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Avoiding Technological Quicksand: Finding a Viable Technical Foundation for Digital Preservation. A Report to the Council on Library and Information Resources
Abstract
There is as yet no viable long-term strategy to ensure that digital information will be readable in the future. Digital documents are vulnerable to loss via the decay and obsolescence of the media on which they are stored, and they become inaccessible and unreadable when the software needed to interpret them, or the hardware on which that software runs, becomes obsolete and is lost. This report explores the technical depth of the problem of long-term digital document preservation, analyzes the inadequacies of a number of ideas that have been proposed as solutions, and elaborates the emulation strategy. The central idea of the emulation strategy is to emulate obsolete systems on future, unknown systems, so that a digital document's original software can be run in the future despite being obsolete. Contents of this report are as follows: (1) Introduction (stating the digital preservation problem and introducing the emulation strategy); (2) The Digital Longevity Problem; (3) Preservation in the Digital Age; (4) The Scope of the Problem; (5) Technical Dimensions of the Problem; (6) The Inadequacy of Most Proposed Approaches; (7) Criteria for an Ideal Solution; (8) The Emulation Solution; (9) Research Required for the Emulation Approach; and (10) Summary. (Author/AEF)
... Em uma breve visita às reflexões sobre gestão do conhecimento é possível encontrar diversos estudos convergindo Administração e Ciência da Informação (BAR-TALO, 2008;DE SORDI, 2008;INNA-RELLI, 2012b;LUZ, 2010;2015;ROSINI;PALMISANO, 2003;SANTOS, 2009 No entanto, estes estudos não abordam a preservação dos conhecimentos sobre a preservação digital de forma satisfatória, sendo necessário aprofundar esta questão em face da sua complexidade. Em outras palavras é preciso ir além dos estudos sobre informação, seja com relação ao seu reuso, seu potencial estratégico ou de tomada de decisões. ...
... Em uma breve visita às reflexões sobre gestão do conhecimento é possível encontrar diversos estudos convergindo Administração e Ciência da Informação (BAR-TALO, 2008;DE SORDI, 2008;INNA-RELLI, 2012b;LUZ, 2010;2015;ROSINI;PALMISANO, 2003;SANTOS, 2009 No entanto, estes estudos não abordam a preservação dos conhecimentos sobre a preservação digital de forma satisfatória, sendo necessário aprofundar esta questão em face da sua complexidade. Em outras palavras é preciso ir além dos estudos sobre informação, seja com relação ao seu reuso, seu potencial estratégico ou de tomada de decisões. ...
... Observa-se que investir na gestão do conhecimento somente será viável para as organizações que pensam no longo prazo (ROSINI; PALMISANO, 2003). Logo, as instituições de memória como arquivos, bibliotecas e centros de documentação e informação se enquadram nesta perspectiva. ...
Este estudo realiza uma reflexão sobre a gestão do conhecimento sobre preservação digital, com ênfase em preservar o conhecimento e mantê-lo acessível no longo prazo. Para isto é perpassada a relação entre gestão do conhecimento e preservação digital, assinalando pontos de convergência para um possível ciclo de retroalimentação. A metodologia utilizada consiste no levantamento bibliográfico de materiais previamente publicados, configurando-se como um artigo revisão de caráter assistemático. Dentre as contribuições mais relevantes deste estudo, ressalta-se que a obsolescência do conhecimento é um entrave tão complexo para a preservação digital, quanto a obsolescência de hardware e software, o que reforça a importância das práticas de gestão do conhecimento.
... Em uma breve visita às reflexões sobre gestão do conhecimento é possível encontrar diversos estudos convergindo Administração e Ciência da Informação (BAR-TALO, 2008;DE SORDI, 2008;INNA-RELLI, 2012b;LUZ, 2010;2015;ROSINI;PALMISANO, 2003;SANTOS, 2009 No entanto, estes estudos não abordam a preservação dos conhecimentos sobre a preservação digital de forma satisfatória, sendo necessário aprofundar esta questão em face da sua complexidade. Em outras palavras é preciso ir além dos estudos sobre informação, seja com relação ao seu reuso, seu potencial estratégico ou de tomada de decisões. ...
... Em uma breve visita às reflexões sobre gestão do conhecimento é possível encontrar diversos estudos convergindo Administração e Ciência da Informação (BAR-TALO, 2008;DE SORDI, 2008;INNA-RELLI, 2012b;LUZ, 2010;2015;ROSINI;PALMISANO, 2003;SANTOS, 2009 No entanto, estes estudos não abordam a preservação dos conhecimentos sobre a preservação digital de forma satisfatória, sendo necessário aprofundar esta questão em face da sua complexidade. Em outras palavras é preciso ir além dos estudos sobre informação, seja com relação ao seu reuso, seu potencial estratégico ou de tomada de decisões. ...
... Observa-se que investir na gestão do conhecimento somente será viável para as organizações que pensam no longo prazo (ROSINI; PALMISANO, 2003). Logo, as instituições de memória como arquivos, bibliotecas e centros de documentação e informação se enquadram nesta perspectiva. ...
Este estudo realiza uma reflexão sobre a gestão do conhecimento sobre preservação digital, com ênfase em preservar o conhecimento e mantê-lo acessível no longo prazo. Para isto é perpassada a relação entre gestão do conhecimento e preservação digital, assinalando pontos de convergência para um possível ciclo de retroalimentação. A metodologia utilizada consiste no levantamento bibliográfico de materiais previamente publicados, configurando-se como um artigo revisão de caráter assistemático. Dentre as contribuições mais relevantes deste estudo, ressalta-se que a obsolescência do conhecimento é um entrave tão complexo para a preservação digital, quanto a obsolescência de hardware e software, o que reforça a importância das práticas de gestão do conhecimento.Palavras-chave: Preservação digital. Gestão do conhecimento. Obsolescência tecnológica. Obsolescência do conhecimento. Documento digitalLink: http://www.seer.ufal.br/index.php/cir/article/view/3337/3398
... At the bitstream level, the preservation task is challenged by technological obsolescence of the hardware and software used to store the digital objects and which is also needed to access them. The time-span for technological obsolescence lies between 18 months ( [5]) and 5 years ( [6]). ...
... Emulation in the context of long-term preservation means the replication of the functionality of an obsolete system [6]. This ranges from the emulation of hardware platforms (e.g., using SIMH on a Linux system to emulate VAX hardware and run OpenVMS [14]), over emulation of operating systems, to application emulation. ...
... The evaluation was performed on an Apple Mac Pro with 2 x 3GHz Dual-Core Intel Xeon CPUs, 24GB RAM and a dedicated 2TB SATA disk drive. The triple-store used in the evaluation was Jena TDB 5 , a natively implemented triplestore, with a SPARQL endpoint provided by the Fuseki server 6 . The benchmarking software implementing the benchmark mix with the calls to the SPARQL endpoint was run from the same machine as the triple-store. ...
The rapidly growing production of digital data, together with their increasing im- portance and essential demands for their longevity, urgently require systems that provide reliable long-term preservation of digital objects.
These systems have to ensure guaranteed availability, integrity, authenticity, and interpretability over the course of the preservation, where the preservation period may last for several years, for instance in business or scientific applications, the life- time of a human in medical applications, up to potentially unlimited time-spans for preservation in cultural heritage digital libraries. This means that all kinds of tech- nical problems (network, software or hardware failures) need to be reliably handled and that the evolution of data formats is supported. At the same time, systems need to scale with the volume of data to be archived. Thus, long-term digital preserva- tion systems have to be inherently distributed to allow content to be replicated. In- stitutions with long-term archiving needs for the preservation of digital data, have to collaborate in order to build a highly reliable and available, geographically dis- tributed Internet-based digital archiving system. By employing distributed systems technologies be it for the creation of a small cooperating network of few institutions with limited resources, or a large network with many nodes providing combined potentially vast amounts of globally distributed resources, the challenges lie in the autonomic, efficient, and fault-tolerant use of these resources without a centralized global coordinator.
We present novel concepts for a distributed long-term preservation system for dig- ital data, with a focus on long-term preservation as required by archives, museums, research communities, or the corporate sector. These concepts are the result of com- bining distributed, autonomic, and process oriented computing, with requirements from the digital preservation community regarding special system, user, and meta- data functionality. Originating from this fusion, our novel concepts are the main in- gredients of the described system model, consisting of a data model, and different processes. At the data level, support is provided for complex data objects, man- agement of collections, annotations, and arbitrary links between digital objects. At process level, our proposed archiving system model supports automated processes that provide dynamic replication, consistency checks, and automated recovery of the archived digital objects utilizing autonomic behavior governed by preservation poli- cies without any centralized coordinator in a fully distributed network. This allows for an efficient and fault-tolerant use of the resources provided in the network.
Further, we present a prototype implementation of the DISTARNET (DISTributed ARchival NETwork) system, a distributed long-term digital preservation solution, which utilizes the described novel concepts. While implementing the described data model and processes, our implementation is additionally governed by considerations such as fault-tolerance on the node level, maintainability and extendability, and long- term use of the system, which all flow into the described system architecture, and resulting implementation.
Subsequently, we then perform an evaluation of the implemented prototype and the underlying concepts, with the use of realistic scenarios. The evaluation consists of two parts. In the first part, we define and employ a benchmark geared towards triple stores, in which we evaluate the feasibility and the constraints of using triple stores for RDF-based metadata storage and management in the context of long-term preservation systems. In the second part, we perform a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the DISTARNET system prototype implementation. The former look- ing at the correct execution of the developed processes, and the later looking at the performance of the system regarding the overall archiving storage capacity and scal- ability of the system.
... 1-1). Formats, format technologies, and their lifecycles have captured the attention of the digital preservation field since its beginnings (Rothenberg, 1999;Waters & Garrett, 1996). Much research in digital preservation has emphasized the notion of file format obsolescence and the perceived necessity of interventions (Lawrence, Kehoe, Rieger, Walters, & Kenney, 2000;Rothenberg, 1999;Ryan, 2014;Ryan, Graf, & Gordea, 2015;Waters & Garrett, 1996). ...
... Formats, format technologies, and their lifecycles have captured the attention of the digital preservation field since its beginnings (Rothenberg, 1999;Waters & Garrett, 1996). Much research in digital preservation has emphasized the notion of file format obsolescence and the perceived necessity of interventions (Lawrence, Kehoe, Rieger, Walters, & Kenney, 2000;Rothenberg, 1999;Ryan, 2014;Ryan, Graf, & Gordea, 2015;Waters & Garrett, 1996). However, surprisingly little is known about the actual patterns of evolution of core technologies such as file formats and their features. ...
The lifecycles of format technology have been a defining concern for digital stewardship research and practice. However, little evidence exists to provide robust methods for assessing the state of any given format technology and describing its evolution over time. This article introduces relevant models from diffusion theory and market research and presents a replicable analysis method to compute models of technology evolution. Data cleansing and the combination of multiple data sources enable the application of nonlinear regression to estimate the parameters of the Bass diffusion model on format technology market lifecycles. Through its application to a longitudinal data set from the UK Web Archive, we demonstrate that the method produces reliable results and show that the Bass model can be used to describe format lifecycles. By analyzing adoption patterns across market segments, new insights are inferred about how the diffusion of formats and products such as applications occurs over time. The analysis provides a stepping stone to a more robust and evidence-based approach to model technology evolution.
... Globally, research on technological innovation and industrial upgrading has primarily focused on the integration of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and the Internet of Things (IoT), into traditional industries [1]. Scholars in developed economies, particularly in Europe and North America, emphasize the transformative potential of digitalization and intelligent manufacturing in optimizing industrial value chains and fostering innovation ecosystems. ...
In the era of rapid technological advancements and global economic transformation, the emergence of “new productivity” has become a critical driver of industrial upgrading. New productivity, characterized by the integration of digitalization, intelligence, and sustainability, represents an advanced stage of productivity development. Technological innovation serves as the core force behind this transformation, reshaping traditional industries and fostering the emergence of new industrial systems. This paper explores the pathways and mechanisms through which technological innovation drives industrial upgrading from the perspective of new productivity. By analyzing theoretical foundations and real-world cases, it identifies key factors such as digital transformation, intelligent manufacturing, and sustainable practices. The study also examines the interactions between technological innovation, industrial structure optimization, and value chain enhancement, providing insights into policy-making and strategic development for realizing high-quality industrial growth.
... Data stored on older mediums may become difficult to access as necessary software or hardware to read the data may no longer be available. [4] Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel storage media with the potential to serve as mainstream storage for a long period of time. To achieve this goal, candidate media must overcome as many limitations of current systems as possible, with clear advantages in terms of storage density, durability, and maintenance costs. ...
The exponential growth of global data has outpaced the storage capacities of current technologies, necessitating innovative storage strategies. DNA, as a natural medium for preserving genetic information, has emerged as a highly promising candidate for next‐generation storage medium. Storing data in DNA offers several advantages, including ultra‐high physical density and exceptional durability. Facilitated by significant advancements in various technologies, such as DNA synthesis, DNA sequencing, and DNA nanotechnology, remarkable progress has been made in the field of DNA data storage over the past decade. However, several challenges still need to be addressed to realize practical applications of DNA data storage. In this review, we first introduce the processes and strategies of in vitro DNA data storage, highlighting recent advancements. Next, we provide a brief overview of in vivo DNA data storage, with a focus on the various writing strategies developed to date. Lastly, we summarize the challenges encountered in each step of DNA data storage and discuss promising techniques that hold great promise in overcoming these obstacles.
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... Bijvoorbeeld het e-depot project van het Rotterdamse Gemeentearchief. 2 Voor een samenvatting zieRothenberg (1999) enBearman (1999). het ada-project: achtergrond, doel en aanpak ...
... Discipline around version control of digital artifacts like code, data sets, and model products has been enhanced by the adoption of versioning-focused methodologies [20,51] and the introduction of powerful, general digital object versioning systems [158]. Although the problem of keeping digital archives of any sort is a major challenge [120,215], standards exist for creating trustworthy repositories and auditing their reliability [126], especially for high-assurance applications like space data systems [68]. Coupled with careful testing of desired invariants and augmented by disclosure of decision points in the development methodology, these tools can be extended to methods for trustworthy system development [45]. ...
Accountability is widely understood as a goal for well governed computer systems, and is a sought-after value in many governance contexts. But how can it be achieved? Recent work on standards for governable artificial intelligence systems offers a related principle: traceability. Traceability requires establishing not only how a system worked but how it was created and for what purpose, in a way that explains why a system has particular dynamics or behaviors. It connects records of how the system was constructed and what the system did mechanically to the broader goals of governance, in a way that highlights human understanding of that mechanical operation and the decision processes underlying it. We examine the various ways in which the principle of traceability has been articulated in AI principles and other policy documents from around the world, distill from these a set of requirements on software systems driven by the principle, and systematize the technologies available to meet those requirements. From our map of requirements to supporting tools, techniques, and procedures, we identify gaps and needs separating what traceability requires from the toolbox available for practitioners. This map reframes existing discussions around accountability and transparency, using the principle of traceability to show how, when, and why transparency can be deployed to serve accountability goals and thereby improve the normative fidelity of systems and their development processes.
... Tais procedimentos devem ser implementados em conjunto para satisfazer as necessidades do acervo. Observa-se que as estratégias são abordadas em diversos estudos: (ALMEIDA; CENDÓN;SOUZA, 2012;CASANOVAS, 2008;FERREIRA, 2006;GRANGER, 2000;HEDSTROM, 2001;INNARELLI, 2009;MÁRDERO ARELLANO, 2004;ROTHENBERG, 1999;SANTOS, 2005;SARAMAGO, 2002;SCHÄFER;CONSTANTE, 2012;THIBODEAU, 2002;SOARES, 2004). ...
Resumo: Este estudo descreve e avalia a possibilidade de dois ou mais repositórios arquivísticos manterem níveis de interoperabilidade, de modo que são abordados os arquivos independentes, os cooperados, os federados e os de entidades funcionais compartilhadas. Para tanto, parte-se do levantamento bibliográfico de materiais previamente publicados, por meio da seleção de livros, publicações técnicas e artigos científicos. A interoperabilidade é o prisma da discussão, e os repositórios arquivísticos digitais confiáveis correspondem a categoria norteadora. Dessa forma, os dados são analisados de forma qualitativa e discutidos conforme a lógica dedutiva a fim de caracterizar-se como um artigo de revisão assistemática. Observa-se que a interoperabilidade entre repositórios arquivísticos acarreta benefícios às comunidades de preservação digital que comportam a economia de recursos, a otimização da busca de informações e o desenvolvimento de padrões. Por fim, este estudo esclarece conceitos e possíveis cenários de interoperabilidade para repositórios arquivísticos, além de trazer uma visão pós-custodial que realça a importância da custódia tendo em vista as perspectivas de sucessão. Palavras-chave: Preservação digital. Documento digital. Arquivística. Arquivos digitais. Cadeia de custódia. 1 INTRODUÇÃO A preservação de documentos arquivísticos digitais tem sido pensada como uma atividade sistêmica, orientada por meio de políticas, métodos, normas e padrões amplamente aceitos pela comunidade de preservação. As principais abordagens sobre o tema perpassam a implementação de estratégias, repositórios digitais, políticas institucionais e a escolha de padrões abertos para plataformas de software e formatos de arquivo. As políticas de preservação digital correspondem aos investimentos iniciais em infraestrutura, definição de normas e padrões que serão utilizados. Dessa forma, orientam como executar as atividades no longo prazo, sistematizando o planejamento de preservação. Dentre os estudos que abordam as políticas de preservação digital, destacam-se: Dentre as estratégias de preservação, destacam-se a migração, a emulação, o encapsulamento e o refrescamento. Tais procedimentos devem ser implementados em conjunto para satisfazer as necessidades do acervo. Observa-se que as estratégias são abordadas em diversos estudos:
... Com isso, inúmeros documentos tornam-se incompatíveis, quando convertidos para novos formatos, ocasionando, assim, desagradáveis perdas de informações valiosas que afetam a forma, a estrutura e, até mesmo, o conteúdo. (ROTHENBERG, 1999). ...
Os desenfreados avanços das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação promoveram transformações no mundo do trabalho e da pesquisa. Logo, o advento da informação digital facilitou a criação, o uso e a disseminação de conhecimentos, impactando áreas como Administração e Arquivologia. No entanto, parte da informação digital não recebe o tratamento adequado, e assim, surgem lacunas nos arquivos e incertezas nas organizações. Desta forma, tem-se por objetivo realizar uma reflexão sobre as contribuições da gestão da informação para o processo de tomada de decisão administrativa. Com isto, estima-se apontar convergências entre às práticas de gestão da informação administrativa e a gestão de documentos arquivísticos, com ênfase na interoperabilidade de seus sistemas informatizados.
... св. Кирил и Методий", архивно-документално наследство, дигитализация, достъп до информация Въведение "Дигиталните документи ще съществуват вечно -или пет години, което първо стане!" [1] Остроумното и иронично подмятане на Jeff Rothenberg -компютърен специалист, отделил голяма част от усилията си на проблемите около съхранението на дигиталните документи, е и добро предупреждение и напомняне, че цифровизацията на архивно-документалното наследство решава доста проблеми, но и поставя много други, на които тепърва следва да се търси отговор. Впрочем и на българска почва предимствата и недостатъците на дигиталната конверсия на книжното архивно-документално наследство са подробно разгледани от изследователя Алберт Бенбасат, който също е в немалка степен резервиран към прекомерното експониране на ползите от процеса. ...
In the last few years, the digitization of the archival-documentary heritage has become a leading priority worldwide for all institutions committed to its preservation. The benefits couldn’t be clearer and they can be seen in many aspects: better storage, preservation and promotion, Internet accessibility, etc. As a member of the EU, Bulgaria is no exception to this trend.
The main aim of the proposed paper is the presentation of the digitization carried out so far in the St. St. “Cyril and Methodius” National Library. The institution which is leading in its professional activity and should demonstrate good practices for other libraries.
The main difficulties that managers and experts have to deal with in order to make the process easier and quicker will be identified. And also will be highlighted and outlined the main prospects for digitization and leading world practices in this direction.
... The process is not understood unequivocally. The witty and ironic Jeff Rothenberg's statement comes to mind, who claims that "Digital documents last forever -or five years, whichever comes first" [1]. In fact, the words of the well-known computer specialist who has devoted much of his efforts to the problems of storing digital documents are also a good warning and reminder that digitization of archival and documentary heritage solves a lot of problems but it also places many others still waiting for an answer. ...
... The process is not understood unequivocally. The witty and ironic Jeff Rothenberg's statement comes to mind, who claims that "Digital documents last forever -or five years, whichever comes first" [1]. In fact, the words of the well-known computer specialist who has devoted much of his efforts to the problems of storing digital documents are also a good warning and reminder that digitization of archival and documentary heritage solves a lot of problems but it also places many others still waiting for an answer. ...
In the last few years, the digitization of the archival-documentary heritage has become a leading priority worldwide for all institutions committed to its safeguarding. The benefits couldn't be clearer and they can be seen in many aspects: better storage, safeguarding and promotion, Internet accessibility, etc. As a EU member, Bulgaria is no exception to this trend. The Bulgarian institutions of the so-called GLAM sector are definitely aware of the benefits to digitization and they take part in the digitization process of records and their uploading online. The main aim of the proposed paper is the presentation of the digitization carried out so far in three leading Bulgarian institutions of memory: the Archives State Agency, the National Library "St. St. Cyril and Methodius" and the National Museum of History. The three institutions are leading in their professional activity and should demonstrate good practices for regional institutes-archives, libraries and museums. What has been done so far will be presented and a comparative analysis will be carried out. The emphasis on the introduction of digitization in the three leading Bulgarian institutions is to identify their adopted standards and good practices in digitization. One important outcome of the research will be the analysis of the quantitative indicators in relation to the digitization of archival-documentary heritage. The institutions will be compared, both among each other and with similar institutes from other European countries (in particular UK institutions). The aim is to gain a more realistic picture of the success of the Bulgarian institutions in terms of digitization and access to information resources through the Internet. The strengths and weaknesses of the digitization of archival heritage in Bulgaria will be outlined. In conclusion recommendations will be made hopefully of practical use to institutions in continuation of their work on digitization: acquaintance with international good practices, working with unified standards, improvement of communication among them, exchange of experts and experience, etc.
... Since the early 1990s, the persistence of scholarly digital information has been an area of concern for library and archives (Kenney & Personius, 1992;Rothenberg, 1999;Waters & Garrett, 1996). The maturation of scanning technologies led institutions to explore how digital technology could aid in preservation efforts. ...
This article considers the problem of preserving research software within the wider realm of digital curation, academic research libraries, and the scholarly record. We conducted a pilot study to understand the ecosystem in which research software participates, and to identify significant characteristics that have high potential to support future scholarly practices. A set of topical curation dimensions were derived from the extant literature and applied to select cases of institutionally significant research software. This approach yields our main contribution, a curation model and decision framework for preserving research software as a scholarly object. The results of our study highlight the unique characteristics and challenges at play in building curation services in academic research libraries.
... Along with large datasets comes the related issue of data permanence, an issue recognized nearly two decades ago in the context of digital libraries (Rothenberg, 1999). In this case, the rapidity of software and hardware change becomes a liability. ...
We explore here the application of modern computer hardware and software to the collection and analysis of behavioral data. We discuss the issues of ecological validity, storage and processing, data permanence, automation, validity, and algorithmic determinism. Taking the modern landscape into account, we demonstrate several varying projects we have recently undertaken as proofs of concept of the viability and utility of this approach. In particular, we describe four research projects, which involve work on child-directed speech; the application of automatic methods to clinical populations, including children with hearing loss; quality control and the assessment of validity; and the sharing of data in a public database. We conclude by pointing out how the methodology described here can be extended to a wide variety of interdisciplinary and detailed projects that are likely to lead to better science and improved outcomes for populations served by the behavioral, social, and health sciences.
... Ačkoliv ve zdrojích z oblasti knihovnictví nenalezneme žádnou konceptualizaci autenticity digitalizovaných knih, existuje zde celá řada jejích tematizací. 2 Za účelem zmapování šíře a specifik problematiky autenticity v kontextu řízení životního cyklu digitalizátů knih byly analyzováno 8 směrnic (Caplan, 2008;Data Seal of Approval Board, 2016;Digital Library Federation, 2002;Digital Preservation Handbook, 2018;Federal Agencies Digitization Initiative, 2010;Fernie, 2008;NISO, 2007;PREMIS, 2015; UNESCO, 2016) a 8 odborných publikací (Bearman, 1999;Bearman & Trant, 1998;Deegan & Tanner, 2006;Gladney, 2007;Grycz, 2006;Rothenberg, 1999;Rothenberg, 2000), které se věnují digitalizaci, archivaci nebo zpřístupnění digitálních dokumentů, resp. příbuzným oblastem, a přímo nebo nepřímo tematizují také některý aspekt autenticity. ...
Purpose:
The article addresses the phenomenon of authenticity of digital documents and focuses in more detail on the issue of the authenticity of digitized books as a specific type of document. Currently there is no systematic conceptualization of the authenticity of digitized books in research literature. There are two objectives of the article. The first objective is to map the scope of the issues pertaining to authenticity in the context of the life cycle management of digitized books within an organization. For this purpose, the selected literature from the field of memory institutions is reviewed. The second and the main objective is to suggest an underlying conceptual framework for maintaining and assessing the authenticity of digitized books.
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Design/methodology/approach:
The introduction of the article presents the concept of authenticity as a social construct developed by MacNeil and Mak. According to this concept, different authenticities of the same object may legitimately coexist depending on the perspective used. Then the archival concept of the authenticity of the digital document and the OAIS high-level framework for the digital documents’ life cycle are introduced. Both resources are used as a basis for subsequent critical and conceptual analysis of literature. The analysis seeks for identifying fundamental conceptual elements pertaining to the concept of authenticity in the context of the life cycle of the digitized books. The outcomes of the analysis are the starting point for suggesting a conceptual framework for maintaining and assessing the authenticity of digitized books. This framework is based on the premise that establishing specific concept of authenticity is required for each type of document.
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Results:
The main outcome of the paper is an underlying conceptual framework for the authenticity of digitized books. The suggested framework includes a redefinition of the concept of authenticity of the digital document, the introduction of the new term “reference object”, and the specification of minimal attributes needed for expressing digitized book identity. All these components are the fundamental prerequisite for maintaining and assessing the authenticity of the digitized books. The conceptual framework implies that various approaches to the authenticity may be employed. This confirms the McNeal’s and Mak’s concept of legitimate co-existence of different authenticities of the same subject.
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Originality/value:
There is still no systematic conceptualization of the authenticity of the digitized books describing all aspects and phases of the life cycle of the document in research literature. This paper presents the author's draft of an underlying conceptual framework for maintaining and assessing the authenticity of digitized books, which is unique in its complexity.
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Keywords:
authenticity, identification, digital document, digitized book, digitization, archiving, OAIS
... We focus on the second one to simulate digital preservation activities of refreshing and migration while DOs sharing using different computational intelligence methodologies. We conceived the migration of DO formats as a replication (copies) of files in different formats and refreshing as a copy in the same format [10] [24]. The DOs will be distributed over a network of computers or devices as an environment that enables the behavior of the Dos in an attempt to preserve them. ...
The challenge in long term digital preservation (LTDP) of complex objects – consisting of text, video, images, music, 3D information, sensor data, etc. generated throughout all areas of our society – is real and growing at an exponential pace. An already old study by the International Data Corporation (IDC) found that in 2012 the information created and replicated broke the zettabyte barrier growing by a factor of 9 in just five years [2]. The LTDP of such information will become a pervasive as well as ubiquitous problem that will concern everyone who has digital information to be kept for long time, implying a shift in at least a couple of software and hardware generations.
... Also data synchronization and management across centers needs to be done to reduce duplication and ensure reliable high availability and immediate recovery in the event of storage media failures and server failures. Finally, digital preservation of the collections for a long time into the future remains a very significant problem faced by any digital library [2]. ...
This paper describes the goal of the Universal Digital Library Project (UDL) and presents the approach taken by – and the technological challenges associated with – the Million Books to the Web Project (MBP). The Digital Library of India (DLI) initiative, which is the Indian part of the UDL and MBP, is discussed. DLI fosters a large number of research activities in areas such as text summarization, information retrieval, machine translation and transliteration, optical character recognition, handwriting recognition, and natural language parsing and morphological analyses. This paper provides an overview of the activities of DLI in these areas and shows how DLI serves as a multilingual resource.
... Produtor e Consumidor são as entidades externas responsáveis pela submissão e acesso da informação preservada Lavoie (2004 Os Provedores de Dados são aplicações que possuem a responsabilidade de gerenciar os repositórios de conteúdo, onde os objetos digitais (artigos, dissertações, teses, entre outros) são armazenados. Além disso, DPs implementam o protocolo OAI-PMH com o intuito de criar e expor os metadados (informações descritivas sobre os registros dos repositórios) de seus objetos (ROTHENBERG, 1999). Figura 2 -Arquitetura de uma federação OAI Provedores de Dados podem ser concebidos com suporte nativo ao protocolo OAIPMH -através da utilização de softwares desenvolvidos para apoiar a Iniciativa Open Archives, como DSpace 1 e Eprints 2ou ser criados sobre repositórios de dados já existentes, através da implementação de uma interface com o protocolo, como é o caso do arXiv 3 e SciELO 4 . ...
... Digital material depends on changing technology, where both hardware and software can become obsolete; 5 changes to formats, coding, operating systems and other aspects can render information unusable. Much digital preservation literature focuses on the risk to data from software format obsolescence (Rothenberg 1998;Waller and Sharpe 2006;DPC 2008;del Pozo, Stawowczyk Long and Pearson 2010 for example); however this focus has been questioned. Rusbridge (2006) and Rosenthal (2010) ask whether formats are changing as quickly and irrevocably as is assumed. ...
The process of selection underpins many important questions facing those libraries which have responsibility for preservation. Properties of digital material present challenges to established preservation selection drivers and practices, including the increasing volume of digital material; the complexity of some digital objects; changing forms of cultural object creation and ownership; and the need for early interventions to keep material useable over time. This paper examines relevant library and related literature to identify and conceptualise factors which affect selection decision making relating to the preservation of digital material in libraries. It describes six organisational areas of concern: resources and volume; criteria; policy; legal and ethical issues; roles and responsibility; and user aspects of selection. Particular challenges include the need to revisit criteria and develop policies for preservation and selection along with the effect of unclear roles, responsibilities and expectations of a wide range of stakeholders.
How can an author store digital information so that it will be reliably useful, even years later when he is no longer available to answer questions? Methods that might work are not good enough; what is preserved today should be reliably useful whenever someone wants it. Prior proposals fail because they confound saved data with irrelevant details of today's information technology--details that are difficult to define, extract, and save completely and accurately. We use a virtual machine to represent and eventually to render any data whatsoever. We focus on a case of intermediate difficulty--an executable procedure--and identify a variant for every other data type. This solution might be more elaborate than needed to render some text, image, audio, or video data. Simple data can be preserved as representations using well-known standards. We sketch practical methods for files ranging from simple structures to those containing computer programs, treating simple cases here and deferring complex cases for future work. Enough of the complete solution is known to enable practical aggressive preservation programs today.
The purpose of the UDL(Universal digital library) and the methodology of the Million Books to the Web Project, as well as the technical obstacles faced by both, are taken in this article. This article focuses on the National Digital Library of India (NDLI) project, which is India's answer to the UDL and Million Books Online Project(MBP). NDLI supports a wide range of academic activities, including research into methods of text summarization, information retrieval, machine translation and transliteration, optical character recognition, handwriting recognition, and morphological and syntactic analyses of natural languages. This report summarizes NDLI's activities in several domains and demonstrates the multilingual resource function of NDLI.
El presente trabajo de investigación tiene el propósito de elaborar un modelo de gestión documentaria basada en el trabajo remoto que garantice la continuidad del servicio en el área administrativa de la Universidad Nacional del Santa Nuevo. Chimbote – Año 2022. El tipo de investigación es aplicada, nivel descriptivo, diseño correlacional, de enfoque cuantitativo. Participaron el personal administrativo, personal docente y alumnos. La muestra fue de 352 personas y se distribuyeron según el porcentaje del personal y alumnos. Los resultados permitieron determinar que la implementación de un modelo de gestión documentaria basada en el trabajo remoto mejorará la fluidez de la información, la centralización de la información, la protección de la información y los tiempos de respuesta. El diseño de gestión documentaria a implementar actualizará la base datos convirtiendo formatos en papel a datos digitales. Por otro lado mediante el coeficiente de Spearman se obtuvo (r = 0,707; sig.=0,000) entre las variables gestión documentaria y continuidad del servicio, se obtuvo (r = 0,583; sig.=0,001) entre fluidez de la información y comunicación, se obtuvo (r = 0,671; sig.=0,000) entre centralización y accesibilidad, se obtuvo (r = 0,617; sig.=0,000) entre protección de información y preservación de la documentación y finalmente se obtuvo (r = 0,833; sig.=0,000) entre diseño y tiempos de respuesta, lo cual demuestra una correlación positiva moderada alta entre las variables y dimensiones.
This article presents an overview of the ARC Linkage Project “Archiving Australian Media Arts: Towards a method and a national collection,” which addresses the challenges of preserving digital media artworks that are stored on obsolete media and that require legacy computer environments to access. It lays out the challenges facing digital media arts, articulates the significance of the deposit of local media art organisation archives into the custody of major, jurisdictionally-appropriate cultural institutions, and details the selection of case studies for research from these organisations’ archives and other existing digital media art collections in our partner organisations’ custody. Case studies consist of the ANAT archive (formerly the Australian Network for Art and Technology), floppy disks from the Stan Ostoja-Kotkowski archive, Experimenta Media Art’s exhibition “Virtualities” (1995), dLux media art’s exhibition “Matinaze 97” (1997), and the Griffith University Art Museum’s collection of interactive CD-ROMs. The article reports on progress to date against two of the project’s aims, outlines the collective benefits to partners and to researchers of artworks and other materials from these archives being available, and indicates that access to born digital materials should improve in the near future with digital emulation infrastructure set to be built.
With the digital transformation, the exponential increase in the number of tools and types of support with which human expressions can be created and transmitted brings with it new cultural paradigms that feed creative productions and vice versa, giving rise to new questions regarding how Heritage “works”, what it “does” and what it “serves”. This is the general context in which the research project described in this book is set, and the convergence that has been created over time between technologies, cultural heritage, and design, which today seem to implement a triangulation in which each vertex favors the relationship between the other two, opening up new and interesting research perspectives to explore.
In 2018, the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina digitized for the first time a complete fond - the BiH Religious Affairs Commission. This particular fond was selected because it was highly sought after, had no backups and consisted of only 114 archival boxes, which is the appropriate volume for the pilot project. In addition, the documents have been processed with an OCR program (it is necessary to manually enter certain corrections though). Once stored in the database, it was possible to be simultaneously used by several researchers from different locations and without contact with the originals. Suddenly, it has become simply unthinkable that until yesterday a technician had to go to the depot to fetch requested document. Almost unthinkable. The remaining 99% of the fonds are still processed by conventional methods. However, the example of the Religious Affairs Commission demonstrated in practice what kind of a bright future awaits the archives, after they master their first clumsy steps toward full digital maturity. This paper presents current progress in the Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its efforts to move forward with this demanding process, since the digital archive has been recognized as an indispensable part of the time to come.
Digital preservation is a field of research focused on designing strategies for maintaining digital objects accessible for general use in the coming years. Out of the many approaches to digital preservation, the present research article is a continuation work of a previously published article containing a proposal for a novel object-centered paradigm to address the digital preservation problem where digital objects share part of the responsibility for self-preservation. In the new framework, the behavior of digital objects is modeled to find the best preservation strategy. The results presented in the current article add a new economic constraint to the object behavior. Now, differently from the previous paper, migrations, copies and updates are not free to use, but subject to budget limitations to ensure the economic sustainability of the whole preservation system, forcing the now-called cost-aware digital objects for efficient management of available budget. The presented approach compares two auction-based mechanisms, a multi-unit auction and a combinatorial auction, with a simple direct purchase strategy as possible efficient behaviors for budget management. TiM, a simulated environment for running distributed digital ecosystems, is used to perform the experiments. The simulated results map the relation between the studied purchase models with the sustained quality level of digital objects, as a measure of its accessibility, together with its budget management capabilities. About the results, the best performance corresponds to the combinatorial auction model. The results are a good approach to deal with the digital preservation problem from a sustainable point of view and open the door to future implementations with other purchase strategies.
Digital preservation is a research area devoted to keeping digital assets preserved and usable for many years. Out of the many approaches to digital preservation, the present research article follows a new object-centered digital preservation paradigm where digital objects share part of the responsibility for preservation: they can move, replicate, and evolve to a higher-quality format inside a digital ecosystem. In the new framework, the behavior of digital objects needs to be modeled in order to obtain the best preservation strategy. Thus, digital objects are programmed with the mission of their own long-term self-preservation, which entails being accessible and reproducible by users at any time in the future regardless of frequent technological changes due to software and hardware upgrades. Three nature-inspired computational intelligence algorithms, based on the collective behavior of decentralized and self-organized systems, were selected for the modeling approach: multipopulation genetic algorithm, ant colony optimization, and a virus-based algorithm. TiM, a simulated environment for running distributed digital ecosystems, was used to perform the experiments. The results map the relation between the models and the expected object diversity obtained in short- and mid-term digital preservation scenarios. Comparing the results, the best performance corresponded to the multipopulation genetic algorithm. The article aims to be a first step in the digital self-preservation field. Building nature-inspired model behaviors is a good approach and opens the door to future tests with other AI-based methods.
"Maschinenphilologie" – das heißt: Fahndung nach dem Subjekt der Philologie. Literaturarchive, Textkritiken und Digital Humanities sind heute Schauplätze digitaler Medien, die nicht nur den passiven Gegenstand, sondern das methodische Werkzeug von Philologie abgeben. Ihre Wirkmacht nötigt zur Frage, wie eine bestimmte Maschinengattung die Prämissen, Praktiken und Institutionen dieses seit 1800 humanistisch geprägten Wissenschaftsfeldes affiziert. Und damit auch seinen geschichtsträchtigen Subjektbegriff: Denn wo nicht mehr nur oder primär Menschen, sondern auch ihr maschinelles Andere schreibt, liest, archiviert und ediert, ist die Logosliebe, mit N. Katherine Hayles zu sprechen, längst posthumanistisch geworden. Grund genug, dieses Beziehungsgeflecht von Menschen und Medien noch einmal abseits von allen Humanexzeptionalismen zu denken: Philologie am heutigen Tag ist immer auch Maschinenphilologie.
Emulation practices are computational, technical processes that allow for one system to reproduce the functions and results of another. This article reports on findings from research following three small teams of information professionals as they implemented emulation practices into their digital preservation programs at a technology museum, a university research library, and a university research archive and technology lab. Results suggest that the distributed teams in this cohort of preservationists have developed different emulation practices for particular kinds of “emulation encounters” in supporting different types of access. I discuss the implications of these findings for digital preservation research and emulation initiatives providing access to software or software‐dependent objects, showing how implications of these findings have significance for those developing software preservation workflows and building emulation capacities. These findings suggest that different emulation practices for preservation, research access, and exhibition undertaken in libraries, archives, and museums result in different forms of access to preserved software—accessing information and experiential access. In examining particular types of access, this research calls into question software emulation as a single, static preservation strategy for information institutions and challenges researchers to examine new forms of access and descriptive representation emerging from these digital preservation strategies.
This paper reports on early findings of research in 2019 following three small teams of information professionals as they implemented emulation strategies into their day‐to‐day work at a museum, a university research library, and a university research archive and technology lab. Findings are reported from workplace observations and semi‐structured interviews with preservationists (N = 25) as they implement software emulation programs in cultural heritage institutions that collect and preserve software for access. Results suggest that the distributed teams in this cohort of preservationists have developed different emulation practices for particular kinds of “emulation encounters” in supporting different types of use and users. I discuss the implications of these findings for digital preservation research and emulation initiatives providing access to software or software‐dependent objects, showing how implications of these findings have significance for those developing software preservation workflows and building emulation capacities. This article suggests that there are different emulation practices for preservation, research access, and exhibition undertaken by preservationists in libraries, archives, and museums; and in examining particular visions of access these findings call into question software emulation as a single, static preservation strategy for cultural heritage institutions.
This report addresses challenges and offers recommendations to librarians, archivists, preservationists, and other information professionals seeking to archive and preserve emerging forms of digital scholarship. Our goal for the recommendations was, first and foremost, that they address known preservation and archiving barriers and that they represent realistic, achievable, and implementable guidelines for libraries and archives.
Long-term digital preservation aims to ensure the accessibility, authenticity, intelligibility, and integrity of digital objects for long periods that may be unlimited. It is a big challenge for institutions seeking to preserve their sensitive, patrimonial or scientific information, including digital library community, data centers and archives. The ongoing changes and evolution of computer platforms, including software and hardware, represent potential challenges for digital preservation. In this context, we present an initial and ongoing investigation in the field of digital preservation, with a focus on the challenge of software and format obsolescence. The paper presents a decomposition of the digital information in five layers and identifies its main aspects concerned with preservation. The challenge of software and format obsolescence is then analyzed by focusing on the technologies used for document and image preservation. Fundamental preservation strategies are reviewed and discussed.
“One of the most remarkable things about computers is that their essential nature transcends technology.” Hillis, W. D. (1988) The Pattern on the Stone, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, p viii. Computers pose a problem for traditional collection based museums in a number of ways, not the least because unlike other artefacts, one of the defi nitive aspects of a computer is not ‘object’. To really understand the computer and to preserve its essence, we need to consider the software, programs and data. But to do so usually implies that machines must restored to working order. The extraordinary rate of development and subsequent obsolescence, instability of some electronic and computer components, and availability of system specific expertise, all contribute a reluctance by museums to take this approach. A partial solution to this problem may come from a non traditional approach that draws on a unique feature of the computer itself.
L’influence de la subjectivité sur les processus de sélection en matière de numérisation n’a pas encore été étudiée en profondeur. La présente étude traite des facteurs subjectifs qui sous-tendent les choix des professionnels engagés dans des projets de numérisation ; entreprend une réflexion sur la manière dont ils prennent des décisions de sélection et examine dans quelle mesure leurs points de vue influencent les sélections. Des entrevues menées auprès de cinq professionnels des bibliothèques ou centres d’archives révèlent six facteurs subjectifs récurrents. La documentation de l’influence de ces facteurs apporte davantage de clarté, offrant une meilleure compréhension des objets numériques.
This article proposes a way of describing the selection of digital preservation actions from an organisational imperative. The intent of this article is to offer terminology that allows an organisation to inform the selection of its digital preservation action approach. The discussion starts by describing some of the decision-making and speculation that the National Library of New Zealand’s (NLNZ) digital preservation programme undertook in the early 2000s, what digital preservation actions might look like as a day-to-day part of the operations of a National Library. It reports on the current domain conversations that pivot around viable digital preservation treatments, specifically emulation and migration actions. The article raises the argument that as practitioners of digital preservation, we require some higher level constructs and direction to inform our treatment selection. The primary proposition of the article is that the organisational approach to preservation should be the starting point for treatment choice, rather than treatment choice informing the generalised organisational approach. The organisational approach is described as two distinct modes: artefactual, the preservation of the artefact; and, informational, the preservation of information. The conjecture of an informational approach verses an artefactual approach is offered to supersede the migration verses emulation debates. This conjecture is developed further and a theorised life cycle of a digital object is offered that describes a blended existence, containing elements of both emulation and migration as valued tools used to promulgate the digital object through time. The article finally offers a number of exemplary use cases from the NLNZ’s digital collections where a new way of thinking about digital preservation treatments is needed to allow meaningful and viable preservation to occur. These use cases describe collection items that are a poor fit to the current organisational model and a future state for these items that might offer a higher chance of successful preservation over time.
Purpose
The aim of this paper is to rethink the concept of significant properties in relationship to video game emulation.
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper video games are examined as complex digital objects, that is digital objects that are constituted by multiple layers that are interconnected with other objects. Starting from the assumption that metadata are fundamental to individuate the authenticity and accuracy of a complex digital object, the research is based on the analysis of the most recent frameworks that propose a substantial use of metadata to perform gaming emulation.
Findings
Technical metadata are being used within emulation frameworks in order to describe digital environments and objects. Although metadata cannot be considered a definitive solution for preserving significant properties of video games, they should be used in a more extensive way across frameworks.
Originality/value
This paper tries to provide insights on video game properties that can help to refine the debate on emulation.
In the last few decades we have witnessed two related processes: the increasingly visible inclusion of electronic devices in our everyday lives, and the rush to digital formats. Institutions, organisations and private companies have begun to convert their own archives into digital formats. The general public has also started to convert personal data into digital formats: documents, music, movies, drawings and photos have been converted from their original formats into bitstreams in digital media. People used to believe (and many still do) that digital formats were the ultimate formats for storing information indefinitely. The idea that texts, images and artefacts can be perpetuated by converting them into digital form is popular and widely supported/sponsored. As a result, a significant amount of our future heritage, our legacy to future generations, relies on digital technology. But is digital technology really suitable for long-term preservation? And are electronic devices, which are required in order to experience information stored in digital formats, durable enough to guarantee future access to this information? If not, what can we do to overcome this problem?
The modern age has heralded a shift from the industrial society, in which natural resources are crucial input factors for the economy, towards a knowledge society. To date, sustainability literature has treated knowledge—and in particular digital artifacts—mainly as a means to the end of achieving sustainable development. In this conceptual paper, we argue that digital artifacts themselves ought also to be considered as resources, which also need to be sustainable. While over-consumption is a problem facing natural resources, with sustainable digital artifacts, underproduction, and underuse are the biggest challenges. In our view, the sustainability of digital artifacts improves their potential impact on sustainable development. A theoretical foundation for digital artifacts and their ecosystem allows us to present the relevant research on digital information, knowledge management, digital goods, and innovation literature. Based on these insights, we propose ten basic conditions for sustainable digital artifacts and their ecosystem to ensure that they provide the greatest possible benefit for sustainable development. We then apply those characteristics to four exemplary cases: Linux kernel development, Bitcoin cryptocurrency, the Wikipedia project, and the Linking Open Drug Data repositories. The paper concludes with a research agenda identifying topics for sustainability scholars and information systems academics, as well as practitioners. A number of suggestions for future studies on digital sustainability are also put forward.
RESUMO Os constantes avanços da Tecnologia da Infor-mação contribuíram para a disseminação de suas ferramentas na sociedade contemporânea. Tais ferramentas também foram introduzidas no campo arquivístico, de modo que documentos de valor histórico e sociocultural começaram a ser produzidos apenas em meio digital, tornando necessária, assim, a sua preservação em longo prazo. Tendo isso em vista, este artigo aborda a implementação de estratégias e repositórios para a preservação em longo prazo dos documentos ar-quivísticos digitais. Com relação à metodologia, pode-se definir esta pesquisa como bibliográfica, de natureza aplicada e com abordagem qualitativa. Baseando-se no levantamento de materiais já pu-blicados, discutiu-se a aplicação e o conceito das estratégias de preservação digital em documentos arquivísticos. O referencial teórico utilizado per-tence principalmente aos campos da Arquivologia e da Ciência da Informação, estabelecendo rela-ções interdisciplinares com outras áreas. ABSTRACT The constant advances in information technology have contributed to the spread of their tools in contemporary society. Such tools have also been introduced in archival field, so that documents value history, social and cultural started to be produced just digitally, necessitating thus preservation in long-term. With this in mind, this article discusses the implementation of strategies and repositories for long-term preservation of digital archival documents. Regarding the methodology, you can set this as a bibliographical research of applied nature and with qualitative approach. Based on the survey of material already published, was discussed the application and the concept of digital preservation strategies in archival documents. The theoretical framework used to belong mainly to the fields of Archival Science and Information Science, establishing inter-disciplinary relations with other areas.
This paper presents findings from a field study of records managers that provides context for understanding how people see objects on varying media as long-lasting objects (or not). Part of the mandate of the profession of records management is long-term preservation of digital and paper records. At the site of the fieldwork for this study, research participants' tasks primarily consisted of examining individual case files to determine if the files should be kept or destroyed under the relevant rules set by higher-level management according to legal requirements. Close observation of work practices showed that application of records management rules varied depending on the medium of the records, despite the policy that records on varying media are equal in importance. The results of the study suggest that the perceived accessibility and obsolescence of digital objects deserve more attention in the exploration of the place of digital objects in human lives over the long-term.
Selecting digital material for preservation in libraries, archives, and museums is a necessary task but has not been widely examined, although the nature of digital material challenges traditional methods of selecting. This article examines the social context of selection in institutions, in which the responsibilities of stakeholders and relationships between them can affect the material chosen for preservation by practitioners. A range of stakeholders is identified; relationships between practitioners, information technology staff, and sources of material are found to be crucial. The influence of senior managers is important in providing a mandate and encouraging shared working and networks of expertise.
The preservation of digital materials is a problem faced by both libraries and archives. This article discusses the problem of digital preservation from the perspective of archival institutions and highlights some of the theoretical and practical work being undertaken by archives in this arena.
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