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Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids in fat metabolism and thyroid hormone levels when compared to dietary saturated fatty acids in chickens
Abstract
The effects of n-3 fatty acids (FA) on serum thyroid hormones (T3, and T4), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), malic enzyme (ME), and L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (L3HOAD) activities were studied in chickens fed three diets: a basal diet low in fat and energy (BS) and two diets rich in n-3 polyunsaturated FA (10% linseed oil; LO) or in saturated FA (10% tallow; TA). Dietary FA profiles resulted in different profiles of FA in the tissues as expected. The BS diet caused lower LPL activity and fat deposition compared to the other diets. Chickens fed the LO diet showed lower abdominal fat deposition and higher L3HOAD activities (β-oxidation) and serum T3 levels than those fed the TA diet. There were no differences in lipid synthesis. Lipid β-oxidation may be more relevant than synthesis of FA in the lower fat deposition caused by n-3 FA compared to saturated FA in chicken diets. Higher serum T3 suggest a possible role of this hormone in the lower fat deposition caused by LO.
... Regardless of the dietary UFA:SFA, the deposited-toabsorbed PUFA ratio remained almost constant and below 1, as has already been observed by other authors (Villaverde et al., 2006;Wongsuthavas et al., 2011) using native oils. This is consistent with the well-known preferential β-oxidation of PUFA (Leyton et al., 2000;DeLany et al., 2000;Sanz et al., 2000b;Ferrini et al., 2010;Wongsuthavas et al., 2011), and the fact that the parent PUFA, linoleic and linolenic acids, are essential FA and, by definition, are not synthesized by the birds (NRC, 1994). ...
... The depositedto-absorbed MUFA ratio was always above 1, indicating that, regardless of the dietary degree of saturation, there was always a net synthesis, as has also been observed by other authors (Villaverde et al., 2006;Wongsuthavas et al., 2011) using native oils. Actually, MUFA are the main FA synthesized from glucose in broiler chickens (Ferrini et al., 2010). In contrast, the deposited-to-absorbed SFA ratio was lower than 1 in birds receiving diets with a UFA:SFA below 1.89. ...
... In contrast, the deposited-to-absorbed SFA ratio was lower than 1 in birds receiving diets with a UFA:SFA below 1.89. Given that FA oxidation is more related to PUFA than to SFA (Leyton et al., 2000;DeLany et al., 2000;Sanz et al., 2000b;Ferrini et al., 2010;Wongsuthavas et al., 2011), the disappearance of SFA in broilers fed highly saturated diets was probably, in part, due to the desaturation process leading to the formation of MUFA. However, in more unsaturated diets, the deposited-toabsorbed SFA ratio increased above 1, probably due to decreased conversion of SFA into MUFA. ...
Re-esterified oils contain higher proportions of mono- and diacylglycerols, and also higher proportions of saturated fatty acids (SFA) at the sn-2 position of acylglycerol molecules than does a native oil with the same degree of saturation, which enhances the apparent absorption of SFA. Moreover, as happens with native oils, their nutritive value could be further improved by blending re-esterified oils of extreme degrees of saturation. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to assess the effect of increasing the dietary unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio (UFA:SFA) by adding re-esterified soybean oil in replacement of re-esterified palm oil, on fatty acid (FA) apparent absorption and its consequences on growth performance, carcass fat depots, and FA composition of abdominal adipose tissue. For this purpose, one hundred twenty 1-day-old female broiler chickens were randomly distributed in 30 cages. The 2 pure re-esterified oils, together with 3 re-esterified oil blends, were included in the basal diet at 6%. The increasing dietary UFA:SFA ratio resulted in an improved total FA apparent absorption (linear effect for the starter period, P = 0.001; quadratic effect for the grower-finisher period, P = 0.006) and, therefore, an improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) for the overall period (linear effect, P = 0.003). In the starter period, the improved fat absorption was due to the growing presence of linoleic acid and the enhanced absorption of SFA, mono- and polyunsaturated FA (associative effects among FA; P < 0.05). In the growing-finishing period, however, the absorption of mono- and polyunsaturated FA was not affected (P > 0.05). The UFA:SFA ratio of the abdominal adipose tissue varied in the same direction, but to a lesser extent than that of the diet. Whilst the deposited-to-absorbed ratio of polyunsaturated FA remained relatively constant as the dietary UFA:SFA ratio increased, the deposited-to-absorbed ratio of SFA increased, and that of monounsaturated FA decreased. Taken together, the addition of re-esterified soybean oil in replacement of re-esterified palm oil improved fat absorption, but no synergism was observed between re-esterified oils.
© 2015 Poultry Science Association Inc.
... Taking into account that body fat deposition can be considered as the net result from the balance among dietary absorbed fat, endogenous lipogenesis (fat synthesis) and lipolysis (catabolism via b-oxidation), lower fat deposition may be attributed to increased lipolysis or diminished lipogenesis, or both [40]. It is generally accepted that a preferential oxidation of PUFA, as compared to SFA, exists and could be responsible for the lower fat deposition observed [17,33,40,41]. In this sense, lower PUFA retention and body fat retention efficiency were obtained in animals fed PUFA-rich diets than with saturated diets [39]. ...
... IMF forms a temporal FA reservoir for oxidation and energy recovery in muscle. A higher IMF would be attributed to a higher entry of dietary FA into the tissue by means of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and/or lower oxidation [40,41]. Results showed no differences in heart LPL activity, but rather higher activity in L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (the enzyme which joins in the FA b-oxidation) in heart and muscle of broilers fed PUFA diets, with regard to birds fed saturated diets, suggesting that low IMF found in the N3 group could be related to higher PUFA b-oxidation. ...
... Contrary to AF and muscle, dietary fat type did not influence either weight or fat content of the liver. The absence of any effect by unsaturated diets in the liver weight has also been described [33,41,48], although a significant effect of the PUFA level on liver fat was described by these authors. ...
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched diet on animal fat depots and lipid oxidation in the blood and meat of broiler chickens. Abdominal fat pad (AFP), sartorius muscle and liver histology were used to assess the effect of the dietary fat on animal lipid depots. A total of 60 female broilers (14 days old) was randomly divided into two groups which received a diet containing 10 % of tallow (S diet), rich in saturated fatty acids or 10 % of a blend of fish oil and linseed oil (N3 diet), rich in n-3 PUFA from 14 to 50 days of life. Both absolute and relative weights of AFP in N3 animals were lower than in the S group (P < 0.05). These results paralleled with a lower adipocyte mean area (P < 0.001) obtained in N3-fed animals, leading to a higher number of fat cells per unit of surface measured (383.4 adipocytes/mm(2) vs. 273.7 adipocytes/mm(2)). Similarly, fat content and the intramuscular fat-occupied area of muscle were lower in N3 (P < 0.0001) than in the S-fed birds. Neither macroscopic nor microscopic differences were observed in the liver. The inclusion of dietary n-3 PUFA increased meat and erythrocyte oxidation susceptibility; however, the erythrocytes from the S group were less resistant to osmotic changes. Results indicate that feeding an n-3 PUFA diet influences fat distribution and the oxidative status of broiler chickens.
... The FLAX oil had no negative effects on the growth performance and production parameters of broilers and laying hens. These findings agreed with those of (Elkin et al., 2015(Elkin et al., , 2016Ferrini et al., 2010;Mridula et al., 2014) who observed no adverse effects on broilers resulting from feeding them flaxseed oil. Also, (Ehr et al., 2017;Huang et al., 2018;Kartikasari et al., 2012;Nain et al., 2012) reported that feeding laying hens on diets contained extruded flaxseed, flaxseed meal or oil had no effects on laying parameters. ...
... Vegetable oils are added to poultry diets to improve diet palatability, reduce dust, and increase energy density and intake of essential FA, such as n-3 PUFA. Overall, the dietary oils had no adverse effects on bird growth performance (Table 3), which is in agreement with other authors who fed broilers FLAX oil (Elkin et al., 2016;Ferrini et al., 2010;Mridula et al., 2015). The greater final LBW and liver weights of birds fed the AHI1 diet were unexpected and require further investigation. ...
Enrichment of broiler meat with very long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids (VLCn‐3 FA) is of interest because of their beneficial effects on human health. The ability of Ahiflower® (AHI) oil (Buglossoides arvensis), which naturally contains stearidonic acid (SDA), and a high‐alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) flaxseed (FLAX) oil to enrich VLCn‐3 FA contents in broilers tissues was investigated. Fifty‐five Cobb 500 chicks were fed from days 12 to 35 of life either a control (CON) diet that contained 27.9 g/kg soybean oil or AHI or FLAX oils, each individually at 7.5 or 22.5 g/kg of the diet in substitution for soybean oil (all on an as fed basis). Total VLCn‐3 FA contents were greater in breast, thigh, liver, adipose tissue, and plasma of all n‐3 treatments compared to CON, with the greatest increase observed at the highest level of AHI and FLAX oils (p < 0.001). AHI oil at 7.5 g/kg promoted the most efficient synthesis and deposition of VLCn‐3 in broiler tissues measured as deposition of VLCn‐3 FA in tissues relative to intake of n3 FA. In conclusion, both ALA and SDA oils increased VLCn‐3 FA deposition in tissues, but there were diminishing returns when increasing dietary levels of the oils.
... Unlike in most mammals, supplementing broiler diets with ALA significantly enriches tissues in EPA and DHA (Poureslami et al., 2010;Kartikasari et al., 2012). Accordingly, several studies have been reported that linseed oil inclusion in broiler diet suppressed abdominal fat deposition and enhanced growth performance compared with saturated fat sources, such as tallow Esteve-Garcia, 2001, 2002;Ferrini et al., 2010;González-Ortiz et al., 2013) or n-6 PUFA sources such as sunflower oil (Crespo and Esteve-Garcia, 2002;Ibrahim et al., 2018). For example, supplementing broiler diets with flaxseed oil (10%) reduced abdominal fat by 30% compared to equivalent amounts of saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids (Ferrini et al., 2008). ...
Modern broiler chickens are incredibly efficient, but they accumulate more adipose tissue than is physiologically necessary due to inadvertent consequences of selection for rapid growth. Accumulation of excess adipose tissue wastes feed in birds raised for market, and it compromises well-being in broiler-breeders. Studies driven by the obesity epidemic in humans demonstrate that the fatty acid profile of the diet influences adipose tissue growth and metabolism in ways that can be manipulated to reduce fat accretion. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) can inhibit adipocyte differentiation, induce fatty acid oxidation, and enhance energy expenditure, all of which can counteract the accretion of excess adipose tissue. This mini-review summarizes efforts to counteract the tendency for fat accretion in broilers by enriching the diet in n-3 PUFA.
... In poultry, de novo lipogenesis occurs by hepatic lipogenesis from dietary carbohydrates; reactions catalyzed by both glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzymes (Alvarez et al, 2000). They are then transported by chylomicrons as very-low-density lipoproteins, which are deposited in the tissue (Mourot and Hermier, 2001) or oxidized to generate energy (Ferrini et al., 2010). In contrast, if chickens consume a diet high in fat content, the hepatic lipid synthesis will be inhibited, as endogenous lipogenesis occurs from a reduction in dietary starch, then replaced by fat (Mourot and Hermier 2001). ...
De-oiled perilla seed (Perilla frutescens L.), referred to as perilla meal, is rich in α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3). The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of increasing levels of perilla meal in broiler diets to modify the fatty acid composition and other properties of meat quality. Two-hundred broilers were divided into five groups and fed diets with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% perilla meal. The breast and thigh meat of the broilers, slaughtered at 42 days of age, were subjected to in-depth physicochemical and sensory analyses. The results showed that perilla meal efficiently modified the fatty acid compositions of the lipids of both muscles. Saturated fatty acids declined, especially C14:0 and C16:0, whereas monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased significantly in both muscle groups. The C14:1, C16:1, and C18:3 n-3 levels were found to be significantly different between treatment groups, in which the highest values were noticed in the perilla meal groups. Small increases in n-6 fatty acids resulted in commensurate decreases in n-6:n-3 ratios. Increased C18:3 n-3 proportions, as well as extended oxidative stability, were observed particularly in the 2% perilla meal inclusion. Perilla meal also increased protein content and water holding capacity (WHC), and decreased fat content and shear force; whereas the sensory evaluations were unchanged in both portions of meat.
... The decreased relative weight of abdominal fat was mainly due to the effect of the high-level n-3 PUFA in MA, LO and FO, rather than SFA or MUFA in SO [20]. Previous studies have also concluded that LO could reduce abdominal fat deposition by promoting fatty acid β-oxidation, rather than suppressing fatty acid biosynthesis [21]. These improved body-mass percentages indicate that dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation could improve the immunity of broilers, as well as provide humans with nutritious chicken meat for consumption while reducing the instances of certain human diseases [22]. ...
This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of dietary fatty acids from various sources on growth performance, meat quality, muscle fatty acid deposition and antioxidant capacity in broilers. 126 Arbor Acres broilers (1 d-old, initial body weight of 45.5 ± 0.72 g) were randomly assigned to three treatments with seven cages per treatment and six broilers per cage. The dietary treatments included: (1) corn–soybean meal basal diet containing 3% soybean oil (control diet, CTL); (2) basal diet + 1% microalgae + 1% linseed oil + 1% soybean oil (ML); (3) basal diet + 2% fish oil + 1% soybean oil (FS). The trial consisted of phase 1 (day 1 to 21) and 2 (day 22 to 42). Compared with CTL, broilers fed ML or FS diet showed improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain in phase 1, 2, and overall (day 1 to 42), as well as a decreased (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio in phase 1 and overall. On day 42, broilers supplemented with FS diet showed increased (p ≤ 0.05) the relative weights of pancreas and liver, as well as higher (p < 0.05) redness value in breast and thigh muscle compared with CTL. Broilers offered ML or FS diet had lower (p < 0.05) the relative weight of abdominal fat and total serum cholesterol content in phase 1, and increased (p < 0.05) contents of serum glucose, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosacagetaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity, as well as lower (p < 0.05) concentrations of malondialdehyde, n-6 PUFA, and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in breast and thigh muscle compared with CTL. This research indicates that diets supplemented with fish oil or a combination of microalgae and linseed oil experience improved performance, antioxidant capacities and n-3 PUFA profile in muscle of broilers compared with traditional soybean oil supplemented diets
... In our study, LPL enzymatic activity increased linearly with the duration of the flaxseed diet. LPL activity in animal tissues increases with the consumption of diets rich in PUFA (52). The enzymatic activity of LPL represents a limiting step for the entry of dietary fatty acid into tissues because LPL hydrolyzes circulating TG in the form of porto microns and verylow-density lipoproteins in order to enter the tissues (53). ...
Background:
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly n-3, have beneficial effects on human health, and for this reason foodstuffs with increased content of n-3 PUFA are now very common and widely available.
Design:
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the duration of a flaxseed diet on Peking duck's growth performance, antioxidant status, gene expression, and fatty acid profile of the meat. A total of 792 12-day-old white Peking ducks were divided into four groups. In the control group, animals were provided with a basal diet. In the three experimental groups, animals were fed a 10% flax seed diet with vitamin E at 13, 23, and 33 days of age for 30, 20, and 10 days, respectively.
Results:
The growth performance of the ducks decreased with flaxseed diet's duration. Both body weight and body weight gain decreased linearly while Feed conversion ratios (FCR) increased in the group of ducks fed flaxseed compared to control ducks. Serum triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) linearly decreased while high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels increased by feeding flaxseed up to 30 days. The expression of lipin-1 gene (LPIN-1) and fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) linearly increased in ducks fed flaxseed for 30 days. Linolenic acid (n-3) and its long-chain metabolites like eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-3 fatty acids (FA) linearly increased while the ratio of n-6 to n-3 was reduced with increased duration of flaxseed supplementation.
Conclusion:
Overall, we found that increasing the duration of flaxseed diet with vitamin E for more than 10 days had a mild adverse effect on duck's growth performance but enrichedits meat with long-chain PUFA and decreased the n-6 to n-3 ratio, providing quality meat for health-conscious consumers. A period of 20 days is good for producing n-3 enriched Peking duck meat and skin.
... However, in this study the abdominal fat proportion for both local and Galor 16-weekold guinea fowls was higher than that found by Nahashon et al. (2009) for Galor guinea fowl and by Yamak et al. (2018) for local guinea fowl of the same age. This strong decrease in the proportion of fat in chickens fed n-3 supplemented diets has already been demonstrated by (Ferrini et al., 2010;Ibrahim et al., 2018). The mechanism implicated was a reduction in fat deposits in existing adipocytes, due to a reduction of lipogenesis and/or an increased beta-oxidation that we discussed above (Todorcevic and Hodson, 2016) In our study, diet GH was associated with a strong increase in n-3 PUFA proportion of guinea fowl muscle compared to the control diet GS whatever the breed. ...
Guinea fowl production is increasing in developing countries and has a crucial role in the fight against poverty. However, the feed cost is very high, especially the soya bean meal cost, and farmers cannot afford to buy commercial feed. Consequently, animals do not receive feed adapted to their nutritional needs and they exhibit poor performance. The aim of this paper is to partially substitute soya bean meal by local by-products, discarded, in abundant supply and not used in human nutrition. French Galor guinea fowl ( Numida meleagris ) and local African guinea fowl (150 birds per breed) were reared for 16 weeks and fed the same starter diet for the initial 4 weeks. From 4 weeks of age, experimental birds from each breed were randomly assigned to three grower isoproteic and isolipidic dietary treatments, each containing five replications (floor pens); each replication included 10 birds of the same breed. The guinea fowl of each breed were fed either control grower diet using soya bean meal as the protein supplement GS, or trial grower diet GN (soya bean meal supplement partially substituted by 15% cashew nut ( Anacardium occidentale ) meal) or trial grower diet GH (soya bean meal supplement partially substituted by 15% hevea seed ( Hevea brasiliensis ) meal). The results indicated that hevea seed meal contained a high content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) (21.2% of total fatty acids ( FAs )). The use of hevea seed meal in guinea fowl grower diet was found to exert no adverse effect on growth performance and carcass yield. However, the use of cashew nut meal led to negative effects on performance like daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Therefore, cashew nut meal cannot be considered as a suitable partial substitute for soya bean meal in diets. The use of hevea seed meal led to a very low abdominal fat proportion and low blood triglyceride and cholesterol content. Additionally, inclusion of dietary hevea seed meal resulted in guinea fowl meat enriched in PUFAs, especially n-3 FAs, thereby significantly improving the nutritional value.
... Ferrini et al [105] stated that efforts to reduce fat deposition in the chicken body has become one of the main topics of broiler research. This development is because consumers want poultry products that are high quality and meet high health criteria. ...
Objective:
This study performed a meta-analysis of published trials to determine the effects of zinc addition on the immune response and production performance of broilers.
Methods:
A database was built from published literature regarding the addition of zinc forms or doses and their relation to the immune response and production performance of broilers. Different doses or forms of zinc were identified in the database. The recorded parameters were related to the immune response and production performance. The database contained a total of 323 data points from 41 studies that met the criteria. Then, the data were processed for a meta-analysis using a mixed model methodology. The doses or different forms of zinc were considered fixed effects, different studies were treated as random effects, and P-values were used as the model statistics.
Results:
An increase in zinc dose increased (p<0.05) pancreas metallothionein (MT) and zinc concentrations in the plasma, tibia and meat, all in quadratic patterns, but linearly decreased (p<0.05) the heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. With regard to the different zinc forms, both inorganic and organic zinc increased (p<0.05) the zinc concentrations in the plasma and tibia, the calcium and phosphorus contents in the tibia, and the antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in meat as compared to control. An increase in zinc dose increased average daily gain (ADG) and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) by following a quadratic pattern (p<0.05). Inorganic and organic zinc decreased (p<0.05) FCR and H/L ratio than that of control, but these two forms were similar for these parameters.
Conclusion:
Zinc addition has a positive impact on immunity and broiler production. Zinc can suppress stress and inhibit the occurrence of lipid peroxidation in broilers, and it can also improve ADG, FCR and the quality of broiler carcasses.
... In regard to body weight, it is important to note that this study obtained a body weight of 1.6 kg in 5 weeks, i.e., 1 week earlier than for commercial production (Ferrini et al. 2010); for commercial purposes, this could translate into lower meal expenses. Feed intake increased with 4% and 6% Ulva meal, which could have been related to the attractant properties of this algae (Cruz-Suarez et al. 2000). ...
Marine algae contain large amounts of bioactive compounds and dietary fiber; thus, when used as feed for poultry, they could be an alternative to improve intestinal integrity and reduce lipid serum concentrations. Few studies have assessed the prebiotic properties of this marine resource. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prebiotic effects of different concentrations of the green alga Ulva rigida as feed additive to enhance the morphology of intestinal villi and reduce total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in chickens. One hundred and forty-one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomized to one of four treatments: 0, 2, 4, and 6% Ulva meal, respectively, including seven replicates of five broilers each, in a completely randomized design. The assay was run for 6 weeks. Body weight gain and carcass percentage were not affected by the treatment, but feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality showed significant differences (p < 0.05). Width, height, and contour length of intestinal villi were higher (p < 0.05) in all U. rigida meal treatments compared to the control group. The highest (p < 0.05) intestinal villus height and contour length were recorded with 2% Ulva. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower in Ulva treatments vs. control (p < 0.05). The addition of U. rigida to broilers meal improved the growth of intestinal villi and reduced serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, thus confirming that it could be considered as a prebiotic that can enhance the broiler health.
... The EFA deficiency in fish leads to the increase of hepatocytes de novo fatty acid synthesis and the enhancement of tissue lipid content. Conversely, fatty acid oxidation results in depletion of lipid content (Ferrini et al., 2010;Vamecq et al., 1993). Since the body lipid content remained similarly very high for all treatments, higher VSI in fish fed CPO and RBDPO diet suggested the higher visceral fat deposition was strongly related to the higher antioxidant ability of these oils. ...
... The EFA deficiency in fish leads to the increase of hepatocytes de novo fatty acid synthesis and the enhancement of tissue lipid content. Conversely, fatty acid oxidation results in depletion of lipid content (Ferrini et al., 2010;Vamecq et al., 1993). Since the body lipid content remained similarly very high for all treatments, higher VSI in fish fed CPO and RBDPO diet suggested the higher visceral fat deposition was strongly related to the higher antioxidant ability of these oils. ...
This study was performed to investigate the effects of different types of palm oil on the survival, growth performance, body indices, lean percentage, body composition and fatty acid profile of juvenile Malaysian mahseer, Tor tambroides. Four extruded diets containing 5% crude palm oil (CPO), refined, bleached, deodorised palm oil (RBDPO), RBD palm olein (RBDPOo) and RBD palm stearin (RBDPOs) were prepared. Triplicate groups of T. tambroides juveniles (1.65 ± 0.6 g) were stocked in 60 litres aquaria at 20 fish per aquarium and fed the diets for 12 weeks. Fish fed CPO and RBDPOs diet showed the best feed conversion ratio (FCR), while the lowest viscero-somatic index (VSI) was observed in juveniles fed RBDPOo and RBDPOs. A significantly higher (P<0.05) protein and gross energy retention were observed in juveniles fed RBDPOs compared to those fed RBDPO. The highest muscular retention of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 LC-PUFA) was observed in juveniles fed CPO diet. In addition to giving a higher PUFA ratio in mahseer muscle than other palm oil products, CPO was the most cost effective palm oil type and was recommended as the lipid source in the diet of T. tambroides juvenile.
... Marine omega-3 fatty acids have been found to be involved in the suppression of lipogenic genes in liver (Kaur and Sinclair, 2010). Furthermore, Ferrini et al. (2010) showed that linseed oil reduces abdominal fat deposition by promoting fatty acid b-oxidation, rather than suppressing fatty acid biosynthesis. Chen et al. (2012) found that enriching diet with n-3 PUFA improved Lipin-1 (LPIN1) gene expression in the abdominal fat of chicken. ...
Typical formulated broiler diets are deficient in n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) due to widening n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio which could greatly affect performance, immune system of birds and, more importantly, meat quality. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of modifying dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio from plant and animal oil sources on performance, behavior, cytokine mRNA expression, antioxidative status and meat fatty acid profile of broiler chickens. Birds (n = 420) were fed 7 diets enriched with different dietary oil sources and ratios as follows: sunflower oil in control diet (C); fish oil (FO); 1:1 ratio of sunflower oil to FO (C1FO1); 3:1 ratio of sunflower oil to fish oil (C3FO1); linseed oil (LO); 1:1 ratio of sunflower oil to linseed oil (C1LO1); 3:1 ratio of sunflower oil to linseed oil (C3LO1), resulting in dietary n-6:n-3 ratios of approximately 40:1, 1.5:1, 4:1, 8:1, 1:1, 2.5:1 and 5:1, respectively. The best final body weight, feed conversion ratio as well as protein efficiency ratio of broilers were recorded in the C1FO1 and C1LO1 groups. Compared with the control group, the dressing percentage and breast and thigh yield were highest in the C1FO1 and C1LO1 groups. Narrowing the dietary n-6:n-3 ratio increased (P
... This knowledge has led to an increase in demand for healthy food products, encouraging the manipulation of both the quantity and composition of lipids in chicken meat ( Wood et al., 2003, cited by Woods and Fearon, 2009, Villaverde et al., 2006, cited by Ferrini et al., 2010), that is, increasing the contribution of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids to diets (Andersson et al., 2002). Due to the high cost of fi sh products rich in ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids extensively used in animal feed, other sources have been evaluated, such as α-linolenic acid, a precursor of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids > 20 carbon (Lagarde, 2008). ...
This article describes the possibility of modifying the composition of fat tissue in broiler chickens fed canola oil, which is high in monounsaturated fatty acids. 128 one-day old broiler chickens, randomly assigned into 4 groups of 32 chicks each, received one of four diets containing 15% oil with different percentages of canola oil (diet 1: 0% canola oil, diet 2: 5% canola oil, diet 3: 10% canola oil and diet 4: 15% canola oil), for 31 days. Each group was divided into 4 subgroups of 8 chicks. The birds were sacrificed at day 45 to obtain tissue samples. The fatty acid composition was measured in meat (legs and breasts), fat (abdominal and subcutaneous) and plasma. An increase in oleic acid (p
... It has been proved that a key factor in postprandial lipid metabolism is the activity of LPL, which plays a role in the clearance of chylomicrons derived from dietary fat (Patsch et al. 1987). Inconsistently with the previous research that FO (10%) diet led to an increase in the activity of LPL in the liver of chickens (Ferrini et al. 2010), a suppression effect was observed in our study, which may be due to the different adding amounts of FO in our work, as we observed that 5% FO led to greater activity of LPL than the adding amounts of 1.25% (FO1) and 2.5% (FO2). Our result, that diets containing FO gained greater LDH activities, agreed with the result of Yilmaz et al. (2004). ...
The effect of different levels of corn oil (CO) and flaxseed oil (FO) on growth performance, blood characteristics, fatty acid composition, and expression of lipogenic genes in the liver of broiler chickens was studied. Two hundred forty female Cobb-500 broiler chickens at the age of one day (body weight (BW) = 46 +/- 4 g) were fed a corn soybean meal based diet containing 5% CO (LC), 3.75% CO + 1.25% FO (FO1), 2.5% CO + 2.5% FO (FO2) or 5% FO (FC). Chickens fed FO1 diet had better BW gain (P = 0.049) and gain/feed ratio (P = 0.006) than those fed LC and FC diets during days 1-21 of age. However, for the whole experimental period (1-42 days of age), the dietary lipid source had no effect on the growth performance. On day 42 of age, the hepatic percentages of 18: 3n-3 (P = 0.001) and 20: 5n-3 (P < 0.001) were higher in FC than in LC group, which led to a higher content of total n-3 PUFA and lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. The contents of 18: 2n-6 (P < 0.05) and S n-6 PUFA (P = 0.009) were lower in FC than in LC group. Chickens fed FO1 and FO2 diets had higher Ca2+-ATPase activity and lower lipoprotein lipase activity than those fed LC and FC diets, whereas activities of lactate dehydrogenase and Na+,K+-ATPase were increased by FO2 than by LC diet (P < 0.05). The relative mRNA expression level of lipin 1 in chickens fed FO2 and FC was higher (P < 0.01) than in those fed LC and FO1 diets. Our results demonstrated that higher levels of FO led to hepatic enrichment of n-3 PUFA content and lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in liver and increased the expression of lipin 1 whereas the expression of lipin 2, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2,Delta-6 fatty acid desaturase, WD and tetratricopeptide repeats 1, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was not affected.
... The MUFA and SFA have double origins, directly from the diet and by de novo synthesis, while PUFA can only have a dietary origin (Villaverde et al. 2006;Ferrini et al. 2010). Our research indicated that varying the ratio of 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 in diets had a weak effect on 16 : 1 and 18 : 1 concentrations in tissues as observed by Qi et al. (2010). ...
The effect of dietary 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio (by the replacement of corn oil with linseed oil) on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) enrichment in breast muscle of broiler chickens and the expression of lipogenic genes were investigated. Broiler chickens were fed ad libitum with diets containing 5% corn oil (CO), 3.75% corn oil + 1.25% linseed oil (CL1), 2.5% corn oil + 2.5% linseed oil (CL2), and 5% linseed oil (LO) based on the basic diets, respectively. Dietary 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio did not affect 42-day body weight and 0-42-day feed conversion efficiency (feed/gain, P > 0.05) of broiler chickens, however, 5% linseed oil significantly increased 0-21-day feed conversion efficiency (feed/gain, P < 0.05) and decreased breast muscle weight (by 16%, P < 0.05) of broiler chickens. With the decrease of dietary 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio, the enrichment of total n-3 PUFA, 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, and 22:5n-3 increased linearly (P < 0.01), while the enrichment of total n-6 PUFA and 18:2n-6 decreased linearly (P < 0.01) in breast muscle of broiler chickens. Dietary corn oil increased the enrichment proportion of 20:4n-6 in a dosage-independent manner. Replacing 1.5% corn oil with linseed oil increased the enrichment proportion of 22:6n-3 (P < 0.05), but continuing to increase dietary linseed oil could not further elevate its deposition. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the expression of the mRNA levels of related genes. Dietary PUFA had insignificant effect on the expressions of LPIN2, WD, and tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (WDTC1) and ?-6 fatty acid desaturase (FADS2) in both breast muscle and abdominal fat. The effect of dietary PUFA on the expression of LPIN1 gene showed clear tissue dependence. Equivalent adding of corn oil and linseed oil could up-regulate the mRNA level of LPIN1 in abdominal fat (P < 0.01). This study demonstrated that decreasing dietary 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio promoted the deposition of desirable n-3 long chain PUFA in the edible tissue and influenced the expression of LPIN1 in a tissue-dependent manner.
... Among all the PUFA, the omega-3 fatty acid has received considerable attention in the past decade due to reducing the susceptibility toward obesity, coronary artery diseases, hypertension and diabetes [13]. This knowledge has increased the demand for enriched food products through Table- manipulation of both the quantity and quality of lipid composition of chicken meat [14]. There are three important essential omega-3 fatty acids: α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. ...
Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of selenomethionine and omega-3 fatty acid on serum mineral profile and nutrient utilization of broiler chicken.
Materials and Methods: The present study was a 2×3 factorial arrangement of two levels of selenomethionine (0 and 0.3 ppm) and three levels of omega-3 fatty acid (0, 0.5 and 1%). Day-old Vencobb broiler chicks (n=180), were randomly assigned in six treatment groups. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Treatment groups followed of: Group I was a control. Group II, III, IV, V and VI were supplemented with 0 ppm selenomethionine with 0.5% omega-3 fatty acid, 0 ppm selenomethionine with 1% omega-3 fatty acid, 0.3 ppm selenomethionine with 0% omega-3 fatty acid, 0.3 ppm selenomethionine with 0.5% omega-3 fatty acid and 0.3 ppm selenomethionine with 1% omega-3 fatty acid, respectively. Linseed oil was used as a source of omega-3 fatty acid while sel-plex is used for selenomethionine supplementation.
Results: Significant (p
... The same trend was observed for liver weight (P = 0.08). Crespo and Esteve-Garcia (2002) and Ferrini et al. (2010) found no differences in liver weight (both in absolute and relative terms) among animals fed saturated and unsaturated fat sources, but they did find differences in the liver lipid content. Regarding the fat molecular structure, no differences were found for carcass fat depots, although birds fed N tended to show higher liver weights (both in absolute and in relative terms) than did those fed A (P = 0.06). ...
Re-esterified oils are new fat sources obtained from the chemical esterification of acid oils with glycerol (both economically interesting by-products from oil refining and biodiesel industries, respectively). The different fatty acid (FA) positional distribution and acylglycerol composition of re-esterified oils may enhance the apparent absorption of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and, therefore, their overall nutritive value, which might lead to an increased deposition of SFA. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential use of re-esterified palm oils, in comparison with their corresponding acid and native oils in fattening pig diets, studying their effects on fatty acid apparent absorption, acylglycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) composition of feces, growth performance, carcass-fat depots and fatty acid composition of backfat. Seventy-two crossbred boars and gilts (average weight of 24.7±2.55 kg) were blocked by initial BW (nine blocks of BW for each gender), housed in adjacent individual boxes, and fed one of the four dietary treatments, which were the result of a basal diet supplemented with 4% (as-fed basis) of native palm oil (PN), acid palm oil (PA), re-esterified palm oil low in mono- and diacylglycerols (PEL), or re-esterified palm oil high in mono- and diacylglycerols (PEH). Regarding results from the digestibility balance, PA and PN showed similar apparent absorption coefficients (P>0.05), despite the high, FFA content of the former. However, re-esterified palm oils (both PEL and PEH) showed a higher apparent absorption of total FA than did their corresponding native and acid oils (P0.05). We conclude that re-esterified oils are interesting fat sources to be considered in fattening pigs.
... The same trend was observed for liver weight (P = 0.08). Crespo and Esteve-Garcia (2002) and Ferrini et al. (2010) found no differences in liver weight (both in absolute and relative terms) among animals fed saturated and unsaturated fat sources, but they did find differences in the liver lipid content. Regarding the fat molecular structure, no differences were found for carcass fat depots, although birds fed N tended to show higher liver weights (both in absolute and in relative terms) than did those fed A (P = 0.06). ...
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential use of re-esterified oils, differing in their degree of saturation and molecular structure, in comparison with their corresponding acid and native oils in broiler chicken diets. For this purpose, 144 one-d-old female broiler chickens were randomly distributed in 48 cages. Birds were fed a basal diet supplemented with 6% of native palm oil ( PN: ), acid palm oil ( PA: ), re-esterified palm oil low in mono- ( MAG: ) and diacylglycerols ( DAG: ) ( PEL: ), re-esterified palm oil high in MAG and DAG ( PEH: ), native soybean oil ( SN: ), acid soybean oil ( SA: ), re-esterified soybean oil low in MAG and DAG ( SEL: ), or re-esterified soybean oil high in MAG and DAG ( SEH: ), which resulted in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. Digestibility balances showed that the degree of saturation of fat generally exerted a greater impact than did the fat molecular structure. The dietary utilization of S sources was higher than that of P sources. However, the increased sn-2 saturated fatty acid ( SFA: ) content of EL oils in the starter period and the increased MAG and DAG content of EH oils in the grower-finisher period yielded favorable effects on the SFA apparent absorption, especially in those birds fed re-esterified palm oils. The excreta acylglycerol and free fatty acid composition was mainly composed of free fatty acids, and their amount almost paralleled the results observed for SFA apparent absorption. For growth performance, birds fed S exhibited better feed conversion ratios and lower abdominal fat-pad weights than did those fed P. The fatty acid composition of abdominal adipose tissue was also mainly affected by the degree of saturation of dietary fat sources. We concluded that re-esterified oils, mainly from P sources, can be used in broiler chicken diets as alternative fat sources since they show similar or even higher total fatty acid apparent absorption than do their corresponding native and acid oils, with small changes in abdominal adipose tissue fatty acid composition.
© 2015 Poultry Science Association Inc.
... A study by Newman et al. (2002) demonstrated a decrease in the content of adipose fat in birds administered feed mixtures with the addition of sunflower oil, compared with those receiving fish oil or tallow as a source of fat. Similar dependencies were observed by Ferrini et al. (2010) in an experiment with broilers receiving feed mixtures with linseed oil. Likewise, in our study, an increased content of adipose fat was observed in the turkey hens receiving linseed oil compared with the birds fed the feed mixture with soyabean oil. ...
The aim of the study was to analyse whether and to what degree
the use of RRR-d-α-tocopherol in diets containing an oil rich in linoleic or
linolenic acid (soyabean or linseed oil, respectively) would make it possible to
halve the dosage of this antioxidant with respect to that of α-tocopherol without
negatively affecting the metabolic status and rearing performance of slaughter
turkey hens. A study was performed on 480 one-week-old turkey hens reared
until the 16th week of life. The hens in groups I and II received soyabean oil, in
groups III and IV linseed oil in feed mixture. The birds in groups I and III received
dl-α-tocopherol acetate, whereas those in groups II and IV RRR-
d-α-tocopherol.
The body weight gain and feed intake were monitored. Selected haematological
and biochemical parameters were estimated in blood. The linseed oil was
found to improve production effects and carcass traits in turkey hens. It may also
contribute to stimulation of erythropoiesis. It should be emphasized, however,
that it may overburden the organism, as indicated by the increased activity of
liver enzymes. It may be possible to use the natural form of tocopherol in diets
rich in linoleic and linolenic acid (soyabean/linseed oil) without detrimental effect
on metabolic status and rearing performance in turkey hens. Nonetheless, the
commonly used tocopherol acetate, despite the higher dosage, is cheaper and
has similar effects. Thus, from an point of view perspective the use of linseed oil
with the synthetic form of vitamin E can be recommended.
... A similar result was reported by Newman et al. (2002) who found that, compared with the addition of tallow, the addition of sunflower or fish oil to the diets of broilers from 21 to 56 days of age reduced abdominal fat deposition, increased the consumption of oxygen, and decreased the rate of oxygen consumption relative to the rate of carbon dioxide production, which showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids activate fatty acid β-oxidation. Furthermore, Ferrini et al. (2010) reported that, compared with those fed diets containing tallow, the activity of L3HOAD increased significantly whereas the activities of MDH and G-6-PDH (lipogenic enzymes) did not change in chickens fed diets containing linseed oil. This showed that linseed oil reduces abdominal fat deposition by promoting fatty acid βoxidation, rather than suppressing fatty acid biosynthesis. ...
The major goals of the poultry industry are to increase the carcass yield and to reduce carcass fatness, mainly the abdominal fat pad. The increase in poultry meat consumption has guided the selection process toward fast-growing broilers with a reduced feed conversion ratio. Intensive selection has led to great improvements in economic traits such as body weight gain, feed efficiency, and breast yield to meet the demands of consumers, but modern commercial chickens exhibit excessive fat accumulation in the abdomen area. However, dietary composition and feeding strategies may offer practical and efficient solutions for reducing body fat deposition in modern poultry strains. Thus, the regulation of lipid metabolism to reduce the abdominal fat content based on dietary composition and feeding strategy, as well as elucidating their effects on the key enzymes associated with lipid metabolism, could facilitate the production of lean meat and help to understand the fat-lowering effects of diet and different feeding strategies.
... Cobb de dos semanas de edad, los niveles obtenidos para la T 4 fueron de 23.6 ± 2.7ng/ ml(22); luego se reportó que los valores de la T 4 en broilers Cobb de 3 días de edad, eran de 4.09 ± 0.53ng/ml(23); por su parte, un estudio previo, publicó que los valores totales para la T 4 en pollos adultos sin diferenciar su línea, eran de 22.0 a 27.0 nM(24). En pollos de la línea Ross de 36 días de edad, se reportaron valores de 2.03 pmol/ml para la T 4(25); cabe aclarar que todos estos son valores totales de la hormona, ninguno ha reportado valores de T 4 L como tal. Como podemos observar los resultados obtenidos en nuestro estudio no se pueden comparar con los de otros autores, debido a que nuestros valores hacen referencia a la T 4 L y a la TSH, los cuales no se han reportado hasta el momento. ...
Objective: to establish reference values for TSH and free T4 in two lines of broilers (Ross and Cobb), and also to compare the thyroid hormone levels in serum of those two lines. Materials and methods: after fasting, serum of one-hundred, 35 days of age broilers (50 Ross and 50 Cobb) was obtained, and TSH and free T4 levels were measured using enzymatic immunoassay. Results: the TSH values for the Ross line (µUI/mL) were: average 0.00; minimum 0.06; maximum 0.34; and 0.07 standard deviation. For the Cobb line (µUI/mL) the values were: average 0.01; minimum 0.08; maximum 0.42; and 0.09, standard deviation. The P value for the F test is superior or the same as 0.05. As a consequence, there is no statistically significant difference with a confidence level of 95 %. for TSH between the two analyzed lines The free T4 values for the Ross (ng/dL) line were: average 0.71; minimum 0.60; maximum 1.15; and 0.27 standard deviation, and the values found for the Cobb line were: average 0.76; minimum 0.20; maximum 1.26; and 0.28 standard deviation. The P value for the F test is superior or the same as 0.05. As a consequence there is no statistically significant difference with a confidence level of 95 %. for free T4 between the two analyzed lines. Conclusion: levels of TSH and free T4 are similar for the two lines tested, which can be attributed to a similar hormonal response they have due to the genetic selection they have undergone. Reference values for TSH and free T4 are presented.
... An essential FA deficiency in fish can increase the rate of de novo FA synthesis by hepatocytes and enhances the lipid content of tissue [29,30]. Conversely, a diet rich in n-3 PUFA may increase the rate of FA oxidation and reduce the tissue lipid content [31,32]. Therefore, our data suggests that the differences observed between whole body lipid content of fish fed trial diets and between their VSI values is a result of increased FA oxidation in fish fed high n-3 diets rather than increased de novo FA synthesis in fish fed low n-3 diets. ...
The current study was conducted to determine optimal levels of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA), n-3 PUFA and to study potential n-3 sparing effect of dietary SFA for Malaysian mahseer Tor tambroides. Juvenile T. tambroides were fed four trial diets with similar basal composition but different oil mixtures in a 2 × 2 factorial experimental design for 10 weeks. The two factors were the levels of dietary SFA and the levels of dietary n-3 PUFAs. Growth performance and fatty acid profile of tissues were analyzed at the end of the experiment. Significant differences in growth performance were observed among treatments, and fish fed the diet low in n-3 and high in SFA showed the best growth performance. T. tambroides fed the high n-3 diets showed a significantly higher (p<0.05) muscle total n-3 PUFA content compared to fish fed the low n-3 diets. The highest 22:6 n-3 and total n-3 PUFA content of the liver were also observed in fish fed the low n-3 and high SFA diet. However, the significant interaction (p<0.05) between dietary SFA and n-3 PUFA levels was observed for the total n-3 PUFA content of both muscle and liver tissues, suggesting an n-3 sparing action by dietary SFA. The results of this study suggest that 2.5% n-3 PUFA in the diet of T. tambroides, with an SFA to n-3 ratio of 15.3, is sufficient to provide the best growth performance and to retain the n-3 content of tissues.
Practical applications: The continuous increase of world population and growth of aquaculture industry put severe pressure on the marine resources such as fish oil and fishmeal. Here we show that fish oil can be substituted with palm oil, a cheaper and more available source of oil in tropical countries, in the diet of Malaysian mahseer without a reduction of growth. Moreover, palm oil as a source of SFA may spare omega-3 in the fish tissues. Omega-3 is an essential fatty acid for humans as final consumer of edible fish.
Introducción: La alimentación en la primera infancia influencia la instauración del tejido adiposo y el desarrollo de diversas patologías en la edad adulta. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia del consumo de tres fuentes de ácidos grasos sobre parámetros sanguíneos y tejido adiposo en pollos recién eclosionados. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron 76 pollitos Cobb 500 distribuidos aleatoriamente en cuatro tratamientos, que fueron alimentados durante siete días con una de las cuatro dietas (T1: 97% Dieta basal (DB); T2: DB +3% de manteca vegetal parcialmente hidrogenada; T3: DB +3% de aceite de quinua y T4: DB +3% de aceite de pescado). Al finalizar, se evaluó en sangre glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos y tamaño de adipocitos del tejido adiposo subcutáneo y visceral. Se aplicó ANOVA considerando 0,05 de significancia y en el caso de variables no distribuidas normalmente, se aplicó el test no paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis mediante el programa R-Studio. Resultados: Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas con disminución de los niveles de glucosa y colesterol en animales suplementados con elevada proporción de aceites insaturados (T3 y T4) en comparación a T2. Los tratamientos T3 y T4 promovieron una formación hiperplásica de adipocitos, diferenciándose significativamente de T2, que promovió la hipertrofia en dichas células, esta respuesta fue similar en ambos depósitos subcutáneos. Conclusiones: El consumo de aceite de quinua y aceite de pescado promueve la formación de tejido adiposo saludable, y reducen los niveles de glucosa y colesterol. Contrariamente el consumo de manteca vegetal propicia la hipertrofia de adipocitos de gran tamaño e incrementa los parámetros bioquímicos evaluados.
El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto de linaza en la dieta de pavos de engorde sobre el crecimiento, rendimiento de carcasa, parámetros hematológicos y metabolitos lipídicos. Se utilizaron 160 pavos machos Hybrid Converter de 42 días de edad y peso corporal de 2.41 + 0.13 kg distribuidos al azar en 4 tratamientos, cada uno con 4 repeticiones de 10 aves. Los pavos recibieron dietas con 0% (dieta control), 5, 10 y 15% de semilla de linaza cruda sin moler. Los pavos del tratamiento al 10%, en la fase de 43 a 91 días de edad, obtuvieron mayor ganancia de peso y mejor conversión alimenticia. El rendimiento de carcasa de pavo disminuyó con 15% de linaza en la dieta; sin embargo, la carcasa contenía menor cantidad de grasa abdominal en comparación con los tratamientos con 0, 5 y 10%. El tratamiento con 15% redujo el colesterol sérico y la de semilla de linaza en cualquier nivel (5, 10 y 15%) puede reducir los triglicéridos séricos.
Modern broilers have been selected for rapid growth but demonstrate reduced heat tolerance towards market age. As the poultry industry expands globally, strategies must be developed to support broiler performance in challenging climates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) and dietary fat source during the finisher period on broiler performance during acute heat stress close to market age. The cyclic exposure to high temperatures during mid-incubation used in TM have been demonstrated to improve broiler tolerance to heat stress. However high incubation temperatures can be detrimental to embryonic development and impair post-hatch broiler performance. Embryos were exposed to 39.5°C for 12 h daily from incubation days 7 to 16 to assess the impact of TM on hatching and broiler performance. Dietary fat is commonly added to poultry diets during heat stress and it was theorized that differences in fat source may further impact bird performance. Finisher diets were supplemented with either soya oil, poultry fat, or olive oil at 4.5 % each. Broilers were exposed to a period of acute heat stress (AHS) at 43 d. Embryo mortality was increased, and hatchability was reduced by TM. Broiler performance was also decreased for the TM birds, but mortality during AHS was markedly reduced. Dietary fat source did not influence bird performance but was shown to interact with incubation treatment. Overall, the present data suggest optimal performance in modern broiler strains may be at odds with improved heat tolerance.
The increased consumption of protein derived from poultry demands greater poultry production, but increased poultry production (meat and eggs) is dependent on the fertility of the parent flocks. Clearly, the fertility of poultry flocks is associated with the fertility of both males and females, but the low numbers of males used for natural or artificial insemination mean that their role is more important. Thus, enhancing the semen volume, sperm concentration, viability, forward motility, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in sperm, as well as protecting against oxidative damage could help to optimize the sperm membrane functionality, mitochondrial activity, and sperm–egg penetration, and thus fertility. Therefore, this review summarizes the nutritional factors that could improve the fertility of poultry males as well as their associated mechanisms in order to allow poultry producers to overcome low fertility problems, especially in aging poultry males, thereby obtaining beneficial impacts on the poultry production industry.
Objective. To establish reference values for TSH and free T4, in two lines of laying hens (Hy-Line W-36 and Lohmann Brown-Classic),as well as to compare the thyroid hormone levels in serum between those two lines. Materials and methods. One hundred, 25 weeks of age laying fasting hens serum (50 Hy-Line W-36 and 50 Lohmann Brown-Classic) was obtained and TSH and free T4 levels were measured using enzymatic inmunoessay. Results. The values obtained for TSH for High-Line W-36 (uUI/ml) were: mean, minimal, maximal, and standard deviation, 0.09, 0.00, 0.82, 0.15 respectively. For the Lohmann Brown-Classic (uUI/ml) the values were, 0.29, 0.00, 4.98, 0.78, respectively. The P value of test F was greater or equal to 0.05 reason why there is not statistical significant difference, with a 95% confidence for TSH between the lines studied. The free T4 values obtained for Hy-Line W-36 in ng/dl were mean, minimal, maximal, and standard deviation of 0.95, 0.11, 2.00, 0.53 respectively while the values found for the Lohmann Brown-Classic line in ng/dl were 1.54, 0.21, 2.58, 0.49 respectively. The P value for the F test was inferior to 0.05, showing statistically significant difference with a 95% confidence for free T4 between the lines studied. Conclusion. Statistical difference was observed for free T4 between the two studied lines. This could be explained because the semi-heavy line (Lohman Brown-Classic) deposits a higher quantity of fattening in the organism influencing the increase of T4 levels for this line and not for the light Hy-Line W-36. Reference values for the two laying hens studied lines are presented.
Cilj rada bio je prikazati utjecaj dizajniranih smjesa korištenih u tovu pilića na koncentraciju
elektrolita i hormona štitaste žlijezde u krvi. U istraživanju je korišteno 120
muških pilića hibrida Ross 308. Tov pilića trajao je 42 dana. U prva tri tjedna tova pilići
su konzumirali standardnu starter smjesu s 22% sirovih bjelan~evina i 13,90 MJ/kg ME.
U zadnja tri tjedna tova pili}i su podijeljeni u 6 pokusnih skupina, a svaka skupina dobivala
je posebno pripremljenu fini{er smjesu (P1=6% suncokretovog ulja+0,0 mg Se/
kg hrane, P2=6% lanenog ulja+0,0 mg Se/kg hrane, P3=6% suncokretovog ulja+0,3
mg Se/kg hrane, P4=6% lanenog ulja+0,3 mg Se/kg hrane, P5=6% suncokretovog
ulja+0,5 mg Se/kg hrane, P6=6% lanenog ulja+0,5 mg Se/kg hrane). Fini{er smjesa
bila je izbalansirana na 18,02% sirovih bjelan~evina i 14,40 MJ/kg ME. Utvr|eno je
da vrsta ulja u hrani za pili}e ima utjecaja na pH krvi (P<0,001), dok razina selena
(P=0,014) u hrani, kao i interakcija vrste ulja i razine selena (P<0,001) utječe na
koncentraciju kalija u krvi. Vrsta ulja (P=0,037) imala je utjecaja na koncentraciju fT3,
koja je kod pilića hranjenih smjesama s dodatkom lanenog ulja bila ni`a u odnosu na
pili}e koji su hranjeni smjesama s dodatkom ulja suncokreta. Na razlike u koncentraciji
fT4, kao i omjera fT3/fT4, utjecaj je imala interakcija razine selena i vrste ulja (P<0,001
odnosno P=0,021). Iz rezultata istra`ivanja uo~ljivo je da kori{tena ulja u smjesama u
kombinaciji s različitim razinama organskoga selena utječu na pH, koncentraciju nekih
elektrolita i hormona štitnjače u krvi pilića. Me|utim, treba istaknuti da se sve dobivene
vrijednosti nalaze u granicama referentnih vrijednosti za perad.
Ključne riječi: selen i ulje, pilići, tiroksin, trijodtironin, elektroliti u krvi
The research aimed to elaborate the influence of designed mixtures used in broilers fattening on the concentration of electrolytes and thyroid gland hormones in the blood. The research was carried out on 120 male Ross 308 hybrid broilers. The fattening lasted for 42 days. During the first three weeks of fattening broilers were fed standard starter diet containing 22% crude protein and 13.90 MJ/kg ME. During the last three weeks of fattening, broilers were divided into 6 experimental groups, each fed specially prepared finisher diets (P1=6% sunflower oil+0.0 mg Se/kg of feed, P2=6% linseed oil+0.0 mg Se/kg of feed, P3=6% sunflower oil+0.3 mg Se/kg of feed, P4=6% linseed oil+0.3 mg Se/kg of feed, P5=6% sunflower oil+0.5 mg Se/kg of feed, P6=6% linseed oil+0.5 mg Se/kg of feed). Finisher diet was balanced at 18.02% crude protein and 14.40 MJ/kg ME. It was found out that the type of oil in chicken feed influenced to blood pH (P <0.001), whereas selenium level (P=0.014) in the feed, as well as the oil type and selenium level interaction (P<0.001) influenced the concentration of potassium in the blood. Oil type (P=0.037) influenced the concentration of fT3, which was lower in chickens fed mixtures with addition of linseed oil than in the chickens fed sunflower oil added mixtures. Interaction of selenium content and oil type had influence on differences in concentration of fT4 as well as on the ratio of fT3/fT4, (P<0.001, i.e. P=0.021). The research results indicated that oils supplemented to broiler diets and combined with different organic selenium concentrations affected pH, concentration of some electrolytes and thyroid gland hormones in broiler blood, however, all obtained values were within reference range for poultry.
The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative stress response, at the transcriptional level, in chickens supplemented with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Twenty chickens were divided into two groups: the PALM group (N=10) received 5% palm oil in feed as a source of saturated fatty acids (SFA), while the LIN group (N=10) received 5% polyunsaturated linseed oil. We determined plasma and liver malondialdehyde concentrations that served as a marker of lipid oxidation and vitamin E, as a natural antioxidant. Additionally, plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and liver fatty acid (FA) composition were determined. The RNA was isolated from the liver, and a whole-chicken genome microarray analysis (Affymetrix) was performed to examine the expression of genes. Differential expression of selected candidate genes was confirmed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Malondialdehyde concentration was higher and vitamin E concentration was lower in the LIN group. No differences in plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were observed. Liver FA composition reflected the FA composition of the diets. Clearly present prooxidative conditions due to the consumption of an n-3 PUFA-rich diet triggered an oxidative stress response through the up-regulation of NFE2L2 and PIK3R1 genes. Changes in liver transcriptome also suggest that PUFAs lower mitochondrial lipid oxidation and increase the degree of lipogenesis in chickens' livers.
Abstract 1. This study evaluated the effects of diets with partial and total substitution of soya bean oil (SO) with flaxseed (linseed) oil (FO) on broiler chicken performance, carcass traits, meat chemical composition and blood serum metabolites. 2. A total of 448 one-d-old Cobb 500 broiler chicken were used. They were allotted among 4 treatments with 8 replications, using a completely randomised design, for 35 d. Four diets were compared: T1 = 100% SO (3%, 1-7 d; 4%, 8-21 d; and 5%, 22-35 d); T2 = 50% SO + 50% FO; T3 = 25% SO + 75% FO and T4 = 100% FO. 3. No significant differences were observed in body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and blood serum metabolites (total triglycerides, TRI; total cholesterol, CHO; high-density lipoprotein, HDL; low-density lipoprotein, LDL; glucose, GLU; albumin, ALB; globulin, GLO; and total proteins, TPs). Significant effects were observed for TRI, CHO, HDL, GLU, HDL, LDL, ALB and GLO with regard to the day of collection. 4. Carcass traits did not show significant differences for the treatments. No significant differences were observed for breast and drumstick chemical compositions, with the exception of drumstick fat concentration (quadratic effect). 5. In conclusion, the partial or total substitution of SO with FO did not affect growth performance, carcass traits, meat chemical composition or blood serum profile in broiler chicken. Therefore, FO can be an alternative to SO in the diet formulation for broiler chicken.
This article describes the possibility of modifying the composition of fat tissue in broiler chickens fed canola oil, which is high in monounsaturated fatty acids. 128 one-day old broiler chickens, randomly assigned into 4 groups of 32 chicks each, received one of four diets containing 15% oil with different percentages of canola oil (diet 1: 0% canola oil, diet 2: 5% canola oil, diet 3: 10% canola oil and diet 4: 15% canola oil), for 31 days. Each group was divided into 4 subgroups of 8 chicks. The birds were sacrificed at day 45 to obtain tissue samples. The fatty acid composition was measured in meat (legs and breasts), fat (abdominal and subcutaneous) and plasma. An increase in oleic acid (p<0.01) was detected, as well as a decrease in linoleic acid (p<0.01), together with a slight increase in α-linolenic acid (p<0.05) with a higher percentage of canola oil. The composition of fat tissue was more representative of the dietary fatty acids than muscle tissue. In conclusion, canola oil increased the content of omega 9 and omega 3 fatty acids and decreased the content of omega 6 fatty acids in meat, fat and plasma in broiler chickens.
Data from 100 male and 100 female broiler chickens that were raised on the floor under two lighting regimes (12 and 24 hr
light) were combined. Birds were weighed when 58 days old (male data presented first) (2372 g, 1913 g) and then slaughtered
at 59 days. Abdominal fat was weighed (2.18%, 2.82%) and fat extracted from ground carcass (12.0%, 13.7% wet basis), intestines
(47.6%, 56.2% dry basis), and from a triangular section of backskin (86.1%, 88.0% dry basis). Percent total fat was 10.4 and
12.2 (wet basis). Abdominal fat regressed on live body weight produced negative intercepts, indicating that regressed rather
than percent values should be used.
Fat from the four locations mentioned above had correlation coefficients of +.45 to +.76 for males and +.47 to +.74 for females.
Percent abdominal fat had low nonsignificant correlations with fat free live body weight (r = +.23 male, −.07 female). Abdominal
fat weight was a better (higher r2) predictor of total fat, total fat minus abdominal fat, percent carcass fat, and percent intestinal fat, than percent backskin
fat. Thirty-three percent (male) and 22% (female) of the variation of percent abdominal fat was accounted for by percent backskin
fat. Abdominal fat should be obtained directly and used for predicting fat in the bird rather than backskin fat.
Abdominal fat was +20.7% (male) and +22.8% (female) of total fat. Prediction equations for estimating total fat and fat free
live weight, given abdominal fat, and live body weight were developed.
Selection against percent abdominal fat would probably result in a reduction of fat in other locations and little change in
fat free live weight.
The effect of dietary fat level and composition on the activities of enzymes involved in thyroid hormone metabolism: thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and hepatic type I deiodinase (DI) were investi- gated. Male Wistar rats weighing on average 277 g (SEM=4.23 g) received different levels (w/w 5%-LF, 10%-MF, 20%-HF) and types of dietary fat (sunfl ower oil - group S, rape seed oil - R and palm oil - P) over a three weeks. TPO rose with fat intake in group R and declined in groups S and P. Hepatic DI activity was not affected by dietary fat composition, but was infl uenced by fat level, decreasing as fat intake increased. The infl uences of dietary fat level and composition on thyroid physiology are interdependent. TPO and DI activity seem to respond in a differentiated manner to changes in the amount and type of fatty acids consumed.
Methods currently used for quantitating total fat and fatty acid composition in feedstuffs require solvent extraction, purification, and esterification followed by gas Chromatographic analysis. A 2-h, one-step extraction-transesterification procedure using 5.0 mL of solvent mixture consisting of methanol-benzene (or chloroform)-acetyl chloride (20:27:3) for 50-500 mg of sample containing 10-50 mg of fatty acids is described, which gave reproducible results for fatty acid content and composition of many feedstuffs, oilseeds, calcium soap, milk fat, and feces samples. The procedure also was useful for quantitating fatty acids of oil extracted by Soxhlet and of lipid classes separated by thin-layer chromatography. The one-step extraction-transesterification procedure is simple, rapid, convenient, and quantitative; fatty acids are determined specifically, providing a precise estimate of nutritive value of fats. The method is useful both for research and commercial purposes.
Decreased triacylglycerol synthesis within hepatocytes due to decreased diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity has
been suggested to be an important mechanism by which diets rich in fish oil lower plasma triacylglycerol levels. New findings
suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and not docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lowers plasma triacylglycerol by increased mitochondrial
fatty acid oxidation and decreased availability of fatty acids for triacylglycerol synthesis. To contribute to the understanding
of the triacylglycerol-lowering mechanism of fish oil, the different metabolic properties of EPA and DHA were studied in rat
liver parenchymal cells and isolated rat liver organelles. EPA-CoA was a poorer substrate than DHA-CoA for DGAT in isolated
rat liver microsomes, and in the presence of EPA, a markedly lower value for the triacyl[3H]glycerol/diacyl[3H]glycerol ratio was observed. The distribution of [1-14C]palmitic acid was shifted from incorporation into secreted glycerolipids toward oxidation in the presence of EPA (but not
DHA) in rat liver parenchymal cells. [1-14C]EPA was oxidized to a much greater extent than [1-14C]DHA in rat liver parenchymal cells, isolated peroxisomes, and especially in purified mitochondria. As the oxidation of EPA
was more effective and sensitive to the CPT-I inhibitor, etomoxir, when measured in a combination of both mitochondria and
peroxisomes, we hypothesized that both are involved in EPA oxidation, whereas DHA mainly is oxidized in peroxisomes. In rats,
EPA treatment lowered plasma triacylglycerol and increased hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase
(CPT)-I activity in both the presence and absence of malonyl-CoA. Whereas only EPA treatment increased the mRNA levels of
CPT-I, DHA treatment increased the mRNA levels of peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase and fatty acid binding protein more effectively
than EPA treatment. In conclusion, EPA and DHA affect cellular organelles in relation to their substrate preference. The present
study strongly supports the hypothesis that EPA, and not DHA, lowers plasma triacylglycerol by increased mitochondrial fatty
acid oxidation.
The effects on body fat accumulation of long-term feeding of high fat diets of differing fatty acid composition were studied in rats. The rats were meal-fed isoenergetic diets based on safflower oil or beef tallow for 4 mo. Each diet was freshly prepared every day throughout the experimental period. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production for 6 h after meals were measured between the 50th and 54th d of the experimental period. Oxygen consumption for 3 h after meals was significantly greater in the safflower oil diet group than in the beef tallow diet group, indicating greater diet-induced thermogenesis in the former group. From the assessment of respiratory quotient, the fat oxidation rate was also higher in the former. After the experimental period (4 mo), body fat accumulation was significantly less in the rats fed safflower oil. This difference was, at least in part, ascribed to increased diet-induced thermogenesis and fat oxidation. Serum triacylglycerol level was markedly lower in the rats fed safflower oil than in those fed beef tallow. The lipoprotein lipase activities in heart and soleus muscle after meals appeared to be higher in the former than in the latter. These results suggest that the consumption of the safflower oil diet increased lipoprotein lipase activity in heart and skeletal muscle, resulting in the elevation of fat oxidation rate and the depression of serum triacylglycerol level.
The lipoprotein lipase activity in the liver of neonatal (1 day old) rats was about 3 times that in the liver of adult rats. Perfusion of the neonatal liver with collagenase decreased the tissue-associated activity by 77%. When neonatal-rat liver cells were dispersed, hepatocyte-enriched (fraction I) and haemopoietic-cell-enriched (fraction II) populations were obtained. The lipoprotein lipase activity in fraction I was 7 times that in fraction II. On the basis of those activities and the proportion of both cell types in either fraction, it was estimated that hepatocytes contained most, if not all, the lipoprotein lipase activity detected in collagenase-perfused neonatal-rat livers. From those calculations it was also concluded that haemopoietic cells did not contain lipoprotein lipase activity. When the hepatocyte-enriched cell population was incubated at 25 degrees C for up to 3 h, a slow but progressive release of enzyme activity to the incubation medium was found. However, the total activity (cells + medium) did not significantly change through the incubation period. Cycloheximide produced a time-dependent decrease in the cell-associated activity. Heparin increased the amount of lipoprotein lipase activity released to the medium. Because the cell-associated activity was unchanged, heparin also produced a time-dependent increase in the total activity. In those cells incubated with heparin, cycloheximide did not affect the initial release of lipoprotein lipase activity to the medium, but blocked further release. The cell-associated activity was also decreased by the presence of cycloheximide in those cells. It is concluded that neonatal-rat hepatocytes synthesize active lipoprotein lipase.
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes were cultured under simulated conditions of varying nutritional status to explore the short-term modulation by dietary substrates of the main lipogenic enzymes: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), malic enzyme (ME), ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACoAC) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS). Primary cultures were individually exposed to varying amounts of glucose, hydrolysed casein and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for 12 h. A second set of experiments was designed to evaluate the effects of mixing different relative amounts of these macronutrients in the culture medium. Glucose concentrations of up to 20-25 mm showed a stimulatory effect on G6PD, ME, ACL and ACoAC activity while an earlier inhibitory effect on FAS was observed at 10-20 mm glucose The use of hydrolysed casein as a nutritional source of amino acids inhibited the activity of FAS and ME and stimulated G6PD, ACoAC and ACL activity Low levels of linolenic acid exerted a stimulatory effect on all the lipogenic enzymes assayed with the exception of FAS, and increased amounts showed some inhibition of lipogenic activities Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid showed a similar effect, although the former strongly inhibited FAS activity while the latter showed greater potential to inhibit ACoAC and G6PD. A complete change in the relative levels of glucose, hydrolysed casein and PUFA in turn led to changes in the enzyme activity patterns observed. The present study shows the feasibility of exploring the direct regulation of lipogenesis in isolated fish cells by varying the relative amounts of main macronutrients, mimicking in vivo dietary conditions. It is felt that such an approach may serve to investigate the macronutrient regulation of other metabolic pathways.
Two experiments were conducted in order to determine the effect of dietary fatty acid profile on deposition of body fat, carcass fat, and separable fat depots. Diets with four types of fat (tallow, olive, sunflower, and linseed oils) at an inclusion level of 10% were administered to female broiler chickens. In Experiment 1, total body fat, carcass fat (total body fat minus abdominal fat), and abdominal fat (AF) were determined. In Experiment 2, several separable fat depots (abdominal, neck, sartorial, and mesenteric fat) were removed and weighed. In general, the analyzed separable fat depots were reduced in broilers fed sunflower or linseed oils with respect to those fed tallow or olive oil (P < 0.05). Percentages of body and carcass fat were also slightly reduced in birds fed sunflower or linseed oil, with respect to those fed tallow; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Regression analysis showed that body fat, carcass fat, and fat depots variability were closely correlated with AF (R2 = 0.69, 0.56, and 0.81, respectively), except for birds fed tallow, in which abdominal and mesenteric fat showed a different growth pattern with respect to the other treatments and to the other fat depots. These results suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce fat deposition in separable fat depots with respect to monounsaturated and saturated fats but not in the rest of the body fat depots. The growth pattern of fat depots can be modified by dietary fatty acid profile. Broilers fed saturated fat tend to deposit more fat in abdominal and mesenteric depots.
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-catalyzed hydrolysis of plasma lipoproteins is a rate-limiting step in the transport of lipids into the peripheral tissues of broiler chickens. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether LPL mRNA expression in adipose tissue is affected by age or nutritional treatments, with a view to reducing fat accumulation in broiler chickens. The study found that chicken LPL mRNA expression in abdominal adipose tissue did not differ significantly between chickens aged 4, 6, and 8 wk, but there was less expression of LPL mRNA in 2-wk-old chickens. In nutritional modulation, LPL mRNA levels in abdominal adipose tissues were not modified by 48-h feed deprivation or by subsequent refeeding for 48 h. In addition, expression of LPL mRNA was not significantly altered in chickens fed for 7 d on diets containing 8% olive oil (triolein rich), safflower oil (trilinolein rich), or linseed oil (trilinolenin rich). On the other hand, adipose LPL mRNA expression in chickens force-fed for 12 h with a trilinolenin (18:3) emulsion after 48-h feed deprivation was significantly decreased when compared to that in chickens force-fed with a triolein (18:1) or trilinolein (18:2) emulsion. Changes to LPL immunoreactive protein levels in chicken abdominal adipose tissues brought about by aging and nutritional manipulations were similar to those observed in relation to mRNA expression. These findings suggest that LPL mRNA expression in growing chickens is less responsive to aging and nutritional manipulation than in mammals, thereby indicating specificity of physiological response on broiler chicken LPL.
The effects of dietary saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the n-3 and n-6 series on weight gain, body composition and substrate oxidation were investigated in broiler chickens. At 3 weeks of age three groups of chickens (n 30; ten birds per group) were fed the fat-enriched experimental diets for 5 weeks. These diets were isonitrogenous, isoenergetic and contained 208 g protein/kg and 80 g edible tallow, fish oil or sunflower oil/kg; the dietary fatty acid profiles were thus dominated by saturated fatty acids, n-3 PUFA or n-6 PUFA respectively. Resting RQ was measured in five birds from each treatment group during weeks 4 and 5 of the experiment. There were no significant differences between treatments in total feed intake or final body mass. Birds fed the PUFA diets had lower RQ and significantly reduced abdominal fat pad weights (P<0.01) compared with those fed tallow. The dietary lipid profile changes resulted in significantly greater partitioning of energy into lean tissue than into fat tissue (calculated as breast lean tissue weight:abdominal fat mass) in the PUFA groups compared with the saturated fat group (P<0.01; with no difference between the n-3 and n-6 PUFA groups). In addition, the PUFA-rich diets lowered plasma concentrations of serum triacylglycerols and cholesterol. The findings indicate that dietary fatty acid profile influences nutrient partitioning in broiler chickens.
Previous experiments have shown lower abdominal and body fat deposition in broilers fed polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared with those fed saturated fatty acids (SFA) or monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). These changes in fat deposition may be related to different rates of lipid synthesis or lipid oxidation. In Experiment 1, in vivo lipogenesis of broilers fed different dietary fatty acid profiles (tallow, sunflower oil, or linseed oil) was investigated. In Experiment 2, liver fatty acid deposition of broilers fed a basal diet (without additional fat) or diets with added tallow, olive oil, sunflower oil, or linseed oil was studied. Results from Experiment 1 showed higher rates of de novo fatty acid synthesis in broilers fed the diet with added linseed oil (P < 0.05), compared with those fed tallow or sunflower oil. In Experiment 2, values of liver-to-dietary-fatty-acid ratios of fatty acids from endogenous synthesis (SFA, n-7 and n-9 fatty acids) were higher in broilers fed linseed oil and the basal diet. Results obtained in both experiments suggest that lower abdominal and body fat deposition of broilers fed PUFA compared with those fed SFA or monounsaturated fatty acids is mainly due to differences in lipid oxidation rates and that the higher in vivo lipogenesis found in broilers fed linseed oil would be another mechanism to dissipate energy, contributing to the lower fat deposition in these birds.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different dietary fatty acid profiles on efficiency of energy, fat, nitrogen, and fatty acid deposition in broiler chickens. Sixty female broiler chickens were fed a basal diet without additional fat or with 4 other diets with different fats (tallow, olive, sunflower, and linseed oils) at 10% from 28 to 48 d of age. Among broilers fed diets with added fat, those fed linseed oil had less abdominal fat (in grams and percentage) than those fed tallow (P < 0.05). Absorbed fat losses were slightly higher for birds fed linseed oil, and nitrogen efficiency was lower in those fed tallow (P < 0.05). However, there were not significant differences in energy deposition among broilers fed diets with added fat. Fatty acid balance showed the highest values of fatty acid oxidation during the experimental period in broilers fed linseed oil (48.2 g), followed by those fed sunflower oil (23.2 g). Contribution of endogenous fat synthesis to total body fat deposition was minimal in birds fed diets with added fat accounting for 3, 1.2, 8.5, and 7.5 g for broilers fed tallow, olive, sunflower, and linseed oils, respectively. This reflects lipogenesis inhibition by dietary fat addition. Interestingly, between broilers fed diets with added fat, higher values of fatty acids from endogenous synthesis were found in broilers fed diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Results suggest that reduction of abdominal fat in broilers fed linseed oil seems to be a consequence of higher lipid oxidation despite the higher synthesis of endogenous fatty acids.
One hundred ninety-two female broiler chickens were randomly distributed into 16 experimental treatments as a result of the combination of 4 levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (15, 34, 45, and 61 g/kg) and 4 levels of supplementation with alphatocopheryl acetate (alpha-TA) (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), to determine the modification of the amount and type of fatty acids (FA) deposited in raw and cooked chicken tissues. At 44 d, quantified FA of thighs and breasts were not affected by dietary supplementation with alpha-TA. Total FA content of breast was less than 15% of the total FA content of thigh. However, increasing the PUFA content of the diet by 46 g, from 15 to 61 g/kg, decreased total FA of thigh 17%, but did not affect FA content in breast meat. Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) content of thigh (y) decreased linearly as the inclusion of dietary PUFA (x) increased (MUFA: y = 89.34 - 0.92x, R2 = 0.70; SFA: y = 53.81 - 0.43x, R2 = 0.57), whereas the relationship between PUFA content of feed (x) and thighs (y) was exponential (y = 92.03 92.03e(-00155x), R2 = 0.75). A similar response was observed in breast, with less variation and more incorporation of PUFA than thigh. Cooking of thigh meat led to a reduction in total FA content that affected SFA, MUFA, and PUFA in a similar proportion.
Two experiments were performed to assess the effect of different amounts of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on fatty acid composition of chickens. The contribution of de novo fatty acid synthesis to fatty acid profile was also estimated. In trial 1, different fat sources were blended in different ratios allowing a gradient of dietary PUFA (from 15 to 61 g/kg), keeping added fat constant (9%). In trial 2, PUFA-rich oil was added at increasing inclusion rates (2, 4, 6 and 8%), achieving a dietary PUFA content ranging between 27 and 59 g/kg. Increasing dietary PUFA inclusion resulted in an increase in PUFA deposition, with higher efficiency when dietary fat also provided saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids (trial 1). Increasing dietary PUFA in both trials resulted in a decrease in SFA and MUFA concentration in the whole body. The estimated deposition of fatty acids from de novo synthesis was reduced when dietary fat content increased from 0 to 10%, varying between 35.34 and 17.66% for SFA and between 52.70 and 7.01% for MUFA in the whole body. The greater variation range for the MUFA supports the existence of a mechanism maintaining the SFA: (MUFA + PUFA) ratio within a specific range in biological membranes.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different dietary fatty acid profiles on the main fat depots of broiler chickens: skin including s.c. fat (SK) and abdominal fat pad (AF). One hundred forty-four female broiler chickens were fed a low-fat diet (B; 0.5% of added fat) or diets supplemented with 10% of tallow (T), sunflower oil rich in oleic acid (SOO), sunflower oil rich in linoleic acid (SOL), linseed oil rich in linolenic acid (LO), or a mix of fats (M: 55% of T + 35% of LO + 10% SOL) that contained one-third each of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The animals were housed in 36 cages and were randomly distributed into 6 dietary treatments with 6 replicates each. Experimental diets were evaluated for apparent total fatty acid availability and AME. On d 42, birds were slaughtered to determine the weight of AF and SK and fatty acid profile. Regarding the diets containing 10% added fat, the highest saturated diet (T) resulted in the lowest values of apparent total fatty acid availability and percentage of AME. Animals fed the most polyunsaturated diet (LO) had a lower SK deposition than those fed the saturated diet, on both an absolute (LO: 145 vs. T: 159 and M: 168 g; P < 0.001) and a relative basis (LO: 6.94 vs. T: 7.39 and M: 7.52 g/100 g of BW; P < 0.001). Furthermore, the lowest AF depot was observed in the LO diet (LO: 26.3 g vs. T: 37.6 and M: 39.9 g; P < 0.001). The added fat treatments caused significant but similar changes in fatty acid profile of both studied tissues. In conclusion, feeding broiler chickens polyunsaturated fatty acids, in comparison to dietary saturated fatty acids, reduced the amount of both AF and SK by approximately 30 and 9%, respectively.
The conversion of thyroxine (T4) to the metabolically active thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine (T3), is catalyzed by iodothyronine 5′-monodeiodinase (EC 3.8.1.4; 5′D). Indian River male broiler chickens growing from 7 to 28 d of age were used in a 3 × 2 factorial to determine the effect of dietary energy from fat and T3 supplementation on hepatic 5′D activity and plasma concentration of T4 and T3. Chickens were fed diets (13.1 MJ/kg diet) containing 1.25 (LF), 2.5 (MF) and 5.00 (HF) MJ from fat/kg diet + 0 or 1 mg T3/kg diet. Blood and liver samples were collected on d 28. Hepatic 5′D was affected by fat × T3 interaction (P<0.01): with no added T3, MF and HF increased 5′D 25 (P<0.01) and 16% (P<0.05) as compared to LF (1.5 nmoles I- · hr−1 · mg protein−1); however no changes in 5′D were found when T3 was added (1.42, 1.35 and 1.36 for LF, MF and HF, respectively). Diets with T3 increased plasma T3 (5.1 vs. 18.1 nmol/L, P<0.001) and decreased plasma T4 (12.4 vs. 7.9 nmol/L, P<0.001). Dietary fat did not affect plasma T3 and T4. The data indicate that the hepatic generation of T3 is stimulated by increased dietary fat intake. This effect of fat, however, is inhibited by dietary T3 supplementation.
We have studied the binding and metabolism of 125I-labeled bovine lipoprotein lipase (LPL) by use of isolated, perfused rat livers. Our data suggest the presence of two types of binding sites, i.e., heparin-sensitive sites that bind primarily the catalytically active form of the lipase and are present at the endothelium in all blood vessels and heparin-insensitive sites that bind both active and inactive forms and are present only within the sinusoids. Forty minutes after uptake by the liver, approximately 50% of the LPL had lost its catalytic activity or been degraded. Three processes were evident: 1) colchicine-sensitive degradation to acid-soluble products, 2) partial proteolysis to fragments similar to those formed by limited digestion with trypsin or plasmin, and 3) a conformational change leading to loss of catalytic activity. Exogenous LPL bound in the liver caused a dramatic increase in the utilization of a perfused triacylglycerol emulsion (Intralipid), with rapid formation of free fatty acids and water-soluble metabolites. When the liver was flushed with heparin, it lost its ability to utilize the fat emulsion. Measurement of the hepatic extraction showed that rat livers take up 100-200 mU endogenous LPL per hour.
Triacylglycerol (TG) hydrolase activities were characterized in myocytes isolated from rat hearts. Acid hydrolase activity with a pH optimum of 5 could be measured in myocyte homogenates, and the subcellular distribution suggested that this activity originated in lysosomes. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was also present in myocyte homogenates, as evidenced by TG hydrolase activity that was stimulated by serum and apolipoprotein CII, and inhibited by apolipoprotein CIII2, high ionic strength (NaCl and MgCl2, I = 1 M) and antibodies to LPL. Serum-independent neutral (pH 7.5) TG hydrolase activity was less sensitive to inhibition by 1 M-NaCl, by antibodies to LPL and by preincubation at 40 degrees C than was serum-stimulated hydrolase activity. Furthermore, there were modest but significant differences in the subcellular distribution of the serum-independent and serum-stimulated hydrolase activities. Hydrolase activities in myocyte homogenates could be solubilized by 7.2 mM-deoxycholate. Acid hydrolase activity was recovered in the unbound fraction after heparin-Sepharose chromatography, whereas LPL was bound to the affinity column and was eluted by 0.9-1.2 M-NaCl. Approximately one-third of the serum-independent TG hydrolase activity was not bound to the heparin-Sepharose affinity column. This unbound TG hydrolase activity had a pH optimum of 7 and was stimulated by 50 mM-MgCl2, but not by serum and was resistant to inhibition by high ionic strength (1 M-NaCl), to preincubation at 40 degrees C for 2 h, and by antibodies to LPL. It is concluded that, in addition to an acid lysosomal TG hydrolase and LPL, myocytes from rat heart contain a serum-independent TG hydrolase with unique characteristics.
To identify the substrate specificity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) for triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins with monoacid-rich triacylglycerols, monoacid-rich lipoproteins were prepared and kinetic parameters of LPL were characterized. Male broiler chickens were fed 8 g/100 g fat diets differing only in the fat source: palm oil (tripalmitin-rich), olive oil (triolein-rich), safflower oil (trilinolein-rich) and linseed oil (trilinolenin-rich). After diets were fed for 3 d, chickens were starved for 2 d and then force-fed emulsions containing one of the monoacid-triacylglycerols: tripalmitin, triolein, trilinolein or trilinolenin. The triacylglycerols in chylomicrons and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) of chickens force-fed tripalmitin, triolein or trilinolein contained the corresponding acid at more than 70% of total acids. Linolenic acid was incorporated into chylomicrons and VLDL to a lower extent (51.2 and 57.2%, respectively) in chickens force-fed trilinolein. Major apolipoproteins and lipid compositions were not significantly different among all lipoproteins isolated from chickens fed the different fats. Vmax of LPL was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for palmitic acid-rich chylomicrons and VLDL and decreased with increasing chain length and unsaturation of monoacid: 16:0>18:1>18:2>18:3. The electron spin resonance analysis, order parameter (S), decreased with monoacid chain length and unsaturation. In addition, the Vmax of LPL increased linearly (P < 0.01, r = 0. 912) with an increase in the palmitic acid content of the lipoprotein triacylglycerols. These findings suggest that lipoprotein catalysis by LPL is modulated by the palmitic acid content of the lipoprotein triacylglycerol, which affects the fluidity of lipoproteins.
Lipoprotein lipase (EC 3.1.1.34; LPL) is a key enzyme regulating the disposal of lipid fuels in the body. It is expressed in a number of peripheral tissues including adipose tissue, skeletal and cardiac muscle and mammary gland. Its role is to hydrolyse triacylglycerol (TG) circulating in the TG-rich lipoprotein particles in order to deliver fatty acids to the tissue. It appears to act preferentially on chylomicron-TG, and therefore may play a particularly important role in regulating the disposition of dietary fatty acids. LPL activity is regulated according to nutritional state in a tissue-specific manner according to the needs of the tissue for fatty acids. For instance, it is highly active in lactating mammary gland; in white adipose tissue it is activated in the fed state and suppressed during fasting, whereas the reverse is true in muscle. Such observations have led to the view of LPL as a metabolic gatekeeper, especially for dietary fatty acids. However, closer inspection of its action in white adipose tissue reveals that this picture is only partially true. Normal fat deposition in adipose tissue can occur in the complete absence of LPL, and conversely, if LPL activity is increased by pharmacological means, increased fat storage does not necessarily follow. LPL appears to act as one member of a series of metabolic steps which are regulated in a highly coordinated manner. In white adipose tissue, it is clear that there is a major locus of control of fatty acid disposition downstream from LPL. This involves regulation of the pathway of fatty acid uptake and esterification, and appears to be regulated by a number of factors including insulin, acylation-stimulating protein and possibly leptin.
Rats fed dietary fats rich in 20- and 22-carbon polyenoic fatty acids deposit less fat and expend more energy at rest than rats fed other types of fats. We hypothesized that this decrease in energetic efficiency was the product of: (a) enhanced peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and/or (b) the up-regulation of genes encoding proteins that were involved with enhanced heat production, i.e. mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP-2, UCP-3) and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation proteins. Two groups of male Fisher 344 rats 3-4 week old (n=5 per group) were pair fed for 6 weeks a diet containing 40% of its energy fat derived from either fish oil or corn oil. Epididymal fat pads from rats fed the fish oil diet weighed 25% (P < 0.05) less than those found in rats fed corn oil. The decrease in fat deposition associated with fish oil ingestion was accompanied by a significant increase in the abundance of skeletal muscle UCP-3 mRNA. The level of UCP-2 mRNA skeletal muscle was unaffected by the type of dietary oil, but the abundance of UCP-2 mRNA in the liver and heart were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in rats fed fish oil than in rats fed corn oil. In addition to inducing UCP-3 expression, dietary fish oil induced peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase gene expression 2-3 fold in liver, skeletal muscle and heart. These data support the hypothesis that dietary fish oil reduces fat deposition by increasing the expression of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins and increasing fatty acid oxidation by the less efficient peroxisomal pathway.
We evaluated the effects of dietary fat type on fat metabolism and deposition in broiler chickens. Birds were fed diets containing either 8 g dietary saturated (beef tallow) or polyunsaturated fat (sunflower oil)/100 g for 32 d. The abdominal fat deposition of chickens fed the sunflower oil-enriched diet was significantly lower than that of chickens fed the tallow-enriched diet (2.63 +/- 0.47 versus 3.03 +/- 0.44 g/100 g live wt.; P = 0.033). The specific activities of heart carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase were higher (P < or = 0.03) in chickens fed the sunflower oil-enriched diets, indicating a greater rate of beta-oxidation. Liver fatty acid synthetase activity was lower (P = 0.01) in chickens fed the sunflower oil-enriched diet, suggesting reduced hepatic lipogenesis in this group. Postprandial plasma triglyceride levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in birds fed the sunflower oil-enriched diet, indicating a higher rate of dietary lipid clearance from the bloodstream to tissues. In conclusion, the lower fat deposition observed in broilers fed sunflower oil-enriched diets appears to be the net result of an increased rate of lipid catabolism and lower rate of fatty acid synthesis despite higher dietary fat absorption.
The intracellular thyroid hormone (TH) availability is influenced by different metabolic pathways. Some of the changes in intracellular TH availability can be linked to changes in local deiodination and sulfation capacities. The secretion of the chicken thyroid consists predominantly of thyroxine (T4). TH receptors (TRs) preferentially bind 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). Therefore, the metabolism of T4 secreted by the thyroid gland in peripheral tissues, resulting in the production and degradation of receptor-active T3, plays a major role in thyroid function. Food restriction in growing chickens increases hepatic type III deiodinase (D3) levels but decreases growth hormone (GH)-dependent variables such as plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and T3 concentrations. Refeeding restores hepatic D3 and plasma T3 to control levels within a few hours. It can be concluded that the tissue and time dependent regulation of the balance between TH activating and inactivating enzymes plays an essential role in the control of local T3 availability and hence in TH activity. Two separate genes encode multiple TR isoforms, i.e. TRalpha and TRbeta. These TRs consist of a DNA-binding domain, a ligand-binding domain, a hinge region and an amino-terminal (A/B) domain. TRs mediate their effects on transcription by binding as homodimers or heterodimers to the TH response elements (TREs). Also, unliganded TRs can bind to TREs and may so modulate transcription of target genes.
Thyroid hormones (THs) have long been known to be involved in the control of thermoregulation in birds and mammals. In particular, they are reported to play a role in the regulation of heat production. The underlying mechanisms could be the stimulation of the nuclear and mitochondrial transcription of several genes involved in energy metabolism and/or a direct action on the activity of components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Attention has recently been focussed on a subfamily of mitochondrial anion carriers called uncoupling proteins (UCPs). These proteins are suspected to be involved in a partial dissipation of the mitochondrial proton electrochemical gradient that would uncouple phosphorylations from oxidations and hence produce heat. However, the involvement of uncoupling mechanisms in thermogenesis and particularly in the thermogenic effect of TH is still unclear. The thermogenic role of UCP1, specifically expressed in brown adipose tissue, and its regulation by TH in rodents is quite well recognised, but the involvement in heat production of its mammalian homologues UCP2, ubiquitously expressed, and UCP3, muscle and adipose tissue-specific, as well as the role of the muscular avian UCP (avUCP), are to be further investigated. The expression of the UCP2 and UCP3 genes was shown to be enhanced by TH in muscle of several rodent species, and to be increased in situations where thermogenesis is stimulated, whereas results are more contrasted in pig. There is now increasing evidence that the physiological role of the mammalian UCP3 and UCP2 is rather related to lipid oxidation and/or prevention of reactive oxygen species accumulation than to heat production by uncoupling. The expression of avUCP was also recently demonstrated to be strongly regulated by thyroid status in chicken, and overexpressed in experimental conditions favouring high triiodothyronine concentrations and thermogenesis. However, its real uncoupling activity and contribution to thermogenesis remain to be established.
Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International Association of Official Analytical Chemists The immulite assay tube—a new approach to heterogeneous ligand assay
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AOAC, 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Babson, A.L., Olson, D.R., Palmieri, T., Ross, A.F., Becker, D.M., Mulqueen, P.J., 1991. The immulite assay tube—a new approach to heterogeneous ligand assay. Clin. Chem. 37, 1521–1522.
Nutrient Requirement of Poultry Characterization of triacylglycerol hydrolase activities in isolated myocardial-cells from rat-heart
- Usa Ramirez
- I Kryski
- A J Benzeev
- O Schotz
- M C Severson
NRC, 1994. Nutrient Requirement of Poultry, 9th edn. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA. Ramirez, I., Kryski, A.J., Benzeev, O., Schotz, M.C., Severson, D.L., 1985. Characterization of triacylglycerol hydrolase activities in isolated myocardial-cells from rat-heart. Biochem. J. 232, 229–236.
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Abdominal fat deposition and fatty acid synthesis are lower, and β-oxidation is higher Table 3
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Sanz, M., López-Bote, C.J., Menoyo, D., Bautista, M., 2000. Abdominal fat
deposition and fatty acid synthesis are lower, and β-oxidation is higher
Table 3
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Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists
AOAC, 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th edn.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
Dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids alter avian metabolism: metabolism and abdominal fat deposition
- Newman