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Torbangun (Coleus amboinicus Lour): A Bataknese Traditional Cuisine Perceived as Lactagogue by Bataknese Lactating Women in Simalungun, North Sumatera, Indonesia
Abstract
Torbangun (Coleus amboinicus Lour) has been used as a breast milk stimulant (a lactagogue) by Bataknese people in Indonesia for hundreds of years. However, the traditional use of torbangun is not well documented, and scientific evidence is limited to establish coleus as a lactagogue. This Focus Group Discussion (FGD) study was conducted to gather information regarding the practice and cultural beliefs related to the traditional use of torbangun as a lactagogue. The main findings of this investigation were: (1) torbangun, which is considered nourishing, is usually given to the mother for one month after giving birth in order to restore her state of balance; (2) in the Bataknese culture, torbangun is perceived to serve several purposes which include enhancing breast milk production and acting as a uterine cleansing agent; and (3) the tradition has been practiced for hundreds of years, and its adherence is still strong.
... Coleus amboinicus Lour. (CAL) herb is rich in polyphenolic compounds (mostly phenolic acids and avonoids), diterpenes, and alkaloids [10][11][12][13].C. amboinicus grows in tropical regions, Table 1 Chemical composition and fatty acids pro le of dietary components and CAL herb. CAL, C. amboinicus herb; aNDF, NDF analyzed with α-amylase; FA, fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids; UFA, unsaturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids. ...
... Several studies con rmed that CAL is rich in nutrients, ash, and BACs [10,12,13,39]. It has been shown that C. amboinicus Lour., known also as Plectranthus amboinicus,as well as other species of the genus Plectranthus (Lamiaceae) such as P. madagascariensis and P. ecklonii have distinct BAC contents [10,39]. ...
... We assume that the lower lightness and greater redness of color in the present study were in uenced by the CAL mineral content, which was not determined in this study. Damanik et al. [12] reported that the CAL contains high concentrationof iron (Fe). Garg et al. [71] stated that the inclusion of tannin in the animal diets do not hamper the utilization of iron for the hemoglobin synthesis. ...
Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of biologically active compounds (BAC) of Coleus amboinicus Lour. (CAL) herb fed to growing lambs on ruminal methane production, ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids and meat characteristics. An in vitro trial (Experiment 1) comprising of control and three experimental diets (CAL constituting 10%, 15%, and 20% of the total diet) was conducted to determine an effective dose for in vivo experiments. After the in vitro trial, two in vivo experiments were conducted on six growing, rumen-cannulated lambs (Experiment 2) and 16 growing lambs (Experiment 3), which were assigned into the control (CON) and one experimental diet (20% of CAL). Several parameters were examined in vitro (pH, ammonia and VFA concentrations, protozoa, methanogens and select bacteria populations) and in vivo (methane production, digestibility, ruminal microorganism populations, meat quality, fatty acids profiles in rumen fluid and meat, transcript expression of 5 genes in meat).
Results: The CAL lowered in vitro methane production by 51%. In the in vivo experiments, lambs fed CAL decreased methane production by 20% compared with the CON animals (Experiment 3), which corresponded to the reduced total methanogens counts in all experiments up to 28%, notably Methanobacteriales. In Experiment 3, CAL increased or tended to increase the numbers of Ruminococcus albus, Megasphaeraelsdenii, Butyrivibrioproteoclasticus, and Butyrivibriofibrisolvens. Dietary CAL suppressed the Holotricha population, but increased or tended to increase Entodiniomorpha population in Experiments 2 and 3. An increase in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportion in the rumen of lambs was noted in response to the CAL diet, which was mainly attributable to the increase in C18:3 cis-9 cis-12 cis-15 (LNA) proportion. The CAL reduced the mRNA expressions of four investigated genes in meat (fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid desaturase 1).
Conclusions:Summarizing, polyphenols of CAL (20% in diet) origin can mitigate ruminal methane production by inhibiting the methanogens communities. Supplementation of CAL also provides favorable conditions in the rumen by modulating ruminal bacteria involved in fermentation and biohydrogenation of fatty acids. CAL elevated the LNA concentration, which led to improved meat quality through increased deposition of n-3 PUFA.
... The theoretical frameworks for the studies varied: seven used an ethnographical basis [7,44,[46][47][48][49][50], one combined ethnography with content analysis [51], four others used some form of content analysis [45,[52][53][54], and four reported using thematic analysis [10,40,41,55]. Ethnobotanical research [56], narrative analysis [57], and naturalistic qualitative descriptive processes [43] provided the theoretical framework for one paper each. ...
... Eleven studies utilised in-depth interviews only [4,10,40,41,43,49,53,55,57,61,63] and two studies used focus group discussions only [8,52] to collect data. Five studies combined focus group discussions and in-depth interviews [45,51,54,60,62], four studies combined in-depth interviews with participant observation [44,46,48,58], and one study combined informal conversations, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation [50]. Data was collected using open-ended interviews and participatory observation [7], group interviews and individual interviews [56], unstructured one-on-one interviews [64], semi-structured interviews [59] and unstructured interviews [47] in the final five studies. ...
... Although the continuum of childbearing can be conceptualised from pre-conception through pregnancy, birth, the postpartum period and breastfeeding, there was great variety in the foci of the papers included (Fig. 2). Only nine papers discussed CMP use during breastfeeding [10,43,44,49,51,55,56,58,60]. The remaining 19 papers discussed CMP use in pregnancy and other childbearing stages without reference to breastfeeding. ...
Background:
The prevalence of complementary medicine use in pregnancy and lactation has been increasingly noted internationally. This systematic review aimed to determine the complementary medicine products (CMPs) used in pregnancy and/or lactation for the benefit of the mother, the pregnancy, child and/or the breastfeeding process. Additionally, it aimed to explore the resources women used, and to examine the role of maternal health literacy in this process.
Methods:
Seven databases were comprehensively searched to identify studies published in peer-reviewed journals (1995-2017). Relevant data were extracted and thematic analysis undertaken to identify key themes related to the review objectives.
Results:
A total of 4574 articles were identified; 28 qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria. Quantitative studies were removed for a separate, concurrent review. Herbal medicines were the main CMPs identified (n = 21 papers) in the qualitative studies, with a smaller number examining vitamin and mineral supplements together with herbal medicines (n = 3), and micronutrient supplements (n = 3). Shared cultural knowledge and traditions, followed by women elders and health care professionals were the information sources most accessed by women when choosing to use CMPs. Women used CMPs for perceived physical, mental-emotional, spiritual and cultural benefits for their pregnancies, their own health, the health of their unborn or breastfeeding babies, and/or the breastfeeding process. Two over-arching motives were identified: 1) to protect themselves or their babies from adverse events; 2) to facilitate the normal physiological processes of pregnancy, birth and lactation. Decisions to use CMPs were made within the context of their own cultures, reflected in the locus of control regarding decision-making in pregnancy and lactation, and in the health literacy environment. Medical pluralism was very common and women navigated through and between different health care services and systems throughout their pregnancies and breastfeeding journeys.
Conclusions:
Pregnant and breastfeeding women use herbal medicines and micronutrient supplements for a variety of perceived benefits to their babies' and their own holistic health. Women access a range of CMP-related information sources with shared cultural knowledge and women elders the most frequently accessed sources, followed by HCPs. Culture influences maternal health literacy and thus women's health care choices including CMP use.
... Tanaman torbangun (Plectranthus amboinicus) merupakan tanaman penting bagi kalangan masyarakat suku Batak karena daunnya memiliki khasiat sebagai sayur peningkat produksi ASI dan mempercepat penyembuhan pasca melahirkan. Daun tanaman torbangun biasanya dikonsumsi dalam bentuk sup segar (Damanik et al., 2006;Damanik 2009). Beberapa penelitian lain menunjukkan adanya potensi daun torbangun sebagai obat herbal, diantaranya sebagai antikanker (Yulianto et al. 2016), antibakteri dan antibiofilm (Vijayakumar et al. 2015), diuretik, analgesik, sitotoksisitas, anti-inflamasi, dan antioksidan (El-hawary et al. 2012). ...
... Bagian tanaman torbangun yang banyak dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat Batak adalah daunnya yang umum digunakan untuk meningkatkan produksi ASI dan mempercepat penyembuhan luka setelah melahirkan (Damanik et al. 2006;Damanik 2009). Dasar hal tersebut menguatkan pemilihan mutan torbangun sebagai kandidat galur baru torbangun yang diuji karena memiliki jumlah daun lebih banyak dibandingkan kontrol. ...
Torbangun (Plectranthus amboinicus) merupakan tanaman obat dari keluarga Lamiaceae. Pada masyarakat Batak, daun torbangun digunakan untuk meningkatkan produksi air susu. Keragaman kandungan fitokimia dapat ditingkatkan salah satunya dengan teknik iradiasi sinar gamma untuk program pemuliaan tanaman. Pada penelitian ini, metode metabolomik yang tidak tertarget digunakan untuk mengevaluasi profil senyawa pada bagian daun tanaman mutan dari iradiasi sinar gamma dan kontrol. Kandungan senyawa planlet mutan dan kontrol dianalisis dengan GC-MS. Data GC-MS dianalisis dengan kemometrik dengan menggunakan hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Keragaman kandungan kimia ditunjukkan oleh planlet mutan dan kontrol daun torbangun. Hasil analisa planlet kontrol torbangun menunjukkan terdapat lima senyawa utama diantaranya hydroxymethylfurfurole (35,15%), brevifolin (7,69%), 3-Dihydro-3,5-Dihydroxy-6-Methyl-4H-Pyran-4-one (DDMP) (13,13%), stigmasterol (6,51%) dan ferruginol (8.63%). Hasil analisa mutan torbangun memiliki kandungan senyawa DDMP (19,57%), neophytadiene (8,47%), linolenic acid (9,10%), ferruginol (7,61%), stigmasterol (14,14%) dan gamma.-sitosterol (7,08%). HCA menunjukkan tiga komponen senyawa yang berbeda antara planlet kontrol dan mutan yaitu kenaikan kandungan senyawa DDMP dan stigmasterol, serta penurunan kandungan hydroxymethylfurfurole pada mutan torbangun.
... Torbangun is one kind of plant that is used in various world regions, such as Africa, South America, Asia, The Caribbean and Pacific Islands (Lukhoba et al. 2006). In Indonesia, torbangun leaves are commonly consumed by Bataknese women in North Sumatra after delivery to increase milk production (ASI) and this local wisdom has been proven scientifically (Damanik et al. 2001;Damanik et al. 2004;Damanik et al. 2006;Damanik 2009). Since breastmilk is the most suitable source of nutrition for the infant growth and development as well as its immune system, the question can torbagun be consumed earlier to increase breastmilk production before the baby is born is imperative. ...
... Since breastmilk is the most suitable source of nutrition for the infant growth and development as well as its immune system, the question can torbagun be consumed earlier to increase breastmilk production before the baby is born is imperative. However, Bataknese women in North Sumatra also believe torbangun leaves can act as a uterine cleansing agent that can accelerate the release of blood and placental remnants after delivery (Damanik 2009). Cleansing of blood and placental remnants related to stimulation of uterine contraction (Ho et al. 2011). ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of ethanol extract from torbangun leaves on mouse fetal development. This research used 24 female pregnant mouse. The leaves extract was administered orally at dose level of 0; 0.56; 1.68 and 3.36 g/kg body weight. The extract was given from the first day until the eighteenth day of pregnancy period. The ethanol extract of Torbangun leaves contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. The result showed that consumption of 3.36 g/kg torbangun leaves extract had led to significant differences in the decrease of maternal weight change, number of live fetuses, fetal weight, and fetal length. Consumption of Torbangun leaves extract during pregnancy should be avoided due to its potency to interfere the fetal development .
... Singh et al. (2002) Tanaman torbangun P. amboinicus (Lour) Spreng adalah jenis tanaman yang memiliki efek fisiologis dan farmakologis penting. Tanaman ini telah lama dikenal masyarakat Batak dan pemanfaatan daun torbangun di masyarakat Batak dipercaya mampu meningkatkan produksi air susu (bersifat galactogogue) ibu yang sedang menyusui (Damanik et al. 2001;Damanik et al. 2006;Damanik 2009), karena dalam tanaman ini terkandung senyawa-senyawa yang bersifat galactogogue yaitu komponen yang menstimulir produksi kelenjar air susu pada masa laktasi (Lawrence et al. 2005). Hasil penelitian Damanik (2009) menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi daun torbangun pada wanita Batak Simalungun yang menyusui meningkatkan produksi ASI serta berfungsi sebagai agen pembersih uterus. ...
... Tanaman ini telah lama dikenal masyarakat Batak dan pemanfaatan daun torbangun di masyarakat Batak dipercaya mampu meningkatkan produksi air susu (bersifat galactogogue) ibu yang sedang menyusui (Damanik et al. 2001;Damanik et al. 2006;Damanik 2009), karena dalam tanaman ini terkandung senyawa-senyawa yang bersifat galactogogue yaitu komponen yang menstimulir produksi kelenjar air susu pada masa laktasi (Lawrence et al. 2005). Hasil penelitian Damanik (2009) menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi daun torbangun pada wanita Batak Simalungun yang menyusui meningkatkan produksi ASI serta berfungsi sebagai agen pembersih uterus. Hasil-hasil penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa daun torbangun terbukti dapat meningkatkan produksi ASI pada manusia sehingga fenomena yang sama diduga juga akan terjadi pada ternak ruminansia. ...
Milk productivity is highly dependent on inputs used in the dairy farm. The limited source of forage or native grasses with low nutritional quality reduce production and reproduction of dairy cows. Improvement of feed quality can be conducted by various ways, including fortification and supplementation with specific substances that have the potency to increase milk production. This paper describes the potency of local plants, nutritional and bioactive substances that can be utilized to improve production and quality of milk. Some of these plants are cassava ( Manihot sp), torbangun ( Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng) and katuk ( Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr) leaves which are potential as feed supplement for cows, goats, and buffalo. The high protein bypass and galactogogue compounds content in these plants are factors increasing production and quality of milk.
... It is usually used as vegetables or made into soup and served for mothers right after delivery for 30-40 days. This tradition of consuming torbangun leaves is still practised by Bataknese lactating mothers with the aim to increase breast milk production or as lactogogue [9,10,11,12]. ...
... Torbangun leaves functioned as lactogogue has been demonstrated by numerous studies on human [11,12,13], other than it can easily grow with relatively short time to harvest [14]. However, there has not been any food product formulized based on torbangun flour for breastfeeding mother. ...
Breastfeeding mother requires more nutrients than non-breastfeeding mother. The aim of the study was to develop a torbangun-based supplementary food product in a form of a ready-to-eat food for breastfeeding mother with baby up to six months old and to to analyze characteristics of organoleptic properties, nutritional content, physical and microbiological properties. This study was a single factor experiment with completely
... Examples of herbal galactagogues include fenugreek, blessed thistle, milk thistle, fennel, anise, nettle, and others; however, there are very few modern data on their safety and efficacy. 5,6 Under the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, herbal medicines are held to different regulatory standards than prescription medications. At present, there are concerns about the quality and safety of herbal products during pregnancy and lactation. ...
... After duplicate articles were removed, 942 abstracts were reviewed by two independent reviewers (K.B. and P.G.) for eligibility criteria. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) studies without abstracts, (2) dissertations, (3) vitamins/ minerals/non-plant-based products, (4) review articles, (5) animal studies, and (6) in vitro studies. Only 62 clinical studies met the eligibility criteria. ...
Objectives:
Despite popular and historical use, there has been little modern research conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of herb use during breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the clinical literature on herbal medicine and lactation.
Methods:
The databases PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, HealthSTAR, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Reprotox were systematically searched for human trials from 1970 until 2010. Reference lists from relevant articles were hand-searched.
Results:
Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Clinical studies were divided into three categories: survey studies (n=11), safety studies (n=8), and efficacy studies (n=13). Six studies were randomized controlled trials. The most common herbs studied were St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) (n=3), garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract (n=2), and senna (Cassia senna L.) (n=2). Studies were very heterogeneous with regard to study design, herbal intervention, and outcome measures. Overall, poor methodological quality predominated among the studies.
Conclusions:
Our review concludes that further research is needed to assess the prevalence, efficacy, and safety of commonly used herbs during breastfeeding.
... Spreng) is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in China, India, and Brazil to cure various illnesses (Brandao et al., 2013;Chiu et al., 2012;Gurgel et al., 2009;Kaliappan and Viswanathan, 2008). In Indonesia, the plant has been consumed for breast milk stimulant by Bataknese women for hundreds of years (Damanik, 2009). Bioactive compounds from the plant are reported to have anti-tumor activity against Sarcoma-180 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (Brandao et al., 2013;Gurgel et al., 2009), human hepatocellular carcinoma HEPG2 and breast cancer MCF-7 cell (El-hawary et al., 2012;Hasibuan, 2013;Thirugnanasampandan et al., 2015). ...
Torbangun (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng) is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in tropical countries to cure various illnesses. The objective of this study was to identify the active compounds in the chloroform fraction which have effect on the apoptosis-related genes expression of breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Apoptosis was observed morphologically using Hoechst nuclear staining. Expression of the genes was analyzed using Real-Time PCR. Chemical compounds of the plant fractions were determined using LC-MS. Result of cell morphology observation clearly indicated apoptosis after the treatment of the plant fraction. Increased expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 could not prevent the cells from apoptosis. Expressions of p53 and p21 genes were increased significantly. The expressions of caspase 9, caspase 7 and caspase 1 were increased at concentration-dependent manner. Most of the compounds in the chloroform fraction are identified as diterpenoids which may contribute to the apoptosis inducing activity of the fraction.
... In Indonesia, Bataknese women routinely consume torbangun leaves for a month after delivery, and in the Philippines and in parts of Africa and India, dishes featuring malunggay (moringa) are given to new mothers both as a prevention of and treatment for low milk production. 15,16 On the other hand, mothers in Europe are more likely to use galactagogue decoctions and tea brew infusions only when they are faced with low milk production. 17 The practice of consuming galactagogues is also common among breastfeeding mothers in Malaysia. ...
Purpose: Galactagogues are substances that increase breast-milk production. They can be medication, herbs or food. Use of
galactagogues may be different among the major ethnic groups in Malaysia. The primary objective of this cross-sectional study is
to determine the prevalence of galactagogues use among breastfeeding mothers in a multi-ethnic community.
Patients and Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed between November 2016 and January 2017 to mothers
attending the health clinics and private hospital paediatric clinics in Penang, Malaysia, whose infants were below 6 months of age. The
questionnaire enquired about use of galactagogues, types of galactagogue used, perceived effectiveness and sources of information. It
also asked mothers about what they would do to increase milk supply.
Results: We analyzed 322 out of 530 questionnaires distributed where 76% of mothers reported use of galactagogues; most of which
were food-based: dates (66%), oats (58%) and soya bean (56%). Each major ethnic group had a different preference for galactagogues:
Malays (dates), Chinese (soya bean) and Indians (oats). Only one mother used pharmacological galactagogues alone. Galactagogues
were perceived to be effective by 65% of mothers who used them. Multivariate analysis showed that use of galactagogues was not
related to ethnicity, education, work, perception of milk supply or use of formula milk. The most common source of information on
galactagogues came from family and friends.
Conclusion: Use of galactagogues is common in our population, especially food-based ones, and the choice of galactagogues differs
by ethnicity. Future studies on efficacy and safety galactagogues should be focused these commonly used ones. There is also a need for
qualitative studies to improve our understanding of why they are widely used in this region.
... The lower lightness and greater redness of color in the present study were influenced by the CAL mineral content, which was not determined in this study. Damanik et al. [42] reported that the CAL contains high concentration of iron (Fe). Garg et al. [43] stated that the inclusion of tannin in the animal diets do not hamper the utilization of iron for the hemoglobin synthesis. ...
Background
Methane production and fatty acids (FA) biohydrogenation in the rumen are two main constraints in ruminant production causing environmental burden and reducing food product quality. Rumen functions can be modulated by the biologically active compounds (BACs) of plant origins as shown in several studies e.g. reduction in methane emission, modulation of FA composition with positive impact on the ruminant products. Coleus amboinicus Lour. (CAL) contains high concentration of polyphenols that may potentially reduce methane production and modulate ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of BAC of Coleus amboinicus Lour. (CAL) fed to growing lambs on ruminal methane production, biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA and meat characteristics. In this study, the in vitro experiment aiming at determining the most effective CAL dose for in vivo experiments was followed by two in vivo experiments in rumen-cannulated rams and growing lambs. Experiment 1 (RUSITEC) comprised of control and three experimental diets differing in CAL content (10%, 15%, and 20% of the total diet). The two in vivo experiments were conducted on six growing, rumen-cannulated lambs (Exp. 2) and 16 growing lambs (Exp. 3). Animals were assigned into the control (CON) and experimental (20% of CAL) groups. Several parameters were examined in vitro (pH, ammonia and VFA concentrations, protozoa, methanogens and select bacteria populations) and in vivo (methane production, digestibility, ruminal microorganism populations, meat quality, fatty acids profiles in rumen fluid and meat, transcript expression of 5 genes in meat).
Results
CAL lowered in vitro methane production by 51%. In the in vivo Exp. 3, CAL decreased methane production by 20% compared with the CON group, which corresponded to reduction of total methanogen counts by up to 28% in all experiments, notably Methanobacteriales. In Exp. 3, CAL increased or tended to increase populations of some rumen bacteria ( Ruminococcus albus, Megasphaera elsdenii, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus , and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens ). Dietary CAL suppressed the Holotricha population, but increased or tended to increase Entodiniomorpha population in vivo . An increase in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportion in the rumen of lambs was noted in response to the CAL diet, which was mainly attributable to the increase in C18:3 cis -9 cis -12 cis -15 (LNA) proportion. CAL reduced the mRNA expression of four out of five genes investigated in meat (fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid desaturase 1).
Conclusions
Summarizing, polyphenols of CAL origin (20% in diet) mitigated ruminal methane production by inhibiting the methanogen communities. CAL supplementation also improved ruminal environment by modulating ruminal bacteria involved in fermentation and biohydrogenation of FA. Besides, CAL elevated the LNA concentration, which improved meat quality through increased deposition of n-3 PUFA.
... As the product undergo laboratory testing, clinical trial or BPOM, it becomes a standardized herbal or phytopharmaceutical commodity (Alexiades, 1996;Hakim, 2015:1). In Simalungun, Torbangun (Coleus amboinicus Lour) containing lactogen that plays a significant role in increasing milk production during parturition or breastfeeding, has been registered as a phytopharmaceutical product at Indonesia's Ministry of Health (Damanik, 2008;Iwansyah, Damanik, Kustyah & Hanafi, 2017). ...
Plant species have been applied in the traditional treatment of certain diseases since ancient history. The purpose of this study is to explore the efficacy of medicinal plants, specifically tinuktuk, in Simalungunese, North Sumatra, Indonesia. This effort shows the potentials of local knowledge in preparing herbal mixtures, based on geographical existence. The sample concoction was analyzed qualitatively for its health properties, using a pragmatic approach. Subsequent data were obtained from focus group discussions and field demonstrations to determine the plant types, processing mechanisms and efficacy. The results showed that the leaves, stems, fruits, seeds, tubers, and rhizomes of 18 herbal plant varieties were utilized, alongside the evaluation of 8 medicinal properties. Among the species, Zingiberaceae, Arecaceae, and Euphorbiaceae belonged to genera, while Areacaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, and Zingiberaceae families were predominantly applied. Therefore, the efficacy determination of tinuktuk concoction appears significant in terms of facilitating lactation during childbirth and subsequently eliminating the unclean blood, enhancing immunity, maintaining stamina and increasing the appetite. In summary, the sample is suitable as a herbal medicine and a product of local knowledge in the treating various ailments across generations.
... In order to support supply, either to initiate, maintain or boost lactation, women often turn to breastfeeding support and the use of galactagogues which can be certain foods, herbs or medications. Often used as part of traditional practices relied on in many cultures for centuries [6,7], contemporary galactagogues include dietary and herbal substances including fenugreek, fennel, blessed thistle, goats' rue, oats and brewer's yeast, consumed as a tea/tisane, food source or incapsulated as supplements. Although increasing in mainstream use [8] there is currently insufficient evidence supporting the efficacy of galactagogues [4]. ...
Background
Domperidone is the most frequently prescribed medicine used to increase breast milk supply. There is considerable controversy surrounding the use of domperidone in lactation, due to limited evidence about efficacy and concerns about rare but life-threatening side-effects. Despite this, in many high-income settings such as Australia, use of domperidone among breastfeeding mothers appears to be increasing. The aim of this paper was to explore women’s experiences of using domperidone during breastfeeding.
Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2019 with 15 women in Australia who reported using domperidone as a galactagogue during breastfeeding. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically.
Results
Women reported a wide variety of practices concerning the timing of initiation of domperidone use, including prophylactic use, as well as the dose and duration of use. Prolonged periods of use and unsupervised dosing were commonly reported, these practices were sometimes associated with a fear of the consequences of stopping, insufficient provision of information about the drug or feeling dismissed by health professionals. Some women indicated that when doctors refused to prescribe domperidone they responded by doctor shopping and seeking anecdotal information about benefits and risks online, leading to unsupervised practices. Women often reported high expectations surrounding the effectiveness of domperidone, and most used the medication in conjunction with food/herbal galactagogues and non-galactagogue support. Positive outcomes following domperidone use included having greater confidence in breastfeeding and pride at achieving breastfeeding goals.
Conclusions
This study identified a variety of practices concerning domperidone use, including potentially unsafe practices, linked in some cases to inconsistent advice from health professionals and a reliance on online, anecdotal information sources. These findings emphasise the urgent need for development of clinical practice guidelines and a greater focus on translating existing evidence concerning domperidone into clinical practice, including clinical support that is tailored to women’s needs.
... This leaf also contains high levels of potassium, which functions as a calming agent, a blood cleaner, and a pain reliever. Damanik (2009) reported that CAL leaf could enhance breast milk yields of mothers in North Sumatra while Adriani et al. (2019) added that CAL could improve the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM). This outcome might be due to the effect of the active compound carvacrol, which can reduce the rate of amino acid deamination and protein degradation. ...
Coleus amboinicus L. leaf (CAL) could reduce the rate of amino acid deamination and protein degradation within the rumen. This phenomenon would hopefully increase the amount of protein that passes through the rumen to the abomasum. Therefore, it might improve the digestibility of the ration and then influence the milk yield and quality. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of extracted CAL within the ration on the ration digestibility, milk yield, and milk quality of Ettawa crossbred (EC) goats. This study used sixteen EC with an average weight of 32.25 ± 3.31 kg and aged 1.5–2.5 years. Experimental goats were fed diets with different CAL extracts: P0, 0% (control); P1, 2% powdered CAL; P2, 2% ethanol-extracted CAL; and P3, 2% water-extracted CAL. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replication blocks. All variables were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and significances were followed by Duncan’s test. P3 treatment significantly (p
... Coleus amboinicus L. merupakan salah satu tanaman herbal yang mengandung senyawa lactogogum yakni komponen yang bisa menstimulir sintesis susu pada kelenjar ambing dan membantu masuknya nutrisi darah ke dalam sel ambing (Damanik et al., 2006;Damanik, 2009). Coleus amboinicus L. tinggi kandungan kalium yang dapat berfungsi sebagai penimbul rasa nyaman, penghilang nyeri dan pembersih darah. ...
ABSTRAK. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Coleus amboinicus L. (daun bangun-bangun) dan Sauropus androgynus L. Merr (daun katuk) terhadap produksi susu kambing Peranakan Etawah. Enam belas ekor kambing Peranakan Etawah laktasi digunakan pada penelitian ini dengan rancangan acak kelompok 4 x 4. Perlakuan P0 = 30% konsentrat +70% hijauan, P1= P0+6 g/kg BK Coleus amboinicus L., P2 = P0+6 g/kg BK Sauropus androgynus L. Merr, dan P3 =3 g/kg BK Coleus amboinicus L. +3 g/kg BK Sauropus androgynus L. Merr. Peubah yang diamati adalah konsumsi ransum (bahan kering, protein kasar, lemak kasar, serat kasar, Ca dan P), produksi susu dan kualitas susu (bahan kering, bahan kering tanpa lemak, lemak, protein, casein dan berat jenis). Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA, jika berbeda nyata antar perlakuan dilakukan uji lanjut berganda Duncan. Perlakuan pemberian Coleus amboinicus L. dan Sauropus androgynus L. Merr tidak memengaruhi konsumsi bahan kering (BK) pakan, protein kasar (PK), lemak kasar (LK), serat kasar (SK), Ca dan P (P0,05). Perlakuan Coleus amboinicus L. dan Sauropus androgynus L. Merr dapat meningkatkan produksi susu (P0,05), namun tidak memengaruhi kualitas susu (bahan kering, bahan kering tanpa lemak, lemak, protein dan casein) (P0.05) dan sangat nyata memengaruhi berat jenis (BJ) susu kambing Peranakan Etawah (P0,01). Disimpulkan bahwa pemberian Coleus amboinicus L. dan Sauropus androgynus L. Merr dapat meningkatkan produksi susu, tetapi tidak memengaruhi konsumsi ransum dan kualitas susu.
(Increased production of Etawah cross-breed goat milk by giving Coleus amboinicus Lour and Sauropus androgynus L. Merr)
ABSTRACT. This study intended to determine the effect of Coleus amboinicus L. and Sauropus androgynus L. Mers on Etawah crossbreed goat milk production. Sixteen lactating Etawah crossbred goats were used in the 4 x 4 randomized block experiment consisted of four treatments, P0 = 30% concentrate + 70% forage, P1 = P0 + 6 g/kg Coleus amboinicus L., P2 = P0 + 6 g/kg Sauropus androgynus L. Merr and P3 = 3 g/kg Coleus amboinicus L. + 3 g/kg Sauropus androgynus L. Merr on dry matter basis. The variables measured were consumption (dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, Ca and P), milk production and milk quality (dry matter, milk solid non fat, protein, specific gravity). Data were analyzed by ANOVA, if there were differences between treatments, Duncan's multiple-test was carried out. The result showed that, the addition of Coleus amboinicus L. and Sauropus androgynus L. Merr in ration did not affect dry matter consumption, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, Ca and P (P0.05). Coleus amboinicus L and Sauropus androgynus L. Merr significantly increased milk production (P0.05), and highly affected specific gravity of Etawah crossbreed goat milk (P 0.01), but did not affect milk quality (dry matter, dry ingredients non fat, protein fat and casein) (P0.05). It could be concluded that the addition of Coleus amboinicus L. and Sauropus androgynus L. Merr increased milk production, but did not affect consumption and milk quality.
... Coleus amboinicus is a member of the family of Lamiaceae, known to contain many clinically useful bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids and saponins (Damanik et al. 2017;Aisyah et al. 2020). This medicinal plant in Indonesia is called torbangun and has been traditionally used by Bataknese as a stimulant for breast milk (a lactagogue) (Damanik 2009). C. amboinicus leaves were described to have pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antitumorigenic, antiepileptic, urolithiasis, radioprotective, and neuropharmacological activities (Bhatt et al. 2013). ...
Eltivitasari A, Rahmawati, Gemantari BM, Romadhonsyah F, Nurrochmad A, Wahyuono S, Astuti P. 2021. Effect of light exposure on secondary metabolites production of an endophytic fungus Arthrinium rasikravindrae and its antioxidant and anticancer activities. Biodiversitas 22: 3156-3163. Endophytic microorganisms are one of the promising sources in producing bioactive compounds, to be developed for new drug candidates. They are found to have the ability to generate the same compounds as their host plant. Metabolite producing capacity of the endophytes is known to be affected by light exposure during fermentation process. This study focused on an endophytic fungus Arthrinium rasikravindrae isolated from Coleus amboinicus stem to reveal out its metabolite profiles due to light exposure as well as its bioactivity consequences. A. rasikravindrae was cultured on potato dextrose broth medium for 14 days and fermented in dark and exposed to natural light. Metabolite profiling was performed using TLC and GC-MS analysis. The activities were observed using DPPH assay for antioxidant and MTT assay for cytotoxicity potential. The results showed that A. rasikravindrae ethyl acetate extract produced during dark and exposed to light fermentation conditions contained different compounds but there was some which showed similarity with their host plant. Methyl octadec-9-enoate was found in all fermentation conditions as well as in C. amboinicus stem extract. Besides methyl octadec-9-enoate, methyl palmitate was also found present in both A. rasikravindrae extract fermented exposed to light and its host plant. The antioxidant activity of extract generated from dark fermentation condition was better as compared to that exposed to light with IC50 value of 66.36±0.53 vs 556.92±34.37 µg/mL. However, cytotoxic activity screening against several cancer cell lines exhibited opposing results in which extract from light-exposed fermentation resulted in better cytotoxic activity (IC50 value of 291.40 ± 2.34 µg/mL on WiDr, 336.80 ± 5.05 µg/mL on T47D, and 404.73 ± 3.46 µg/mL on Hela cell lines). Extract obtained from dark fermentation condition showed IC50 value of more than 500 µg/mL in all tested cancer cell lines. Preliminary examination on cytotoxic activity against WiDR cells suggested that the extract from light-exposed fermentation might induce cell death through mechanisms involving cell cycle arrest.
... Galactagogues are foods, herbal supplements or medications believed to assist initiation, maintenance, or augmentation of breast milk supply [15]. For centuries, women have used herbal or food preparations such as fenugreek, fennel, oats and brewer's yeast and other local botanicals, in this way [16][17][18]. ...
Galactagogues are foods, herbs or medications thought to support or increase breast milk supply. The use of galactagogues during lactation is becoming increasingly common despite limited evidence regarding effectiveness and safety, and no definitive recommendations for use in clinical practice. The aim of this study is to explore factors influencing women’s decisions to use galactagogues during lactation. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted in October and November 2019 (over the telephone or in person) with participants located in most Australian states and territories, including metro and regional areas. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed using NVivo. Analysis revealed that following a concern about breast milk supply, the decision to use galactagogues was influenced by three core and interrelated domains: access to and quality of breastfeeding support, maternal agency and determination to provide breast milk. Women revealed many problematic experiences with health care professionals that left them feeling dismissed and confused due to provision of inconsistent and insufficient information that was sometimes at odds with their desire to provide breast milk. In this instance, some women turned to galactagogues to regain agency. A range of broader dimensions influencing decision-making also emerged. These were separated into categories that emphasise distinctions relating to breast milk supply, which included: maternal emotional wellbeing, social norms and pressures, concerns about infant development, maternal physical health and lactation history, as well as those relating specifically to galactagogue use, including: desire for a guaranteed/urgent response, risk-risk trade-off, acceptance and trust, and accessibility and cost. In understanding the complexity of decision-making concerning these substances, we identify opportunities to improve breastfeeding counselling and support. We recommend that support be individually tailored to manage conflicting information, adopt communication styles that encourage trust and processes that enable shared decision-making to enhance or restore maternal agency. There is also considerable need to address evidence gaps regarding the effectiveness and safety of commonly used galactagogues, so that women can be appropriately counselled about potential benefits and harms.
... The plant is used for its essential oils. It is considered nourishing for lactating mothers which enhances breast milk production and also acts as a uterine cleansing agent (Rizal Damanik, 2009). It is traditionally given in the form of soup for lactating mothers. ...
The chapter describes about the medicinal plant Coleus amboinicus, its components; antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities; insecticidal and medicinal properties and other applications.
... Coleus amboinicus (Lour) with a synonym name Plectranthus amboinicus is a plant belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Bataknese people in Indonesia call this plant torbangun and use it traditionally as a breast milk stimulant (a lactagogue) (Damanik 2009). In Caribbean cuisine, the leaves are well-known as a flavoring agent in meat and bean dishes (NParks Flora & Fauna Web 2013). ...
Coleus amboinicus (Lour) (torbangun) telah digunakan secara tradisional sebagai stimulan ASI, flavor dalam sejumlah masakan, serta dilaporkan memiliki nilai farmakologi yang cukup tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi teknik ekstraksi cairan bertekanan atau Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) dalam mengidentifikasi kandungan fitokimia dalam torbangun. Kadar fenolik total dan flavonoid dalam torbangun ditentukan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri. Analisis GC-MS digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa kimia dalam torbangun yang berasal dari hasil ekstraksi teknik PLE secara bertahap menggunakan pelarut dan campuran pelarut dari pelarut nonpolar, semipolar, dan terakhir pelarut polar. Kadar fenolik total dan flavonoid yang diperoleh dari ekstrak torbangun dalam metanol secara berturut-turut adalah 42,17±2,96 mg GAE/g dan 11,20±0,58 mg QE/g. Kandungan senyawa kimia yang teridentifikasi dalam torbangun adalah gula, hidrokarbon, keton, terpena, fenolat, asam lemak, alkohol lemak, steroid, alkaloid, dan lain-lain, dengan kandungan utama berupa senyawa fenolik, alkana, dan gula. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa PLE dapat mengekstraksi torbangun dengan lebih efektif dan cepat. Sejumlah senyawa penting berhasil terekstraksi menggunakan komposisi pelarut secara bertahap dan mampu mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif tertentu dalam berbagai tingkat polaritas pelarut. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan pada penelitian pangan fungsional, farmasi, dan metabolomik.
... e leaves are used to add flavor to meat and bean dishes, especially in Carribean cuisine [6]. In Indonesia, this plant is called torbangun and has been used traditionally for hundreds of years by Bataknese people as a breast milk stimulant (a lactagogue) [7]. e pharmacological activities of Coleus amboinicus (Lour) have been widely studied. ...
Coleus amboinicus(Lour) (CA) has been reported to possess many pharmacological activities. In this study, evaluation of cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality bioassay and MTT assay using WiDr cell lines was carried out. The expression of several genes responsible for programmed cell death of the methanol extract of CA was also investigated. The morphology of the cells undergoing apoptosis was detected using Hoechst staining assay. The gene expression of BAX, BCL2, P53, Caspase 1, 7, 8, and 9 of treated samples with different concentrations (10, 15, 25 & 50 µg/ml) were measured with RT PCR. The phytochemical profiles were investigated using LC MS. The results showed that the lethality concentration (LC50) of methanol extract using brine shrimp was 34.545 µg/ml and the extract exhibited good antiproliferative activity against cancer cells WiDr with IC50 value (8.598 ± 2.68 µg/ml) as compared to standard drug 5-fluorouracil (IC50 value 1.839 ± 0.03 µg/ml). There was apoptotic evidences from the morphology of treated cells. The expressions of BAX,P53, and Caspase 9 were upregulated in lower concentration of the extract (10 and 15 µg/ml) but downregulated in higher concentration (25 and 50 µg/ml). BCL2 as anti-apoptotic gene was downregulated in all concentrations. Caspase 1 and Caspase 7 were upregulated in high concentration (25 and 50 µg/ml), but downregulated in lower concentrations. These data provide a mode of cell death for the methanol extract of CA in low concentrations corresponding to apoptosis with intrinsic pathway. Many valuable compounds identified including caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, malic acid, eicosapentanoic acid, benserazide, alpha-linolenic acid, betaine, Salvanolic B, 4-hydroxibenzoic acid and firulic acid have been previously reported as being active agents against many cancer cells. This study suggested that CA might become an effective ingredient for health-beneficial foods to prevent colon cancer.
... Although the details remain vague, we do know that mothers play a key role in transferring information. Among the Bataknese in Indonesia, women reported that the making and serving of a medicinal soup believed to serve as a lactogogue (breast milk stimulant) was explicitly passed from mother to daughter (Damanik 2009). In Thailand, mothers and mothers-in-law were responsible for passing on information about postpartum healing practices (Kaewsarn et al. 2003). ...
Maternal grandmothers play a key role in allomaternal care, directly caring for and provisioning their grandchildren as well as helping their daughters with household chores and productive labor. Previous studies have investigated these contributions across a broad time period, from infancy through toddlerhood. Here, we extend and refine the grandmothering literature to investigate the perinatal period as a critical window for grandmaternal contributions. We propose that mother-daughter co-residence during this period affords targeted grandmaternal effort during a period of heightened vulnerability and appreciable impact. We conducted two focus groups and 37 semi-structured interviews with Himba women. Interviews focused on experiences from their first and, if applicable, their most recent birth and included information on social support, domains of teaching and learning, and infant feeding practices. Our qualitative findings reveal three domains in which grandmothers contribute: learning to mother, breastfeeding support, and postnatal health and well-being. We show that informational, emotional, and instrumental support provided to new mothers and their neonates during the perinatal period can aid in the establishment of the mother-infant bond, buffer maternal energy balance, and improve nutritional outcomes for infants. These findings demonstrate that the role of grandmother can be crucial, even when alloparenting is common and breastfeeding is frequent and highly visible. Situated within the broader anthropological and clinical literature, these findings substantiate the claim that humans have evolved in an adaptive sociocultural perinatal complex in which grandmothers provide significant contributions to the health and well-being of their reproductive-age daughters and grandchildren.
... One of plants that have been commonly utilized as functional food and have been developed to help control DM is torbangun (Coleus amboinicus Lour.). Torbangun leaf has been consumed by Bataknese breastfeeding women in Indonesia in order to stimulate the milk production (Damanik et al. 2001, Damanik et al. 2006, Damanik 2009). In addition, the torbangun plant has been widely developed for other uses, among others as antibacterial and antifungal, controlling blood pressure and cholesterol, controlling pre-menstrual syndrome, and as DM therapy. ...
... Torbangun leaves initially used for increasing breast milk production (galactagogue), which is a local belief of the people of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Lactating mothers in the Batak ethnic group in North Sumatra have a tradition of consuming Torbangun leaves after giving birth for increasing their breast milk production (Damanik et al., 2001;Damanik R, Wahlqvist ML, and Wattanapenpaiboon N, 2006;Damanik, 2009). Furthermore, the Torbangun plant has been widely used for its antibacterial and antifungal properties (Bhatt and Negi, 2012;Paul et al., 2014;Sabrina et al., 2014) and for controlling blood pressure, cholesterol levels ( Suryowati et al., 2015a;Viswanathaswamy et al., 2011), and DM (Suryowati, 2015). ...
The association of liver and muscle glycogen deposits with serum insulin levels, β-cells pancreas, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic rats receiving Torbangun leaves extract (TE) investigated. The intervention performed on 25 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats divided into four groups. Seven rats separated as a normal group (N), and other rats injected with streptozotocin (STZ). Confirmation of hyperglycemic was characterized by fasting blood glucose >126 mg/dl. Treatment group which is NG (hyperglycemic rats); N (normal rats); H-IM (62.5 mg/kg BW metformin); and H-IT (620 mg/kg BW TE) for 14 days. This study revealed that TE significantly decreased FBG levels, increased insulin production, and the amount of liver glycogen deposits (a=0.01). However, the intervention did not significantly increase the amount of muscle glycogen deposits. TE administration improves β-cells, increases the liver and muscle glycogen deposits. TE was shown to have antihyperglycemic activity by improving the β-cell, increasing blood serum insulin levels, decreasing blood glucose levels, and increasing the liver glycogen deposits.
... Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaves ( CAL ) is recognized as a plant rich in several APM (Damanik, 2009) such as total phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins (Arumugam et al., 2016). It has been confirmed that mode of action of CAL covers cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiparasitic effects (Hullatti et al., 2011;El-hawary et al., 2012;Selvakumar et al., 2012). ...
Active plant metabolites (APM) are recognized as modifiers of ruminal microbial fermentation including methanogenesis and biohydrogenation of fatty acids (FA). Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaves (CAL) are rich in several APM, which could serve as ruminal fermentation modulators. A phytochemical analysis showed that CAL contain phenolic acids (10.4 mg·g⁻¹ dry matter (DM); high in rosmarinic acid), flavonoids (2.6 mg·g⁻¹ DM), diterpenes (2 mg·g⁻¹ DM), and linolenic acid (35.4 g (100 g) ⁻¹ FA). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of CAL on ruminal methanogenesis and biohydrogenation as well as basic fermentation characteristics and microbial populations. The in vitro experiment was carried out using Hohenheim gas test system with 40 ml of buffered ruminal fluid incubated for 24 h at 39 °C in anaerobic conditions. Approximately 400 mg (DM basis) of total mixed ration (TMR) was used as a control substrate and the CAL substrate was used at doses of 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg DM replacing equal amounts of TMR. Addition of CAL decreased methane production up to 30% linearly as the amount of CAL increased (P < 0.05). In vitro dry matter digestibility and ammonia tended to increase with increasing doses of CAL. Concentration of total volatile fatty acids was not affected by the CAL although there appeared to be a minor positive linear trend; however, acetate, butyrate and isobutyrate proportion increased quadratically (P < 0.001). CAL tended to linearly increase α-linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid as well as increased stearic acid concentration in buffered ruminal fluid. CAL particularly increased total protozoa and bacterial populations during fermentation, but inhibited methanogens. It is concluded that the CAL leaves may be promishing to be used as a feed additive to decrease methanogenesis well as biohydrogenation of FA in the rumen.
... Mengkonsumsi Coleus amboinicus Lour. atau torbangun terbukti mampu meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas air susu ibu (ASI), membersihkan daerah rahim serta meningkatkan status gizi bayi (Damanik, 2009;Warsiki et al., 2009). Disamping itu, torbangun juga mengandung senyawa flavonoid (Soni dan Singhai, 2012;Khattak et al., 2013), sebagai antioksidan (Surya et al., 2013). ...
p> Variant of Coleus sp. in Indonesia is very low. Induced mutation by Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS) is able to increase variant of Coleus sp.. EMS is a mutagen that is effective and efficient in causing mutations. In mutation breeding, the high variant usually occurs around LC50 (Lethal Concentration). The objective of this study were (1) to obtain the LC50 value and sensivity of coleus plants, and (2) to evaluate the response of plant growth and to obtain new variance of coleus used soak and drops by EMS application. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications in each coleus. The materials used two Coleus sp. shoot cuttings i.e., C. amboinicus Lour. and C. blumei the purple/green color and the red. The concentration of EMS consisted of 0.00, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25% with application soak method (100 minutes) and drops (3 drops pipette). The results showed that the LC50 value of C. amboinicus Lour. 5.86% (soak). The LC50 value of C. blumei the purple/green color was 0.69% (soak), 0.82% (drops) and the red color 0.29% (drops), 0.89% (drops). C. blumei (the purple/green and red) was higher sensitivity rather than C. amboinicus Lour. There was an interaction between treatments on C. amboinicus Lour. whereas C. blumei (purple/green and red) had no interaction among treatments. C. amboinicus Lour. produced one putative mutant and C. blumei purple/green produced four putative mutants based on the morphology.
Keywords: Coleus amboinicus Lour., Coleus blumei, LC50, putative mutan </p
... Daun torbangun (Coleus amboinicus L.), famili Lamiaceae, secara empiris telah diketahui bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan produksi air susu ibu (ASI) (Santosa 2001;Damanik et al. 2001). Beberapa penelitian telah membuktikan kebenaran khasiat sebagai pelancar ASI dan kemungkinan efek sampingnya (Santosa 2001;Damanik 2009;Preeja et al. 2011;Doloksaribu et al. 2015a). Pemanfaatan daun torbangun ini masih dalam bentuk daun segar (Damanik et al. 2006), serbuk kering (Doloksaribu et al. 2015b), dan ekstrak etanol sebagai sediaan bahan baku obat (Silitonga & Situmorang 2013). ...
... Daun torbangun (Coleus amboinicus L.), famili Lamiaceae, secara empiris telah diketahui bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan produksi air susu ibu (ASI) (Santosa 2001;Damanik et al. 2001). Beberapa penelitian telah membuktikan kebenaran khasiat sebagai pelancar ASI dan kemungkinan efek sampingnya (Santosa 2001;Damanik 2009;Preeja et al. 2011;Doloksaribu et al. 2015a). Pemanfaatan daun torbangun ini masih dalam bentuk daun segar (Damanik et al. 2006), serbuk kering (Doloksaribu et al. 2015b), dan ekstrak etanol sebagai sediaan bahan baku obat (Silitonga & Situmorang 2013). ...
... Mothers in Hong Kong eat more eggs, chicken, ginger, fish, and papaya soup to improve their milk supply (Tarrant, Dodgson, & Choi, 2003). For the same reason, Indonesian mothers eat torbangun soup (Damanik, 2009), Filipina mothers eat moringa soup (Estrella, Mantaring, David, & Taup, 2000), and Indian mothers eat turmeric soup, papaya, and shatavari root (Sayed, Deo, & Mukundan, 2007). In Thailand, banana-flower soup and spicy mixed-vegetable soup (keng-liang) are consumed because such foods are believed to induce milk production. ...
Background:
Thai traditional galactagogue consumption is still observed today. However, there are few scientific studies that describe this practice. Research aim: The aim of this study was to describe the connection between traditional galactagogue consumption and human milk volume.
Methods:
Self-reported maternal surveys ( N = 36) were conducted of mothers and their infants who breastfeed exclusively. The mothers were interviewed about traditional galactagogue consumption and intake of protein-rich foods using a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. They were also assessed for energy and nutrient intake using the 24-hr dietary recall method. Their infants were between 1 and 3 months of age and were test weighed for 24 hr to measure their mother's own milk volume. Partial correlation was used to test the relationship between galactagogue consumption and milk volume by controlling the infants' birth weight, weight-for-age, maternal energy, and carbohydrate intake.
Results:
The results revealed that consumption of some traditional galactagogues was significantly correlated to human milk volume, including banana flower, lemon basil, Thai basil, bottle gourd, and pumpkin ( p < .05). Furthermore, there were significant correlations between consumption of some kinds of protein and milk volume, including egg tofu, chicken, fish, and seafood ( p < .05). Maternal energy and carbohydrate intake were related to milk volume ( p < .05), but protein intake was not.
Conclusion:
Certain kinds of traditional galactagogues and proteins are associated with human milk volume. However, studies related to the active ingredients in these galactagogues are required to secure a recommendation about use of traditional galactagogues among breastfeeding mothers.
... Spreng) is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in China, India, and Brazil to cure various illnesses (Brandao et al., 2013;Chiu et al., 2012;Gurgel et al., 2009;Kaliappan and Viswanathan, 2008). In Indonesia, the plant has been consumed for breast milk stimulant by Bataknese women for hundreds of years (Damanik, 2009). Bioactive compounds from the plant are reported to have anti-tumor activity against Sarcoma-180 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (Brandao et al., 2013;Gurgel et al., 2009), human hepatocellular carcinoma HEPG2 and breast cancer MCF-7 cell (El-hawary et al., 2012;Hasibuan, 2013;Thirugnanasampandan et al., 2015). ...
Torbangun (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng) is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in tropical countries to cure various illnesses. The objective of this study was to identify the active compounds in the chloroform fraction which have effect on the apoptosis-related genes expression of breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Apoptosis was observed morphologically using Hoechst nuclear staining. Expression of the genes was analyzed using Real-Time PCR. Chemical compounds of the plant fractions were determined using LC-MS. Result of cell morphology observation clearly indicated apoptosis after the treatment of the plant fraction. Increased expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 could not prevent the cells from apoptosis. Expressions of p53 and p21 genes were increased significantly. The expressions of caspase 9, caspase 7 and caspase 1 were increased at concentration-dependent manner. Most of the compounds in the chloroform fraction are identified as diterpenoids which may contribute to the apoptosis inducing activity of the fraction. ABSTRAK Tanaman Torbangun (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng) telah dimanfaatkan secara tradisional pada berbagai negara di daerah tropis untuk menyembuhkan berbagai penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi komponen aktif pada fraksi kloroform dari ekstrak tanaman torbangun tersebut yang memiliki efek terhadap ekspresi gen-gen yang berkaitan dengan apoptosis pada sel kanker payudara MCF-7. Apoptosis diamati secara morfologis menggunakan metode pewarnaan inti sel Hoechst. Ekspresi gen dianalisa menggunakan Real-Time PCR sedangkan komponen bioaktif diidentifikasi menggunakan LC-MS. Hasil pengamatan morfologi secara jelas memperlihatkan terjadinya apoptosis pada sel setelah diberi perlakuan ekstrak tanaman. Terjadi peningkatan ekspresi gen anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 namun peningkatan tersebut tidak mampu mencegah terjadinya apoptosis pada sel. Ekspresi gen p53 dan p21 meningkat secara signifikan setelah diberi perlakuan fraksi kloroform. Ekspresi gen caspase 9, caspase 7 dan caspase 1 meningkat dengan level peningkatan yang dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi yang diberikan. Sebagian besar komponen yang teridentifikasi tergolong dalam kelompok diterpenoid yang kemungkinan berkontribusi terhadap bioaktifitas fraksi kloroform dalam menginduksi apoptosis pada sel kanker MCF-7.
... Work among Bataknese women in Simalungun, North Sumatra, confirmed the belief and practice of consuming a vegetable soup with torbangun leaves as one which increases breast milk production, without loss of quality, through delayed decline in prolactin status. 29,30 In the light of these major differences in nutritional status and health indices by province, it is clear that more detailed ecological, food intake, and disease specific information is required for problem definition, policy formulation, and action. Of particular note is the current awareness of the link between iron supplementation and fatal malaria parasitemia in endemic areas. ...
Indonesia, as a major population in the Asia Pacific region, threatened with food and health insecurity through climate change and rapid economic development, faces the challenge to build capacity among its science-based food and health professionals and institutions. The nutrition research agenda is now being more actively set with-in the region, rather than by external imposition. A series of papers emanating from a new generation of public health and clinical nutrition scientists is reported in this issue of APJCN. It draws attention to the importance of food patterns and background culture as contributors to the failure of the nutrient rather than a food, food system and socio-ecological approach to solve the region's intransigent nutritionally-related health problems. New un-derstandings of human eco-social biology are providing opportunities to accelerate the resolution of these prob-lems. The challenge is to transform the food-health construct from one which is not sufficiently concerned about the precarious state of ecologically dysfunctional health and its nutrient market drivers to one which strives for more sustainable and affordable solutions. The present reports address a range of options to these ends.
... The biological activity in vitro, especially in relation to total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidants contents and antimicrobial activities were evaluated for the extracts of aforementioned plants of coleus species. As reported previously elsewhere that in Bataknese traditional cuisine, Torbangun is used for the induction of lactation soon after giving birth [22][23][24][25]. The use at the time of birth might have clinical importance due to its observed contents of phytochemicals and antioxidants [26]. ...
s: Coleus also known as Torbangun or Ati Ati plants leaves i.e. Coleus amboinicus Lour from Indonesia (CAL-I) and Coleus aromaticus (CAT-M), Pogostemon cablin (PC-M), Coleus blumei–red leaves (CBR-M), Coleus amboinicus– (CALM) Coleus blumei –purple leaves (CBP-M) from Malaysia were collected, freeze dried and extracted with aqueous methanol. The effect of the extract was assessed on microbial and fungal activities in relation to their phytochemicals and antioxidants concentrations. The total phenolic content was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method whilst antioxidant activity was assessed using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities were assessed by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and disc diffusion methods. The result indicates that the extracts are rich sources of phytochemicals and antioxidants from the listed plants. When the effect of the extracts was assessed on microbial and fungal activities it was observed that the effect was more pronounced on the gram-positive bacteria compared to gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, there was strong association between phytochemicals and antioxidants concentration and with the microbial and fungal activities. However, it was not consistent for all types of strains. This study shows that Torbangun plants extracts are rich in phenolic contents therefore; it can be used as free radical scavengers and antimicrobial agent apart from other traditional uses.
... [30][31][32][33] The endophytic fungi obtained from this study are isolated from medicinal plant C. amboinicus which has been traditionally used to treat various diseases. [13][14][15][16] The choice of plant as source of endophytic fungi is determined by rationale that the endophytic | 603 ...
Coleus amboinicus is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various diseases such as throat infection, cough and fever, diarrhea, nasal congestion and digestive problems. The plant was explored for endophytic fungi producing antimicrobial agents.
Screening for endophytic fungi producing antimicrobial agents was conducted using agar plug method and antimicrobial activity of promising ethyl acetate extracts was determined by disc diffusion assay. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) - bioautography was performed to localize the bioactive components within the extract. TLC visualization detection reagents were used to preliminary analyze phytochemical groups of the bioactive compounds.
Three endophytic fungi were obtained, two of them showed promising potential. Agar diffusion method showed that endophytic fungi CAL-2 exhibited antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, S. aureus and S. thypi, whilst CAS-1 inhibited the growth of B. subtilis. TLC bioautography of ethyl acetate extract of CAL-2 revealed at least three bands exhibited antimicrobial activity and at least two bands showed inhibition of B. subtilis growth. Preliminary analysis of the crude extracts suggests that bioactive compounds within CAL-2 extract are terpenoids, phenolics and phenyl propanoid compounds whilst the antimicrobial agents within CAS-1 extract are terpenoids, propylpropanoids, alkaloids or heterocyclic nitrogen compounds.
These data suggest the potential of endophytic fungi of C. amboinicus as source for antimicrobial agents.
... Coleus amboinicus, Coleus aromaticus, Plectranthus aromaticus) belongs to the family Lamiaceae (Labiatae), and it is a perennial with a life span of 3–10 years. C. amboinicus Lour (Torbangun) has been used as a breast milk stimulant (a lactagogue) by Bataknese people in Indonesia for hundreds of years (Damanik 2009). The major chemical compounds are present in C. amboinicus are carvacrol followed by thymol, humulene, undecanal, terpinene, cymene, caryophyllene oxide, terpineol and selinene. ...
Ethanolic extracts of Cynodon dactylon, Aloe vera, Hemidesmus indicus and Coleus amboinicus were tested for their toxicity effect on the third-instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. The leaves of C. dactylon, A. vera, H. indicus and C. amboinicus were collected from natural habitats (forests) in Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 250 g of fresh, mature leaves were rinsed with distilled water and dried in shade. The dried leaves were put in Soxhlet apparatus and extract prepared using 100% ethanol for 72 h at 30-40°C. Dried residues were obtained from 100 g of extract evaporated to dryness in rotary vacuum evaporator. Larvicidal properties of ethanolic leaf extracts showed that the extracts are effective as mosquito control agents. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h exposure. No mortality was observed in the control. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) values observed for the larvicidal activities are 0.44%, 0.51%, 0.59% and 0.68% for extracts of C. dactylon, A. vera, H. indicus and C. amboinicus, respectively. The observed mortality were statistically significant at P < 0.05 level. C. dactylon showed the highest mortality rate against the three species of mosquito larvae in laboratory and field. The selected plants were shown to exhibit water purification properties. Water quality parameters such as turbidity, pH and water clarity were analyzed in the water samples (pre-treatment and post-treatment of plant extracts) taken from the different breeding sites of mosquitoes. Water colour, turbidity and pH were reduced significantly after treatment with C. dactylon (13 HU, 31.5 mg/l and 6.9), H. indicus (13.8 HU, 33 mg/l and 7.1), A. vera (16 HU, 33.8 mg/l and 7.4) and C. amboinicus (21 HU, 35 mg/l and 7.5) extracts. The study proved that the extracts of C. dactylon, A. vera, H. indicus and C. amboinicus have both mosquitocidal and water sedimentation properties.
Insufficient milk production is a major problem for mothers who have just given birth and affects the health condition of postpartum mothers. One of the actions that can be taken to increase milk production and improve the health of postpartum mothers is to consume foods that can increase breast milk production, namely ingredients that contain galactagogue substances. Several types of herbal plants that are often consumed by postpartum mothers after giving birth to increase breast milk in North Sumatra, especially the city of Medan, are making vegetables from the bangun-bangun leaves. Bangun-bangun leaves contain the main ingredients, namely carvakrol, thymol, humulene, undecanal, terpinene, cymene, caryophyllene oxide, terpineol and salinene whose nutritional content and composition helps to stimulate breast milk production.during the Covid 19 pandemic. The intervention was carried out by giving 100 grams of bangun-bangun leaves and consumed 3 times a day starting from the time the mother gave birth until 7 days. Breast milk production was assessed from the time the first breast milk was released and the health condition of the postpartum mother was assessed by measuring vital signs and assessing health conditions while still adhering to health protocols. The study was conducted in Medan Johor, North Sumatra Province and the sample in this study consisted of 60 people consisting of 30 intervention groups and 30 control groups according to the inclusion criteria. Collecting data using a questionnaire consisting of demographic data, data on the first day of breastfeeding, and data on health conditions in postpartum mothers before and after the intervention. Data analysis was carried out using dependent and independent t-tests. The results of the study showed that there was an effect of intervention on consumption of bangun-bangun leaves on breast milk production using an independent t-test with a p value of 0.010 and an intervention for consumption of bangun-bangun leaves with postpartum mother's health condition with a p-value of 0.001. The results of this study are expected to be a solution and intervention in the care of postpartum mothers who have problems in spending milk production and are able to improve health conditions, especially during the Covid 19 pandemic.
Background:
Many women express concern about their ability to produce enough milk, and insufficient milk is frequently cited as the reason for supplementation and early termination of breastfeeding. When addressing this concern, it is important first to consider the influence of maternal and neonatal health, infant suck, proper latch, and feeding frequency on milk production, and that steps be taken to correct or compensate for any contributing issues. Oral galactagogues are substances that stimulate milk production. They may be pharmacological or non-pharmacological (natural). Natural galactagogues are usually botanical or other food agents. The choice between pharmacological or natural galactagogues is often influenced by familiarity and local customs. Evidence for the possible benefits and harms of galactagogues is important for making an informed decision on their use.
Objectives:
To assess the effect of oral galactagogues for increasing milk production in non-hospitalised breastfeeding mother-term infant pairs.
Search methods:
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov, the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), Health Research and Development Network - Phillippines (HERDIN), Natural Products Alert (Napralert), the personal reference collection of author LM, and reference lists of retrieved studies (4 November 2019).
Selection criteria:
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs (including published abstracts) comparing oral galactagogues with placebo, no treatment, or another oral galactagogue in mothers breastfeeding healthy term infants. We also included cluster-randomised trials but excluded cross-over trials.
Data collection and analysis:
We used standard Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth methods for data collection and analysis. Two to four review authors independently selected the studies, assessed the risk of bias, extracted data for analysis and checked accuracy. Where necessary, we contacted the study authors for clarification.
Main results:
Forty-one RCTs involving 3005 mothers and 3006 infants from at least 17 countries met the inclusion criteria. Studies were conducted either in hospitals immediately postpartum or in the community. There was considerable variation in mothers, particularly in parity and whether or not they had lactation insufficiency. Infants' ages at commencement of the studies ranged from newborn to 6 months. The overall certainty of evidence was low to very low because of high risk of biases (mainly due to lack of blinding), substantial clinical and statistical heterogeneity, and imprecision of measurements. Pharmacological galactagogues Nine studies compared a pharmacological galactagogue (domperidone, metoclopramide, sulpiride, thyrotropin-releasing hormone) with placebo or no treatment. The primary outcome of proportion of mothers who continued breastfeeding at 3, 4 and 6 months was not reported. Only one study (metoclopramide) reported on the outcome of infant weight, finding little or no difference (mean difference (MD) 23.0 grams, 95% confidence interval (CI) -47.71 to 93.71; 1 study, 20 participants; low-certainty evidence). Three studies (metoclopramide, domperidone, sulpiride) reported on milk volume, finding pharmacological galactagogues may increase milk volume (MD 63.82 mL, 95% CI 25.91 to 101.72; I² = 34%; 3 studies, 151 participants; low-certainty evidence). Subgroup analysis indicates there may be increased milk volume with each drug, but with varying CIs. There was limited reporting of adverse effects, none of which could be meta-analysed. Where reported, they were limited to minor complaints, such as tiredness, nausea, headache and dry mouth (very low-certainty evidence). No adverse effects were reported for infants. Natural galactagogues Twenty-seven studies compared natural oral galactagogues (banana flower, fennel, fenugreek, ginger, ixbut, levant cotton, moringa, palm dates, pork knuckle, shatavari, silymarin, torbangun leaves or other natural mixtures) with placebo or no treatment. One study (Mother's Milk Tea) reported breastfeeding rates at six months with a concluding statement of "no significant difference" (no data and no measure of significance provided, 60 participants, very low-certainty evidence). Three studies (fennel, fenugreek, moringa, mixed botanical tea) reported infant weight but could not be meta-analysed due to substantial clinical and statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 60%, 275 participants, very low-certainty evidence). Subgroup analysis shows we are very uncertain whether fennel or fenugreek improves infant weight, whereas moringa and mixed botanical tea may increase infant weight compared to placebo. Thirteen studies (Bu Xue Sheng Ru, Chanbao, Cui Ru, banana flower, fenugreek, ginger, moringa, fenugreek, ginger and turmeric mix, ixbut, mixed botanical tea, Sheng Ru He Ji, silymarin, Xian Tong Ru, palm dates; 962 participants) reported on milk volume, but meta-analysis was not possible due to substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 99%). The subgroup analysis for each intervention suggested either benefit or little or no difference (very low-certainty evidence). There was limited reporting of adverse effects, none of which could be meta-analysed. Where reported, they were limited to minor complaints such as mothers with urine that smelled like maple syrup and urticaria in infants (very low-certainty evidence). Galactagogue versus galactagogue Eight studies (Chanbao; Bue Xue Sheng Ru, domperidone, moringa, fenugreek, palm dates, torbangun, moloco, Mu Er Wu You, Kun Yuan Tong Ru) compared one oral galactagogue with another. We were unable to perform meta-analysis because there was only one small study for each match-up, so we do not know if one galactagogue is better than another for any outcome.
Authors' conclusions:
Due to extremely limited, very low certainty evidence, we do not know whether galactagogues have any effect on proportion of mothers who continued breastfeeding at 3, 4 and 6 months. There is low-certainty evidence that pharmacological galactagogues may increase milk volume. There is some evidence from subgroup analyses that natural galactagogues may benefit infant weight and milk volume in mothers with healthy, term infants, but due to substantial heterogeneity of the studies, imprecision of measurements and incomplete reporting, we are very uncertain about the magnitude of the effect. We are also uncertain if one galactagogue performs better than another. With limited data on adverse effects, we are uncertain if there are any concerning adverse effects with any particular galactagogue; those reported were minor complaints. High-quality RCTs on the efficacy and safety of galactagogues are urgently needed. A set of core outcomes to standardise infant weight and milk volume measurement is also needed, as well as a strong basis for the dose and dosage form used.
Coleus aromaticus Benth beautiful succulent garden medicinal herb potted plants and Indian traditional medicine has a lot of potentiality to cure much human disease. The broad spectrum of the plants is therapeutic potential of antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and natural antibiotic was cured. The present study was crystallization (82.3%) of aromatic compounds of Coleus aromaticus Benth for the first time from leaf extracts. The crystallized aromatic compounds were characterized by XRD (X-ray Powder Diffraction) and HPTLC for 35 types of compound were expressed, antibiotic activity was analyzed by peak-1, peak-2 and peak-3 specifically. The highest level was yield in rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid and caffeic acid in the sample. However, the amount of organic compound was predominantly found in rosmarinic acid (90%), chlorogenic acid (31.6%), coumaric acid (35.6%) and caffeic acid (62.1%) for out of 35 different compounds in the crystal. The result shows therapeutic potential of Coleus aromaticus which can be used as potential of nanomedicine as high nutritive value of human health and big source of bioactive compounds for immunomodulator.
This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To assess the effect of oral galactagogues for increasing milk production in non-hospitalised breastfeeding mother and term-infant pairs.
The use of herbal remedies is a tradition held in many cultures throughout the world, and women may use herbal remedies during lactation. Because of the limitations of the current literature, it is difficult to develop accurate information on the safety and efficacy of specific herbs used during breastfeeding. It is critical that more research is conducted in this area, including national prevalence studies and safety and efficacy studies.
In this paper we study the properties of Drinfeld's twisting for finite-dimensional Hopf algebras. We determine how the integral of the dual to a unimodular Hopf algebra H changes under twisting of H. We show that the classes of cosemisimple unimodular, cosemisimple involutive, cosemisimple quasitriangular finite-dimensional Hopf algebras are stable under twisting. We also prove the cosemisimplicity of a coalgebra obtained by twisting of a cosemisimple unimodular Hopf algebra by two different twists on two sides (such twists are closely related to bi-Galois extensions), and describe the representation theory of its dual. Next, we define the notion of a non-degenerate twist for a Hopf algebra H, and set up a bijection between such twists for H and H∗. This bijection is based on Miyashita–Ulbrich actions of Hopf algebras on simple algebras. It generalizes to the non-commutative case the procedure of inverting a non-degenerate skew-symmetric bilinear form on a vector space. Finally, we apply these results to classification of twists in group algebras and of cosemisimple triangular finite-dimensional Hopf algebras in positive characteristic, generalizing the previously known classification in characteristic zero.
The importance of edible wild plants may be traced to antiquity but systematic studies are recent. Anthropologists, botanists, ecologists, food scientists, geographers, nutritionists, physicians and sociologists have investigated cultural aspects and nutrient composition of edible species. Important contributions to the diet from edible wild plants are well documented and numerous studies reveal roles played by 'lesser-known' species when meeting macro- and micronutrient needs of groups at risk, whether infants and children, pregnant and/or lactating women, or the elderly. The literature is vast and scattered but information on the macro- and micronutrient content of wild plants and their importance to the human diet appear in five kinds of publications: cultural works by social scientists, descriptions and inventories by botanists, dietary assessment studies by nutritionists, intervention programmes managed by epidemiologists and physicians, and composition data generally conducted by food scientists and chemists. Many macro- and micronutrient-dense wild species deserve greater attention but lack of adequate nutrient databases, whether by region or nation, limit educational efforts to improve diets in many Third World areas. Limited and uneven compositional data generally reflect factors of cost and personal interest in key nutrients. Whilst edible wild plants are regularly deprecated by policy makers and considered to be the 'weeds of agriculture', it would be tragic if this led to loss of ability to identify and consume these important available species.
The physiology of human lactation is described with secretions on mammary gland anatomy and development, the mechanisms of milk secretion and ejection, and the temporal sequence of events during the transition from pregnancy to lactation (lactogenesis). Finally, interactions between lactation and maternal metabolism are briefly described and the interaction of lactation with fertility discussed.
This paper explores the extent of knowledge of traditional food classifications and associated dietary prescriptions in contemporary Malaysia, drawing on fieldwork undertaken by the author in 1978–79, which included structured interviews with 278 women in five states.Humoral medical theory reached Malaysia through Unanic, Ayurvedic and Chinese medical traditions. Today, prime evidence of this theory remains in the classification of foods as hot and cold, and less frequently as wet and dry, that relate to the reputed effects of the foods on the body. Additionally, foods may be classified as windy, sharp, itchy and poison, foods may be prescribed or proscribed according to diagnosis of an individual's health status or physiological state.
Asian women living in the East End of London were interviewed in English or in their own language to assess their attitudes to and experiences of pregnancy and antenatal care and to consider some factors which may influence their experiences, especially their fluency in English. In some respects Asian women's experiences were similar to those of non-Asian women reported in other studies, e.g. similar levels of nausea and lack of tie-up between nausea and negative reactions to pregnancy. However there were also some differences, e.g. Asian women expressed greater concern about the sex of the child and about eating 'cool' foods to counterbalance the hot state of pregnancy. Asian women were good patients: they attended antenatal clinics, read the leaflets provided and about half attended antenatal classes, although some were keener than others to seek information about pregnancy and childbirth and only a quarter bought books or watched videos. Less than half of the women were living in extended families and receiving support from in-laws in the traditional way. Those living in nuclear families received support from friends, neighbours and especially husbands. There were considerable individual differences in women's reactions and experiences. Women who spoke little or no English were less knowledgeable and had lived for a shorter time in the UK than women who were fluent in English. Leaflets in languages women can read and link workers at clinics helped some women.
Although the number and diversity of minority women in the United States is growing, breastfeeding rates remain low. Nurses can increase breastfeeding rates in minority populations if they are aware of and appreciate cultural differences. Following an overview of culture's effect on breastfeeding, this article focuses on practical aspects of caring for breastfeeding mothers in various cultural groups. Breastfeeding educational programs are effective when they are culturally sensitive and emerge from the culture itself.
This article uses the example of breast-feeding and insufficient-milk syndrome in Bangladesh to illustrate the privileged status of professional discourse. While health professionals' discourse is given the status of scientific knowledge, the views and opinions expressed by breast–feeding women are referred to as “perceptions” and thus regarded as less objective. We use data gathered in two anthropological studies undertaken between 1987 and 1992 to examine some of the ambiguous qualities that breast-feeding mothers, their relatives, and health practitioners attribute to breast milk in Bangladesh. We discuss how old beliefs are incorporated into new systems and how bottles, which are associated with allopathy and science, provide a way of circumventing anxieties about female physiology and breast milk. Medical, religious, and popular ideas on breast-feeding and insufficient milk represent different intersecting discourses on the same theme—that female physiology and sexuality are problematic, [breast-feeding, insufficient milk, ethnophysiology, Bangladesh, privileged discourse]
The main substrates fuelling ion absorption in the mucosa of the small intestine and large intestine are respectively glutamine and short-chain fatty acids, . Measurements now reported showed that derivation of both glutamine and fibre for short-chain fatty acid production can be achieved from a single foodstuff – macerated groundnuts. Macerated groundnuts may be more suitable as an additive in oral rehydration solutions for promoting ion absorption than other agents that are low either in glutamine or fibre, such as rice water or resistant starch.
Traditional custom in China stipulates that a woman should be confined to home for one full month of convalescence after giving birth. During this time she is expected to adhere to a broad set of extremely restrictive prescriptions and proscriptions collectively referred to as “doing the month”. This includes refraining from washing and all contact with water and wind, following a “hot” diet to remedy pregnancy-induced “hot/cold” imbalance, and observing taboos premised on belief in the polluting powers of placental blood.The specific rules and rationale are presented first from the ethnomedical folk perspective of those who do the month, are then analyzed according to the logic of classical Chinese medicine, and are finally appraised in light, of Western medical and nutritional knowledge. From the latter perspective, some of the practices are efficacious while others, which may have once been so, now appear dysfunctional. From the Chinese perspective, the practices taken together are considered efficacious for curing the body's imbalance but especially as a preventive therapy against ailments in later years. A direct bearing upon mental well-being and familial relationships is also recognized.The practices of doing the month persist in China despite socialism in the People's Republic of China and Westernization in Taiwan. This suggests that Western-type health professionals throughout the developing countries must remain cognizant and respectful of the indigenous beliefs and practices linking the events of reproduction and the health status of women.The original data upon which the study is based were gathered in interviews in Mandarin Chinese with laypersons, herbalists, and physicians in Taiwan and with physicians and laypersons from the People's Republic of China.
Even in areas of Zimbabwe with easy access to Western-type delivery care, the majority of women are cared for and delivered by traditional birth attendants who are members of their extended family. To understand the social, cultural context of pregnancy, childbirth and subsequent maternal and child care and to use this information for the improvement of maternal and child-health care an anthropological investigation was conducted in an area near Harare, Zimbabwe from June 1983 to the end of 1984. Certain aspects of childbirth such as primagravida deliveries and the origins of peripartum complications, are intimately linked to the religious beliefs and values; other aspects such as the relationship of nutrition and pregnancy are not so linked. An understanding of the traditional concepts of pregnancy, delivery and child care is invaluable if not essential for the upgrading of pregnancy and delivery care, the elimination of harmful practices and the building of supportive links between the traditional and the formal health system.
This article uses the example of breast-feeding and insufficient-milk syndrome in Bangladesh to illustrate the privileged status of professional discourse. While health professionals' discourse is given the status of scientific knowledge, the views and opinions expressed by breast-feeding women are referred to as "perceptions" and thus regarded as less objective. We use data gathered in two anthropological studies undertaken between 1987 and 1992 to examine some of the ambiguous qualities that breast-feeding mothers, their relatives, and health practitioners attribute to breast milk in Bangladesh. We discuss how old beliefs are incorporated into new systems and how bottles, which are associated with allopathy and science, provide a way of circumventing anxieties about female physiology and breast milk. Medical, religious, and popular ideas on breast-feeding and insufficient milk represent different intersecting discourses on the same theme-that female physiology and sexuality are problematic.
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