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Philosophy, Psychology, Physics and Practice of Ki
Abstract and Figures
Ki (in Japanese) or Qi (in Chinese) is the key concept in Eastern medicine, Eastern philosophy, as well as in martial arts. We explain the philosophical and psychological background of Ki. We emphasize that the unique aspects of Eastern philosophy are 'non-linearity' and 'holistic' approach. We then present physics aspect of Ki. Our experiments demonstrated that a 'Ki-beam' carries 'entropy' (or information), which is different from 'energy'. We introduce our experience of having taught Ki to 37 beginners in the United States through the Nishino Breathing Method. If beginners had martial arts training or a strong background in music or dance, about half of them could sense Ki within 10 weeks (1 h class per week) of practice.
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... 7 Notably, the origin of this document raises concerns over conflicts of interest as its development was supported technically, logistically and financially by the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Hong Kong WHO Collaboration Centre for Traditional Medicine. 7 Despite acquiring international recognition, TCM's theoretical foundation diverges from a modern understanding of science; invoking the 'life-energy' qi, 8 a network of channels through which qi passes called meridians, 9 and the metaphysical forces of yin and yang, which are claimed to be imbued into all entities. 1 10 In practice, while some randomised controlled trials (RCTs) point towards an effect of TCM therapies on various clinical outcomes, [11][12][13][14] meta-analyses and Cochrane reviews have concluded that the overall data landscape either yields low-quality evidence or is not sufficient to support regular clinical usage. ...
... 95% CI 0.50 to 0.72) were observed. Interestingly, a moderate partial correlation was also found between the perceived scientific support for TCM [8] and trust in TCM-certified medical doctors [9] (ρ=0.59, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.73). ...
... The usage of vaccines [13] showed a weak negative partial correlation with perceived scientific support for TCM [8] (ρ=−0.26, 95% CI −0.43 to -0.08). ...
Objectives
Despite the paucity of evidence verifying its efficacy and safety, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is expanding in popularity and political support. Decisions to include TCM diagnoses in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision and campaigns to integrate TCM into national healthcare systems have occurred while public perception and usage of TCM, especially in Europe, remains undetermined. Accordingly, this study investigates TCM’s popularity, usage and perceived scientific support, as well as its relationship to homeopathy and vaccinations.
Design/Setting
We performed a cross-sectional survey of the Austrian population. Participants were either recruited on the street (in-person) or online (web-link) via a popular Austrian newspaper.
Participants
1382 individuals completed our survey. The sample was poststratified according to data derived from Austria’s Federal Statistical Office.
Outcome measures
Associations between sociodemographic factors, opinion towards TCM and usage of complementary medicine (CAM) were investigated using a Bayesian graphical model.
Results
Within our poststratified sample, TCM was broadly known (89.9% of women, 90.6% of men), with 58.9% of women and 39.5% of men using TCM between 2016 and 2019. Moreover, 66.4% of women and 49.7% of men agreed with TCM being supported by science. We found a positive relationship between perceived scientific support for TCM and trust in TCM-certified medical doctors (ρ=0.59, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.73). Moreover, perceived scientific support for TCM was negatively correlated with proclivity to get vaccinated (ρ=−0.26, 95% CI −0.43 to –0.08). Additionally, our network model yielded associations between TCM-related, homeopathy-related and vaccination-related variables.
Conclusions
TCM is widely known within the Austrian general population and used by a substantial proportion. However, a disparity exists between the commonly held public perception that TCM is scientific and findings from evidence-based studies. Emphasis should be placed on supporting the distribution of unbiased, science-driven information.
... 0.72]) were observed. Interestingly, a strong positive partial correlation was also found between the perceived scientific support for TCM [8] and trust in TCMcertified medical doctors [9] ( = 0.59, 95% CI = [0.46, 0.73]). ...
... 0.34]). Interestingly, both income [3] and TCM usage frequency [7] showed positive partial correlations with the propagation of homeopathy [12] The usage of vaccines [13] showed a negative partial correlation with perceived scientific support for TCM [8] ( = -0.26, 95% CI = [-0.43, ...
Introduction
Despite the paucity of evidence verifying its efficacy and safety, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)is expanding in popularity and political support. Decisions to include TCM diagnoses in theInternational Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization(WHO) and campaigns to integrate TCM into national healthcare systems have occurred whilst thepublic perception and usage of TCM, especially in Europe, remains undetermined. Accordingly, thiss tudy investigates the popularity, usage patterns, perception of scientific support for TCM, and itsrelationship to homeopathy.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was performed in Austria and data from 1382 participants were analysed. ABayesian network model retrieved partial correlations indicating distinct associations betweensociodemographic determinants, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) usage patterns,readiness to vaccinate, and TCM related variables.
Results
TCM was broadly known by the Austrian population (89.9% of women, 90.6% of men), with 58.9% ofwomen and 39.5% of men using TCM between 2016 and 2019. 66.4% of women and 49.7% of menagreed with TCM being supported by science. We found a strong positive relationship between theperceived scientific support for TCM and trust in TCM-certified medical doctors. Moreover,perceived scientific support for TCM was negatively correlated with the proclivity to get vaccinated.Additionally, our Bayesian network model yielded distinct associations between TCM-, homeopathy-,and vaccination-related variables.
Conclusion
TCM is widely known within the Austrian general population and actively used by a substantialproportion. However, a crucial disparity exists between the commonly held public perception thatTCM is scientific and findings from evidence-based studies. As public opinion towards TCM, and theproclivity to use it, are promoted through institutionalisation and official acknowledgement, it wouldbe critical to sustain and support the distribution of unbiased, science-driven information bygovernmental institutions and policymakers to encourage informed patient-driven decision-making.
... The effect of learning methods and motivation on learning outcomes of long jump skills 434 learning practices' beneficial effect on novice participants is applied to learning complex skills (Bertollo et al., 2010). The training method for beginners is the block practice method (Ohnishi & Ohnishi, 2009). ...
The results of learning physical education skills were not limited to physical development but also mental development and motivation to learn. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the block method (BM) and the play-based random method (RM) on long jump skills (JLS) in terms of motivation (MTV). This type of research is quasi-experimental with a 2x2 factorial design. A sample of 20 Samiun Makassar public primary school students was randomly selected and divided into four groups. Treatment research for eight weeks. Before treatment, the sample was divided into two, high motivation (MTVH) and low motivation (MTVL), through questionnaires and the final test of long jump skills learning outcomes (JLS). The results showed that BM significantly increased JLS compared to RM (P<0.05). There was a significant interaction between Mt and MTV (P<0.05). The MTVH student group using MBB1 had better JLS than MRB1 (P<0.05). The group of students who had MTVL had no difference in results between MBB2 and MRB2 (P>0.05). KLJ in physical education for elementary school students is very good at using MB, and the teacher increases MTV during learning.
... For instance, qì gōng ('qì work') focuses on the body's dān tián ('energy centres'), believed to be significant routing points in currents of qì (Liu et al., 1990). Similarly, martial arts like aikido-the 'way of qì,' with ki the Japanese cognate of qì-are based on mastery of qì (Ohnishi & Ohnishi, 2009). In a more therapeutic vein, methods like acupuncture and reiki aim to 'direct' the flow of qì in ways beneficial to health (VanderVaart et al., 2009). ...
Vitality has been underappreciated and underexplored by academia at large. This oversight is potentially explained by the Western-centric nature of most fields, with vitality having been comparatively neglected in the West relative to elsewhere. One explanation for this lacuna is that vitality is not easily pigeonholed within the ontological categories dominant in the West, such as mind and body. This paper therefore aims to learn from cultures that have cultivated a greater understanding of vitality, doing so by engaging with relevant 'untranslatable' words (i.e., those without exact equivalent in English), thus enriching our conceptual map of this topic. Over 200 relevant terms were located and analyzed using an adapted form of grounded theory. Three themes were identified, each with four subthemes: spirit (life force, channels, soul, and transcendence); energy (fortitude, channeling, willpower, and recharging); and heart (desire, passion, affection, and satisfaction). The paper thus refines our understanding of this important topic and provides a foundation for future research.
... In contrast to standardised methods of medical intervention, Karate serves as a dynamic way and a flexible principle that involves multifaceted experiences with the notion and essence of Ki/Qi (Ohnishi and Ohnishi, 2008) and possibilities of Karate-specific body-mind-meditation. ...
Abstract
Background. Professional musicians have often been compared with athletes. Both have a physically extremely demanding profession that entails a broad spectrum of musculoskeletal risks such as overuse syndromes. Although implementation of training standards and sports activities could considerably enhance the prevention of music-related disorders, collaboration between sports medicine and the musicians’ medicine is deficient.
Method. From winter term 2011/12 until summer term 2015 a research project involving a total of 644 students of the university of music and performing arts in Munich aimed at the development of viable, Karate-based preventative models for body-oriented self-regulation, prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, and particularly the modulation and management of pain syndromes. A short meta-synthesis of four heterogeneous case outlines sheds light on the complexity of sports-based and preventive models for self-application in musicians.
Results. Person-centred approaches that encompass self-exploration and supervised self-application of individually tailored Karate-patterns is a viable way. High-workload as a music student and lacking intrinsic motivation and compliance are limiting factors. For pathological conditions or acute events appropriate clinical backup, preferable provided by a ward of sport medicine, is necessary. Experiences with Karate techniques and Karate Kata also enhances the body-awareness, facilitates the discovery of personality features, and helps individuals to change professional motor habits and body-images and to improve attitudes towards sports and health-oriented life-styles.
Conclusion. Closer collaboration between sports medicine and the musicians’ medicine is very likely to improve preventive strategies and to lower work-related risks in musicians. The development of dynamic, individually adjustable sports-therapeutic methods is a promising perspective in occupational medicine.
This open access book aims to show how creative ruptions – disturbances or commotions - can lead to the emergence of ethical, care-ful educational futures. Grounded in empirical and theoretical research undertaken from posthuman, decolonial, new materialist and feminist perspectives, this edited volume questions historical and current assumptions as to how education is structured and enacted, and provides examples and tools illustrating how to create and work with creative ruptions. Under the guidance of an experienced editorial team, the authors demonstrate how creative ruptions can respond to various wicked problems through the design and enactment of transformative pedagogies and accompanying research. Including consideration of how we can grow our emotional repertoires from anxiety to include hope and courage, the book explores how creativity might expand the horizons of personal, social and political possibility that take shape within – and ultimately determine – education and its futures. Offering theoretically driven and practically grounded transdisciplinary examples of alternative educational futures, this volume is an ideal reading for those interested in the intersecting fields of Possibilities Studies in Education, Creativity in Education, Educational Futures, Pedagogy, and related disciplines.
This chapter seeks to explore decolonisation as a creative orientation to problematise the politics of knowledge hierarchies of university curriculum (research methods in the case of this chapter) in order to respond to issues of epistemic violence and exclusion, and create transformative and radical ideas about the future of education. The critical discussions are the result of my interactions with different educators and students within the UK and beyond, my lived experience as an Algerian Kabyle who immigrated to the UK, and my doctoral research. The latter sought to explore the lived experiences of EFL (English as a foreign language) master’s (MA) students in studying research methodology and writing their dissertations in education fields at an Algerian university. I begin to discuss my own education journey in both Algeria and the UK which was grounded in Eurocentrism. The chapter then defines the concept of decolonisation in the context of educational research, and what this proposed orientation may mean for the future of education. I further explain the significance of using decolonisation as a creative approach to address exclusion and inequality, and invite readers to think of what it may mean in terms of their practices, pedagogies and creating new possible realities of educational futures. I also conclude with offering some practical ideas for change to decolonise educational research methods curriculum in a higher education (HE) context.
Embodiment is a lively and vital current in my pedagogy, research and writing. For a considerable time, I have overtly entangled embodiment, enmeshed with materiality into the notion of dialogue to argue that, with multiple others, we create, think and do in many ways that are as influential as words. This is part of wider endeavours to disrupt practice and research using posthumanising creativity to create spaces for emergent educational approaches which are fit to respond to Anthropocentric challenges. This chapter steps into the flow of this current armed with the knowledge that the mindbody binary is a specifically Western problem and that much can be gained from combining posthuman approaches with learning from Indigenous epistemologies and Eastern philosophies. The chapter goes on to explore embodiment and materiality through the concepts of touch and time. These reflections show how the usual storylines of disciplines can be ruptured, emphasising the role of multi-epistemic literacy, and the affordances of slowing and playing with time. The chapter moves on to discuss the power of cumulative ruptures which have the potential to create spaces for educational approaches that can match and respond to the rapidly changing global challenges that we face.
Marques-Junior, N.K. (2020). Impacto do soco e do chute dos esportes de combate: uma revisão sistemática. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(2), 1-27. O objetivo da revisão sistemática foi apresentar o impacto do soco e do chute de alguns esportes de combate. Os artigos foram identificados na internet durante setembro de 2018 a agosto de 2019. A coleta de artigos foi praticada no Google Scholar, no Research Gate e no PubMed. A revisão sistemática teve 19 artigos científicos. O maior impacto de soco do lutador masculino foi o direto do boxe com 4800 ± 601 newtons (N). A lutadora do sexo feminino o maior impacto foi o jab d|o boxe com 1170.7 ± 165.3 N. O impacto do chute no taekwondo feminino (TKD) teve um resultado maior do que tui tchagui com 2490.3 ± 846.2 N e no masculino teve um resultado de maior impacto do bandal tchagui do TKD de 6400 ± 898 N. Em conclusão, o impacto do soco e do chute dos esportes de combate é um conteúdo importante para o atleta conhecer o ataque mais eficaz.
Palavras-chave: esportes de combate, impacto do soco, impacto de chute, luta de competição.
Because of their mentally and physically highly demanding profession, musicians are often compared with athletes. Given similar risks of overuse injuries and pain syndromes, a pre-study showed lacking strength to hold the instrument without strain, abnormal flexibility and asymmetric postures and motor habits. Individual personality profiles and attitudes towards sports might obstruct the readiness to accept sports-based preventative measures. On the basis of Karate techniques and Karate Kata , an iterative developmental process involving students of music brought about individual models to re-adjust the posture, to regulate muscle tension, to specifically enhance strength, and to modulate perceived body pain. Hypothesis generating action research showed the enormous heterogeneity of motivation to health-promoting physical activities and how body-awareness, individual preferences for sports disciplines and positive self-experience during sports activities influence the subjective acceptance and sustainability of Karate exercises for preventative purposes. Biomechanical, sports medical and psychological perspectives playing a crucial role for an efficient, routines-based implementation, research outcomes emphatically advocate sports-based, self-applied and self-regulating exercises for musculoskeletal prevention and the general promotion of health in musicians and performing artists.
'Ki-energy', which can be enhanced through the practice of Nishino Breathing Method, was reported to have beneficial health effects. Although Ki-energy can play an important role in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), as yet it is unknown how Ki-energy is generated, transmitted through air and received by another individual. We previously proposed that Ki-energy may include near-infrared radiation, and that the wavelength was between 800 and 2700 nm. Since Ki-energy is reflected by a mirror, we believe that the 'Ki-beam' has a small divergence angle. It can also be guided in a desired direction. The acrylic mirror reflection experiment suggests that the wavelength may be between 800 and 1600 nm. Using a linear variable interference filter, we found that Ki-energy may have a peak around 1000 nm. We have also observed that 'sensitive' practitioners responded to Ki sent from a distance of 100 m. All of these results suggest that (i) Ki-energy can be guided as a directional 'beam' with a small divergence angle; (ii) the beam can be reflected by a mirror and (iii) Ki-energy may have a specific wavelength. Since these properties are characteristics of the laser radiation, we propose a quantum physics-based mechanism of 'Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation' (i.e. LASER) for the generation of Ki-energy. Volunteers responded to Ki even with a blindfold. This suggests that the skin must be detecting Ki-energy. We propose that the detector at the skin level may also have the stimulated emission mechanism, which amplifies the weak incident infrared radiation.
Scientists have long been interested in measuring external qi (EQ or wai qi) during qigong healing, and have produced a large body of literature over the past 20 years. This paper reviews the major research on measuring EQ in China and tries to help other researchers to get a picture on what has been done so as to eliminate the simple replication of already verified results. Starting with the historical background of EQ studies in China, this paper analytically reviews the major studies of EQ effects from five different categories of detectors: 1) physical signal detectors; 2) chemical dynamics methods; 3) detectors using biological materials; 4) detectors using life sensors; and 5) detectors using the human body. The focus is on the pros and cons of each detector. These studies documented some important correlates of EQ process or qi healing, which cannot be explained by psychological effect or the known biological processes. Even though the extant literature suggests that intent plays a critical role in the effect or characteristics of EQ we know little about its role in EQ effect and its relationship with qigong healing from these experiments. These studies have confirmed the existence of measurable EQ effects from various perspectives; however, none has really revealed the primary nature of EQ or how EQ healing works. Given the fact that qigong therapy is based on the dialectic view of two interdependent spheres, while modern science and medicine is based on the reductionist view of one material world, it is recommended that future studies should use more biological or life-sensor detectors to increase our understanding of the healing potentials of qigong, instead of stay at the level of verification of signals. New methodologies, new theories, and new perspectives are urgently needed for further understanding what qigong is and how EQ healing works.
Bell System Technical Journal, also pp. 623-656 (October)
Obra que incluye dos títulos, donde el científico de origen austríaco Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961), ganador del premio Nobel de Física en 1933, reflexiona sobre dos tópicos: la vida y la mente y materia. Del primero, parte de una pregunta por la vida hacia dos direcciones: acercar el concepto de orden termodinámico al de complejidad biológica y en pleno terreno filosófico, interrogarse acerca del determinismo y el azar frente a conceptos como la libertad, la responsabilidad individual o la creatividad. Del segundo, trata sobre las bases físicas de la conciencia, las cualidades sensibles, el principio de objetivación y el lugar de la conciencia en la evolución de la vida.
Touch therapy related to Ki, a type of healing touch, has been regarded as one of the distinct therapeutic modalities in traditional oriental medicine. The present study attempted to develop a substantive theory about helping patients using touch therapy related to Ki, by exploring the views of practitioners who are using this therapeutic modality within the context of the Korean society. A grounded theory approach was applied during the collection and analyses of data. The core category, main categories and trajectory of helping patients during the use of touch therapy related to Ki was delineated. Helping patients while using touch therapy related to Ki was found to be a dynamic process with each participant actively engaged in increasing the activating, potential power of the human being. These findings have value in understanding the embedded meaning of the healing process through touch therapy within the context of Ki.
The present study investigated the effects of in vitro and in vivo Korean ChunSoo Qi-Energy Healing on neutrophil superoxide generation. Neutrophil superoxide generation was measured by a chemiluminescence assay. Superoxide generation was significantly increased in vitro by emitted Qi-therapy (QT) of 60-second duration and 150-second duration compared to control (1.59-fold for 60 seconds, p < 0.05; 1.50-fold for 150 seconds, p < 0.05). Neutrophil superoxide generation increased significantly immediately after 5 minutes of QT in vivo (1.42-fold, p < 0.05). These results show that QT in vivo and in vitro has an acute stimulatory effect on neutrophil superoxide generation. This study provides direct scientific support that Qi as such may positively affect human innate immunity.