credibility (Q. ...
... Essentially, even if these story-level transparency efforts could work as heuristics of credibility, people may not necessarily think about the news outlet when reading a particular story. Indeed, in an early study, Austin and Dong (1994) found that people assess news stories without thinking about the source. Therefore, adding transparency cues intended to signal credibility to a story might influence other factors, such as whether people perceive the story as well written, interesting, and fair, as Karlsson and colleagues (2014) found, yet have no influence on credibility perceptions of the news outlet itself. ...
This study extends the literature on how transparency influences news credibility perceptions by examining trust signals at the news outlet level, rather than at the story level, as earlier research has done. Experiments in the United States ( n = 1,037) and Germany ( n = 1,000) found that exposure to trust signals in a Google search about a known news brand, rather than an unknown brand, and the German cultural context increased news credibility perceptions. Participants were more likely to click on trust signals that gave background about the news brand or offered ways to engage with a news outlet.
... In the context of misinformation, credibility has been considered an important factor that influences the way people respond to misinformation (Bode & Vraga, 2018). Previous research has demonstrated that when a message is perceived as credible, individuals are more likely to believe it as true, resulting in greater acceptance and influence of the message (Austin & Dong, 1994). Thus, message credibility plays a vital role in how accurately individuals discern misinformation vis-à-vis accurate information (Luo et al., 2022). ...
The purpose of this study is to explore how the bandwagon cues of crisis misinformation can be a threat to organizational reputation as well as how the bandwagon effect can be attenuated by a correction intervention in the context of social media. Through an experimental study involving social media users, this research found strong mediation effects of bandwagon perception and of credibility of misinformation, indicating the negative effects of bandwagon cues of misinformation on organizational reputation. Furthermore, this study revealed that participants were more likely to evaluate a company’s reputation positively when they received the company’s correction message, compared to when they were only exposed to misinformation. These findings suggest that organizations should proactively respond to crisis misinformation to protect their reputation, as threats to which are exacerbated by bandwagon cues of crisis misinformation on social media.
... The SCT asserts that source credibility and trustworthiness have a significant influence on a message's persuasiveness and effectiveness (Hovland & Weiss, 1951). If the source appears dissimilar to the vested interest of the information provider, customers will find the message appealing (Austin & Dong, 1994). Ohanian (1990) identified expertise, trust, and attractiveness as the elements that enhance source credibility. ...
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the moderating role
of confusion in relation to source characteristics of financial
influencers (FINfluencers), content quality, homophily, and
attitude toward stock investment. This paper applied a
cross-sectional survey research design and purposive sampling
technique to collect data from 250 investors. The paper
employed partial least squares structural equation modeling
(PLS-SEM) to test the hypotheses. The results of PLS-SEM illustrated that attractiveness, credibility, and confusion significantly influence attitudes toward investment. Surprisingly, expertise, content quality, and homophily do not significantly influence attitude toward investment. Moreover, confusion significantly moderates the relationship between homophily and attitude toward investment. To substantiate the results of PLS-SEM, the artificial neural network (ANN) approach was employed. The results of ANN illustrated that confusion, expertise, content
quality, and credibility, respectively, have the most significant
predictive power for explaining the attitude toward investment.
These findings enhance the existing literature on FINfluencers
and offer valuable insights for researchers and policymakers in
developing an evidence-based framework to understand and
regulate the role of FINfluencers.
... Perceived source credibility refers to the believability of the source providing valid information (Hovland et al., 1953;Ohanian, 1990). Perceived source credibility is not only a precursor to the quality of the information (Wathen & Burkell, 2002), but also a salient factor in information acceptance (Austin & Dong, 1994). Within the realm of health information, sources such as health professionals, media agencies, health institutions and friends are traditionally accorded higher levels of credibility than industry stakeholders like pharmaceutical companies, marketers and advertisers (X. ...
Drawing on dual-process theories, this study aims to investigate the factors associated with social media users’ acceptance of mental health-related misinformation (MHRM). We conducted a case study of Chinese microblogging Weibo on conversations that emerged following a publicised celebrity suicide of South Korean superstar Sulli. This incident sparked an extensive discussion on mental health issues as Sulli was reported to have suffered from depression prior to her death. Whilst previous studies on users’ information acceptance mainly adopted survey methods, our study employs a mixed-method approach (i.e. computational data collection method, content analysis and statistical analysis), which opens up new directions to utilise secondary social media data. We identified MHRM from the discussions on Weibo and labelled the responses to the misinformation as whether they indicate an acceptance of the MHRM. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the associations of receivers’ acceptance of MHRM with its information features (e.g. number of likes) and information sources (e.g. gender). Inconsistent with previous studies, our findings suggest that MHRM is less likely to be accepted when published by male users, underscoring the context-specific nature of heuristic cues. This study also revealed some novel findings, such as MHRM with more pictures or with more words is less likely to be accepted. A theoretical model was proposed based on the findings, which highlights the importance of heuristic cues and individuals’ pre-existing knowledge in information processing.
... A growing field of misinformation science is beginning to address these questions. Research on news source quality demonstrates that people in the United States are generally accurate at identifying high and low-quality publishers 54 and the salience of source information does not appear to change how accurately people identify fabricated news stories 55 , manipulated images 56 , or false news headlines 57,58 although evidence on false news headlines is mixed 59,60 . Research on political false news content suggests an individual's tendency to rely on intuition instead of analytic thinking is a stronger factor than motivated reasoning in explaining why people fall for false news 61 , and similarly, people with more analytic cognitive styles worldwide are more accurate at discerning between authentic and fabricated political videos 62 and true and false headlines related to COVID-19 63 . ...
Recent advances in technology for hyper-realistic visual and audio effects provoke the concern that deepfake videos of political speeches will soon be indistinguishable from authentic video. We conduct 5 pre-registered randomized experiments with N = 2215 participants to evaluate how accurately humans distinguish real political speeches from fabrications across base rates of misinformation, audio sources, question framings with and without priming, and media modalities. We do not find base rates of misinformation have statistically significant effects on discernment. We find deepfakes with audio produced by the state-of-the-art text-to-speech algorithms are harder to discern than the same deepfakes with voice actor audio. Moreover across all experiments and question framings, we find audio and visual information enables more accurate discernment than text alone: human discernment relies more on how something is said, the audio-visual cues, than what is said, the speech content.
... On the other hand, the credibility of media sources has sometimes been found not to influence content processing (Austin & Dong, 1994;Shen et al., 2019;Sterrett et al., 2019;Tsang, 2021). For instance, Peterson and Allamong (2022) found that political news exerted similar effects on readers' opinions regardless of whether the source was an established or an unfamiliar media outlet. ...
Misinformation often continues to influence people’s reasoning even after it has been corrected. Therefore, an important aim of applied cognition research is to identify effective measures to counter misinformation. One frequently recommended but hitherto insufficiently tested strategy is source discreditation, that is, attacking the credibility of a misinformation source. In two experiments, we tested whether immediate source discreditation could reduce people’s subsequent reliance on fictional event-related misinformation. In Experiment 1, the discreditation targeted a person source of misinformation, pointing to a conflict of interest. This intervention was compared with a commonly employed message-focused correction and a combination of correction and discreditation. The discreditation alone was effective, but less effective than a correction, with the combination of both most effective. Experiment 2 compared discreditations that targeted a person versus a media source of misinformation, pointing either to a conflict of interest or a poor track record of communication. Discreditations were effective for both types of sources, although track-record discreditations were less effective when the misinformation source was a media outlet compared to a person. Results demonstrate that continued influence of misinformation is shaped by social as well as cognitive factors and that source discreditation is a broadly applicable misinformation countermeasure.
... On the other hand, the credibility of media sources has sometimes been found not to influence content processing (Austin & Dong, 1994;Shen et al., 2019;Sterrett et al., 2019;Tsang, 2021). For instance, Peterson and Allamong (2022) found that political news exerted similar effects on readers' opinions regardless of whether the source was an established or an unfamiliar media outlet. ...
Misinformation often continues to influence people’s reasoning even after it has been corrected. Therefore, an important aim of applied cognition research is to identify effective measures to counter misinformation. One frequently recommended but hitherto insufficiently tested strategy is source discreditation, that is, attacking the credibility of a misinformation source. In two experiments, we tested whether source-discreditation interventions could reduce people’s subsequent reliance on fictional event-related misinformation. In Experiment 1, the discreditation targeted a person source of misinformation, pointing to a conflict of interest. This intervention was compared with a commonly employed message-focused correction and a combination of both a correction and discreditation. The discreditation alone was effective, but less effective than a correction, with the combination of both most effective. Experiment 2 compared discreditations that targeted a person versus a media source of misinformation, pointing either to a conflict of interest or a poor track record of communication. Discreditations were effective for both types of sources, although track-record discreditations were less effective when the misinformation source was a media outlet compared to a person. Results demonstrate that continued influence of misinformation is shaped by social as well as cognitive factors, and that source discreditation is a broadly applicable misinformation countermeasure.
... There are also studies that found results contradictory to the vital role of source trust on story believability. For example, Austin and Dong (1994) found no source effect on the believability of fictional articles attributed to The New York Times, a tabloid magazine, and a fictional source, although that study was conducted in a pre-internet era with less polarization in media bias perceptions, which may have played a role. Selective exposure studies integrating real-world sources also found that confirmation bias was not always moderated by source cues (Knobloch-Westerwick et al., 2015;Pearson & Knobloch-Westerwick, 2019), yet many of those studies focused on blogs and non-profits, not major news outlets with well-known political-ideological slants. ...
News source attribution in selective exposure has been examined in many contexts, but rarely in the context of selecting news from distrusted sources. As such, 800 US adults were asked to select one of two headlines attributed to CNN and/or Fox News. Results showed some people selected news from a distrusted source, but only under very specific circumstances. Others avoided the awkward moment of siding with a distrusted source, even when that meant selecting news from a trusted source that was counter-attitudinal to the source’s typical slant on global warming.
... Likewise, communication media are presented by different sources, which audiences use to establish the credibility of the media (Cable & Turban, 2001;Petty & Cacioppo, 1981). Although it is possible that audiences' perceptions of richness and credibility are a function of both the media and the actual information that is delivered (see, e.g., Austin & Dong, 1994), in the present article, we focus on the effects of the media type. Accordingly, in the next section of this article, we develop hypotheses regarding job seekers' richness and credibility perceptions of company Web pages, electronic bulletin boards, and career fairs based on the characteristics of those media. ...
In this article, the authors assessed job seekers' organizational image beliefs before and after they experienced 3 recruitment media. The authors examined whether perceptions of media richness and credibility were related to improvements in the correspondence between job seekers' image beliefs and firms' projected images. Both media richness and credibility perceptions were associated with correspondence between job seekers' image beliefs and firms' projected images. However, results revealed that richness and credibility perceptions were likely to enhance job seekers' initial beliefs about firms' images when their beliefs were positive but did not diminish job seekers' beliefs about firms' images when their initial impressions were too positive.
... Austin et al. [32]: The study describes a research study that examines the effects of the message type and source reputation on judgments of news believability. The study uses a between-groups 3 × 3 factorial experiment with a total of 516 participants. ...
Information and communication technologies have grown globally in the past two decades, expanding the reach of news networks. However, the credibility of the information is now in question. Credibility refers to a person’s belief in the truth of a subject, and online readers consider various factors to determine whether a source is trustworthy. Credibility significantly impacts public behaviour, and less credible news spreads faster due to people’s interest in emotions like fear and disgust. This can have negative consequences for individuals and economies. To determine the credibility factors in digital news stories, a Multivocal Literature Review (MLR) was conducted to identify relevant studies in both white and grey literature. A total of 161 primary studies were identified from published (white) literature and 61 were identified from unpublished (grey) literature. As a result, 14 credibility factors were identified, including “number of views”, “reporter reputations”, “source information”, and “impartiality”. These factors were then analysed using statistical tests and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for decision-making to determine their criticality and importance in different domains.
... Various framing studies have explored how framing leads to perceived message credibility, based on the belief that if a message is considered credible, message acceptance increases (e.g. Austin & Dong, 1994;Wood et al., 2018). Still, few studies have examined how message credibility influences the relationship between individualizing/binding appeals and individuals' attitudes/behaviors toward climate change policy, with the exception of Huang et al.'s recent study (2022). ...
... In the literature, we found that the perception regarding the credibility of the advertisement includes the reputation of the company and its experience. The credibility of the information is measured via certain factors, i.e., the message contents, source credibility, source bias, and source reputation [29]. Medical information has received widespread attention due to its credibility issue. ...
Credibility, in general, can be interpreted as a sense of trust in someone. The credibility of information remarkably influences the public’s willingness to do or not to do some things. In this research study, the credibility of digital news stories can be interpreted as the sense of confidence a person has in a source of available information that affects their behavior. Humans spread less credible information instead of more credible information very quickly because humans take an interest in fear, disgust, and surprise. Less credible news may affect individuals as well as economies. Therefore, there is a dire need in the current digital era to find out what affects the credibility of digital news stories. This study aims to review the published literature and the grey literature to determine the factors affecting digital news credibility and the factors that build credibility in digital news stories. In this paper, we have developed a multivocal literature review protocol to assess the credibility of digital news stories. The multivocal literature review is an advanced version of the systematic literature review that searches for grey literature in addition to the published literature. The expected outcomes after implementing our protocol will be a list of credibility factors and their practices that can play a vital role in ensuring the credibility of digital news stories. Based on this protocol, we formulated guidelines for the quality assessment of grey literature. The future direction of this research is to analyze the factors through multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), i.e., analytical hierarchical process.
... Source information has been shown to have mixed effects on adults' evaluation of news stories. Some studies find that source information improves adults' accuracy at identifying fake news (Nadarevic et al., 2020;Kim et al., 2019), while others find no influence (Austin & Dong, 1994;Shen et al., 2019;Pennycook & Rand, 2019;Dias et al., 2020). The value of source information is likely linked to the plausibility of the information itself, as sources should matter more when plausibility is harder to gauge. ...
Fake news has permeated online media, presenting consumers with the challenge of detecting it. At what age are we capable of undertaking this challenge? And what factors predict success? We explored these questions with elementary-school-aged children (n = 86), who were asked to judge the veracity of ten news stories, five fake and five real. Children also completed a developmental version of the cognitive reflection test (CRT-D; Young & Shtulman, 2020a). As a group, children were at chance at differentiating fake news from real news, and their individual performance did not vary by age or cognitive reflection. Adults (n = 271) given the same materials succeeded at detecting fake news, especially those high in cognitive reflection. These results suggest that children lack the knowledge or skill needed to evaluate news credibility and that cognitive reflection predicts fake news detection only after we have attained some baseline level of information literacy.
... Source credibility was defined as the degree to which an individual perceives the media source as real (Austin and Dong, 1994). In the online environment, bloggers are regarded as the source, and blogger credibility refers to viewers' perception of the expertise and trustworthiness of the blogger (Cosenza et al., 2015) and plays an important role in media marketing. ...
As a unique cultural asset, time-honoured restaurants carry the crystallisation of traditional cuisine and the spirit of artisanship with an inestimable value. Nostalgia is a characteristic element of time-honoured restaurants and the central theme of their online marketing. However, few studies have examined the effect of nostalgia evoked in bloggers’ content on consumer behaviour in the context of time-honoured restaurants. To fill this gap, this study employed the SOR model as an underpinning theory and selected parasocial interaction among bloggers and viewers as a mediation to examine how the nostalgic taste on the screen affected behavioural intention towards time-honoured restaurants. Emotional involvement and credibility were also added as variables to enrich the research framework from cognitive and affective perspectives. A PLS-SEM approach was used to analyse the research models, including evaluating the measurement and structure models. The result, tested by the online survey data from 319 valid responses, demonstrated that nostalgia evoked in bloggers’ content can directly facilitate parasocial interaction or indirectly through credibility and emotional involvement, finally resulting in behavioural intention. The fully mediating role of parasocial interaction between emotional involvement and behavioural intention was also confirmed. The findings of this study offer theoretical and practical implications, highlighting the critical roles of nostalgia and parasocial interaction in the mechanism that online stimulus influences realistic behavioural intention, and therefore exploring a way forward for time-honoured restaurant marketing that fits in with the online media age.
... Recent studies have shown that a low-credibility source is more persuasive than a highcredibility source in situations where expectations are not met (MacKenzie & Lutz, 1989). Source of the credibility appears to be incongruent with the self-interests of the source of the message, consumers will perceive the message as more persuasive than if a high-credibility source were to deliver the message (Austin & Dong, 1994). The dimensionality of source credibility was similar across cultures, and influence of the source credibility dimensions varied by the dependent variables (Yoon et al., 2001;Pornpitakpan, 2004) highlights those three important dimensions of source credibility are attractiveness, expertise, and trustworthiness. ...
During the recent Covid-19 pandemic SMEs in the hospitality sector had to develop new ways of increasing consumer engagement and maintaining business activity. This study examines the effect of using blogs to counter the detrimental effect of pandemic lockdowns. A survey method was deployed with 449 respondents. Analysis used SEM PLS. The findings show trustworthiness and reputation positively affects credibility, but promotional incentives and expertise do not affect credibility. The findings also suggest that unverified information sharing mediates the relationship between credibility and loyalty. Information System (IS) researchers can systematically develop approach using big data to identify false information. This research contributes to knowledge of both IS researchers and SMEs in hospitality sector. SMEs in hospitality sector can partner IS and use this research as an example of method for recovering from crisis by the adoption of blog posts, as well as working remotely with IS researchers to explore data sources and research techniques to investigate false information.
... The early work of Hovland and Weiss (1951) emphasized expertise and trustworthiness as the main components of credibility. Scholars have contended that credibility encompasses different dimensions, like accuracy, believability, trustworthiness, completeness, and fairness (Austin & Dong, 1994;Meyer, 1988). Various factors play vital roles in how a message and source are perceived as credible, spurring individuals to form and change their perceptions and opinions (Hovland & Weiss, 1951). ...
... Health behavior responses to COVID-19 is a matter of death-and-live, and hence, peoples are likely to evaluate credibility of information, and situational motivation could influence them to adopt favorable as well as hygienic behavior to COVID-19. However, this empirical result partly validates the theoretical statement of Austin and Dong (1994) who noted that credibility evaluation can shape the way public respond to messages. ...
The spread of misinformation on social networking conduit regarding COVID-19 pandemic poses deleterious consequences on public health. The author advance the body of knowledge on tackling misinformation to generate positive health behavior responses by proposing a conceptual framework based on the theory of persuasion and behavior change. Furthermore, as a belief antecedent, conspiracy theory is also used in this study. The author, using structural equation modeling technique, explored the three hundred seventy-three participants’ belief in conspiracy theory and religious misinformation and their influence on intention and behavior. Those direct relationships were tested by the joint moderating role of situational motivation and credibility evaluations. The study revealed that the situational motivation and credibility evaluation jointly and individually (in some cases) weaken the strong positive relationship between misinformation (conspiracy theory and religious misinformation) and health belief, health belief and intention, and intention and health behavior regarding COVID-19. The findings of this study offer guideline for policymakers to generate favorable health behavior regarding COVID-19 and any other epidemic or pandemic. Directions for researchers to any further extensions are also placed.
... Source credibility, the most frequently studied form of credibility, is the one that most users seem to focus on when developing credibility judgments (Austin and Dong 1994;Xie et al. 2011;Luo et al. 2013;Sparks et al. 2013). In a research context, source credibility is a multi-dimensional, and complex construct. ...
Online health communities (OHCs) are a common and highly frequented health resource. To create safer resources online, we must know how users think of credibility in these spaces. To understand how new visitors may use cues present within the OHC to establish source credibility, we conducted an online experiment (n = 373) manipulating cues for perceptions of two primary dimensions of credibility—trustworthiness and expertise—by manipulating the presence of endorsement cues (i.e., likes) and of moderators’ health credentials (i.e., medical professional) using a fake OHC. Participants were predominantly male (60.4%) and Caucasian (74.1%). Our findings showed that moderators with health credentials had an effect on both dimensions of source credibility in OHCs, however, likes did not. We also observed a correlation between the perceived social support within the community and both dimensions of source credibility, underscoring the value of supportive online health communities. Our findings can help developers ascertain areas of focus within their communities and users with how perceptions of credibility could help or hinder their own assessments of OHC credibility.
... As references for assessing credibility, heuristics might mitigate biased assimilation for two reasons; first, when heuristic cues suggest the information as credible, people are more likely to pay attention to it and accept it. As Austin and Dong (1994) suggested, the more people perceived a message as credible, the more likely they were to accept it and be affected by the message. When the source of the information was perceived as credible, recipients would also have a more favorable attitude about the message content (Wu et al., 2016). ...
Focusing on debunking misinformation about genetically modified (GM) food safety in a social media context, this study examines whether source cues and social endorsement cues interact with individuals’ preexisting beliefs about GM food safety in influencing misinformation correction effectiveness. Using an experimental design, this study finds that providing corrective messages can effectively counteract the influence of misinformation, especially when the message is from an expert source and receives high social endorsements. Participants evaluate misinformation and corrective messages in a biased way that confirms their preexisting beliefs about GM food safety. However, their initial misperceptions can be reduced when receiving corrective messages.
... Expertise is an important component of building credibility in communication (Austin & Dong, 1994;Eastin, 2006;Garrett et al., 2013;Lewandowsky et al., 2012;Nyhan et al., 2014). Scholars point out that an expert's knowledge is usually deeper and also structured differently than a layperson's (Bromme & Jucks, 2001;Keil, 2010;Thon & Jucks, 2017). ...
This study shows how research on misinformation correction on social media must be contextualized by an understanding of race, class, and local culture. Using an inductive analysis of focus group data, we find that correction of misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic on the US/Mexico border is multilayered between the family and community institutions. It is also structured by information poverty, local Latinx border practices, and cultural constructs such as chisme and a culture of skepticism. Trust in expert correction is mediated by medical paternalism and distrust of city leadership. Local leaders in the Latinx border community are wary of communicating with the general public and hesitant to correct misinformation in online mediums. Nevertheless, correction of misinformation does occur in the intimate networks of family and friends in online group chats, discussions around the television, and interpersonal communication.
... This was revisited years later; for example, for Whitehead (1968) and for Berlo et al. (1970), source credibility would be multidimensional, based on safety, qualifications, dynamism, competence and objectivity. This discussion was resumed over the following years, with the most recent literature suggesting that: a the more people trusted media as a means of information, the more they would judge this media as reliable (Austin and Dong, 1994;Wanta and Hu, 1994) b people consider their favorite source of news as the most credible of all (Rimmer and Weaver, 1987) c the more people turn to the web, the more credible they judge the information they find (Greer, 2003;Johnson and Kaye, 2003). ...
... This, in theory, could be effective because people (at least in the USA) are actually fairly good at distinguishing between low-and high-quality publishers [92]. However, experimental evidence on emphasizing news publishers is not very encouraging: Numerous studies find that making source information more salient (or removing it entirely) has little impact on whether people judge headlines to be accurate or inaccurate [37,[93][94][95][96][97] (although see [98,99]). ...
We synthesize a burgeoning literature investigating why people believe and share false or highly misleading news online. Contrary to a common narrative whereby politics drives susceptibility to fake news, people are ‘better’ at discerning truth from falsehood (despite greater overall belief) when evaluating politically concordant news. Instead, poor truth discernment is associated with lack of careful reasoning and relevant knowledge, and the use of heuristics such as familiarity. Furthermore, there is a substantial disconnect between what people believe and what they share on social media. This dissociation is largely driven by inattention, more so than by purposeful sharing of misinformation. Thus, interventions can successfully nudge social media users to focus more on accuracy. Crowdsourced veracity ratings can also be leveraged to improve social media ranking algorithms.
... In cases where a simple Bayesian model that assumes a user takes data at "face value" seems clearly inappropriate, such as when a data source is well known to not be trustworthy, Bayesian modeling can help visualization researchers arrive at a more precise understanding of influences external to the data. Factors that shape data reception, like the influence of one's a priori trust in the data source, the interaction between the specific parameter estimate and one's beliefs about the source [7,15], the tendency to reject one's beliefs entirely upon realizing one was misinformed, or the tendency for people to diverge from a Bayesian's tendency to form posterior beliefs with less variance than their prior or the likelihood even cases where the prior and likelihood would seem disparate are all fair game for including in more sophisticated Bayesian models in the form of "hyperpriors" (distributions over parameters of the priors). We believe such "pseudo-Bayesian" models could provide the basis for understanding a large class of cognitive biases that affect judgments from visualizations. ...
A Bayesian view of data interpretation suggests that a visualization user should update their existing beliefs about a parameter's value in accordance with the amount of information about the parameter value captured by the new observations. Extending recent work applying Bayesian models to understand and evaluate belief updating from visualizations, we show how the predictions of Bayesian inference can be used to guide more rational belief updating. We design a Bayesian inference-assisted uncertainty analogy that numerically relates uncertainty in observed data to the user's subjective uncertainty, and a posterior visualization that prescribes how a user should update their beliefs given their prior beliefs and the observed data. In a pre-registered experiment on 4,800 people, we find that when a newly observed data sample is relatively small (N=158), both techniques reliably improve people's Bayesian updating on average compared to the current best practice of visualizing uncertainty in the observed data. For large data samples (N=5208), where people's updated beliefs tend to deviate more strongly from the prescriptions of a Bayesian model, we find evidence that the effectiveness of the two forms of Bayesian assistance may depend on people's proclivity toward trusting the source of the data. We discuss how our results provide insight into individual processes of belief updating and subjective uncertainty, and how understanding these aspects of interpretation paves the way for more sophisticated interactive visualizations for analysis and communication.
Resistance to truth and susceptibility to falsehood threaten democracies around the globe. The present research assesses the magnitude, manifestations, and predictors of these phenomena, while addressing methodological concerns in past research. We conducted a preregistered study with a split-sample design (discovery sample N = 630, validation sample N = 1,100) of U.S. Census-matched online adults. Proponents and opponents of 2020 U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump were presented with fake and real political headlines ahead of the election. The political concordance of the headlines determined participants’ belief in and intention to share news more than the truth of the headlines. This “concordance-over-truth” bias persisted across education levels, analytic reasoning ability, and partisan groups, with some evidence of a stronger effect among Trump supporters. Resistance to true news was stronger than susceptibility to fake news. The most robust predictors of the bias were participants’ belief in the relative objectivity of their political side, extreme views about Trump, and the extent of their one-sided media consumption. Interestingly, participants stronger in analytic reasoning, measured with the Cognitive Reflection Task, were more accurate in discerning real from fake headlines when accurate conclusions aligned with their ideology. Finally, participants remembered fake headlines more than real ones regardless of the political concordance of the news story. Discussion explores why the concordance-over-truth bias observed in our study is more pronounced than previous research suggests, and examines its causes, consequences, and potential remedies.
Credibility is an ancient, well-studied, complicated construct. Most credibility measurements consider messenger (ethos) and/or message (logos). Aristotle’s definition includes pathos—the speaker’s emotion, important in visual journalism but rarely applied to visual mediums. This experimental research seeks to fill that gap. It analyzed 45 variables representing ethos, logos, and pathos. High correlations among Aristotle’s three concepts suggest the need to consider each when measuring visual journalism credibility. Factor analysis yielded a three-pronged credibility measure for visual journalists, with 15 variables representing the three concepts. The scale can be used with studies of visual reporting, adding the nuance of pathos-derived credibility.
To steer public opinion, autocracies prioritize state media reports of political news while marginalizing commercial and foreign media. Can this dominance guarantee people's trust in state media news? We contend that rumors, circulated via informal channels and resistant to state information control, present a formidable challenge to public trust in state media news. Our two survey experiments in China pitted news of varying information quality (e.g., informative/detailed reports vs. cursory mentions of events) from state media sources against rumors, showing that state media news can retain high levels of trustworthiness only if its information quality is high; however, low-quality state media news resulting from information control diminishes its trustworthiness and prompts people to believe rumors. Low-quality rumors have more negative effects than high-quality rumors on news trustworthiness and citizens' satisfaction with government policies. Thus, information control can paradoxically erode trust in state media, which often represent the government in autocracies.
Faced with the ongoing evolution of the media landscape, media and communication science is constant-ly asking itself new questions concerning the tension between stability and change in social communication. In this context, many relevant topics exist for which there are still no publications that would systematically evaluate what we know (empirically and non-empirically) so far and what conclusions can be drawn from existing knowledge. This volume aims to provide systematic answers to important current or continually relevant questions in the field, with contributions that are entirely focused on a specific question, thus leaving room for thorough arguments. The volume is dedicated to the memory of Professor Wolfram Peiser. With contributions by Hans-Bernd Brosius, Felix Frey, Romy Fröhlich, Christina Holtz-Bacha, Benjamin Krämer, Philipp Müller, Christoph Neuberger, Carsten Reinemann, Anna-Luisa Sacher, Johanna Schindler, Klaus Schönbach and Cornelia Wallner.
In this monograph, we assess audience reactions to local TV news political coverage across an array of topics and research designs. First, we trace the development in local TV news of the now universally recognized reporter-driven emphasis: the local Eyewitness News model. That format’s role in establishing reporters as local elites is our basis for comparing how audiences respond to local reporters associated with the “eyewitness” brand versus reporters from national broadcast outlets. Using a combination of survey and field experiments, we investigate how audiences respond to eyewitness reporters. First, we vary audience exposure to partisan and policy frames sourced to these reporters. Across these experiments, audiences, and especially Republicans, respond more favorably to local than to national reporters and to the use of a policy than a partisan frame. Our second set of experiments test false balance and truth-telling in local TV stories about the 2020 presidential election. Again, the local reporter bests a national counterpart in terms of audience, especially Republican, reactions. In our third set of studies, we examine different combinations of human-interest content in the traditional thematic and episodic framing approaches in TV news for their effect on audiences’ climate change attitudes. We conclude by showing how these results inform an expansion of the topics and approaches local TV news affiliates should take to offer political coverage of value.
Media users’ perception of the correspondence of media content to reality has significant consequences for media use and effects. At the same time, new media environments have been complicating the users’ task of judging the realism of media information. Against that background, our study addresses the cues and criteria on which media users base their realism assessments using an online survey of a diverse population. Based on our respondents’ assessments of a broad spectrum of realism cues, we first identify fundamental criteria underlying users’ realism judgments across media and media genres. Second, using cluster analysis, we identify homogenous groups of users based on the criteria they perceive as enhancing or reducing media realism. And third, we investigate how these perception patterns relate to users’ realism assessments and use of various media and
genres, media skepticism, and sociodemographic variables.
Purpose
The rise of fake news is an increasing issue for cancer patients. Specifically, the use of cannabis as a cure for cancer is the most shared social media content regarding alternative cancer treatments (Shi, Siyu, Arthur R. Brant, Aaron Sabolch & Erqi Pollom. 2019. False news of a cannabis cancer cure. Cureus 11(1). e3918. DOI:10.7759/cureus.3918). To better understand the relationship between fake news, perceived credibility, social sharing, and belief in health misinformation, we conducted an online experiment in the United States to explore how people react to fake cancer news on Facebook.
Design/methodology/approach
A four-condition between-subjects online experiment was conducted to examine whether the perceived credibility of information and comments serve as mediating factors to influence misperceptions and social sharing of cancer misinformation.
Findings
We find that it is the comments’ credibility rather than information credibility that acts as a mediator between the effects of exposure to variations of comments on cancer treatment misperceptions and social sharing intentions.
Practical implications
Our study provides important insights into correcting health misinformation on social media. Findings demonstrate the importance of healthcare professionals and organizations engaging with misleading and potentially harmful misinformation posted. Additionally, practitioners need to provide training to enhance individuals’ media literacy to better discern credible health information from misinformation on social media.
Value
The study advances prior misinformation correction and credibility literature. Theoretically, we find that perceived comments’ credibility act as a mediator in mitigating the spread of fake news. Furthermore, exposure to variations of corrective comments (vs. peers’ supportive comments) increased cancer cure misperceptions via comments’ credibility, a backfire effect indicating that cancer cure misperceptions persisted, were complicated, and difficult to correct.
Considering the implications of cross-cutting exposure for democratic deliberation in the age of algorithms, this study proposes a conceptual model that delineates the roles of perceived realism and approval of algorithmic curation in the relationship between cross-cutting exposure and online political engagement. Secondary data obtained from the 2018 national survey conducted by the Taiwan Institute for Governance and Communication Research were utilized to test the relationships. The results indicated a negative association between cross-cutting exposure and online political engagement. The significant mediation model further showed that exposure to cross-cutting perspectives on social media was negatively associated with online political engagement by way of decreased perceived realism. That association was conditioned by the level of approval of algorithmic curation, which weakened the negative mediating role of perceived realism as it increased. Implications of those results and directions for future research are discussed.
Recent advances in technology for hyper-realistic visual effects provoke the concern that deepfake videos of political speeches will soon be visually indistinguishable from authentic video recordings. Yet there exists little empirical research on how audio-visual information influences people's susceptibility to fall for political misinformation. The conventional wisdom in the field of communication research predicts that people will fall for fake news more often when the same version of a story is presented as a video as opposed to text. However, audio-visual manipulations often leave distortions that some but not all people may pick up on. Here, we evaluate how communication modalities influence people's ability to discern real political speeches from fabrications based on a randomized experiment with 5,727 participants who provide 61,792 truth discernment judgments. We show participants soundbites from political speeches that are randomly assigned to appear using permutations of text, audio, and video modalities. We find that communication modalities mediate discernment accuracy: participants are more accurate on video with audio than silent video, and more accurate on silent video than text transcripts. Likewise, we find participants rely more on how something is said (the audio-visual cues) rather than what is said (the speech content itself). However, political speeches that do not match public perceptions of politicians' beliefs reduce participants' reliance on visual cues. In particular, we find that reflective reasoning moderates the degree to which participants consider visual information: low performance on the Cognitive Reflection Test is associated with an underreliance on visual cues and an overreliance on what is said.
A somewhat common journalistic branding effort is use of the cue “storyteller.” To better understand the impression the “storyteller” brand leaves, we fielded a survey-embedded experiment from a national sample of 2,133 US adults. The randomly assigned treatment credits a news article on a local political matter to a journalist using the “storyteller” brand. Drawing on media bias survey questions from the literature and sentiment analysis, we find consistent evidence that the “storyteller” cue lowers positive response to the journalist among respondents (although there remain various research avenues for additional insights on this topic).
This research explores indicators and methods for an enterprise to measure and evaluate user satisfaction with enterprise social media for knowledge management. This paper presents qualitative indicators, including three service levels of enterprise social media for knowledge management (KM) from a techno-social perspective. This research puts forward a synthetic evaluation model mixed with linguistic variables, consistent fuzzy preference relations (CFPR) and cloud model for measuring and evaluating user satisfaction. The synthetic evaluation model can transform linguistic variables into quantitative data to obtain user satisfaction levels and determine the distance between the expected satisfaction level and actual performance. This research can help an enterprise to improve the service ability of its social media to meet users’ requirements for knowledge management.
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted educational institutions around the world. Public health authorities have been at the forefront of the crisis launching public health campaigns to convey health messages and educate the public about the virus. This study used simple random sampling (N = 1,773) to examine information-seeking behaviors and the credibility of COVID-19 information among college students. The study further examined the association between the Health Belief Model (HBM), perceived threat, and the credibility of COVID-19 information. Results revealed the most and least likely communication channels students used to access COVID-19 information and the credibility of each channel. Students first went to public health authorities’ communication channels and sources for information. Traditional media channels ranked low in usage. Public health authorities ranked high in credibility, and the credibility of sources predicted a slight increase in the HBM and the perceived threat mean scores. Findings should help college administrators better communicate critical health information to students during a health crisis.
This chapter offers an empirical test of the Professor Pundit approach to political coverage. We used two survey embedded experiments on national population samples to test reaction to academics featured in television news coverage of political events. Our expectation is that audiences will have a generally positive impression of these academics when they cite findings from scholarly research (and without making partisan references). In relating these findings, academics put their expertise forward in the service of audience understanding of politics—thereby fulfilling our view of how academics can rehabilitate punditry’s use and reputation. Across analysis from both experiments, the news stories featuring academics referencing research findings received substantially more positive response from audiences than academics offering what might be best termed “conventional punditry.”
The practice of aggregating news content—repurposing content created by other news organizations—raises questions about credibility. This experimental study suggests that news organizations can boost credibility of aggregated content by more clearly identifying originating sources than by increasing or decreasing the use of aggregation. Relationships between levels of aggregation and credibility showed little or no significance, while relationships between credibility and receivers’ confidence in identifying originating sources were significant.
Media outlets strategically frame news about violent events using sensationalist labels such as "terrorist" or "Islamist" but also more subtle wording choices that affect the overall article tone. We argue theoretically and show empirically using a conjoint experiment that, contrary to existing studies, the effect of these two framing devices on readers' perceptions of terrorist events should be carefully separated. Even though article tone transports no factual information, in our experiment negative and sensational wording choices carried a greater impact on threat perceptions than the explicit "terrorist" and "Islamist" labels. In a realistic news article setting, which varied other salient context cues such as proximity or event size, subtle shifts in article tone still subconsciously influenced threat perceptions. This highlights the potential dangers of media coverage fueling otherwise unjustified fears by injecting unnecessary editorial tone.
A Bayesian view of data interpretation suggests that a visualization user should update their existing beliefs about a parameter's value in accordance with the amount of information about the parameter value captured by the new observations. Extending recent work applying Bayesian models to understand and evaluate belief updating from visualizations, we show how the predictions of Bayesian inference can be used to guide more rational belief updating. We design a Bayesian inference-assisted uncertainty analogy that numerically relates uncertainty in observed data to the user's subjective uncertainty, and a posterior visualization that prescribes how a user should update their beliefs given their prior beliefs and the observed data. In a pre-registered experiment on 4,800 people, we find that when a newly observed data sample is relatively small (N=158), both techniques reliably improve people's Bayesian updating on average compared to the current best practice of visualizing uncertainty in the observed data. For large data samples (N=5208), where people's updated beliefs tend to deviate more strongly from the prescriptions of a Bayesian model, we find evidence that the effectiveness of the two forms of Bayesian assistance may depend on people's proclivity toward trusting the source of the data. We discuss how our results provide insight into individual processes of belief updating and subjective uncertainty, and how understanding these aspects of interpretation paves the way for more sophisticated interactive visualizations for analysis and communication.
A field study (627 children and 486 of their parents) tests the effects of family communication environment and parental mediation of television content on third-, sixth-, and ninth-graders' perceptions of the realism of television content and its similarity to real life and their identification with television characters. Interpersonal family communication helps children form real-world perceptions, which children intrapersonally compare with their perceptions of the television world better to assess realism. A mismatch between real-world and television-world perceptions diminishes perceptions of realism. Realism contributes to perceived similarity, which contributes to identification with television characters. Through active discussion of television content, the parent directly mediates perceptions of similarity, but not of realism.
After viewing identical samples of major network television coverage of the Beirut massacre, both pro-Israeli and pro-Arab partisans rated these programs, and those responsible for them, as being biased against their side. This hostile media phenomenon appears to involve the operation of two separate mechanisms. First, partisans evaluated the fairness of the media's sample of facts and arguments differently: in light of their own divergent views about the objective merits of each side's case and their corresponding views about the nature of unbiased coverage. Second, partisans reported different perceptions and recollections about the program content itself; that is, each group reported more negative references to their side than positive ones, and each predicted that the coverage would sway nonpartisans in a hostile direction. Within both partisan groups, furthermore, greater knowledge of the crisis was associated with stronger perceptions of media bias. Charges of media bias, we concluded, may reflect more than self-serving attempts to secure preferential treatment. They may result from the operation of basic cognitive and perceptual mechanisms, mechanisms that should prove relevant to perceptions of fairness or objectivity in a wide range of mediation and negotiation contexts.
Cartoon-like portrayals of common occupations were presented to 237 children in a small midwestern city. Their knowledge of these roles and abilities to rank them were assessed. The occupations were selected to represent three learning sources: personal contact, television, and the general culture. Role knowledge increased linearly with age. Males and females showed no significant differences, where each had the same opportunity to observe the roles directly or via television, but boys knew more about the less "visible" occupations. Upper- and middle-class children knew more about the roles than lower-class youngsters. In general, the ability to rank the occupations followed similar patterns. The television data suggest that the medium is an important source for "incidental" learning about the labor force. A substantial "homogenization effect" was noted regarding children's knowledge of the world of work, apparently resulting from the stereotyped ways in which TV portrays occupations.
The relationship specified by the cultivation hypothesis was elaborated by using a concept of perceived reality that included the dimensions of Magic Window, Instruction, and Identity. As in previous studies, the cultivation effect was nonsignificant after controls for demographics were introduced. However, the cultivation effect was found in certain subgroups of subjects partitioned according to their level of perceived reality.
A three-wave panel study across a five-year period finds that middle and high school students change their views of television along three ways of evaluating television: as a “magic window” to reality, as a utility route to information, as an identity source through which one can relate to others as almost real people. With aging, the window view declined, especially among youths of higher status; utility views remained relatively strong among high watchers, as did the identity function. The study concludes that views of television reality are complex and dynamic.
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In a new test of the process of forgetting, the authors found that subjects, at the time of exposure, discounted material from “untrustworthy” sources. In time, however, the subjects tended to disassociate the content and the source with the result that the original scepticism faded and the “untrustworthy” material was accepted. Lies, in fact, seemed to be remembered better than truths.
Given the general and somewhat contradictory nature of previous research examining children's perceptions of the reality in television programming, this paper attempted (1) to separate the different levels of television content, (2) to determine the extent to which personal experience with specific role and situational stereotypes influence judgments of television's presenta-tions, and (3) to examine a wide range of socioeconomic status (SES) char-acteristics within the context of the same study to facilitate direct compari-sons. The results of the study indicate that lower SES Blacks and emotion-ally disturbed children view specific role stereotypes and general situations as significantly more real than do Whites and gifted children. The implica-tions of these findings relevant to the child's maturation process were explored.
Concludes that the public's negative attitude toward the news media is beginning to mellow. (FL)
The seminal work that led to the "Yale Studies in Attitudes and Communication," reporting a series of experiments on communicator credibility, general persuasibility, role playing, fear arousal, order of presentation, and group norms. Much of the later work in attitude change flows directly from this early volume. Harvard Book List (edited) 1971 #487 (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The research reported here extends the work of Hovland and his colleagues on source credibility by investigating the criteria actually used by receivers in evaluating message sources. Three dimensions are isolated: Safety, Qualification, and Dynamism. The authors argue that source “image” should be defined in terms of the perceptions of the receiver, not in terms of objective characteristics of the source.
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