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Simulations of docking C 60 in β-Cyclodextrin
Abstract
Inclusion complex MM+, Amber 99 Monte Carlo simulation We simulated the docking of the fullerene C 60 in β-Cyclodextrin using two models. We considered in this study complexes formed by 1:1 and 1:2 guest–host stoichiometries in vacuum and aqueous phase. We investigated three orientations for β-CDs in 1:2 complexes, Head to Head (HH), Head to Tail (HT) and Tail to Tail (TT). Both models agree on energetic of the inclusion process, optimum 3D structure complex, inclusion mode and stoichiometry of most stable structure. In both media, we predicted the possibility of formation of 1:1 complexes, where the most stable structure corresponds to the location of C 60 at the wider rim of β-CD with a partial inclusion. In vacuum, for 1:2 stoichiometry, the most stable complex was in HH orientation with a "V" shaped structure which favored some intermolecular hydrogen bonds, but in water both TT and HH orientations were equally stable within the calculations errors. Over all, we found that the complex with 1:2 stoichiometry is more stable than that with 1:1 stoichiometry. Our results are in agreement with the experimental spectroscopic data. We found that the driving forces for complexation in both environments were non bonded Van der Waals interaction between the host and the guest molecule for both stoichiometries. Also, we noticed that the presence of water molecules caused a relative destabilization of all complexes in both stoichiometries except for TT orientation.
... To model the molecular docking process, we followed the method described in references [27][28][29][30][31]. The coordinate system for the complexation process is shown in Fig. 2a. ...
... The structure generated at each step is optimized, in vacuum, using PM3 method without imposing any symmetrical restriction. As reported in our previous papers [28][29][30][31], our computing strategy is a compromise between computing cost and accuracy of the results. These tasks are computationally expensive at the ab-initio or DFT level for such large system, so we choose to use PM3 method, which has proven its efficiency for CD chemistry and was proved powerful in the conformational study of supramolecular systems as well as cyclodextrin inclusion complexes [27,32,33]. ...
... Evidently, the lowest negative value corresponds to the most stable complex. It is calculated according to the following equation [28][29][30][31]: ...
Using quantum chemistry, we modeled the docking process of flavanone Naringenin guest molecule (Narg) in the host β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) and also in modified heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-CD (DIMEB). The effect of host methylation on the complexation behavior was highlighted through structural, electronic and nuclear studies. All ONIOM2 combinations of PM3 with B3LYP, M06-2X and wB97X-D methods at 6-31G (d) basis set, agree on the inclusion mode and the optimum 3D structure. We found a deep insertion of the hydroxy phenyl ring in the hydrophobic cavity of both hosts. On the other hand, only a partial inclusion of the hydroxy chromanone moiety, located nearby the primary rim in Narg/DIMEB complex 1 and the secondary rim in Narg/DIMEB complex 2 was found. Ground state calculations show that complex 1 is more stable than complex 2, which corroborates well with experimental results. We investigated Frontier Molecular Orbitals and global reactivity descriptors and we identified the interaction sites, the nature and the strength of intermolecular interactions using ¹H NMR GIAO (Gauge-Including Atomic Orbital) method, Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) and Quantum Theory of Atom In Molecule (QTAIM) analysis. Particularly, the multifaceted nature of H-bonding interaction has been explained with QTAIM topological model which revealed the stabilization via the closed-shell interactions: C–H…H and O–H…O for both complexes, O–H…H and C–H…C for Narg/β-CD and Narg/DIMEB, respectively. QTAIM topological properties correlate well with the structural geometry and interactions predicted by both GIAO NMR and NBO analysis.
... Cyclodextrins and their inclusion complexes have been studied using different computational methods, such as molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations [105][106][107]. Alvira [102] performed a theoretical study aiming to evaluate the formation of the inclusion complex between the β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and eugenol in water using molecular dynamics simulations. ...
Repellents are compounds that prevent direct contact between the hosts and the arthropods that are vectors of diseases. Several studies have described the repellent activities of natural compounds obtained from essential oils. In addition, these chemical constituents have been pointed out as alternatives to conventional synthetic repellents due to their interesting residual protection and low toxicity to the environment. However, these compounds have been reported with short shelf life, in part, due to their volatile nature. Nanoencapsulation provides protection, stability, conservation, and controlled release for several compounds. Here, we review the most commonly used polymeric/lipid nanosystems applied in the encapsulation of small organic molecules obtained from essential oils that possess repellent activity, and we also explore the theoretical aspects related to the intermolecular interactions, thermal stability, and controlled release of the nanoencapsulated bioactive compounds.
... Therefore, the key characteristic of fullerene derivatives in this work is that they have quite similar solubility to CD, that is to say they can dissolve well in both DMF to form cosolution with CD. Furthermore, based on some simulation reports 28,33 , we think that complex exists as the molecular structure illustration in Scheme 1. Notably, the product is formed almost at the same time when water is added, which shows that the process of the inclusion is instantaneous and efficient. We directly proved the successful synthesis of complex by ESI-MS test. ...
We developed a novel pathway to highly efficiently synthesize the [60]Fullerene (C)-Cyclodextrin (CD) complex, which is termed as solvent-induced reversible recognition. Three kinds of typical complexes, namely, C-2GUA--CD, C-2GUA--CD and C-4OH--CD, were synthesized. The chemical structure of all complexes was fully confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV-Vis spectroscopy and the solubility test. Furthermore, crystalline status and thermal degradation were recorded by X-ray diffraction and Thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Both the NMR and ESI-MS results clearly confirmed the 1:1 complex of C derivatives with CD. The pathway overcame the preparation limitation of traditional complex, and was extended to the prepare -CD containing complex. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to report -CD related complex. The geometric relation between C and CD for all the three kinds of complexes were analyzed. We can achieve high efficiency to obtain solid-state complex products, which lays the foundation for the widely practical application of complex and provides enough experimental basis for the advanced application of C and CD in supramolecular assembly. Notably, the solvent-induced reversibility and ionic instability of the complex provides a new possibility for the molecular recognition-based sensing.
... The computing procedure is obtained with the following factors: the number of atoms in the complex (311 atoms), the available computer power and the desired level of computation for full geometry optimization calculations. Because these tasks are computationally costly at the ab-initio or Density Functional Theory method (DFT) for such large systems, HF/STO-3 G for optimizing conformer possibilities and PM3 method for modeling the molecular docking process were purchased [49,50]. The coordinate systempurchaced for definition the complexation process has been illustrated in Fig. 1. ...
Due to existing additive in the PVC product in some crucial fields for example, toys and biomedical devices, migration of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) can be hazardous to human health. Therfore migration of DEHP has caused a wide concern and this problem must be solved. In the present study, a water-insoluble β-cyclodextrin-ester (β -CDPN) was synthesized by reaction of β-cyclodextrin with terephthaloyl chloride as a cross-linker using micro-emulsion method. The β -CDPN loading DEHP was introduced to Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as an active inhibitor to reduce DEHP migration. DEHP migration was determined using the UV–vis spectroscopy. It was found that the addition of β -CDPN can decrease the levels of DEHP migration from the tree component sample containing β -CDPN by almost 57 % as compare with PVC-DEHP sample. Also the anti-migration efficiency results showed improvement about 57.19 %. Mechanical properties of β -CDPN and DEHP including the tensile strength (TS), Young’s modulus (YM) and elongation at break (EB) were investigated. The results of mechanical properties indicated that all the mechanical data in this samples were slightly improved in the presence of β -CDPN by loading DEHP as compare to the PVC/DEHP system. The PVC films containing 2.4 mass% of β –CDPN showed the increasing in tensile strength (13 %), Young’s modulus (6 %) and elongation at break (7.2 %) values as compare to the PVC/DEHP. Also, computational method was used to investigate the inclusion complex of DEHP and β -CDPN and also inclusion shape and orientation. Based on the obtained results, it can be suggested that the most energetically favorable structure is in the form that aromatic group of DEHP enters into the cavity of β -CDPN through its wide rim. Altogether the results showed that the synthesized β -CDPN has large potential as green inhibitor to reduce DEHP migration. This could be a promising option to overcome the environmental problems caused by DEHP plasticizer.
... There are certain general characteristics for the type of molecules capable of being included totally or partially inside the cavity of CDs, but each case must be analyzed individually. CDs and their inclusion complexes have been theoretically studied using several computational methods: molecular mechanics (MM) [8,9], molecular dynamics (MD) [6,10], and Monte Carlo simulations (MC) [11,12]. ...
The interaction between eugenol and β-cyclodextrin in the presence of water is studied by molecular mechanics and dynamics simulations. A force field model is used in molecular mechanics to determine the interaction energy and the complex configuration at the absolute minimum. The van der Waals term is the main contribution to the total energy, and so directly determines the configuration of the inclusion complex. The formation of inclusion complexes is simulated by molecular dynamics, in which their configurations are deduced from the position probability density that represents the preferred location and orientation of the guest in the simulation. When eugenol approaches from the rims of β-cyclodextrin, it tends to enter the cavity, remain inside for a short period and then exit from it. The guest tends to include the phenyl ring inside the cavity in the most probable configurations. Two inclusion complex configurations are proposed, each with the hydroxyl and methoxyl groups pointing towards one different rim of β-cyclodextrin. The initial guest orientation is the main factor determining these configurations. The model presented in this study reproduces the experimental findings on inclusion complex formation and proposes two possible complex configurations, one previously suggested by different authors.
... A well-known experimental finding is the existence of an appropriate size of the guest to reach maximum binding affinity in each CD [4][5][6][7], but there is no theoretical justification for this result and the factors influencing this affinity are not known. CDs and their inclusion complexes have been theoretically studied using different computational methods: molecular mechanics (MM) [8,9], molecular dynamics (MD) [6,10], and Monte Carlo simulations (MC) [11,12], where all the atoms of both CDs and guest molecules have been described. ...
The influence of the size, composition, and atomic distribution of linear guests on β -cyclodextrin inclusion complex formation is clarified by means of a molecular dynamics simulation at constant temperature. The intermolecular energy is modelled by a Lennard-Jones potential, where the molecular composition is represented by various parameters and by a continuum description of the guest and cavity walls. It is concluded that the parameters related to the atomic size require minimum values for the confinement of linear molecules inside the cavity. The isomer with optimal affinity for β -cyclodextrin as predicted by the free energy presents an asymmetrical molecular structure, and the position probability density shows that the isomer tends to insert the portion with largest atoms into the cavity, although the preferential binding site of the guest is not always located in regions of the host with maximum discriminatory power.
... Calculated bicoordinate CD/C 60 complexes are shown in Scheme 2, with both the space-filling and hybrid ball-and-stick structures shown for clarity. The MM+ molecular mechanics calculations followed that described by Seridi for the interactions of C 60 and β-CD, 36 but modified for the γ-CD structure. These calculated energy-minimized structures, along with literature data for the association of CD and C 60 in solution, suggest that C 60 can stabilize network formation and integrity through bicoordinate or bicapping associations with CD's. ...
A modular approach for the synthesis of polymer networks with well-defined node and cross-linking dimensions is described. Each node or tie point in the network is a cyclodextrin molecule, which imparts discrete molecular guest–host capabilities to the network. C60 fullerenes homogeneously intercalate in the network, presumably via van der Waals guest–host interactions with the hydrophobic γ-cyclodextrin cavity, resulting in stable C60-filled polymer networks with improved mechanical properties. Networks prepared with α-cyclodextrin, whose inner cavity is smaller than γ-cyclodextrin, and smaller than the C60 diameter, do not yield materials with stable C60 intercalation. Characterization of the final composites reveals that the cross-linked γ-cyclodextrin-based composites maintain stable C60 concentrations, even after multiple extractions with toluene, which itself is a good solvent for C60. Membranes prepared from the cyclodextrin polymer network, prior to C60 intercalation, should also be useful for C60 extraction from C60–solvent mixtures. The synthetic route we describe here is not limited to C60 and should be generally applicable to a wide variety of guests.
l-Serine is supposed to be a nonessential amino acid and is indispensable to many neurodevelopmental symptoms. It acts as a vital metabolic precursor in different biological processes. Adequate supply of l-serine is then earnestly necessary for healthy neural development. Herein we investigate the complexation behaviour of l-serine into the hydrophobic cavity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The synthesized 1:1 inclusion complex (IC) was studied and analyzed through various spectroscopic techniques (UV, FT-IR, Raman, XRD, ¹H NMR, COSY, NOESY, SEM, TGA, etc.) as well as through molecular docking and molecular dynamics computations. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waal's interaction are found to be the chief driving force for the formation of such an inclusion complex. Analysis of experimental and theoretical results reveals the formation of a stable IC that is indicative of the applicability of β-CD as a vehicle for l-serine delivery.
By use of a green and simple ionic liquid, butylmethylimidazolium chloride (BMIm+Cl-) as a sole solvent, we developed a novel, green and simple method to synthesize biocompatible composites containing polysaccharides (cellulose (CEL), chitosan (CS) and γ-cyclodextrin (-TCD)) and fullerene derivatives (amino-C60 and hydroxy-C60). The composites obtained (100%CEL, 100%CS, [CEL+-TCD] and [CS+-TCD]) readily adsorb amino-C60 and hydroxy-C60. Kinetics and adsorption isotherm results indicate that the fullerene derivatives physically adsorbed onto the surface of the CEL-based composites and subsequently desorbed from the composites when they were soaked in water. Conversely, because both fullerene derivatives strongly adsorbed onto the surface, and subsequently diffused into the pores within the matrix of the CS-based composites, it was possible to synthesize (CS+amino-C60), (CS+hydroxy-C60), (CS+-TCD+ amino-C60) and (CS+-TCD+ hydroxyl-C60) composites. Microbial assays results show that adding -TCD, amino-C60 and/or hydroxyl-C60 to CS substantially increases the composite's ability to reduce the growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria such as Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Biocompatibility assays indicate that hydroxy-C60 and amino-C60 are not cytotoxic to human when encapsulated into CS composites. Taken together, the (CS+-TCD+fullerene) composites are well suited for various applications ranging from dressing to treat chronically infected wounds to nonlinear optics, biosensors, therapeutic agents.
We investigated, using first principle calculations, the inclusion process of anticoagulant Warfarin (Warf) in two cavitand supramolecules: β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (Calix). We considered all plausible cases of inclusion which differ by the moiety of Warf pointing to Head (H) or Tail (T) part of β-CD or to upper rim of Calix. ‘A’ and ‘B’ orientations correspond respectively to phenyl or chromone group entering first in the host cavity. The results obtained from PM3, ONIOM2 (B3LYP/6-31G(d):PM3) and ONIOM2 (WB97X-D/6-31G(d):PM3) for two partitioning models, B3LYP/6-31G(d) and 6-31 ++G(d,p) basis sets gave that ‘AH’ led to the optimum structure for Warf@β-CD, while the most favorable conformer is in ‘BH’ orientation for Warf@Calix complex. The obtained structures correspond to ‘Endo’ and ‘Exo’ complexes, respectively. The treatment of some host atoms with high level, additional to the guest in ONIOM2, do better estimate intermolecular interactions, especially hydrogen bonds in Warf@β-CD, which was not the case for Warf@Calix complex. Moreover, we determined Frontier Molecular Orbitals (FMO) from which we inferred global reactivity descriptors, which suggest the best stability of β-CD complex. Finally, we used two models to reach a deeper understanding of the type and magnitude of intermolecular interactions between guest and host molecules. The first is Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis which quantifies the donor-acceptor interactions. The second known as Bader's Quantum Theory of Atom In Molecule (QTAIM) uses the topological analysis of the electron charge density. The two approaches led to similar results as far as forces stabilizing structures are concerned.
The water solubility of nystatin was found enhanced by forming inclusion complex with gamma-cyclodextrin (γ-CD). Further discovery of a pleased surprise showed that the phase solubility curves of nystatin in β- and γ-CD aqueous solution were AL type, while BS type for α-CD, indicating 1:1 inclusion complexes were formed between β-CD, γ-CD and nystatin, but no inclusion complexes for α-CD, in addition, CDs with much larger ring would be more suitable for forming inclusion complexes with macrolide antibiotics. The aqueous solubility of nystatin in γ-CD solution was investigated increased with γ-CD concentration increasing. At the concentration of 24 g/100 ml for γ-CD aqueous solution, which is near to the saturated solution, water solubility of nystatin was found to be 104 μg/ml, which was 103 folds over original nystatin. Inclusion constants for γ-CD–nystatin complexes were 0.539 l/mmol, which is larger than that of β-CD–nystatin complex (0.375 l/mmol). The inclusion complex of γ-CD with nystatin was prepared and detected by infrared spectrum, results showing that the ester linkage and diene were included in the cavity of CDs, while conjugate arachidonic, carboxyl and amino group were left outside of CDs. Storing experiment showed that forming of the inclusion complexes greatly enhanced the stability of nystatin against light and oxygen.
A water-soluble complex of C60 is formed on refluxing a solution of gamma-cyclodextrin with solid C60; the lifetime of the triplet excited state of C60 in the complex is 83-mu-s in an oxygen free solution.
Carboxyl modified γ-cyclodextrin (CDSA) with a substitution degree of about 9.5 was prepared by the esterification of γ-cyclodextrin
(CD) with succinic anhydride in pyridine at 90°C. The chemical composition and the structure of CDSA were characterized by
FT-IR, MALDI-TOF, X-ray diffraction pattern, potentiometric titration and TGA. Modified and native γ-cyclodextrin associate
with fullerene (C60) in DMF-toluene mixture resulting 1:1 CDSA:C60 and CD:C60 inclusion complexes. Aqueous solutions of native cyclodextrin, carboxyl-modified cyclodextrin and their inclusion complexes
with C60 were used as microgel solvent (or swelling agent) for controlled release application. The release of solutions was induced
by shear stress and demonstrated using rheo-optical set-up.
Classical Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out for liquid water in the NPT ensemble at 25 °C and 1 atm using six of the simpler intermolecular potential functions for the water dimer: Bernal–Fowler (BF), SPC, ST2, TIPS2, TIP3P, and TIP4P. Comparisons are made with experimental thermodynamic and structural data including the recent neutron diffraction results of Thiessen and Narten. The computed densities and potential energies are in reasonable accord with experiment except for the original BF model, which yields an 18% overestimate of the density and poor structural results. The TIPS2 and TIP4P potentials yield oxygen–oxygen partial structure functions in good agreement with the neutron diffraction results. The accord with the experimental OH and HH partial structure functions is poorer; however, the computed results for these functions are similar for all the potential functions. Consequently, the discrepancy may be due to the correction terms needed in processing the neutron data or to an effect uniformly neglected in the computations. Comparisons are also made for self‐diffusion coefficients obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. Overall, the SPC, ST2, TIPS2, and TIP4P models give reasonable structural and thermodynamic descriptions of liquid water and they should be useful in simulations of aqueous solutions. The simplicity of the SPC, TIPS2, and TIP4P functions is also attractive from a computational standpoint.
During experiments aimed at understanding the mechanisms by which long-chain carbon molecules are formed in interstellar space and circumstellar shells1, graphite has been vaporized by laser irradiation, producing a remarkably stable cluster consisting of 60 carbon atoms. Concerning the question of what kind of 60-carbon atom structure might give rise to a superstable species, we suggest a truncated icosahedron, a polygon with 60 vertices and 32 faces, 12 of which are pentagonal and 20 hexagonal. This object is commonly encountered as the football shown in Fig. 1. The C60 molecule which results when a carbon atom is placed at each vertex of this structure has all valences satisfied by two single bonds and one double bond, has many resonance structures, and appears to be aromatic.
Pyrrolidine and N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium derivatives of C60 could be solubilized in water with the aid of γ-cyclodextrin. The complexes were found to be soluble in water at high concentrations over 1.5 mM. These solubility values are significantly higher than those of other C60 derivatives reported previously. Furthermore, these solutions are stable for at least one month at room temperature.
Treatment of water-soluble α-,β- and γ-cyclodextrin-epichlorohydrin prepolymer (CDP) with C60 by kneading leads to the formation of six distinct water-soluble inclusion complexes: α-CDP/C60 (1 : 1), β-CDP/C60 (1 : 1), γ-CDP/C60 (1 : 1), α-CDP(2 : 1), β-CDP(2 : 1) and γ-CDP(2 : 1). Their formation and structures have been examined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and UV-vis spectrosocopy. The effect of side chains of the CDPs has also been studied.
NMR measurements have shown that C60 forms inclusion complexes with γ-CD in aqueous solution at high temperatures but does not form the complexes with α-CD and β-CD. The H NMR spectral analyses indicate that in the complex, the C60 molecule intrudes into the hydrophobic cavity of γ-CD.
A stable inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin with [60]fullerene is reported for the first time, synthesized by using a novel synthetic procedure; radical scavenging studies of the water-soluble complex indicate that it has potential for a number of medical applications.
Molecular mechanics calculations were employed to study the inclusion of 2-methyl naphthoate in alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin in vacuo and in the presence of water as a solvent. The driving forces for complexation are dominated by nonbonded van der Waals host:guest interactions in both environments. The 2-methyl naphthoate penetrates completely into the cavity of beta-cyclodextrin, but there is only partial penetration by the same molecule into the smaller cavity of alpha-cyclodextrin. (C) 1997 Academic Press.
Differential complexation of fenoprofen enantiomers by cyclomaltoheptaose (β-cyclodextrin) was investigated by Monte Carlo docking simulations. The chiral discrimination of (R)- and (S)-fenoprofen by β-cyclodextrin was discussed in terms of the difference in the interaction energies and the patterns of molecular interactions. The interaction energies between each enantiomer of fenoprofen and β-cyclodextrin were consistent with the reported experimental results that showed that the S isomer interacted preferentially with β-cyclodextrin and was retained longer in a separation process than the R isomer. The thermodynamic preference of inclusion complex formation of (S)-fenoprofen could be explained by the orientation of the phenyl group attached to the chiral carbon, which provided closer contact and thus more favorable intermolecular interactions between the host and guest molecule. The results presented here would be very useful for the prediction of chiral recognition ability of β-cyclodextrin.
Results are reported from molecular mechanics modelling of the inclusion process of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (CDs) with 1-bromoadamantane in water as the solvent. The dependence of the results on the assumed orientation of the guest molecule with respect to the macrocycle was studied, as well as the dependence on the force field used. The van der Waals interactions have the prevailing contribution for the formation of 1:1 complexes. The solvent favours the separated host and guest. For α-CD the guest molecule is outside of the cavity of the torus, while the two larger macrocycles form inner complexes. Computer estimates were also obtained for the energy stabilization from the association of a second guest molecule (1:2 host-guest complexes).
C60 inclusion complexes in γ-cyclodextrin are studied by molecular mechanics and semi-empirical methods with the aim of comparing measured and calculated induced circular dichroism (ICD) spectra. Low energy geometries of the complexes are generated by Monte Carlo simulations, also accounting for solvation effects by an aqueous environment. The ICD spectrum of the complex is then obtained from an exciton model based on semi-empirical calculations of the transition energies and the corresponding transition moments. Highly symmetric, tightly bound complexes of two γ-cyclodextrins and buckminsterfullerene are found as the most probable structures. The main bands of the experimentally derived ICD spectrum are assigned to the excitation transitions of the chromophore and are discussed in comparison to calculations on the magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectrum of C60.
α-, β-, and γ-Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of six, seven, or eight glucose units, which can be obtained on a large scale from starch. They form inclusion compounds with smaller molecules which fit into their 5—8 Å cavity. These (crystalline) complexes are of interest for scientific research as, contrary to the classical clathrates, they exist in aqueous solution and can be used to study the hydrophobic interactions which are so important in biological systems. Cyclodextrins also serve as models both for polymeric starch and, in the form of their polyiodide complexes, for “blue iodine-starch”. As cyclodextrins catalyze several chemical reactions they and their functionalized derivatives provide useful enzyme models. Cyclodextrins can be used to advantage in the production of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, foodstuffs, and toilet articles—the (micro-encapsulated) active and aromatic substances enclosed within them are protected from the effects of light and atmosphere and can be easily handled and stored in powder from. Substances which are not very soluble in water become more soluble in the presence of cyclodextrins—creams and emulsions can be stabilized, and the growth and yield of grain harvests can be increased. Cyclodextrins can be chemically modified for many different purposes; polymerized cyclodextrin or cyclodextrin bound to a polymer carrier have already been employed in gel inclusion and affinity chromatography.
Molecular mechanics calculations were employed to study the inclusion of some 1,2,4-oxadiazol derivatives in β-cyclodextrin in vacuum and in the presence of water as a solvent using MM + force field. The driving forces for complexation in both environments are dominated by nonbonded van der Waals host–guest interactions with little electrostatic contribution. Among 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives investigated in this work, 3,3´-bis(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one) (H2OD) forms the least stable 1:1 complex and the stability increases as the chain length increases.
The alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin (CyDs) dimers were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in water as an explicit solvent. The relative stability of dimers and the involved molecular interactions were determined. Three possible starting orientations were considered for the dimers: head-to-head, head-to-tail, and tail-to-tail. MD simulations were performed over a period of 5 ns to ensure the stability of the system for both the CyD dimers and monomers. The MMPBSA methodology was used to obtain the free binding energy of the dimers and to determine the most stable arrangement for each solvated CyD. In a vacuum, MD simulations provided the head-to-head orientation as the most stable orientation for the three CyDs, while in aqueous solution the, the head-to-tail orientation was found to be the most stable for the cc-CyD dimer and the tail-to-tail orientation the most stable for the beta- and gamma-CyD dimers.
A survey of early basic research on buckminsterfullerene shows that many areas of reseach converged toward C and the other fullerenes. The research on fullerenes as materials suggests a number of possible applications.
[60]Fullerene was found to form an inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin, which formed a stable yellow-colored solution in water. The stability constant of the 2 : 1 complex, measured from absorbance measurements and using the Benesi-Hildebrand equation, was found to be 1.69 × 10 dm mol. The 2 : 1 composition of the inclusion complex was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis.
Herein we report the spectroscopic, electrochemical, TEM and DLS characterizations of C60 supramolecular inclusion complexes with α‐, β‐and γ‐cyclodextrins prepared using anionic C60. The results indicate that the cyclodextrin itself has little effect on the encapsulated C60 or on the properties of the inclusion complex. Instead, the cyclodextrin has a significant influence on the aggregation behavior of individual complex in aqueous solution, which in turn affects the property of the supramolecular complex of cyclodextrin and C60 greatly. As the cavity dimension of cyclodextrin becomes smaller as it changes from γ‐CD to β‐CD, and finally to α‐CD, it is observed that more aggregation occurs for the corresponding inclusion complex in aqueous solution.
The 2:1 γ-cyclodextrin:C60 inclusion complex was studied by molecular dynamics simulations with the AMBER package. Dummy atoms were used to incorporate the various electron densities on the fullerene bonds into the molecular mechanics scheme. According to our MD simulations, the two γ-cyclodextrins adopt a V-shape in the complex, which strengthens some intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Fullerene interacts better with O2 than with O3 oxygens (from the secondary hydroxyl groups on C2 and C3, respectively); no interactions with glycosidic O4 were detected.
Steady-state fluorescence and molecular mechanics have been used to study the inclusion complexes of dimethyl 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate (DMN) with α- and β-cyclodextrins (CDs). Emission spectra of DMN show two bands whose ratio is very sensitive to the medium polarity. From the change of this ratio with CD concentration and temperature, the stoichiometry, the formation constants, and the changes of enthalpy and entropy upon inclusion of complexes formed were obtained. Stoichiometry depends on the host CD used. The estimated formation constants at 25 °C were (8.2 ± 0.6) × 105 M-2 for DMN:αCD2 and 1311 ± 57 M-1 for DMN:βCD. A dependence of the thermodynamic parameters ΔH° and ΔS° on the temperature was also found. Both complexes showed a negative ΔCp°. In addition, DMN seems to be a good probe for estimating microenvironmental polarity. Molecular mechanics calculations were also employed to study the formation of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of DMN with both α- and βCDs. The study was mainly performed in the presence of water as a solvent. Results seem to explain the stoichiometries for both complexes. Only a small portion of DMN penetrates into the αCD cavity, but it does penetrate almost totally into βCD. This fact makes it possible to stabilize the former 1:1 complex by adding other αCD. The driving forces for both 1:1 and 1:2 inclusion processes are dominated by nonbonded van der Waals host:guest interactions. Nevertheless, head-to-head hydrogen bonding formation between secondary hydroxyl groups of αCDs can also contribute to the stability of the DMN:αCD2 complex. [email protected]
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Steady-state fluorescence and molecular mechanics calculation were used to study the inclusion complexes of 2-methylnaphthoate (MN) with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD). The stoichiometry (1:1) and binding constants (213 ± 96 M-1 at 25 °C) were extracted from an analysis of the ratio of the intensity of two emission bands that were sensitive to the polarity of the medium. Extrapolation of this ratio to a high concentration of γ-CD permits the estimation of the polarity of the inner cavity, which seems to be only slightly hydrophobic, with a dielectric constant near 74. The ΔH and ΔS for formation of the complex were obtained and compared with previous results for similar complexes of MN with two smaller CDs. Molecular mechanics calculations were applied to study the complex in vacuo and in the presence of water as a solvent. Complexation is mainly due to nonbonded van der Waals interactions of MN with γ-CD. Calculations show that MN penetrates completely into the cavity of γ-CD.
An improved force field for molecular mechanics calculations of the structures and energies of hydrocarbons is presented. The problem of simultaneously obtaining a sufficiently large gauche butane interaction energy while keeping the hydrogens small enough for good structural predictions was solved with the aid of onefold and twofold rotational barriers. The structural results are competitive with the best of currently available force fields, while the energy calculations are superior to any previously reported. For a list of 42 selected diverse types of hydrocarbons, the standard deviation between the calculated and experimental heats of formation is 0.42 kcal/mol, compared with an average reported experimental error for the same group of compounds of 0.40 kcal/mol.
Molecular mechanics calculations were applied to monomers and dimers of cyanine dyes (3,3′-diethyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DOC), 3,3′-diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide (DODC), and 3,3′-diethyloxatricarbocyanine iodide (DOTC)) in β- and γ-cyclodextrin (CD) cavities, to explain the experimental findings that DODC and DOTC dimers are included both in β-and γ-CD cavities and that the DOC dimer is included only in a γ-CD cavity. The calculations show that the inclusion of dye dimers into cyclodextrin leads to stabilization of the total system; however, the (DOC)2-β-CD system is much less stable than the others, in agreement with experimental findings. Except for DOC and β-CD, the dimer dye (D2)-CD systems are found to be more stable than the corresponding monomer dye (D)-CD systems. This seemingly puzzling result can be rationalized in terms of the important role of the van der Waals stabilization energy in the inclusion compounds. The present study shows the usefulness of molecular mechanics calculations in the investigation of inclusion compounds.
The ability of C[sub 60] fullerene ([open quotes]Bucky Ball[close quotes]) derivatives to interact with the active site of HIV-1 protease (HIVP) has been examined through model building and simple physical chemical analysis. The model complexes generated via the program DOCK3 suggest that C[sub 60] derivatives will fit snugly in the active site, thereby removing 298 A[sup 2] of primarily nonpolar surface from solvent exposure and driving ligand/protein association. The prediction that these compounds should bind to the active site and thereby act as inhibitors has been borne out by the experimental evidence. Kinetic analysis of HIVP in the presence of a water-soluble C[sub 60] derivative, bis(phenethylamino-succinate) C[sub 60], suggests a competitive mode of inhibition. This is consistent with and supports the predicted binding mode. Diamino C[sub 60] has been proposed as a [open quotes]second-generation[close quotes] C[sub 60] derivative that will be able to form salt bridges with the catalytic aspartic acids in addition to Van der Waals contacts with the nonpolar HIVP surface, thereby improving the binding relative to the tested compound. 15 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.
A simple method of preparing water-soluble C-60 at room temperature has been developed by complexing it with gamma-cyclodextrin. By this method concentrations as high as 1.0 X 10(-4) mol dm(-3) of C-60 can be solubilized in water. The complex is characterized by thermogravimetric, optical absorption, and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The optical absorption spectrum, extinction coefficient, and equilibrium constant for a 2:1 (CD:C-60) complex of C-60 With gamma-cyclodextrin are reported. With the help of picosecond and nanosecond laser photolysis techniques, the triplet characteristics of the CD-C-60 complex are determined.
We investigated the inclusion process of Lamotrigine (LMN) in beta cyclodextrin (β-CD) with 1:1 stoichiometry using empirical, semi-empirical and quantum mechanical calculations models. We have found that the quantum and hybrid ONIOM2 methods gave the most favorable orientation in which the guest molecule is totally sequestered in the hydrophobic cavity of the cyclodextrin with the tiazine ring located near the primary hydroxyls of the β-CD and the dichloro phenyl moiety near the secondary hydroxyls with no hydrogen bonding formation. Moreover, the statistical thermodynamic calculations at 1 atm and 298.15 K demonstrate that 1:1 LMN/β-CD complexation is an exothermic process, enthalpically favorable in nature and that non bonded Van der Waals interactions represent the mainly driving forces leading to complex stability. While, HOMO and LUMO orbital investigations confirm on one hand the better stability of ‘A’ orientation and on the other hand prove that no significant change will be observed in the electronic structure of LMN after complexation.
A water-soluble complex between C70 and γ—cyclodextrin has been prepared by boiling a conc. solution of γ—cyclodextrin (0.8M) in water with solid C70 suspended in water. The complex has been characterised by its UV/VIS spectrum and by photophysical methods.
A novel supramolecular inclusion complex of α-CD/C60 was synthesized using anionic C60. The reaction progress was monitored in situ by visible and near-IR spectroscopy. The obtained complex was characterized by UV–vis, 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF, and cyclic voltammetry. The induction and dispersion forces are considered to be the major driving forces for the formation of a resulting α-CD/C60- inclusion complex.
Molecular modeling was used to investigate factors influencing complex formation between cyclodextrins and guest molecules and predict their stability through a theoretical model based on the search for a correlation between experimental stability constants (K s) and some theoretical parameters describing complexation (docking energy, host– guest contact surfaces, intermolecular interaction fields) calculated from complex structures at a minimum confor-mational energy, obtained through stochastic methods based on molecular dynamic simulations. Naproxen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and ibuproxam were used as model drug molecules. Multiple Regression Analysis allowed identification of the significant factors for the complex stability. A mathematical model (r ¼ 0:897) related log K s with complex docking energy and lipophilic molecular fields of cyclodextrin and drug. Ó 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are useful functional excipients, which are being used to camouflage undesirable pharmaceutical characteristics,
especially poor aqueous solubility, through the inclusion complexation process with insoluble drugs. The selection of more
efficient cyclodextrin is important to improve the bioavailability of drugs. In this study, the complexing and solubilizing
abilities toward poorly water-soluble monocyclic molecules of natural CDs (α-CD, β-CD, and γ-CD) were investigated using Monte
Carlo (MC) docking simulations studies. These theoretical results closely agree with the experimental observation of the complex
stability in water of the various guests–CD complexes. Host preferences, based on the experimentally determined stability
constants between host CDs and guest molecules, show excellent correlation with the calculated interaction energies of corresponding
complexes. The inclusion complex with the lower MC docking interaction energy shows a higher value of stability constant than
that of the other complex, and the prediction accuracy of the preferred complex for 21 host–guest pairs is 100%. This result
indicates that the MC docking interaction energy could be employed as a useful parameter to select more efficient cyclodextrin
as a host for the bioavailability of insoluble drugs. In this study, β-CD shows greater solubilizing efficacies toward guest
molecules than those of α-CD and γ-CD, with the exception of one case due to the structure of a guest molecule containing
one lipophilic cyclic moiety. The surface area change of CDs and hydrogen bonding between the host and guest also work as
major factors for the formation of the stable complex.
We present an all atom potential energy function for the simulation of proteins and nucleic acids. This work is an extension of the CH united atom function recently presented by S.J. Weiner et al. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 106, 765 (1984). The parameters of our function are based on calculations on ethane, propane, n−butane, dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, imidazole, indole, deoxyadenosine, base paired dinucleoside phosphates, adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine, thymine, insulin, and myoglobin. We have also used these parameters to carry out the first general vibrational analysis of all five nucleic acid bases with a molecular mechanics potential approach.
We present the derivation of a new molecular mechanical force field for simulating the structures, conformational energies, and interaction energies of proteins, nucleic acids, and many related organic molecules in condensed phases. This effective two-body force field is the successor to the Weiner et al, force field and was developed with some of the same philosophies, such as the use of a simple diagonal potential function and electrostatic potential fit atom centered charges. The need for a 10-12 function for representing hydrogen bonds is no longer necessary due to the improved performance of the new charge model and new van der Waals parameters. These new charges are determined using a 6-31G basis set and restrained electrostatic potential (RESP) fitting and have been shown to reproduce interaction energies, free energies of solvation, and conformational energies of simple small molecules to a good degree of accuracy. Furthermore, the new RESP charges exhibit less variability as a function of the molecular conformation used in the charge determination. The new van der Waals parameters have been derived from liquid simulations and include hydrogen parameters which take into account the effects of any geminal electronegative atoms. The bonded parameters developed by Weiner et al. were modified as necessary to reproduce experimental vibrational frequencies and structures. Most of the simple dihedral parameters have been retained from Weiner et. al., but a complex set of phi and psi parameters which do a good job of reproducing the energies of the low-energy conformations of glycyl and alanyl dipeptides has been developed for the peptide backbone.
We present the development of a force field for simulation of nucleic acids and proteins. Our approach began by obtaining equilibrium bond lengths and angles from microwave, neutron diffraction, and prior molecular mechanical calculations, torsional constants from microwave, NMR, and molecular mechanical studies, nonbonded parameters from crystal packing calculations, and atomic charges from the fit of a partial charge model to electrostatic potentials calculated by ab initio quantum mechanical theory. The parameters were then refined with molecular mechanical studies on the structures and energies of model compounds. For nucleic acids, we focused on methyl ethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, deoxyadenosine, dimethyl phosphate, 9-methylguanine-1-methylcytosine hydrogen-bonded complex, 9-methyladenine-1-methylthymine hydrogen-bonded complex, and 1,3-dimethyluracil base-stacked dimer. Bond, angle, torsional, nonbonded, and hydrogen-bond parameters were varied to optimize the agreement between calculated and experimental values for sugar pucker energies and structures, vibrational frequencies of dimethyl phosphate and tetrahydrofuran, and energies for base pairing and base stacking. For proteins, we focused on Φ,Ψ maps of glycyl and alanyl dipeptides, hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the various protein polar groups, and energy refinement calculations on insulin. Unlike the models for hydrogen bonding involving nitrogen and oxygen electron donors, an adequate description of sulfur hydrogen bonding required explicit inclusion of lone pairs.
Azobenzene derivatives in solution present thermal cis–trans isomerization through the double bond –NN–. Experimental results showed that β-cyclodextrin inhibited the isomerization process for some azoderivatives while others were not affected. As previous model studies on the inclusion complexation of cyclodextrins with various guests, offered significant insights into the non-covalent intermolecular interactions and theoretical calculations helped to illustrate the driving forces for the complexation, here we have undertaken a theoretical study of the entire process of the formation of 1:1 stoichiometry azobenzene/β-cyclodextrin structures, in order to contribute to the understanding and rationalization of the experimental results reported before. With this purpose, we first searched for a possible way of formation of each substituted azobenzene/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and then we have performed an analysis of the strain energy changes involved and we have also analyzed the interaction forces driving towards the different kinds of stable structures yielded by the calculation procedure.
Two local anaesthetics, Bupivacaine (BVC) and Lidocaine (LDC), were studied by experimental as well as theoretical methods. These compounds were associated with a drug delivery system of cyclodextrins (CDs). We used Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for experimental measurements. We calculated enthalpy change for the process of association between drug and CD. Calculations were performed using Molecular Mechanics (MM) with MM+ and OPLS Forced Fields. Both 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometries were studied. DSC result indicates formation of stable inclusion compounds for all cases. A difference between physical mixture and inclusion compound was observed. The OPLS GB/SA (OPLSw) results show that the difference of enthalpy change between 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometries is ca. ±1 kcal mol−1 for BVC. For LDC, the corresponding difference is ca. 10 kcal mol−1. This indicates that ring out type of docking is stable for the 1:1 stoichiometry. Head-to-head alignment was predicted to be stable in 1:2 stoichiometries. 1:1 and 1:2 associations coexist and establish a dynamic equilibrium.
The strongly hydrophobic C(60) fullerene is a carbon allotrope of huge interest in materials science and in pharmaceutical chemistry that can be solubilized in water either by extensive chemical functionalization or by inclusion in appropriate carriers such as the cyclodextrins with formation of host-guest complexes. Here we report a molecular dynamics study of the complexes formed in solution by C(60) with gamma- and delta-cyclodextrins. The most stable host-guest complex stoichiometry is determined to be 2:1 through simulations in vacuo and in explicit water by the stepwise addition of the cyclodextrins to C(60). No a priori assumption about the inclusion stoichiometry and geometry is made. The equilibrium fluctuations of the complexes that can affect the system stability are also investigated within the molecular dynamics runs.
The molecular basis for the remarkable enhancement of the solubility of paclitaxel by O-dimethylcyclomaltoheptaose (DM-beta-CD) over cyclomaltoheptaose (beta-cyclodextrin, beta-CD) was investigated with Monte Carlo docking-minimization simulation. As possible guests of inclusion complexation for the host cyclic oligosaccharides, two functional moieties of the suggested solution structure of paclitaxel were used where one is the C-3'N benzoyl moiety (B-ring) and the other is a hydrophobic (HP) cluster site among the C-3' phenyl (C-ring), C-2 benzoate (A-ring), and C-4 acetoxy moieties. The energetic preference of inclusion complexation of DM-beta-CD over beta-CD was analyzed on the basis of more efficient partitioning process of DM-beta-CD into the hydrophobic cluster site of the paclitaxel.
The fullerene family, and especially C60, has very appealing photo-, electro-chemical and physical properties, which can be exploited in many and different biological fields. Fullerene is able to fit inside the hydrophobic cavity of HIV proteases, inhibiting the access of substrates to the catalytic site of the enzyme. It can be used as radical scavenger; in fact some water-soluble derivatives are able to reduce ROS concentrations. At the same time, if exposed to light, fullerene can produce singlet oxygen in high quantum yields. This action, together with the direct electron transfer from excited state of fullerene and DNA bases, can be used to cleave DNA. In this review we report the most recent aspects of fullerene biological applications.
In all nitrogen-fixation processes known so far--including the industrial Haber-Bosch process, biological fixation by nitrogenase enzymes and previously described homogeneous synthetic systems--the direct transformation of the stable, inert dinitrogen molecule (N2) into ammonia (NH3) relies on the powerful redox properties of metals. Here we show that nitrogen fixation can also be achieved by using a non-metallic buckminsterfullerene (C60) molecule, in the form of a water-soluble C60:gamma-cyclodextrin (1:2) complex, and light under nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. This metal-free system efficiently fixes nitrogen under mild conditions by making use of the redox properties of the fullerene derivative.
Different from C60 dianion which readily reacts with electrophiles, supramolecular C60 dianion (2) generated from gamma-cyclodextrin-bicapped C60 (1) and NaBH4 (or diborate) in DMSO-H2O (9:1, v/v) is able to reduce N-N+, C=C-EWG and C=O bonds to provide the respective dihydro derivatives; 1-mediated reduction of acetophenone with NaBH4 in the presence of (Me2N)2CH2 and EtONa gives turn over frequency (TOF)/h of 400.
Caveolin is a major component of caveolae which is a plasma membrane microdomain. The emerging role of caveolin in tumorigenesis was based mainly on in vitro experiments with cancer cell lines. We performed semi-quantitative RT-PCR for caveolin, Akt and EGFR to understand the role of caveolins in colorectal tumor biology. Cancer tissue samples and the neighboring normal colon mucosa were obtained from 95 colorectal cancer patients who underwent operations at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital. With these fresh tissues, semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed by coamplification of the gene for caveolin-1, EGFR and Akt-1 with beta-actin. The average age was 60.21+/-13.33 years old, and sex ratio was 1.44:1. Caveolin-1 is more expressed in tumors than normal mucosa (P=0.025). The expression of caveolin-1 and Akt-1 had a definitive positive relationship (P=0.002). But, the expression of caveolin-1 and EGFR was not significantly related. We could not find correlations between caveolin-1 expression and clinical factors. In conclusion, caveolin-1 is more expressed in cancer tissues than normal colon and related with Akt-1, not with EGFR expression in colorectal cancer tissues, which suggests that signaling for caveolin-1 affects Akt-1 activation, but this reaction is not initiated by EGFR stimulation in colon cancer.
The water soluble inclusion complex [C(60):(gamma-cyclodextrin)(2)] has been characterized using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and collision induced dissociation. [C(60):(gamma-cyclodextrin)(2)] ions were detected in the gas phase as doubly deprotonated, doubly protonated and doubly sodiated ions. The absence of monocharged complex ions following electronebulization is a likely consequence of the dimeric nature and structural symmetry of the inclusion complex. The collision induced dissociation of positive ions led exclusively to the observation of the protonated and sodiated cyclodextrin ions as well as their fragments. In negative ion mode the closed shell anion C(60)H(-) was the dominant fragment detected at low collision energies whereas at higher collision energies the signal corresponding to deprotonated cyclodextrin units becomes significant. Since C(60) (2-) has been reported to have a nonnegligible basicity compared to C(60) and C(60) (-), it is likely that the proton transfer involved in the formation of the C(60)H(-) anion occurs following transfer of the two electrons from the deprotonated gamma-cyclodextrins to the fullerene. Finally, the charge state of the inclusion complex ions is also shown to affect the interaction strengths between its subunits. The relative stabilities of the three ionic species studied in gas phase following electronebulization are as follows: [C(60):(gamma-cyclodextrin)(2) + 2H](2+) < [C(60):(gamma-cyclodextrin)(2)- 2H](2-) < [C(60):(gamma-cyclodextrin)(2) + 2Na](2+).