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Information As a Resource
Abstract
In the emerging post-industrial society, there is little understanding of the characteristics of information, a basic, yet abstract resource. Information is expandable, compressible, substitutable, transportable, diffusive, and shareable. Implications for life, work, community, and conflict are considered. (AM)
... Tegenover het beeld van kennis als informatie of data die overgedragen kan worden naar een passieve ontvanger bestaat het beeld van kennis als iets dat geconstrueerd wordt door een doelgerichte actieve actor in een bepaalde sociale context (zie ook Sfard, 1998). Cleveland (1982) stelde al dat kennis wordt gekenmerkt door een complex van ervaringen, verschillende perspectieven, en een dynamisch proces van betekenisverlening door verschillende actoren die zich in een specifieke situatie bevinden (zie ook Lave & Wenger, 1991). Daarmee wordt de eindgebruiker beschouwd als een actieve actor die kennis construeert in wisselwerking met de sociale context (Castelijns & Vermeulen, 2017). ...
... Een model dat de dynamische interactie tussen kennisproducent, de eindgebruiker en het kennisproduct adresseert, is te vinden in het werk van Castelijns en Vermeulen (2017). Het model is gebaseerd op verschillende kennisbenuttingstheorieën en -concepten (Cain, 2015;Cleveland, 1982;Landry et al., 2001). In dit model (figuur 1) wordt de interactie tussen de kennisproducent (in het model onderzoeker genoemd), de eindgebruiker, en het kennisproduct respectievelijk verbeeld via een verticale, horizontale en diagonale as. ...
... De diagonale as verbeeldt de opbrengsten van het proces van kennisbenutting en is op te vatten als 'een ontmoeting halverwege' . De opbrengsten zijn in toenemende mate betekenisvol voor de eindgebruiker: van data, naar informatie, kennis, tot tenslotte wijsheid (Cleveland, 1982). Data beschrijft Cleveland als ruwe, onbewerkte en geïsoleerde gegevens. ...
... Tegenover het beeld van kennis als informatie of data die overgedragen kan worden naar een passieve ontvanger bestaat het beeld van kennis als iets dat geconstrueerd wordt door een doelgerichte actieve actor in een bepaalde sociale context (zie ook Sfard, 1998). Cleveland (1982) stelde al dat kennis wordt gekenmerkt door een complex van ervaringen, verschillende perspectieven, en een dynamisch proces van betekenisverlening door verschillende actoren die zich in een specifieke situatie bevinden (zie ook Lave & Wenger, 1991). Daarmee wordt de eindgebruiker beschouwd als een actieve actor die kennis construeert in wisselwerking met de sociale context (Castelijns & Vermeulen, 2017). ...
... Een model dat de dynamische interactie tussen kennisproducent, de eindgebruiker en het kennisproduct adresseert, is te vinden in het werk van Castelijns en Vermeulen (2017). Het model is gebaseerd op verschillende kennisbenuttingstheorieën en -concepten (Cain, 2015;Cleveland, 1982;Landry et al., 2001). In dit model (figuur 1) wordt de interactie tussen de kennisproducent (in het model onderzoeker genoemd), de eindgebruiker, en het kennisproduct respectievelijk verbeeld via een verticale, horizontale en diagonale as. ...
... De diagonale as verbeeldt de opbrengsten van het proces van kennisbenutting en is op te vatten als 'een ontmoeting halverwege' . De opbrengsten zijn in toenemende mate betekenisvol voor de eindgebruiker: van data, naar informatie, kennis, tot tenslotte wijsheid (Cleveland, 1982). Data beschrijft Cleveland als ruwe, onbewerkte en geïsoleerde gegevens. ...
Het benutten van nieuwe kennis uit onderzoek is een belangrijke voorwaarde om onderwijsinnovatie mogelijk te maken. Wetenschappelijke kennis vindt echter niet vanzelfsprekend zijn weg naar de onderwijspraktijk: men kan spreken van een kennisbenuttingsprobleem. In tegenstelling tot het gangbare lineaire model van kennisbenutting, wordt kennisbenutting in deze bijdrage beschouwd als een dynamische interactie tussen de onderzoeker, de eindgebruiker (in de onderwijscontext meestal docenten) en het kennisproduct. Castelijns en Vermeulen (2017) beschreven deze interactie in een theoretisch model waarin de onderzoeker kennisbenuttingsstrategieën hanteert om de eindgebruiker te stimuleren kennis uit onderzoek te benutten. Al dan niet beïnvloed door de onderzoeker, hanteert ook de eindgebruiker strategieën om kennis uit onderzoek te benutten en de onderwijspraktijk te vernieuwen. Het model is echter generiek van aard, waardoor het moeilijk toepasbaar is in de onderwijspraktijk. Dit artikel presenteert een versie van model verrijkt met in de praktijk gebruikte substrategieën. Deze verrijking is tot stand gekomen in het onderzoek ‘Werken aan duurzame onderwijsvernieuwing in de context van Practoraten’, waarin zes practoraten sinds 2018 zijn gevolgd. Met verschillende methoden zijn de praktische uitingen van de kennisbenuttingsstrategieën van de onderzoeker (practoraten) en eindgebruikers (docenten) in kaart gebracht. Aan de hand van een casusbeschrijving van één van de practoraten (Automotive) wordt het verrijkte model in dit artikel geïllustreerd. Onderzoekers en onderwijsprofessionals kunnen dit verrijkte model gebruiken om zich bewust te worden van de eigen kennisbenuttingsstrategieën en die van de beoogde doelgroep. Door kennisbenuttingsstrategieën te expliciteren kunnen onderzoekers en onderwijsprofessionals op strategische wijze een passende kennisbenuttingsaanpak expliciteren en zo onderwijsvernieuwing op basis van kennis uit onderzoek stimuleren.
... Three decades ago, Cleveland explored the unique characteristics of information as a resource and noted that it differs from traditional resources in that it is expandable (can increase with use rather than being consumed), compressible, substitutable (in the sense that it can "replace" capital, labor, and physical materials when smartly used), diffusive (it tends to leak), and sharable without being depleted (Cleveland, 1982(Cleveland, , 1985. These characteristics of information resources and especially the fact that information is leaky made Cleveland to proclaim that the winds of openness are whistling, signalling the obsolescence of ownership for ideas or facts. ...
... Through data sharing, laboratories that have already incurred assessment costs enable competitors to benefit without exerting the same efforts, losing some competitive advantage when the same variant is encountered. Actually, 2 of the unique characteristics of information as a resource, substitutability and expandability (Cleveland, 1982(Cleveland, , 1985, are creating the conditions for high subtractability. Information on past variant assessments can substitute some of the analysis labor required creating a competitive advantage for those that possess such information. ...
... Information as a resource is diffusive and sharable (Cleveland, 1982(Cleveland, , 1985. Technology offers the possibility for information to be easily digitized and shared, and it can start flowing towards public databases but this kind of flow can be painstakingly slow. ...
In this paper we investigate how data openness can be made possible in communal settings. We adopt a utility perspective that foregrounds the use value of data, conceptualizing them as “goods.” On the basis of this conceptualization we explore 2 key goods' attributes: subtractability and exclusion. Our theoretical basis is built upon concepts from the theory of the commons, power theorizing, and notions related to data and information. Empirically, we investigate openness in the genetics domain through a longitudinal study of the evolving communal infrastructure for data related to 2 genes influencing women's susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2). We follow the continuously shifting “topology” of the BRCA information infrastructure and trace the multiple repositories that are put in place and the different arrangements for data collection, curation/quality assurance, access, and control that are tried out. In our analysis, we illustrate the actors' strategies for curbing the subtractability and exclusion attributes of data. We then propose a theoretically informed and empirically grounded framework that can guide understanding and action taking to enable data openness.
... data to information, information into knowledge etc. . It is widely accepted in the knowledge management circles as a way to represent the different levels of what we see and what we know (Cleveland 1982;Zeleny 1987). ...
... T.S. Eliot (1934) However, in more recent texts, authors often point to Ackoff (1989) as the source, although Cleveland (1982) also makes an early mention of the Hierarchy in information science literature. Ackoff made reference to the model in his acceptance address for the presidency of the International Society for General Systems Research in 1989. ...
This thesis contributes to the field of privacy and data protection law, within both Law and Computer Science, by helping to better understand how to increase the transparency of personal data processing and to categorise personal data. To counter the threat to the privacy of individuals which increasing advancements in Information Technology have created, Data Protection laws have been introduced, which include the key principle of transparency. However, as the de facto method of compliance with the obligation to inform (which mandates the provision of certain information about personal data processing to individuals), Privacy Policies have continuously been criticised in their ability to make processing transparent. This problem makes the study of how to increase the transparency of personal data in the context of providing information to individuals about the processing of their personal data a key research area in both Law and Computer Science. In researching this problem, this thesis begins by highlighting a gap in the current literature due to the assumption that the problem lies in how information about processing is presented, summarised or communicated, rather than questioning what information is required for processing to be transparent. The finding that Social Networking Sites provided information about the specific personal data they processed in their Privacy Policies, despite the UK data protection Regulator not making this a recommendation led to the next contribution, a critical analysis of the previous and current data protection law of the EU and the UK on when it is a requirement to inform individuals about the specific personal data being processed. This analysis highlighted that despite its benefits in increasing transparency, organisations are not always required to provide information about the specific personal data they process under the obligation to inform and where they are, the term ‘category’ is used to differentiate between personal data, without a complete categorisation or sufficient guidance on how to do this beyond the categorisation of ‘Special Categories’ of personal data. This gap has led to various parties inferring categorisations from the law, or creating their own, without following a categorisation methodology or taking a consistent approach. The result is inconsistent approaches to categorisation of personal data, which fail to achieve the aims of the principle of transparency. The final contribution of this thesis is a proposed categorisation of personal data, based on categorisation methodology and the Data Information Knowledge Wisdom model in Computer Science, which aims to support organisations in increasing the transparency of their personal data processing and can be built upon in the future to support compliance with the Framework’s wider compliance requirements.
... To address the research question, this paper delves into theoretical constructs from the literature on information resource management (Cleveland, 1982;Eaton and Bawden, 1991;Ward and Carter, 2019), sustainable shipping management (Lirn et al., 2014;Yuen et al., 2019;Tran et al., 2020), sustainable business models (Geissdoerfer et al., 2017;Lüdeke-Freund et al., 2017;Gallo et al., 2018), and distributed ledger technology Saberi et al., 2019;Yang, 2019). ...
... IRM prescribed that resource management principles and techniques proper of different types of resources like property, energy or money, should be equally applicable to manage information. Other authors pointed out the crucial differences between information and other kind of assets, most prominently the fact that information was expandable, did not decreased with its use, and could be shared but not exchanged (Cleveland, 1982;Eaton and Bawden, 1991). ...
Structured Abstract
Purpose · This paper explores how distributed ledger technology (DLT), aka blockchain,
might function as the technological basis for sustainable business models (SBM) in the ship�ping industry. More specifically, it examines the role that DLT can have in generating circu�lar economies for information resources as well as inter-firm collaboration inside shipping.
Design/methodology/approach · We present a conceptual model depicting the relationship
between DLT and sustainable shipping, and conduct an exploratory case study about a
DLT-based information platform for global supply chains, using content analysis technique.
Main findings · Our preliminary assessment finds that DLT, by allowing increased informa�tion circularity and associative behaviours between supply-chain actors, undergirds SBM
and drives sustainable practices in the shipping industry.
Originality/value · The research extends previous literature on DLT technology and its im�pact on the circular economy, associative business models, and inter-firm coordination in
general. It does so under the context of maritime shipping, extending both maritime litera�ture and DLT/blockchain technology research, presenting a case study on a real-life deploy�ment of DLT technology in the context of maritime shipping.
... subtractability (e.g., technological attributes related to consumption) should help to identify the form of governance over the goods (i.e., public goods, common-pool resources, toll or club goods, and private goods). Hence, the particular condition of living organisms of biodiversity are be analysed in terms of their essential elements: The reproducibility of live organisms (i.e., the claimed expansible nature of information (Cleveland, 1982)), which reduces their subtractability, and the conditions for this reproduction (e.g., a viable population). ...
... We study four goods: (i) dairy products and meat; (ii) the animals (cows and/or bulls) used for reproduction; (iii) the underlying codified knowledge; and (iv) the foundation stock. We also analyse reproducibility of the species (i.e., the expansible nature of information (Cleveland, 1982)), which reduced its subtractability, and the conditions required for reproduction (i.e., viable population). ...
This thesis argues for the need for a more comprehensive discussion of biodiversity use in relation to enhancing benefits of this use for biodiverse countries and promoting more equitable sharing of these benefits. The findings from this doctoral research reveal that biodiversity-based innovation is a social shaping process that has resulted in large benefits. The cumulative capability to use species from biodiversity gives meanings that
contribute to the species shaping process, with organisations and institutional changes providing direction and increasing the rate of the shaping process. In showing how
innovation takes place and how the appropriation of benefits occurs, this research
contributes to studies on science policy and innovation in relation, especially, to
biodiversity-based innovation.
... However, its conceptualization describing human centred processes (Nonaka 1994), is not suitable in the context of AI. AI, which employs a range of software techniques facilitating algorithmic data processing and machine learning to imitate and generate intelligence behaviour (Iafrate 2018;Russell & Norvig 2016), requires an Information Systems (IS) perspective on knowledge creation that (1) distinguishes between data, information and knowledge (Ackoff 1989;Alavi & Leidner 2001;Cleveland 1982;Dretske 1981;Rowley 2007;Vance & Eynon 1998) and (2) views knowledge creation accordingly as a transformation process from data through information to knowledge, paying respect to their hierarchical order (Rowley 2007). ...
... The IS literature commonly distinguishes between knowledge, information, and data (Ackoff 1989;Cleveland 1982;Rowley 2007). Data represents raw numbers and fact, information is defined as processed data assigned with a meaning and knowledge is regarded to as information put in context (Ackoff 1989;Alavi & Leidner 2001;Boddy, Boonstra & Kennedy 2008;Dretske 1981;Vance & Eynon 1998;Zeleny 1987). ...
What knowledge organisations can gain with Artificial Intelligence (AI) is currently an extensively discussed topic, while little is known about how this contribution is made. Employing an Information Systems perspective on the knowledge creation and affordance theory, this study explores how AI can support the creation of knowledge. Based on a content analysis of 11 AI application cases in the food industry, this research identifies functional affordances of AI and reveals their impact on the different stages of the knowledge creation process. Surprisingly, the results indicate that AI may be capable of not only supporting but almost autonomously carrying out all related activities. This paper, besides providing actionable knowledge on the utilization of AI for creating knowledge, extends the theoretical understanding of knowledge creation in the context of AI and highlights avenues for future scholarly attention.
... L'information est obtenue lorsque les données sont organisées ou analysées pour un contexte particulier, et la connaissance repose sur la compréhension de la signification de ces informations. Cleveland (1982) décrit la compréhension comme un continuum : les données sont considérées comme une vision du passé, la connaissance comme le présent et il va plus loin encore en décrivant la « sagesse » comme un résultat futur (figure 11.1). Dans le cas des aires protégées, les connaissances seraient liées à la manière dont les informations basées sur les données sont ensuite utilisées pour prendre des décisions qui éclairent les politiques ou affectent les actions de gestion. ...
... Le manque de ressources implique que l'efficacité de la collecte de données, de la génération d'informations et de la gestion des connaissances doit être optimisée. Les technologies modernes permettent de rationaliser les flux de données, de la collecte de données sur le terrain .1 Le continuum de la compréhension : de la collecte de données à la présentation de l'information, la génération de connaissance et l'acquisition de sagesse Source : d'après Cleveland (1982) à leur analyse en ligne, produisant des informations sous une forme interprétable. Au cours des dernières années, la rationalisation, l'interopérabilité (la capacité des systèmes à s'interconnecter et à travailler ensemble de manière transparente) et le partage de données sur Internet ont mené à un changement de paradigme dans la gestion des connaissances. ...
... Therefore, information is a very important production process resource (Cleveland 1982), but it is not a production factor. ...
The book is a collection of essays on issues that are beyond those discussed in the generally accepted schemes of economics. The main feature of the book is that it addresses non-trivial and debatable issues in economics. Justifying the crisis that has engulfed the economics, the book gives some recommendations as to how to overcome it.
It is substantiated that the economic ability of the government is an independent factor of production. A theoretical concept of so-called market equality is proposed.
Particular attention is paid to issues of economic development and economic growth. The reasons for the existence of the technological backwardness of the economy, as well as the functioning of varieties of the so-called “dead” economy on an artificial basis, both in post-communist countries and on the scale of the world economy, are studied. The weaknesses of inflation targeting are considered, and a possible solution is proposed. The peculiarities of manifestation of the Laffer effect in the economies of post-Communist countries are revealed.
The book examines pressing issues of our time. In particular, the features of the economic crisis caused by the COVID–19 pandemic are studied, and the externalities of economic sanctions imposed by the West on Russia due to the latter’s war in Ukraine are identified. The process of transformation of globalization from hyper-globalization to confrontational globalization is shown, while the possible future of that globalization is discussed.
The book further contains numerous views and statements on contemporary problems of economic science that will doubtless incite debate.
... Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?" These questions were taken up in the field of information science, and separately in the field of knowledge management, where the relationships are often expressed visually, with the addition of the concept of data, as the DIKW pyramid, a hierarchical display with data on the bottom, information above it, knowledge above information, and wisdom at the top [24][25][26][27][28]. While limited to specialized scholarly circles during the 1980s, the basic idea was popularized and widely circulated among the digerati around the time that the internet first became a popular phenomenon, in the early 1990s. ...
John Henry Newman defined the university as “a place of teaching universal knowledge”, which suggests that it is also an environment for the teaching and creation of knowledge, and therefore a medium for the teaching and creation of knowledge. Based on the field of media ecology, defined by Neil Postman as “the study of media as environments”, and following Marshall McLuhan’s famous maxim that, “the medium is the message”, we can understand knowledge to be the product of a particular type of medium or environment. Taking inspiration from the poetic questions posed by T.S. Eliot, “Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?”, this essay takes issue with the view expressed among internet boosters that information is the basis of knowledge, and knowledge is the basis of wisdom. Instead, an alternative understanding presented in which information as a contemporary phenomenon is a product of the electronic media environment, knowledge is a product of the literacy associated with the chirographic and typographic media environments, and wisdom is a product of the oral media environment.
... Masud et al. (2010) argue that a user-centered design approach to information visualization is not simply an outcome of the visualized "raw" data but is instead a "transformation process" that results in the communication of new knowledge. Cleveland (1982) understands knowledge similarly; he differentiates knowledge from information as something structured and hierarchical, resulting from a refiner's process. Masud et al. (2010) also suggest that specific types of visualizations -formative visualizationssupport "knowledge transfer inside cooperative work groups" to "represent workflows, processes" that can "instruct users of their role in that cooperative context." ...
... The world henceforth will be run by synthesisers, people able to put together the right information at the right time, think critically about it, and make important choices wisely'. Organisations must act wisely on intelligence rather than data, information or knowledge [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. These latter have increasingly lost prominence to intelligence in sustaining organisational performance over the last few decades [20]. ...
The Competitive Intelligence (CI) construct must be scientifically
defined, characterised, empirically validated, and accurately measured to
grow in science and business. This study aims at elevating the accuracy
of the empirical validation of the CI construct suggested and confirmed
by Madureira, Popovic, & Castelli1,2 to serve as the scientific foundation
for CI praxis. This construct is selected due to its unmatched recency,
thoroughness, and universality and identified limitations of its empirical
validation. We relied on a multistrand design of fully sequential with
equivalent status qualitative and quantitative mix-methods followed by
the triangulation of the findings and the development of the metainferences.
Validity, reliability, and applicability were tested using
computer-aided text analysis and artificial intelligence methods based on
61 in-depth interviews with CI subject matter experts. Contributions to
knowledge advancement and relevance to practice derive from the
scientific grade empirical construct validation, providing undisputed
levels of content, discriminant, external accuracy, reliability and
triangulation of results. This study highlights three critical implications.
First, the delimitations of the body of knowledge and recognition of the
CI domain serve as the baseline for theory development. Second, the
validated construct guarantees reproducibility, replicability and
generalisability, laying the foundations for establishing a CI science,
practice and education. Third, creating a common language and shared
understanding will drive the much-claimed definitional consensus. This
study thus stands as a foundational pillar in supporting CI praxis in
improving decision-making quality and the performance of organisations.
... De esta manera, la sociedad aprendió a transformar la "información analógica" (existente fuera de una computadora) a una "información digital" (existente en las computadoras) y lo llamó "transformación digital" (Vial, 2019) sobre la cual hoy se sigue hablando. Llegados a este punto, es aquí donde cobra sentido introducir el concepto de jerarquía del conocimiento (Zins, 2007), para relacionarlo con un concepto incluso más previo llamado el "el continuo de la comprensión" que acuñó Cleveland (1982) en una de las revistas representantes de uno de los tanques de pensamiento más relevantes sobre futurología en los Estados Unidos. ...
... Some even argue that information cannot be described by a definition (Frohman, 2004;Nunberg, 1996). For Cleveland (1982), information is human: it exists only through the observation of man. ...
Based on the industrial revolution model, the informational and service age’s main challenge, also falsely named the digital revolution, is to generate economic and social value and reinvent business models. Unfortunately, Solow’s paradox is still valid despite the work of Brynjolfsson, who has tried to prove the contrary generating a kind of Halo effect among the research community. The purpose of this integrative literature review was to understand better the arguments put forward and conceptualize the real stakes of this new revolution, which impacts almost every organization. The reasons why Solow’s paradox is still valid could be found among three primary syndromes: technology fantasy, IT engineering approaches instead of IS engineering, and a lack of executive governance, fueled by a poor understanding and mastering of the critical building blocks of this new Age. On one side, they are the raw material: data-information-knowledge, and on the other side, the tool and its usage. Therefore, clarifying the concepts of IT, digital, and information systems is vital. Compared to traditional IT budgets, assessing digital and IS budgets gives a brand-new perspective and provides three main levers to optimize and reinvent current organizations: information technologies, data, and new digital concepts. Based on different cases, we describe how to design the optimized digital company by distinguishing the machine (“M”) on the “producer side” from the “consumer side” with its different types of usage: Machine to Machine (“M2M”), Human to Machine (“H2M”) and Human to Human (“H2H”). The results are presented in both the form of conceptual reasoning and with practical exploratory cases and models. Finally, we introduced the theory of nanoeconomics, which, together with mesoeconomics fostered by GAFAM, could well marginalize traditional macro and microeconomics.
... In this regard, openness plays a critical role in online networked educational ecosystems, and online networks have a significant impact for those who want to access educational content (Brown & Adler, 2008). Accessibility is also significant for the collective development as a global society, because data becomes information, information becomes knowledge when contextualized, and knowledge becomes wisdom through understanding and sense making (Cleveland, 1982;Shedroff, 2001). Siemens (2005) argues that the "ability to foster, nurture, and synthesize the impacts of varying views of information is critical to knowledge economy survival" (p. 7). ...
Openness in education, a concept that includes many universal values and philosophical roots, assumes the objective that learners should be at the centre of the learning process. In recent years, the concept has emerged as a major topic of interest due to the expansion of its scope and the opportunities it offers. In this book chapter, the impact that the digital transformation in terms of online networked technologies has had on openness in education is explained and the characteristics of ecosystems and learning ecologies are presented through a socio-environmental perspective. In exploring openness in education, the case is made that openness in education can reach its full potential when it is practiced from the perspective of the ecosystem, educational adaptation, and the learning ecology.
... Moving along the axes of "content" and "understanding", VGI generates data and information as the foundation for knowledge and informed decisionmaking ( fig. 1). (Cleveland 1982;modified) Users, transactions, or sensors are involved in the formation of VGI. Accordingly, the main sources of VGI are application programming interfaces of social media platforms (e.g., Twitter, Flickr, Instagram, GooglePlaces, Facebook, Uber, Strava, etc.), data brokers (e.g., DataSift, Gnip, AirDNA), communities (e.g., OpenStreetMap, Geograph, Wikimapia), or web scraping techniques (e.g., Wget, Selenium). ...
Metropolitan research requires multidisciplinary perspectives in order to do justice to the complexities of metropolitan regions. This volume provides a scholarly and accessible overview of key methods and approaches in metropolitan research from a uniquely broad range of disciplines including architectural history, art history, heritage conservation, literary and cultural studies, spatial planning and planning theory, geoinformatics, urban sociology, economic geography, operations research, technology studies, transport planning, aquatic ecosystems research and urban epidemiology. It is this scope of disciplinary – and increasingly also interdisciplinary – approaches that allows metropolitan research to address recent societal challenges of urban life, such as mobility, health, diversity or sustainability.
... Moving along the axes of "content" and "understanding", VGI generates data and information as the foundation for knowledge and informed decisionmaking ( fig. 1). (Cleveland 1982;modified) Users, transactions, or sensors are involved in the formation of VGI. Accordingly, the main sources of VGI are application programming interfaces of social media platforms (e.g., Twitter, Flickr, Instagram, GooglePlaces, Facebook, Uber, Strava, etc.), data brokers (e.g., DataSift, Gnip, AirDNA), communities (e.g., OpenStreetMap, Geograph, Wikimapia), or web scraping techniques (e.g., Wget, Selenium). ...
Metropolitan research requires multidisciplinary perspectives in order to do justice to the complexities of metropolitan regions. This volume provides a scholarly and accessible overview of key methods and approaches in metropolitan research from a uniquely broad range of disciplines including architectural history, art history, heritage conservation, literary and cultural studies, spatial planning and planning theory, geoinformatics, urban sociology, economic geography, operations research, technology studies, transport planning, aquatic ecosystems research and urban epidemiology. It is this scope of disciplinary - and increasingly also interdisciplinary - approaches that allows metropolitan research to address recent societal challenges of urban life, such as mobility, health, diversity or sustainability.
... Veri-enformasyon-bilgi sürecini temsil eden ve bilgi yönetimi ve bilişim teknolojileri alanlarında kullanılan bir terimdir. Veri, enformasyon, Bilgi ve Akıl hiyerarşisi (The Data Information Knowledge and Wisdom (DIKW) Hierarchy) düşüncesinin temel çıkış kaynağı belirsiz olmakla birlikte (Sharma, 2008), literatürde bilgi yönetimi (Ackoff, 1989;Zeleny, 1987) ve bilişim teknolojisi bağlamında (Harlan, 1982) iki farklı şekilde çalışılmıştır. ...
Cultural heritage artifacts foster versatile data and information. Today, recording heritage data is conducted via digital acquisition tools and methods. Despite the digital practice in heritage digitization, final representations are still limited to two-dimensional drawings, especially in conservation actions. As a result of the conventional implementation habits, conservation actions remain not fully integrated in the digital workflow and thus integrity issues remain an open research question. To remedy the gap, this study offers a methodology for sustainable management of heritage information bridging the technological advances and the practical needs of typical conservation actions.
To tackle the research problem, the remains in the Erythrae archaeological site in Turkey, the in-situ remains of the Heroon, and the scattered stones around it offered as the case. By revisiting the conservation process, this study established a new data-driven conservation action process to offer a fully functional heritage information representation and management process. These actions are as follows: (i) data acquisition, (ii) data processing, (iii) information management, and (iv) curation. The study conducted digital context capturing methods, image-based (photogrammetry) and range-based (terrestrial laser scanning) techniques, for the data acquisition step. Next, the researchers analyzed the material culture of the remains in the data processing phase. Rendering the synthesis and intervention decisions is the third step for the conservation actions process. In the last phase, the workflow utilized the heritage building information modeling (HBIM) platform for the curation process.
Consequently, this study offers a state-of-the-art management workflow of multi-dimensional heritage information modeling and a novel integration method into the conservation process paradigm. The offered method is open to adjustments and calibration for other cultural heritage artifacts and intended to be as comprehensive as possible for benefiting different heritage applications at large.
... Ackoff [1] argues that the primary goal of gaining knowledge is to progress towards wisdom. Knowledge is obtained by formalising facts and ideas, processing them into information, and converting them to knowledge [8]. Tuomi [21] describes contextualisation as a driving force to understand the data to knowledge transformation. ...
... [20] argues that the main goal of knowledge is to progress towards understanding and then to wisdom. [21] developed a model that illustrates the process of formalizing facts and ideas and processing them into information, which is converted to knowledge that ultimately leads to wisdom. In addition, [20] posits that discovery starts with observations that can be converted to data that leads to information. ...
The saying ‘buyer be aware’ has been used as an excuse from a seller’s perspective to withhold information that could negatively impact a transaction. This asymmetric information is especially prevalent in high–value, low-frequency assets. Using New Zealand real estate as an exemplar to understand the difficulties faced in such a transaction, we delve into the characteristics of the transaction and specifically the asymmetric information that is predominant in the real estate industry. Understanding the processes and stakeholders involved gives us the possibility to introduce blockchain as a system to mitigate asymmetric information. We identify the bottlenecks in the current processes and suggest possible solutions that capitalize on the blockchain characteristics.
... Table 1 Evolution of knowledge management from the organisational perspective This study defined knowledge as the data, the relationships that exist among the data items, the semantics of the data, and the rules and conditions which have been established on applying to the data of the enterprise Berry and Cook (1976) This study mentions that data comes about through research, creation, gathering, and discovery while information has context. Data is turned into information by organising it so that we can easily draw conclusions Cleveland (1982) Table 1 Evolution of knowledge management from the organisational perspective (continued) ...
Advances in the domain of information sharing and communication have generated huge volumes of data in last few decades. Data stored for the various business activities becomes important for performance measurement, corrections, modification, enhancement and venturing into other dimensions of business. Along with this data, there are various direct/indirect stakeholders having vast experience and great knowhow of the business processes, which may be critical to the business strategy. The modern information technology management tools have made it easy to manage and process the information from different sources which results in knowledge generation. The present work traverses the journey of knowledge management discipline from an organisational perspective considering the different levels of organisations. Prominent knowledge management models have been identified and a comparative analysis has been presented. Various knowledge management tools have been analysed to meet the needs of the modern businesses for management of information and generation of knowledge.
... Table 1 Evolution of knowledge management from the organisational perspective This study defined knowledge as the data, the relationships that exist among the data items, the semantics of the data, and the rules and conditions which have been established on applying to the data of the enterprise Berry and Cook (1976) This study mentions that data comes about through research, creation, gathering, and discovery while information has context. Data is turned into information by organising it so that we can easily draw conclusions Cleveland (1982) Table 1 Evolution of knowledge management from the organisational perspective (continued) ...
... As a shared point of departure for advancing structured interdisciplinary and cross-sector collaboration on climate services, the authors propose to differentiate between components of research-based knowledge production: facts, data, information, knowledge, and, ultimately, wisdom (Table 2). We know from the literature of organizational theory and information science (Polanyi 1966;Cleveland 1982;Ackoff 1989;Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995;Pentland 1995) that it is critical to distinguish different forms of knowledge and qualitative levels of comprehension, and we believe it provides a sound basis from which climate-related researchers can better communicate with climate-relevant policy makers and practitioners, and vice versa. Therefore, when defining climate services, we suggest considering facts as a set of objective but meaningless observations and measurements, and data as processed facts, the processing directed at giving structure. ...
The current landscape of climate services represents a highly diverse and still growing range of programs, projects, and portals involved in developing and/or providing climate services at different administrative levels and spatial-temporal scales. The diversity of service producers, users, and policy arenas has created a highly heterogeneous data- and information-oriented service landscape, and the authors contend that the domain of climate services requires efforts toward agreed structures and forms of conceptualization, operationalization, and evaluation. It is proposed here that qualitative classification be applied into climate change adaptation products, services, and systems to better guide research, policy, and practice with a clear terminology and analysis framework. This differentiation allows the pinpointing of critical challenges associated with the production and application of climate-relevant information, as well as the identification of suitable metrics to assess the impact of climate services. The article concludes with recommendations to advance climate services into knowledge-action systems and increase their sustainability.
... As a shared point of departure for advancing structured interdisciplinary and cross-sector collaboration on climate services, the authors propose to differentiate between components of research-based knowledge production: facts, data, information, knowledge, and, ultimately, wisdom (Table 2). We know from the literature of organizational theory and information science (Polanyi 1966;Cleveland 1982;Ackoff 1989;Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995;Pentland 1995) that it is critical to distinguish different forms of knowledge and qualitative levels of comprehension, and we believe it provides a sound basis from which climate-related researchers can better communicate with climate-relevant policy makers and practitioners, and vice versa. Therefore, when defining climate services, we suggest considering facts as a set of objective but meaningless observations and measurements, and data as processed facts, the processing directed at giving structure. ...
The current landscape of climate services represents a highly diverse and still growing range of programs, projects, and portals involved in developing and/or providing climate services at different administrative levels and spatial-temporal scales. The diversity of service producers, users, and policy arenas has created a highly heterogeneous data- and information-oriented service landscape and the authors contend that the domain of climate services requires efforts towards agreed structures and forms of conceptualization, operationalization, and evaluation. It is proposed here to apply qualitative classification into climate change adaptation products, services, and systems to better guide research, policy, and practice with a clear terminology and analysis framework. This differentiation allows the pinpointing of critical challenges associated with the production and application of climate-relevant information, as well
as the identification of suitable metrics to assess the impact of climate services. The article concludes with recommendations to advance climate services into knowledge-action systems and increase their sustainability. (open access: https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0087.1)
... 7 http://osmose.openstreetmap.fr/en/map/#. knowledge to wisdom (Ackoff, 1989;Cleveland, 1982;Cooley, 1980;Frické, 2009;Sharma, 2008;Weinberger, 2010). Now taken for granted, the hierarchy has been abbreviated by proponents of the "data revolution" who give short shift to the process, or conflate the chain altogether, simply as "data to decisions" (UN, 2014; Stuart et al., 2015, p. 51). ...
Practitioners bemoan lack of data as one of the biggest obstacles to progress towards global sustainable development goals. This paper explores a scaled-up participatory method developed by YouthMappers, for creating missing geospatial data derived from remotely sensed imagery in order to contribute to persistent data needs in the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We explore the application of this method to a case related to SDG 3 on Health. We document how our approach centered on creating a global academic network designed to engage and empower university students and their faculty mentors to participate in broader efforts to create open, free spatial data on open platforms to inform humanitarian and development objectives outlined by the funding agency, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). This approach expressly links supply and demand for geospatial knowledge by connecting specific needs for geographic information to specific development objectives in targeted places where USAID works to end extreme poverty. We discuss the rationale and context for the methodology as it draws from and builds upon prominent literature of participatory GIS (PGIS) and volunteered geographic information (VGI). We demonstrate how the mapping of building and road infrastructure in Mozambique and Kenya was carried out in order to provide information for an insecticide spray campaign to prevent malaria and protect public health. Throughout these efforts, steps are taken to ensure spatial data quality and to offer opportunities for youth volunteer embeddedness in mapping tasks and themes in places where students otherwise would not engage with real world data or connect with peers from different countries. We reflect on the opportunities and challenges for how this scaled-up “remote participatory sensing” approach to spatial data creation can inform development projects in the context of the SDGs.
... maSasadame, informacia aris warmoebis Zalze mniSvnelovani resursi [Cleveland, 1982] da es savsebiT sakmarisia Tanamedrove sawarmoo procesebSi informaciis rolis Sesaswavlad. amasTan erTad, bunebrivia, rogorc yvela SezRudul resurss, aseve komerciul informacias aqvs Tavisi Sesatyvisi Semosavali -roialti. ...
According to the theory of production factors, these factors are labor, land, capital and entrepreneurial ability with each of them corresponding to an appropriate factor payment: wages, rental income, interest income and profits. Fifth factor of production is government’s economic ability. Its corresponding factor payments are indirect business taxes. Many publications suggest considering information or information technology as a factor of production. The authors, as a rule, studied the salient characteristics of information, its special nature and its impact on production. At the same time, unfortunately, they forget about the most important aspect of the theory of production factors according to which any production factor has to have a theoretically proven appropriate factor payment. It is very important to always remember that according to the theory of production factors, each of the factors has its own specific factor payment.
The problem cannot be resolved if the royalty will be considered as a factor payment for the information in the capacity of the production factor. In fact, two types of information are used in the production – publicly available and commercial. Information from open (publicly available) sources has no payment. At the same time, it is necessary to pay for commercial knowledge. Consequently, it turns out that not all information “participating” in production has a payment. This contradicts the wholeness of the theory of the production factors. What is the main reason for the mistake of considering information as a production factor?
If we look through traditional economics, it is not difficult to find out that, as usual and without any justification, production factors are identified with production resources when “factors” and “resources” are used as synonyms. In fact, it is theoretically proven that there are essential distinctions between factors and resources when factors (labor, land and capital) are qualitatively different from resources (information, energy and matter).
Therefore, information is a very important production process resource but it is not a production factor. (In Georgian.)
... In the first case, an emphasis is placed upon finding the optimal balance for distributing information between participants of the innovation process and identifying information asymmetry and uncertainty. The second approach focuses on collecting and processing data to accumulate tacit and implicit knowledge and competences, which knowledge management theory places at the top of the data-information-knowledge-wisdom pyramid (DIKW) (see, e.g., [Cleveland, 1982;Erickson, Rothberg, 2014]). Both these approaches are based on peoples' ability to identify important information in the data flow, distinguish between significant and irrelevant facts, filter out information noise, analyze signals, and minimize the risk of making the incorrect innovation and management decisions. ...
This paper offers a broad view on foreseeing innovation, which is not limited solely to early detection at the micro level. The author defines innovations as ongoing processes of changes in the various fields of social and economic life, which result from human creative activity. Noting that innovation is an uncertain, relatively chaotic, and disordered process characterized by inherent risks, the author aims to define the most general and universal barriers impeding one's ability to recognize the signs of future innovation and to anticipate their consequences. Considering examples of "disruptive innovation" in the technological, social, political, and economic spheres of life, the author sees these innovations as arising from certain condition and events, not as simple random occurrences. Most of them are effects of particular causes. However, these causes are often hidden within events that are difficult to observe and phenomena encapsulated in weak signals. The inability to detect and recognize such pre-emerging warnings of upcoming innovations may be attributed to the massive amount of information and noise flooding today's world. This problem is exacerbated by the lack of knowledge, techniques, and experience for dealing with huge amounts of information, the lack of the required skills, and, finally, by human cognitive biases. Faced with this deluge of misinformation, any person can eventually be misled and make mistakes. This paper posits that, in order to mitigate such risks, an individual must avoid the three cognitive biases: the symmetry of delusions, aggressive neglect, and the curse of knowledge. These cognitive biases are the barriers to foreseeing innovation. © 2018 National Research University, Higher School of Econoimics. All rights reserved.
... From the management literature, two trends emerge. In one of the more epistemological currents, knowledge is considered as an entity and is based on the discussion of the differences between knowledge and information, where knowledge is interpreted as information subject to a process of interpretation (Penrose, 1959), ( Davenport & Prusak, 1998), (Liebowitz & Wright, 1999) and (Cleveland, 1982). The purpose of this approach is to provide managers with meaningful guidelines for implementing knowledge management processes, calling for the distinction between tacit and explicit knowledge (Prusak, 1997). ...
In the context of shared services, considering the intrinsic characteristics of the concepts service and sharing, organizational knowledge can assume different levels of relevance depending on the models adopted, from the most conventional to the most recent models considered as new forms of shared services. These are: Centres of Competence, Centres of Excellence, Centres of Expertise and Technical Centres. According to Nonaka, the creation of new knowledge takes place in a continuous process of transformation of tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge. Marciniak correlates the new models of shared services with the tacit and explicit knowledge. Domingues presents in the SSAM model the concept of intellectual capital as the driving force of innovation and quality service effectiveness. This article, using a qualitative approach and constructivist paradigm, develops exploratory research that aims in new directions and horizons at the confluence of these three models (Nonaka, SSAM and Marciniak) in knowledge management at shared service centres. Copyright © 2018, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
... Therefore, information is a very important production process resource [15] but it is not a production factor. ...
The paper discusses the main features of the theory of production factors, which is very important in the context of the much needed revision of Economics. The paper shows why information, which does not have a specific factor payment cannot be a factor of production. Further, it provides reasoning why the government's economic ability is a separate production factor. It is proven that indirect business taxes are not unearned income of the government. They are the factor payment which belongs to the government's economic ability. Such an approach to the theory of production factors gives new possibility to rethinking different parts of Economics.
... Sharma cited Cleveland as referring to an Information-Knowledge-Wisdom hierarchy as early as 1982 in a Futurist article. Cleveland (1982) considered that data comes about through research, creation, gathering, and discovery while information has context. Data is turned into information by organizing it so that we can easily draw conclusions. ...
A literature search indicates that Data, Information and Knowledge continue to be placed into a hierarchical construct where it is considered that information is more valuable than data and that information can be processed into becoming precious knowledge. Wisdom continues to be added to the model to further confuse the issue. This model constrains our ability to think more logically about how and why we develop knowledge management systems to support and enhance knowledge- intensive processes, tasks or projects. This paper seeks to summarise development of the Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom hierarchy, explore the extensive criticism of it and present a more logical (and accurate) construct for the elements of intellectual capital when developing and managing Knowledge Management Systems.
... Once it is clear how the information can be used and it helps the owner to make decisions and act, in other words, it has become useful, it is knowledge. Using, sharing and enriching knowledge leads to wisdom, which, beyond knowledge, allows the owner to know when and why to use of his or her knowledge (Ackoff, 1989;Cleveland, 1982). ...
Research background and purpose: Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CIE) are important economic knowledge in recent years. The CIE competition is held in hope that students will demonstrate good competitiveness, and propose educational concepts and industry connections that achieves CIE thinking through practice. It remains to be discussed whether the evaluation criteria of existing CIE competitions in schools conform to the spirit of CIE. This study focuses on applying perception and science as evaluation rules to CIE competitions and proposing new evaluation standards based on the statistics of actual competitions. Method and tools: This study constructs an evaluation scale using communication theory, adopts the DIKW system theory as background, understands the process from theory to practice, and uses quantitative methods for verification. It is estimated that 100 cases will be accepted from participants in the fields of business management, research and development, design, and teaching and research. They will participate in the competition review through questionnaires, and compare the measurement results of the original review interactively. The study will count the state of perception and reception of the respondents through the three levels of appearance, meaning, and feeling, analyze the points of cognitive communication items in the presentation of works, and examine the process from learning to practice from various scores. Based on the statistical results, we will be able to obtain the new evaluation criteria in advance, which will be used as the scoring benchmark for CIE competitions in the future.KeywordsCreativityInnovationEntrepreneurshipCIEReviewEducation
Definitions of Informatics, Digital and Information System is key to master the most powerfull lever of the new economy: information.
Celem monografii jest zbadanie w aspekcie teoretycznym, poznawczym i praktycznym koncepcji społecznie odpowiedzialnego inwestowania oraz ocena możliwości prezentowania społecznie odpowiedzialnych inwestycji w sprawozdaniu przedsiębiorstwa. Pierwszy rozdział w całości został poświęcony podmiotowi pracy, czyli przedsiębiorstwu oraz jego interesariuszom. Przedstawiono również paradygmat zrównoważonego rozwoju, który stał się punktem wyjścia w rozważaniach na temat koncepcji społecznej odpowiedzialności przedsiębiorstwa. Drugi rozdział przynosi prezentację obszaru badawczego, tj. sprawozdawczości przedsiębiorstwa. Przedstawiono dylematy współczesnej sprawozdawczości finansowej dotyczące harmonizacji i standaryzacji sprawozdań finansowych, wyceny pozycji sprawozdawczych oraz użytkowników informacji zawartych w sprawozdaniu finansowym. Rozdział kończą rozważania na temat jakości informacji sprawozdawczej. Rozdział trzeci poświęcono problematyce inwestycji w systemie rachunkowości. Podjęto analizę istoty i zakresu przedmiotowego pojęcia „inwestycje” w regulacjach prawa bilansowego. Omówiono również problematykę wyceny i prezentacji inwestycji w sprawozdaniu finansowym. Zawarto tu wyniki badań empirycznych dotyczących prezentacji inwestycji oraz efektów działalności inwestycyjnej w sprawozdaniu finansowym i pozostałych elementach sprawozdania przedsiębiorstwa. W rozdziale czwartym wyjaśniono istotę koncepcji społecznie odpowiedzialnego inwestowania. Scharakteryzowano jego strategie oraz motywy. Przywołano wyniki przeprowadzonych przez Eurosif, GSIA i US SIF badań dotyczących społecznie odpowiedzialnych inwestycji na świecie, w Europie i w Polsce. Piąty rozdział poświęcono prezentacji wyników własnych badań empirycznych na temat ujawniania informacji o społecznie odpowiedzialnych inwestycjach.
In this chapter, the author examines the possibility of applying the servant leadership concept's critical components in the innovation management process. The author, based on his own experience as a top manager of a prominent Russian public company, reveals the importance of a proactive approach to managing innovative projects. The chapter's objective is to develop the rules for the proactive management of innovative project portfolios and, based upon these rules, to lead the team of key personnel. The author concludes that while following the five rules of proactive management of innovative projects, the manager becomes a team's servant-leader. The manager is not suppressing the team's initiative, not depriving them of the right to independently understand current events, and arming them with self-immersion tools in the project's details. The author is confident that the presented approach may be of interest to other practicing innovative managers.
The aim of the article is to draw attention to the complexity and complicated process of conscious and responsible use of digital infosphere resources. The text presents selected threats related to the functioning of young Internet users in the world of digital information. In the article I develop the thesis that the source of the indicated difficulties and threats is the low level of information literacy, resulting, among others from an insufficient process of preparing students for conscious, reflective use of electronic media and co-creation of their content. I also point to the importance of digital wisdom understood as the prudent use of digital media in the process of obtaining, processing and creating information.
With the transformation and development of the age of network, information and digital, information has evolved into the basic exchange in our lives. Information visualization serves as a communication and dialogue interface between people and objects, between human and environments, and between individuals themselves. It emphasizes the context of information application scenarios and the need to effectively convey information oriented to users’ needs and purposes, providing users with sound and efficient meaningful behavior guidance as well as experience characterized by cultural metaphors and aesthetic significance. In the usability research of products and services, visualization is a means of external representation of thinking as well as an expression method of cognitive tools or conceptual structures. Based on dematerialized service systems, user behavior and experience, information and experience visualization present quantitative or qualitative usability-related research in an intuitive and figurative manner. In this way, it enables us to objectively understand the operational status of products or services, analyze the effectiveness and adaptability of links between process tasks, functional architectures, system feedback of user behaviors and experience. In addition, it offers guidance and new insights and plays an analytical and decision-making role in solving complex problems. Meanwhile, visualization represents an ideal tool to help the team to promote comprehensive cognition, build consensus to ensure smooth communication in the design research process.
Data appear at the beginning and at the end of any reasonable modeling. Indeed, data deliver a motivation and a starting point for a model construction. But data are also necessary to validate a resulting model. Data bring information on a considered phenomenon. Gathering information enables to widen our knowledge. But, on the other hand, without some knowledge one would not be able to extract information from data and interpret the received information adequately. Such terms like data and information are widely used in the context of scientific modeling and applications. Although sometimes treated interchangeably they are not synonyms. Another closely related concepts are knowledge, uncertainty, reasoning, etc. The main goal of the present chapter is to discuss and clarify the meaning of the aforementioned notions, to indicate their interrelations and set them in the broad framework of the cognition oriented activity. Finally, three basic types of reasoning used both in science as well as in practice is briefly characterized.
The traditional way of formatting information from transactional systems to make them available for "statistical processing" does not work in a situation where data is arriving in huge volumes from diverse sources, and where even the formats could be changing. Faced with this volume and diversification, it is essential to develop techniques to make best use of all of these stocks in order to extract the maximum amount of information and knowledge. Traditional analysis methods have been based largely on the assumption that statisticians can work with data within the confines of their own computing environment. But the growth of the amounts of data is changing that paradigm, especially which ride of the progress in computational data analysis. This chapter builds upon sources but also goes further in the examination to answer this question: What needs to be done in this area to deal with big data challenges?
Governmental and corporate surveillance make extensive use of the data infrastructure, combined with individualised targeting, real-time experimentation, behavioural science, modelling, and control of the data and media environments. However, these bodies also use data for less sinister purposes, such as providing better services and products. This chapter looks briefly at the many social uses of the data infrastructure by different actors, including governments, corporations and intergovernmental agencies, as well as researchers and journalists. The idea is to frame and contextualise proactive data activism.
Combining communication and data infrastructures with interactive mapping and data crowdsourcing capabilities, Ushahidi was launched in Kenya in 2008. It filled a gap in the mediascape, mapping electoral turmoil and violence when there was no information available. The initial Ushahidi team expanded, requested the help of techies around the world to improve the platform and in 2010, with the Haiti deployment, Ushahidi became known as a global emergency facility, revolutionising humanitarianism. Since then, it has been employed in major crises and disasters globally. This chapter applies the classification of proactive data activism and concepts described in Chapter 3 to examine Ushahidi. It also scrutinises the organisation’s failures and lessons learnt, to help develop a model for effective proactive data activism that can be applied to other initiatives.
This introduction presents data activism as new social practices rooted in technology, which take a critical view towards datafication and use it politically for meaning-making, coordination and change. It offers a conceptual toolkit, including definitions of big data in light of activism. It contains a ‘route map’ explaining the book’s structure, with presentations of Chapter 2, dedicated to the social uses of the data infrastructure; Chapter 3, tackling proactive data activism from different angles and providing taxonomies of activists; Chapter 4, focused on the case study; and Chapter 5, offering brief conclusions. The Ushahidi platform illustrates how organisations use the data infrastructure to understand complexity and generate solutions. A methodological note clarifies how empirical and participant observation, qualitative interviewing and the case study are employed.
This book efficiently contributes to our understanding of the interplay between data, technology and communicative practice on the one hand, and democratic participation on the other. It addresses the emergence of proactive data activism, a new sociotechnical phenomenon in the field of action that arises as a reaction to massive datafication, and makes affirmative use of data for advocacy and social change. By blending empirical observation and in-depth qualitative interviews, Gutiérrez brings to the fore a debate about the social uses of the data infrastructure and examines precisely how people employ it, in combination with other technologies, to collaborate and act for social change.
This chapter examines data activism from different perspectives, defines it and offers a classification of cases. Proactive data activists can be skills transferrers, specialised in transmitting skills and creating platforms, training and tools; catalysts, funding projects; producers of journalism; and data activists and geoactivists, using interactive cartography. Depending on how they gather data, data activists can be divided into several subgroups: they can rely on whistle-blowers; employ open-source datasets; use crowdsourcing tools; appropriate data; and create data. This chapter offers definitions of notions (e.g. crisis and activist mapping) and data activists’ action repertoires and examines the associations that have been fashioned around data. Finally, it explores how the data infrastructure can help build democratic interactions, empower people and create alternative digital public spheres for action.
Koncept DIKW-hijerarhije (engl. Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom hierarchy) osmišljen je 1980-ih kako bi na što jednostavniji način oslikao odnose između možda ključnih pojmova u knjižničnoj i informacijskoj znanosti danas – podatka, informacije, znanja i mudrosti. U radu se izlaže i kritički analizira tumačenje koncepta DIKW-hijerarhije u literaturi iz dvaju velikih područja – upravljanja znanjem i knjižnične i informacijske znanosti. Dan je kratki osvrt na porijeklo nastanka DIKW-koncepta te njegov najčešći prikaz u obliku piramide, odnosno trokuta. Nadalje, DIKW-hijerarhija propituje se kao model i kao simbol. Kao model, DIKW-hijerarhija dopušta dodatne interpretacije strukturnih i funkcionalnih značajki vezanih uz procese transformiranja, procesiranja i međusobnog sadržavanja ugrađenih DIKW-koncepata u modelu. Kao simbol, DIKW-hijerarhija, u najopćenitijem smislu, može simbolizirati proces stjecanja znanja kao najprihvatljiviju mogućnost, otvarajući vrata metaforičnoj interpretaciji pojedinih pojmova uključenih u nadređeni DIKW-koncept. Na kraju rada dan je osvrt i na pojedine kritičke pristupe DIKW-hijerarhiji, prije svega na kritike njezinih logičkih i epistemoloških pretpostavki. Autor zatim izlaže vlastitu kritiku simboličnog prikaza i metaforične interpretacije DIKW-hijerarhije kao piramide te zaključuje da je sudbina DIKW-hijerarhije neizvjesnija nego ikada prije.
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