Article

Relationship between morningness-eveningness and temperament and character dimensions in adolescents

January 2011
Personality and Individual Differences 50(2)

DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.016

Authors:

University of Tuebingen

In this study, we used the Temperament Character Inventory (TCI) in adolescents and looked at the relationship with morningness–eveningness. Three hundred and forty-six German pupils participated in this study and filled in the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) to measure circadian preference and the TCI in a special adaptation for adolescents. In correlational analyses, morning oriented adolescents scored higher on persistence (PS) and cooperation (C), while evening oriented pupils scored higher in novelty seeking (NS). Based on chronotype comparisons, evening types scored higher in NS than neither-types and morning types and neither types scored higher than morning types. PS was lowest in evening types and highest in morning types. Morning types scored highest in C, and evening types lowest. Evening types scored higher on Self-Transcendence (ST) than neither types. There was an interaction between chronotype and gender in reward dependence (RD). In morning types, boys scored higher, while in evening types, girls scored higher in RD. In neither-types, girls also scored higher than boys. As a conclusion, the paper contributes to the knowledge about the relationship between circadian typology and personality in adolescents.

A relationship among circadian typology, sensation seeking and impulsivity

Article

Apr 2014
PERS INDIV DIFFER

We aim to explore for the first time the relationships between circadian typology, the personality dimensions of Cloninger's biological model and Zuckerman's sensation seeking model in healthy adults. A sample of 700 young healthy adults (324 men) aged between 18 and 32 yrs completed the reduced Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), the short version of the Temperament and Character Inventory and the Sensation Seeking Scale-Form V. Morning-type subjects showed higher scores than the evening-and neither-type in persistence, while evening-type scored higher than morning-type in novelty seeking. A significant interaction in harm avoidance showed that evening-and neither-type men scored lower than women. Evening-type scored higher than morning-type in experience seeking, disinhibition, and Sensation Seeking Total Score (SSS-V), and higher than neither-type in disinhibition and SSS-V. A significant interaction in SSS-V showed that only evening-type men scored higher than women. Regression analyses revealed that rMEQ scores are significantly related to the temperament dimensions novelty seeking and persistence, and to the SSS-V and the disinhibition dimension. Our results, together with the known associations between Cloninger's model and Zuckerman's sensation seeking with diverse health problems, emphasize an evening-type personality profile more vulnerable to the development of symptomatology and mental disorders (especially in men).

Morningness–eveningness, Big Five and the BIS/BAS inventory

Article

Aug 2014
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Individual differences in morningness–eveningness (M/E) or chronotype are related to many aspects of personality. Here, we assessed the relationship between the behavioural inhibition (BIS) and activation system (BAS) in relation to M/E and sleep timing in 291 University students. We used two measures of M/E, a clock-time based measurement and a preference scale. BAS Drive was related to morningness and BAS Fun Seeking was related to eveningness concerning both M/E measurements. Drive was higher in morning oriented students and Fun Seeking was higher in evening oriented students. Total BAS score was unrelated to the M/E measures because the subscales were correlated with M/E in different directions (one positive, one negative). BIS Fear was related to morningness based on midpoint of sleep (MSF) suggesting that fear was higher in morning oriented students. Total BIS scores were also related to morningness. Concerning the Big Five, we could show that evening orientation was related to extraversion based on midpoint of sleep, and morning orientation to conscientiousness in both M/E measures.

Morningness–Eveningness and Risk Taking

Article

Dec 2014
J PSYCHOL

Depending on individual differences in biological rhythms and diurnal preferences, people have long been described as either "larks" or "owls." Larks and owls differ greatly in personality aspects, but from the behavioral perspective it is unclear whether they have significant differences in terms of risky behaviors. Whether morning types or evening types are consistently more risk-taking or risk-averse in different domains remains unknown. This study adopted a general American adult sample to systematically investigate the relationship between chronotype and individuals' risky behaviors in different domains. By using different methods to measure risky behaviors in different domains, the current research obtained convergent results that morningness was negatively related only to financially risky behaviors for American adults. More specifically, by using the composite scale of morningness and the domain-specific risk attitude scale, Study 1 showed that for American adults, morning types were less likely than evening types to engage in financially risky behaviors (N = 212). In Study 2, after scenario-based methods were used to measure risky behavior, results showed that that participants engaged less in risky behaviors in the domains of gambling and investment (N = 187). A mediator test showed that the negative relationship between morningness and financially risky behaviors was partly mediated by individuals' self-control ability (self-control scale, Study 1).

Morningness–eveningness and circadian typology

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2014
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Morning larks travel more than night owls? Chronotypical effect on travel frequency through novelty seeking

Article

Apr 2020
TOURISM MANAGE

Chronotype is a characterization of people's propensity to sleep at a particular time, spanning a spectrum from the two extremes of “morning larks,” who go to sleep early and rise early, and “evening owls,” who go to sleep late and rise late. We study the relationship between chronotype and the tendency to seek novelty in travel preference. Surprisingly, in contrast to the case of domain-general novelty seeking, morning larks are more domain-specific in their novelty seeking than night owls in relation to travel. To test the significance of this finding, we explore the downstream behavioral consequences of the tendency to be novelty seeking. Travel frequency for leisure is found to increase with novelty seeking. In addition, chronotype has an indirect effect on travel frequency through its influence on novelty seeking—a mediation relationship moderated by gender, with the effect of chronotype on novelty seeking especially strong among young females.

Morningness–eveningness and personality characteristics of young healthy adults

Article

Oct 2014
PERS INDIV DIFFER

We aim to explore for the first time the relationships between circadian typology, the personality dimensions of Cloninger’s biological model and Zuckerman’s sensation seeking model in healthy adults. A sample of 700 young healthy adults (324 men) aged between 18 and 32 yrs completed the reduced Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), the short version of the Temperament and Character Inventory and the Sensation Seeking Scale-Form V. Morning-type subjects showed higher scores than the evening- and neither-type in persistence, while evening-type scored higher than morning-type in novelty seeking. A significant interaction in harm avoidance showed that evening- and neither-type men scored lower than women. Evening-type scored higher than morning-type in experience seeking, disinhibition, and Sensation Seeking Total Score (SSS-V), and higher than neither-type in disinhibition and SSS-V. A significant interaction in SSS-V showed that only evening-type men scored higher than women. Regression analyses revealed that rMEQ scores are significantly related to the temperament dimensions novelty seeking and persistence, and to the SSS-V and the disinhibition dimension. Our results, together with the known associations between Cloninger’s model and Zuckerman’s sensation seeking with diverse health problems, emphasize an evening-type personality profile more vulnerable to the development of symptomatology and mental disorders (especially in men).

Circadian Typology: A Comprehensive Review

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2012
Chronobiol Int J Biol Med Rhythm Res

The interest in the systematic study of the circadian typology (CT) is relatively recent and has developed rapidly in the two last decades. All the existing data suggest that this individual difference affects our biological and psychological functioning, not only in health, but also in disease. In the present study, we review the current literature concerning the psychometric properties and validity of CT measures as well as individual, environmental and genetic factors that influence the CT. We present a brief overview of the biological markers that are used to define differences between CT groups (sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, cortisol and melatonin), and we assess the implications for CT and adjustment to shiftwork and jet lag. We also review the differences between CT in terms of cognitive abilities, personality traits and the incidence of psychiatric disorders. When necessary, we have emphasized the methodological limitations that exist today and suggested some future avenues of work in order to overcome these. This is a new field of interest to professionals in many different areas (research, labor, academic and clinical), and this review provides a state of the art discussion to allow professionals to integrate chronobiological aspects of human behavior into their daily practice.

Morningness-eveningness and Fatigue in Adolescence

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2018

Sleep patterns in adolescence are associated with biological and psychosocial changes as a part of pubertal development, which leads to greater preference towards eveningness. This newly formed rhythm and frequent sleep deprivation are not coordinated with school and extracurricular activities and can lead to greater fatigue symptoms. The aim of this study was to asses sleep patterns and symptoms of fatigue with regards to sex, chronological age, and pubertal maturity of adolescents. A group of 233 adolescent boys and 206 girls aged between 10 and 18 years participated in the study and were assessed using the Pubertal Development Scale, Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children, and Multidimensional Fatigue Scale. Results indicated that older and pubertally matured adolescents had greater preference towards eveningness and fatigue symptoms. Furthermore, girls were more evening oriented, more pubertally mature, and reported more fatigue symptoms. Results of regression analysis indicated older chronological age as a significant predictor of greater eveningness. Also, female sex and older chronological age were predictors of fatigue symptoms. Pubertal maturity was nota predictor of morningness-eveningness and fatigue. Finally, we emphasize the need to include biological and psychosocial aspects of developmental changes in adolescence with regard to morningness-eveningness and fatigue in this period of life. © 2018 Croatian Academy for Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.

Sleep and Circadian Contributions to Adolescent Alcohol Use Disorder

Article

Nov 2014
ALCOHOL

Adolescence is a time of marked changes across sleep, circadian rhythms, brain function, and alcohol use. Starting at puberty, adolescents’ endogenous circadian rhythms and preferred sleep times shift later, often leading to a mismatch with the schedules imposed by secondary education. This mismatch induces circadian misalignment and sleep loss, which have been associated with affect dysregulation, increased drug and alcohol use, and other risk-taking behaviors in adolescents and adults. In parallel to developmental changes in sleep, adolescent brains are undergoing structural and functional changes in the circuits subserving the pursuit and processing of rewards. These developmental changes in reward processing likely contribute to the initiation of alcohol use during adolescence. Abundant evidence indicates that sleep and circadian rhythms modulate reward function, suggesting that adolescent sleep and circadian disturbance may contribute to altered reward function, and in turn, alcohol involvement. In this review, we summarize the relevant evidence and propose that these parallel developmental changes in sleep, circadian rhythms, and neural processing of reward interact to increase risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Circadian Typology and Sensation Seeking in Adolescents

Article

Dec 2012
Chronobiol Int J Biol Med Rhythm Res

The relationship of circadian typology with personality has been largely studied in adults, but there are few studies exploring such relationship in adolescents. Adolescence has been associated with a greater tendency to eveningness preference, sleeping problems, poorer academic achievement, earlier substance use, or risky behaviors, and it is suggested that this association might be mediated by personality factors. Given the relevance of identifying the behavioral outcomes of young evening types to detect and prevent health problems, the present study aimed to explore, for the first time, the relationship between sensation seeking and circadian typology in an adolescent sample of 688 students (51.45 boys) from 12 to 16 yrs old. They answered the Spanish versions of the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) and the Junior Sensation Seeking Scale (J-SSS), which includes four subscales measuring Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Experience Seeking, Disinhibition, and Boredom Susceptibility. Analyses showed that boys obtained significantly higher scores than girls on J-SSS total score and all subscales except Boredom Susceptibility, whereas evening-type adolescents of both sexes scored significantly higher than neither types and than morning types on J-SSS total score. These results indicate that evening-type adolescents show a greater desire for varied, new, complex, and intense sensations, and they are ready for experiencing more risks than morning types. The implications of this study suggest the need of being aware of individual differences in the SS trait in evening-type adolescents, as well as taking into account the wide variety of behaviors associated with it, either prosocial or antisocial, to design better preventive health and academic programs. (Author correspondence: [email protected] /* */).

Morningness–eveningness and temperament: The Regulative Theory of Temperament perspective

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2012
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Konrad S. Jankowski

The aim of the present study was to test whether morningness–eveningness is related to the six dimensions of temperament postulated in the Regulative Theory of Temperament: briskness (BR), perseveration (PE), sensory sensitivity (SS), emotional reactivity (ER), endurance (EN), and activity (AC). A sample of 581 undergraduates (age: 21.92 ± 2.54; 381 female) completed the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory. Data was analysed using linear and quadratic hierarchical regressions. The MEQ scores exhibited linear associations with BR and EN and quadratic relationships with PE, ER and AC. Morningness was related to high levels of EN, BR and AC and low levels of PE and ER, while eveningness was associated with low levels of EN, ER, BR and PE and high levels of AC. Subjects in the middle of the morningness–eveningness dimension exhibited high levels of PE and ER, low levels of AC, and average levels of EN and BR. Morningness was related to the most advantageous temperament profile, and temperament is discussed as a possible mediator between morningness–eveningness and mood and affective disorders.

Angry night birds: Emotionality, Activity and Sociability Temperament in Adolescent Chronotypes

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2020
Chronobiol Int J Biol Med Rhythm Res

There is growing interest in personality profiles associated with morningness-eveningness to foster an understanding of the behaviours and mental states of chronotypes. This study aimed to analyse the domains of emotionality, activity and sociability (EAS) temperament in relation to morningness-eveningness in adolescents. A sample of 539 school pupils aged 13-19 years completed the EAS Temperament Survey, the Composite Scale of Morningness and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. Amongst the five EAS domains (emotionality-distress, emotionality-fearfulness, emotionality-anger, activity and sociability), greater emotionality-anger was related to eveningness, while greater emotionality-distress was related to lower social jet lag. The results suggest that evening chronotypes can be temperamentally inclined to anger. The possible mechanisms of this association are discussed.

Overlap between individual variation in personality traits and sleep-wake behavior

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2021

The efforts to link the individual differences in personality to the individual differences in sleep-wake behavior have a long history. One of the topics of such research might be to determine the strength of association between these two domains of individual variation. This requires the implementation of several inventories designed for integrative multidimensional assessments of a set of broad personality traits and a set of sleep-wake behavioral traits. Four independent samples were collected (in total, 759 individuals) for estimating general overlap between the domains of individual variation in personality psychology and chronobiology. Canonical correlation analyses provided the estimates of general overlap of six broad personality traits assessed with the 172-word RCIP (Rugby Cake Inventory of Personality) with six distinct sleep-wake adaptabilities assessed with the 72-item SWPAQ (Sleep-Wake Pattern Assessment Questionnaire) and the SWAT (Sleep-Wake Adaptability Test) in two, the 60- and 168-item, versions. It was demonstrated that general overlap between individual variation in two domains was significant and replicable albeit rather weak (6%-8%). Moreover, regression analyses of specific overlaps of each of six scales for assessing sleep-wake adaptability with a set of six scales for personality assessment suggested that a score on any of adaptability scales seemed to be a significant predictor of, at least, one of six scores on personality trait scales. Studies in other tongues are desired for the replication of the results indicating the statistically significant general and specific overlaps between personality traits and sleep-wake adaptabilities.

The Emerging Circadian Phenotype of Borderline Personality Disorder: Mechanisms, Opportunities and Future Directions

Article

Full-text available

May 2021
Curr Psychiatr Rep

Purpose of Review We review the recent evidence suggesting that circadian rhythm disturbance is a common unaddressed feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD); amelioration of which may confer substantial clinical benefit. We assess chronobiological BPD studies from a mechanistic and translational perspective and highlight opportunities for the future development of this hypothesis. Recent Findings The emerging circadian phenotype of BPD is characterised by a preponderance of comorbid circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, phase delayed and misaligned rest-activity patterns and attenuated amplitudes of usually well-characterised circadian rhythms. Such disturbances may exacerbate symptom severity, and specific maladaptive personality dimensions may produce a liability towards extremes in chronotype. Pilot studies suggest intervention may be beneficial, but development is limited. Summary Endogenous and exogenous circadian rhythm disturbances appear to be common in BPD. The interface between psychiatry and chronobiology has led previously to novel efficacious strategies for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. We believe that better characterisation of the circadian phenotype in BPD will lead to a directed biological target for treatment in a condition where there is a regrettable paucity of accessible therapies.

Morning is tomorrow, evening is today: Relationships between chronotype and time perspective

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2012
BIOL RHYTHM RES

The present study explores the relationship between Morningness–Eveningness and five personality dimensions for Time Perspective (TP), representing psychological attitudes toward time. Although these constructs are related to different time horizons (i.e., daytime vs. life-time horizon), existing empirical data regarding their personality and behavioral correlates allows for the prediction that some of the TP dimensions are significantly related to diurnal preference. A sample of 309 university students (30.1% male) aged between 19 and 26 completed the Polish adaptation of the morningness–eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Our research confirmed the main hypotheses, that Morningness is positively related to Future TP, whereas Eveningness correlates positively with Present-Hedonistic TP. Moreover, chronotype proved to be significantly related to other TP scales, as well as to the Deviation from Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP) coefficient, an indicator of a balanced time perspective, showing that Morning-types generally tend to express a more adaptive attitude toward psychological time. The possible mechanisms of the relationship, as well as implications for practice and theory are discussed in respect to the obtained data. The paper contributes to the knowledge about the relationship between circadian typology and personality in young adults.

Academic Self-Regulation, Chronotype and Personality in University Students During the Remote Learning Phase due to COVID-19

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

During the COVID-19 shutdown phase in Germany, universities stopped presence teaching and students had to turn to digital instruction. To examine their capability to cope with the changed learning situation, we assessed how basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration, motivational regulation, vitality, and self-efficacy of 228 German biology-teaching students (75% female) relate to their chronotype and personality (Big Five). Specifically, we were interested in possible effects of chronotype and personality dimensions on variables related to successful remote learning. Since the pandemic and remote learning will accompany teaching and learning at university in 2021, predictors of successful remote learning need to be identified to support student learning optimally in digital learning environments. In our study, morning-oriented, conscientious, and open students with low neuroticism seem to better cope with the shutdown environment due to vitality, self-efficacy, and partly their self-determined motivation. Moreover, our findings implicate students might need different support depending on their chronotype and personality during the digital learning phase.

Morningness-eveningness and sociosexuality: Evening females are less restricted than morning ones

Article

Full-text available

May 2014
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Sociosexual orientation is a construct describing the propensity to engage in casual sex and sexual activity in uncommitted relationships, varying from restricted to unrestricted orientation. The personality profile of people exhibiting unrestricted sociosexuality matches a personality profile related to eveningness. Previous research on sociosexuality and morningness-eveningness is scarce, however, and conducted only with male participants. The present study aimed at testing whether eveningness is related to unrestricted sociosexuality in both genders. Participants were 352 (62.8% female) Poles aged between 17 and 57. They completed the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and the revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory, consisting of three facets: behavior, attitude, and desire. The results revealed that females were more restricted than males in all facets of sociosexuality. Moreover, in both genders older age was related to less restricted behavior and attitude. Analyses showed that morningness-eveningness was unrelated to sociosexuality in males, but in females eveningness was linked to less restricted global sociosexuality (ρ = -0.272), and to less restricted sociosexual behavior (ρ = -0.182), attitude (ρ = -0.275) and desire (ρ = -0.151). Eveningness in females could be regarded as a contributory factor to the instability of romantic relationships and high-risk sexual behaviors.

Association of Eveningness With Problem Behavior in Children: A Mediating Role of Impaired Sleep

Article

Jun 2013
Chronobiol Int J Biol Med Rhythm Res

Eveningness, the preference of being active during the evening in contrast to the morning, has been associated with markedly increased problem behavior in adolescents; however, the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. This study investigates the association of eveningness with behavior and cognition in children aged 7-12 yrs, and explores the potential mediating role of a variety of sleep factors. Parents of 333 school-aged children (mean age = 9.97 yrs; 55% girls) completed a sleep log and several questionnaires regarding eveningness, sleep habits, and behavioral problems. Intellectual abilities, working memory, and attention were assessed using the short-form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and subtasks of the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks. Results showed that eveningness predicted behavioral problems over and above the effects of demographic variables (age, sex, and familial socioeconomic status) (p = 0.003). Significant partial correlation was found for eveningness and sleep duration during weekdays (p = 0.005), and not during weekends. Furthermore, evening orientation was associated with a reduced rested feeling on weekday mornings (p < 0.001), but not on weekends. The most important sleep characteristic showing association with many cognitive and behavioral measures was the subjective feeling upon awakening-particularly during weekdays. Bootstrap mediation analyses demonstrated that sleep significantly mediated the effects of eveningness on behavioral problems, working memory, and sustained attention. Interestingly, mediation was only significant through the subjective feeling upon awakening on weekdays. The current findings indicate that the subjective feeling upon awakening is a much better predictor of daytime problems than subjective sleep quantity. Furthermore, the data suggest that negative outcomes in evening types are due to the fact that they wake up before their circadian drive for arousal and prior to complete dissipation of sleep pressure during weekdays. Interventions that target the misalignment of endogenous circadian rhythms and imposed rhythms are discussed. (Author correspondence: kbheijden@fsw.leidenuniv.nl).

Circadian preferences and personality values: Morning types prefer social values, evening types prefer individual values

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2012
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Individual differences in morningness–eveningness are related to differences in personality. In this study of 1344 German adolescents, we used the Composite Scale of Morningness and the Portrait Values Questionnaire to assess the association between chronotype and personality values, controlling for age, puberty status, gender, problem perception in two dimensions (parents and self), and religious affiliation. Morningness orientation was correlated with higher acceptance of social values (conservation and self-transcendence) while eveningness orientation was correlated with higher preference for individual values (openness to change and self-enhancement). Girls were higher in self-transcendence while boys were higher in self-enhancement. Individuals with higher pubertal development preferred self-enhancement. Adolescents reporting problems with their parents preferred individual values while adolescents reporting problems with the self preferred conservation values. Religious affiliation also correlated positively with conservation. We interpreted the negative attitude of evening types towards social values as result of a cost-benefit consideration regarding early social schedules.

Matutinidad-vespertinidad y ansiedad rasgo en adolescentes

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2013
AN PSICOL-SPAIN

The relationship between morningness-eveningness and anxiety trait among adolescents was studied. Six hundred thirty eight adolescents between 12 and 14 years old participated in this study. Morningness-eveningness was measured by the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children, MESC (Carskadon, Vieira & Acebo, 1993) and anxiety trait was measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, STAIC (Spielberger, Edwards, Lushene, Montuori & Platzek, 1973; Spielberger, Edwards & Lushene, 1990). Results showed higher eveningness among girls, eveningness increased with age and anxiety trait was higher as morningness diminished. Therefore, evening-oriented adolescents claimed higher anxiety trait, which was waited since they would have a greater misalignment between both biological and social rhythms (school morning schedules).

The Rhythm Is Gonna Get You: The Influence of Circadian Rhythm Synchrony on Self-Control Outcomes

Article

Nov 2014

This article aims to bridge the circadian and self-control literatures by suggesting that people's self-control performance varies as a function of their circadian preferences (i.e., chronotype). We review evidence for this assertion across a wide range of self-control domains, including cognitive processing, emotion regulation, interpersonal relationships, and social influence. Across these widely ranging behaviors, the results indicate that when people's circadian preference matches the time of day, a synchrony effect occurs, and self-control performance is at its peak. Therefore, people are more likely to display self-regulatory failures and give in to temptations when there is a mismatch between their circadian preferences and time of day. Overall, this article offers new insights into the relationship between circadian preferences and self-control and suggests novel and exciting new directions for future research.

Measures of circadian preference in childhood and adolescence: A review

Article

Feb 2015
EUR PSYCHIAT

Purpose: To review the psychometric properties of the questionnaires commonly filled in by children and adolescents to measure circadian preference. Methods: We examined the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (MEQ-CA), the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) and the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM). We critically analyzed the reliability, in term of internal consistency (through the Cronbach’s alpha) and test-retest reliability (through the correlation coefficient), and the type of validation against external criteria (objective assessment of the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, hormones and other questionnaires). Fifty studies that reported these data were included in the review: 7 studies used the MEQ-CA, 28 used the MESC and 15 used the CSM. Results: The percentage of studies reporting at least acceptable levels of internal consistency was high and similar between the three questionnaires. Evidence for test-retest reliability was scant, since only 3 studies were available; it was at least acceptable for the MESC (two studies with a time interval of 1 month), not acceptable for the MEQ-CA (one study with a time interval of 6 months), while no information was available for the CSM. As regards the validation evidence, the MEQ-CA has been validated by the highest number of external criteria (actigraphy, oral body temperature and other questionnaires), followed by the CSM (cortisol sampling and other questionnaires). The MESC has been validated only against self-report measures. Conclusions: The present state of the art would suggest the use of the MEQ-CA to assess circadian preference in children and adolescents.

Explaining why larks are future-oriented and owls are present-oriented: Self-control mediates the chronotype-time perspective relationships

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2014
Chronobiol Int J Biol Med Rhythm Res

Recent studies provide evidence for the chronotype-time perspective relationships. Larks are more future-oriented and owls are more present-oriented. The present study expands this initial research by examining whether the associations are replicable with other time perspective measures, and whether self-control explains the observed relationships. Chronotype was assessed with the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and the basic associations with the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory were replicated in a sample of 142 New Zealand students, but not with other measures. Self-control mediated the influence of morningness on both future time perspective and delay of gratification. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Predicting Women's Sexual Function Based on Circadian Rhythms and Anxiety Sensitivity

Article

Feb 2021

Are achievement goals different among morning and evening-type adolescents?

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2015
PERS INDIV DIFFER

The interest in the extent to which time-of-day preferences affect school performance is increasing. Apart from biological factors, Morning and Evening types differ in their lifestyle and personality traits which may have implications into diverse areas such as their motivation to learn. Taking into account available data, the aim of the present studywas to investigate achievement goalswhichMorning-, Neither- and Evening-type adolescents accomplish at school. Participants were 342 students aged 12 to 15 (53.5% girls).Morning-types showed higher Learning and Performance Goals than Evening-types, and these goals were positively related to self-reported academic performance. Achievement goals were more associated to self-reported grades in Evening-types than in Neither- andMorning-types. It seems that encouraging pupils to achieve good results in order to advance in their studies may improve school performance, especially among Evening-types.

Personality Traits and Behavioral Sleep Patterns: Differences between Men and Women Luiz Henrique de Carvalho Diniz Melo Natanael Antonio dos Santos Melyssa Kellyane Cavalcanti Galdino

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2018

This study aimed to investigate the behavioral effects of sleep on the personality traits of young adults. The sample consisted of 114 volunteers with ages between 18 and 40. The subjects were characterized into three groups according to Horne and Östberg (1975): Moderately Morning (n = 23); intermediary (n = 52) and Moderately Evening (n = 39). The Horne and Östberg Morningness and Eveningness questionnaire and the Big Five Personality Inventory were used for data collection. MANOVA showed a significant difference between the chronotype and personality traits [λ = 0.78; F(10.198) = 2.52; p <.05; η² = 0.11]. The results showed a significant difference on extraversion [F(2.103) = 3.65; p < .05; η²= 0.06] and kindness traits [F(2.103) = 8.03; p < .05; η² = 0.14]. The investigation suggests that among these subjects, different personality traits may influence preference for certain periods of the day to carry out daily activities and that there is a relationship with the standard chronotype. Also, the results indicate that men and women have different personality traits when the effects of the sleep behavior are checked.

The complex genetics and biology of human temperament: a review of traditional concepts in relation to new molecular findings

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2019

Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that temperament is strongly influenced by more than 700 genes that modulate associative conditioning by molecular processes for synaptic plasticity and long-term learning and memory. The results were replicated in three independent samples despite variable cultures and environments. The identified genes were enriched in pathways activated by behavioral conditioning in animals, including the two major molecular pathways for response to extracellular stimuli, the Ras-MEK-ERK and the PI3K-AKT-mTOR cascades. These pathways are activated by a wide variety of physiological and psychosocial stimuli that vary in positive and negative valence and in consequences for health and survival. Changes in these pathways are orchestrated to maintain cellular homeostasis despite changing conditions by modulating temperament and its circadian and seasonal rhythms. In this review we first consider traditional concepts of temperament in relation to the new genetic findings by examining the partial overlap of alternative measures of temperament. Then we propose a definition of temperament as the disposition of a person to learn how to behave, react emotionally, and form attachments automatically by associative conditioning. This definition provides necessary and sufficient criteria to distinguish temperament from other aspects of personality that become integrated with it across the life span. We describe the effects of specific stimuli on the molecular processes underlying temperament from functional, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives. Our new knowledge can improve communication among investigators, increase the power and efficacy of clinical trials, and improve the effectiveness of treatment of personality and its disorders.

Morningness-Eveningness and Sociosexuality from a Life History Perspective

Chapter

Full-text available

May 2018

Chronotype mediates gender differences in risk propensity and risk-taking

Article

Full-text available

May 2019
PLOS ONE

Risk-taking is a complex form of decision-making that involves calculated assessments of potential costs and rewards that may be immediate or delayed. Thus, making predictions about inter-individual variation in risk-taking due to personality traits, decision styles or other attributes can be difficult. The association of risk-taking with gender is well-supported; males report higher propensity for risk-taking and show higher risk-taking on tasks measuring actual risk-taking behavior. Risk-taking also appears to be associated with circadian phenotypes (chronotypes), with evening-types reporting higher levels of risk-taking—but this association may be confounded by the fact that, in certain age groups, males are more likely to be evening-types. Here, we test for gender by chronotype effects on risk-taking in young adults (n = 610) using a self-reported risk propensity questionnaire, the health domain of the DOSPERT, and a behavioral task measuring risk-taking, the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART). Our results show that males report and take significantly more risks than females in this population. In addition, evening-type individuals have significantly higher self-reported risk propensity and tend to take more risks on the BART. Interestingly, there is no significant difference in risk propensity or risk-taking behavior across male circadian phenotypes, but evening-type females significantly report and take more risk than female intermediate and morning types. In regression analyses, we found both gender and chronotype predict risk propensity and risk-taking. Path analysis confirms that chronotype has an indirect effect on gender differences in both risk propensity and risk-taking. Furthermore, we found that trait anxiety (STAI) and sleep disturbance (PROMIS), significantly correlate with chronotype and gender in the complete dataset, but do not independently predict differences in female risk-taking. These results suggest that chronotype mediates gender effects on risk-taking and that these effects are driven primarily by morning-type females, but are not related to gender-specific differences in trait anxiety or sleep quality.

Chronotype, Risk and Time Preferences, and Financial Behaviour

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2018

This paper examines the effect of chronotype on the delinquent credit card payments and stock market participation through preference channels. Using an online survey of 455 individuals who have been working for 3 to 8 years in companies in mainland China, the results reveal that morningness is negatively associated with delinquent credit card payments. Morningness also indirectly predicts delinquent credit card payments through time preference, but this relationship only exists when individuals' monthly income is at a low and average level. On the other hand, financial risk preference accounts for the effect of morningness on stock market participation. Consequently, an additional finding is that morningness is positively associated with financial risk preference, which contradicts previous findings in the literature. Finally, based on the empirical evidence, we discuss the plausible mechanisms that may drive these relationships and the implications for theory and practice. The current study contributes to the literature by examining the links between circadian typology and particular financial behaviour of experienced workers.

Relationship Between Time of Class and Student Grades in an Active Learning Course: Relationship Between Time of Class and Student Grades

Article

Sep 2018
J ENG EDUC

Background A factor related to students’ course performance that has seen limited research compared to other academic factors is the time of day a class is offered. Because of students’ chronotypes (i.e., preferred time of day to study or work), time of class can influence attendance, which has a strong correlation with students’ performance in a course. Purpose/Hypothesis The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between class time, students’ attendance including individual and average class attendance, and students’ final grades in an active learning course. Design/Method The grade and attendance records of 1,577 first‐year engineering (FYE) students enrolled in 15 sections at different times of the day were analyzed using Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference and Multi‐Level Modeling to identify whether the performance and attendance of students in the early morning sections were significantly different from those in the other sections and to differentiate the individual and class attendance in relation to students’ grades. Results Students enrolled in early morning and late Friday afternoon classes had lower attendance and final grades than students in other sections. Class average attendance had a significant relationship with students’ grades. Thus, in active learning classes, both an individual student's and classmates’ absences have a negative relationship with an individual student's grade. Conclusion FYE students are more likely to miss early morning classes. In a course based on active learning, this lower attendance has a negative relationship with student performance for all students in the class, including the ones who attend the class regularly, suggesting active learning may amplify the negative effects of missing classes.

Unfinished sympathies: Influence of individual temporal orientation on music preferences

Article

May 2018
Psychol Music

Kati Nowack

Temporal aspects have been studied extensively within the context of music perception but insufficiently within the context of music preference. In this online questionnaire study, I investigated the impact of chronotype (morningness, eveningness) and time perspective (present, future) on music preferences. Participants (n = 258) completed the Short Test of Music Preferences for 26 music genres, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. Principal component analysis replicated a six-component structure of music preference. Whilst preference scores were highest for intense music for all participants, I found significant effects of chronotype and time perspective on music preferences. In particular, present-oriented evening types and future-oriented morning types differed in their preferences for various music genres. Consistent with a matching hypothesis, present-oriented evening types (fast life histories) showed greater preferences for contemporary (i.e., high rhythmic complexity), sophisticated (i.e., high complexity) and electronic music (i.e., fast tempo) compared to future-oriented morning types (slow life histories; greater difficulties with temporal irregularities). Consistent with a self-regulation hypothesis, present-oriented evening types showed greater preferences than future-oriented morning types for campestral music (i.e., slow tempo and low complexity).

Взаимосвязь свойств Темной триады и хронотипических предпочтений / The Dark triad and chronotype

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2015

The article presents the research results of the relationship between the chronotype of daily activities and the personality traits of Dark triad. Basing on P.Johnason’s studies we proposed that Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy are associated with the preferences in the evening-oriented chronotype. The sample consists of 191 undergraduate students, age 18-25 years. The short form of Dark triad questionnaire and the short version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire are used. The data were processed by the correlation (Pearson) and multivariate regression analysis. As a result, it was found that machiavellianism is associated with preference in morning-oriented chronotype and psychopathy - in evening-oriented chronotype. Narcissism does not show association with chronotype. Приводятся результаты исследования взаимосвязей хронотипических особенностей суточной активности и личностных свойств Темной триады. Основываясь на предыдущих работах, можно предполагать, что макиавеллизм, нарциссизм и психопатия связаны с предпочтениями вечернего хронотипа. Выборку составили 191 студент пермских вузов, возраст 18–25 лет. Для проверки гипотез использовались краткая форма опросника «Темная триада» и краткая версия «Утренне-вечернего опросника» (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire). Полученные данные обрабатывались корреляционным и множественным регрессионным анализом. В результате было обнаружено, что макиавеллизм связан со склонностью к утреннему, а психопатия – к вечернему хронотипу. Нарциссизм не обнаруживает связей с хронотипическими особенностями.

Chronotype, sport participation, and positive personality-trait-like individual differences

Article

Jul 2015
Chronobiol Int J Biol Med Rhythm Res

Chronotype and sport participation have been found to relate to positive personality-trait-like individual differences (PTLID). To date, research has focused exclusively on the morningness–eveningness dimension of chronotype, and little is known about the relationship between chronotype and various characteristics of sport participation (e.g. training time). This investigation had three primary objectives: (1) to extend the current evidence base by exploring how sport participation and PTLID relate to chronotype amplitude, (2) to explore how chronotype (morningness–eveningness and amplitude) relates to various characteristics of sport training and competition, and (3) to explore the independent and interrelated contribution of sport participation and chronotype to PTLID. The sample included 976 non-athletes (493 women and 483 men) and 974 athletes (478 women and 496 men). Participants completed a battery of questionnaires targeting sport participation characteristics, six positive PTLID (hope, optimism, perseverance, resilience, self-efficacy and trait emotional intelligence) and chronotype dimensions. Results showed that morningness–eveningness was negatively related to positive PTLID but was unrelated to sport participation. Greater diurnal fluctuations (amplitude dimension) were associated with lower positive PTLID values, lower sport participation, and shorter training durations. Positive PTLID were also associated with better sleep quality and a shorter sleep duration. Chronotype (morningness–eveningness and amplitude) and sport participation had independent associations with PTLID. These findings suggest that changes in sport participation and activity times might be a useful approach to developing positive PTLID.

Temperament and chronotype among academic athletes – perspective of the regulative theory of temperament

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2015

Background The aim of the research was to evaluate the relationship between chronotype and temperamental traits and temperament structure specified in the Regulative Theory of Temperament among physical education students who are actively engaged in sport. The analyses were performed separately in groups of men, women, and individual and team sports representatives. Participants and procedure The study included 157 participants (women n = 35, men n = 122; individual sports n = 88 and team sports n = 69). Measures used in the study were the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI) and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Results Among women and men chronotype was positively correlated with Briskness (BR) and Endurance (EN). In women chronotype was negatively related to Emotional Reactivity (ER). Sensory Sensitivity (SS) was positively associated with chronotype in men. In the individual sport group chronotype was associated with four temperamental traits: BR, EN, ER (negatively) and SS. Activity (AC) significantly correlated with chronotype in the team sport group. Two out of three indicators of temperament structure – potential for stimulation processing (MPS) and structure harmony parameter (Zh1) – were related to chronotype in both genders. Conclusions The results obtained in the present research indicate that temperament is significantly related to chronotype. Evening chronotype men and women might be overstimulated and morning types might be understimulated. These data might be useful for coaches and provide a guide for further individualization of the training process.

Chronotype, Sleep Behavior, and the Big Five Personality Factors

Article

Jul 2017

Chronotype refers to individual differences in sleep timing and in preferences for a given time of day while sleep duration refers to the hours of sleep. Here, we assessed chronotype, sleep duration, and nightmare frequency in relation to the Big Five personality factors. Overall, 2,492 persons (1,437 women, 1,055 men) completed the online survey between March 23, 2015, and April 8, 2015. The mean age of the sample was 47.75 ± 14.41 years. In bivariate correlations, age, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were related to morningness, and openness to experience and neuroticism were related to eveningness. In the multiple regression, gender, neuroticism, and agreeableness were not related to chronotype. Morning types slept less at weekends than evening types, and evening types showed longer sleep latencies. Neuroticism showed the strongest effect on nightmare frequency followed by openness to experience. Nightmare frequency declined with age, and there was a small but significant effect of conscientiousness on nightmare frequency; persons with higher conscientiousness scores reported slightly more often nightmares. Chronotype was not associated with nightmare frequency. To conclude, chronotype is associated with personality factors and sleep behavior (sleep duration on weekends and sleep latency).

Gifted and non-gifted students’ diurnal preference and the relationship between personality, sleep, and sleep quality

Article

Jun 2017

The current study had two main objectives. First, we examined gifted and non-gifted students’ diurnal preferences. Secondly, we examined the relationships among age, gender, personality, sleep quality, and chronotype of gifted students. Data were gathered from 276 gifted students and 1921 non-gifted students whose ages range between 7 and 17 years old, in same three cities in Turkey using the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) to assess diurnal preference, the Big Five Inventory (BIG-5) to assess personality and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to measure sleep quality. The first result indicated that gifted students were more morningoriented compared to non-gifted students. The other main result was that the conscientiousness was the best predictor of CSM scores in gifted students. Additionally, conscientiousness, age, and global PSQI predicted CSM scores, respectively. Moreover agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability were positively related to morning orientation, while age, sleep quality, sleep latency, daytime dysfunction, and global PSQI were negatively related with chronotype in gifted students.

Relationship between chronotype and temperament/character among university students

Article

Jan 2017

Chronotype is largely classified as being morning or evening types according to preference for daily activity and the preferred bedtime. This study examined the relationship between chronotype and temperament/character dimensions among university students. A total of 2,857 participants completed the 140-item Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised Short version (TCI-RS) from a 5-score scale as well as the 13-item composite scale for morningness-eveningness (CSM). In this study, we classified chronotype as “morning,” “neither,” or “evening” types according to CSM scores and compared the scores in terms of 4 temperament dimensions and 3 character dimensions. The evening type showed high values for novelty seeking and harm avoidance, whereas the morning type had high scores for persistence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness. A logistic regression analysis after controlling for age and gender showed that chronotype significantly associated with persistence and novelty seeking. The results of this study suggest that chronotype is different according to gender and age and in addition, chronotype closely correlates with temperament and character. Among these, eveningness was associated with high novelty seeking, whereas morningness was associated with high persistence. Further studies are required to investigate the relationship between chronotype and temperament/character dimensions in a wider age bracket.

Body Mass Index, Obesity, and Self-Control: A Comparison of Chronotypes

Article

Mar 2014
SOC BEHAV PERSONAL

Lili Wang

The correlation between evening type, body mass index (BMI), and obesity has attracted the attention of researchers. In this study, I surveyed a sample of adults drawn from the general population in the US to examine whether or not evening types have a higher BMI than do other chronotypes and whether or not they are more likely than other chronotypes to become obese. I also proposed a personality-based explanation of the relationship between BMI, evening type, and obesity, with self-control as the mediator. As hypothesized, I found that evening types had a higher BMI and were more likely to be obese than were either morning types or intermediate types. The finding that the positive relationship between eveningness and BMI can be completely mediated by self-control is most significant.

An Integrated Risk Reduction Intervention can reduce body mass index in individuals being treated for bipolar I disorder: Results from a randomized trial

Article

Dec 2014

Objectives We conducted a randomized, controlled trial comparing the efficacy of an Integrated Risk Reduction Intervention (IRRI) to a control condition with the objective of improving mood stability and psychosocial functioning by reducing cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese patients with bipolar I disorder.MethodsA total of 122 patients were recruited from our outpatient services and randomly allocated to IRRI (n = 61) or psychiatric care with medical monitoring (n = 61). Individuals allocated to IRRI received psychiatric treatment and assessment, medical monitoring by a nurse, and a healthy lifestyle program from a lifestyle coach. Those allocated to the control condition received psychiatric treatment and assessment and referral, if indicated, for medical problems. A mixed-effects model was used to examine the impact of the interventions on body mass index (BMI). Exploratory moderator analyses were used to characterize those individuals likely to benefit from each treatment approach.ResultsAnalyses were conducted on data for the IRRI (n = 58) and control (n = 56) participants with ≥1 study visit. IRRI was associated with a significantly greater rate of decrease in BMI (d = −0.51, 95% confidence interval: −0.91 to −0.14). Three variables (C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, and instability of total sleep time) contributed to a combined moderator of faster decrease in BMI with IRRI treatment.Conclusions Overweight/obese patients with bipolar disorder can make modest improvements in BMI, even when taking medications with known potential for weight gain. Our finding that a combination of three baseline variables provides a profile of patients likely to benefit from IRRI will need to be tested further to evaluate its utility in clinical practice.

Cultural Aspects of the Job Position Analysis

Chapter

Jul 2018

Mariusz Wołońciej

Abstract: The chapter introduces a new perspective on the job position analysis rooted in the traditional person- job approach. A regulatory definition of the job position culture is proposed and some practical implications for the complete organizational change management across distinct job cultures. e author shows how cultural traits may be employed in job positions management. Why do some businesses do better than others and why do specific job positions frustrate the employee? e majority of organizational theories assume that the t between an organization and the environment ensures efficient business performance (Miller, 1996; Teece et al., 1997). ough the organizational context matters, it is worth reconsidering this assumption, focusing on the work environment concept and how it influences the successful performance of the employee at work in a given company. Simultaneously, the complexity of the work environment has increased and requires a more thorough analysis of key factors of work success with a new perspective on job position analysis as an important building block of the comprehensive study of human performance at work. Recruiting well- quali ed workers who are satis ed with their job is one of the major issues many businesses face in the recruitment process of new employees. Systematic investigation of the work environment with its typical activities, tasks, tools, and requirements related to the worker’s attributes is justi ed to describe better, understand, and manage the person- work system (Morgeson and Campion, 2000). Work context analysis is an elementary condition and the challenge for efficient performance in a specific job position (Brannick, Levine, and Morgeson, 2007).

Chronotype, Risk and Time Preferences, and Financial Behaviours

Preprint

Sep 2018

This paper examines the effect of chronotype on the delinquent credit card payments and stock market participation through preference channels. Using an online survey of 455 individuals who have been working for 3 to 8 years in companies in mainland China, the results reveal that morningness is negatively associated with delinquent credit card payments. Morningness also indirectly predicts delinquent credit card payments through time preference, but this relationship only exists when individuals’ monthly income is at low and average level. On the other hand, financial risk preference accounts for the effect of morningness on stock market participation. Consequently, an additional finding is that morningness is positively associated with financial risk preference, which contradicts previous finding in the literature. Finally, based on the empirical evidence, we discuss the plausible mechanisms that may drive these relationships and the implications for theory and practice. The current study contributes to the literature by examining the links between circadian typology and particular financial behaviours of experienced workers.

Diurnal preference, circadian phase of entrainment and time perspectives: Just what are the relationships?

Article

Jul 2017
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Time perspective refers to the non-conscious parcelling of personal and social experiences into temporal categories, and is an important construct in the psychology of time. Another important factor in time's influence on behavioural and psychological processes relates to the circadian timing system, which intrinsically produces daily rhythms in a host of parameters. This circadian timing system underpins timing of sleep/wake behaviour. Further, circadian timing is related to, but not synonymous with, diurnal preference for the timing of sleep/wake during different parts of the 24 h day. However, the exact nature of the relationship of diurnal preference to the underlying circadian clock is not elucidated. Previous research has indicated associations between time perspective and diurnal preference. In the current study we have examined the nature of the inter-relationships between circadian phase of entrainment (assessed with the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire), diurnal preference (assessed with the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire) and time perspectives in a sample of 193 adults. Both circadian phase and diurnal preference associate with present and future time perspectives, although when considered together in regression models, only diurnal preference predicts time preference. Further, we examined whether time perspectives might moderate the relationship between circadian phase of entrainment and diurnal preference, and find that this relationship is significantly moderated by present time perspectives, but not future time perspectives. These results indicate the intricate nature of interactions between domains of psychological and biological time.

The stability of the Morning Affect Scale across age and gender

Article

Jan 2013
PERS INDIV DIFFER

A limitation of the morningness–eveningness literature is the assumption that morningness is a ‘fixed’ construct. Morningness–eveningness scales are often developed on young adult samples, yet studies report that eveningness peaks in young adults with a shift to morningness from the age of 25 to 35 years of age. This age related change in morningness–eveningness may explain why these scales have limited success when applied in older samples. We tested this argument by developing a measurement model based on the Composite Scale of Morningness using a sample aged <30 years of age. Tucker’s congruence coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis indicated this solution was not a good fit in three older age groups. In contrast, we repeated this assessment using the ‘morning affect’ scale. This scale comprises items that measure morningness preference only. Model fit indicators suggested the ‘morning affect’ scale was a good fit across four age groups and gender.

Preliminary Evidence That Real World Sleep Timing and Duration are Associated With Laboratory-Assessed Alcohol Response

Article

May 2019
ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES

Background Sleep timing and evening chronotype have been implicated in alcohol use problems but research has yet to study them in relation to theory‐driven lab‐based measures of alcohol use disorder risk. The current study examined (a) whether chronotype, sleep timing, and/or sleep duration are associated with alcohol response (subjective stimulation, sedation, and behavioral disinhibition), and (b) if sex and race moderate these associations. Methods Adult drinkers (N=144; 46 female participants) completed two counterbalanced beverage administration sessions (alcohol, non‐alcohol) during which they rated stimulation/sedation and completed a cued go/no go task. They reported bed and wake times over 10 days. Results Later sleep timing was associated with greater increases in alcohol stimulation, but among male and White participants only. Later sleep timing (among male participants) and greater eveningness (examined among White male participants only) were associated with greater overall stimulation on average in the alcohol session relative to the non‐alcohol session, irrespective of alcohol consumption. More variable sleep duration was associated with greater increases in sedation. Conclusions These findings offer preliminary, but novel evidence that sleep characteristics may relate to the relative stimulating and sedating effects of alcohol, thereby influencing the risk for alcohol problems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Are Early Birds More Disciplined? A Social Jet Lag Perspective

Article

May 2015
CURR PSYCHOL

The relationship between personality and morningness-eveningness orientation is attracting a lot of attention. The relationship between morningness-eveningness orientation and personality related to self-regulation, however, remains unclear. The present research adopted a general American adult sample to investigate the relationship among morning and evening types and the individual self-regulatory trait. More important was that we used social jet lag theory to explain this relationship. According to the different scales that were used to measure self-regulatory trait, Study 1 obtained the convergent result that morningness is positively related to high self-regulation. In Study 2, we found that misalignment of rising time between free and work days (reflecting social jet lag) could partly explain the positive relationship between morningness and self-regulation. More specifically, because morning types can work in accordance with their natural clock, they have more resources for self-regulation; therefore, they have higher-self-regulation than intermediate types and evening types do.

Zeitgeber des circadianen Rhythmus von Jugendlichen. Quantitative Fragebogenstudie und Unterrichtsevaluation

Thesis

Full-text available

Dec 2012

Christian Vollmer

Adolescents are able to rate their sleep-wake preferences on a continuum from morningness to eveningness. Thus they can determine their individual chronotype. Chronotype is a personality trait and depends on genetic, psychological, socio-cultural and geo-physical factors. Based on these assumptions, we examined the sleep-wake-rhythm of pupils of grades 5 to 10 and evaluated a school intervention on sleep and sleep hygiene behaviour. The questionnaire relied on tested and published scales. In 2009/2010, 3,501 pupils from 34 schools in Heidelberg, Mannheim and Rhein-Neckar-Kreis filled out a questionnaire about their sleep-wake-rhythm and related topics. Eveningness increased from grade 5 to grade 9 from 8 % to 35 % (chapter 5.1). Pupils in grade 9 reported an average sleep debt of 100 minutes on schooldays. On weekends, they slept 3h 8min later and 1h 48min longer than on schooldays (chapter 5.2). As expected, evening types had more problems in going to bed timely and in returning to wakefulness before schooldays. Evening types reported more problems in adapting their individual rhythm to their social environment than earlier chronotypes (chapter 5.3). Consumption of stimulants that promote alertness was interpreted as a cause for eveningness, on one hand, and as a manifestation of eveningness, on the other hand. Both ways, the interaction of eveningness and consumption of sweets, caffeine, alcohol and cigarettes seemed like a vicious circle (chapter 5.4). Evening types with worse school marks had more school-related, parental and self-related problems. Morning types, which are more alert on schooldays, perceived their everyday life as easier to handle (chapter 5.5). Morning types preferred social personality values while evening types preferred individual personality values. Hence, evening types’ distance to early social clock times of everyday school life was mirrored by their distance to social personality values (chapter 5.6). Concerning the social environment of adolescents, higher satisfaction of life, a higher socio-economic status, a traditional family background (mother is house-wife, father works full-time) as well as living together with younger siblings who share regular meal-times foster morningness orientation. Cultural variables like religious affiliation and country of birth were not associated with sleep variables (chapter 5.7). The use of electronic screen media like TV and computer had the strongest association with eveningness orientation. We assumed blue LED light exposure, which promotes alertness, as a cause for this association (chapter 5.8). Adolescents living in darker residential areas were earlier chronotypes. This result was expected, since brighter lit residential areas are those in larger cities with more leisure-time possibilities. However, interestingly the result persisted when controlling for number of inhabitants (chapter 5.9). We were able to show that the intrinsic biological clock is formed around birth and differences in daylight at birth persist to have an effect on chronotype in adolescence. This shows that chronotype is in part a deep-rooted personality trait and not a choice (chapter 5.10). Morning types had fewer misconceptions concerning the functions of sleep and correct sleep hygiene behaviour (chapter 5.11). Morning types’ better gradings were explained by their parents’ higher socio-economic status as well as their higher alertness on schooldays (chapter 5.12). The better performance of morning types in the short-term attention test was explained by better gradings and higher alertness (chapter 5.13). Eveningness orientation is an indicator for high risk behaviour and correlates with preference of individual personality values, increased consumption of stimulants (caffeine, alcohol and cigarettes), increased everyday life problems, worse gradings and extensive use of electronic screen media. On the other hand, morning orientation acts like a protection against problematic behaviour and difficulties, because morning types are in sync with the early rhythms of school and social schedules and thus it is easier for them to meet societal expectations. The school intervention program on sleep and sleep hygiene behaviour was evaluated with questionnaire data from 271 pupils of grade 6, split into treatment and control groups in a pre-post-test design (chapter 5.14). As a result, especially evening types’ knowledge was enhanced. However, behavioral change was not stable and sleep hygiene behaviour got worse in both groups six weeks after treatment. The impairment was ascribed to increasing age, development of new social roles at the threshold to adolescence and hormonal changes at the start of puberty.

Regional gray matter density is associated with morningness–eveningness: Evidence from voxel-based morphometry

Article

May 2015
NeuroImage

Diurnal preference (morningness-eveningness) is known to be associated with several individual characteristics that are important in the fields of sociology, education, and psychiatry. Despite this importance, the anatomical correlates of individual differences in morningness-eveningness are unknown, and these were investigated in the present study. We used voxel-based morphometry and a questionnaire to determine individual morningness-eveningness and its association with brain structures in 432 healthy men and 344 healthy women (age, 20.7 ± 1.8 years). We demonstrated that morningness (less eveningness) was associated with (a) lower regional gray matter density (rGMD) in the precuneus and adjacent areas, (b) lower rGMD in the left posterior parietal cortex and adjacent areas, and (c) higher rGMD in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex. Further, our exploratory analyses revealed that (d) higher rGMD in hypothalamic areas around the bilateral suprachiasmatic nuclei was associated with morningness. These findings demonstrate that variations in morningness-eveningness reflect the GM structures of focal regions across the cortex, and suggest a structural basis for individual morningness-eveningness and its association with a wide range of psychological variables distributed across different GM areas of the brain. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Morningness–eveningness—An overview

Article

Apr 2014
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Christoph Randler

The interest in the systematic study of the circadian typology (CT) is relatively recent and has developed rapidly in the two last decades. All the existing data suggest that this individual difference affects our biological and psychological functioning, not only in health, but also in disease. In the present study, we review the current literature concerning the psychometric properties and validity of CT measures as well as individual, environmental and genetic factors that influence the CT. We present a brief overview of the biological markers that are used to define differences between CT groups (sleep–wake cycle, body temperature, cortisol and melatonin), and we assess the implications for CT and adjustment to shiftwork and jet lag. We also review the differences between CT in terms of cognitive abilities, personality traits and the incidence of psychiatric disorders. When necessary, we have emphasized the methodological limitations that exist today and suggested some future avenues of work in order to overcome these. This is a new field of interest to professionals in many different areas (research, labor, academic and clinical), and this review provides a state of the art discussion to allow professionals to integrate chronobiological aspects of human behavior into their daily practice.

Personalidade e Padrões Comportamentais do Sono: Diferenças entre Homens e Mulheres

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2018

Higher-order factors of the B5 predict conformity: Are there neuroses of health?

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2002
PERS INDIV DIFFER

The influence of age, work schedule and personality on morningness dimension

Article

Full-text available

Mar 1992
INT J PSYCHOPHYSIOL

Ana Adan

The effects of age, work schedule and personality were investigated in 908 subjects by means of a reduced scale of Morningness-Eveningness-Questionnaire which contains questions regarding only the Morningness dimension. The results obtained for the work schedule and age maximized the inter-groups differences and the effects as compared to the original questionnaire. Extraversion correlated negatively with Morningness scores, while Sex and Neuroticism were not significantly related to this dimension.

Morningness-eveningness as a dimension of personality: Trait, state, and psychophysiological correlates

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1988
Eur J Pers

Gerald Matthews

Personality, mood, and psychophysiological correlates of Home and östberg's (1976) Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) are reported. State data were collected at both morning and evening times of day. MEQ score was related to personality traits associated with psychopathology—trait anxiety in males and psychoticism in females. The best explanation of these correlations is that personality and subject sex affect attention to zeitgebers or time of day cues. MEQ score was related to extroversion only in female subjects. A between-subjects study showed that morningness was positively associated with high energetic arousal in the morning, as predicted, but the MEQ did not predict physiological arousal measures reliably. A subsequent within-subjects study demonstrated sex differences in interactive effects of time of day and morningness-eveningness in mood states related to psychological disorder. The MEQ predicted two somewhat independent circadian rhythms—one related to arousal, and one to depression. It is concluded that personality may be linked to morningness-eveningness through associations between personality traits and cognitive and social factors affecting the entrainment of circadian rhythms to the sleep-wake cycle.

Morning and evening-types: Exploring their personality styles

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2007
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Juan F. Díaz-Morales

The aim of the present study was to explore the personality styles of morning and evening-types. Given that personality aspects of both types are a consequence of their coping with environmental and social demands, it was reasonable to consider the extent to which morning and evening-types differ, both in the way they perceive the environment and negotiate with others in their social spheres. A sample of 360 university students, age range 18–30 years completed the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM), and Millon Index of Personality Styles (MIPS). As well as sex differences on personality styles, the results showed that morningness–eveningness orientation was related both to the manner in which individuals seek out, regulate, internalize, and transform information about their environments and themselves (thinking styles), and to the way in which people relate to and negotiate with others in their social spheres (behaving styles), mediating the feelings that motivate them and cognitions they have come to have.

Young people's time-of-day preferences affect their school performance

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2009
J Youth Stud

During puberty, young people shift their time-of-day preferences from morningness to eveningness. One of the main problems seems to be early school-start times, which force adolescents to start working at a given time that may be too early for them; and this, in turn, negatively affects school functioning. Here, we ask whether morningness–eveningness influences school performance as measured in grades. A total of 811 school students aged 10–17 years responded to our pupil morningness–eveningness questionnaire (PMEQ) derived from the German translation of the original MEQ. PMEQ scores decreased with age and indicated a shift towards eveningness around the age of 12 years. Gender differences did not exist. School achievement decreased with age and differed between boys and girls. After accounting for age, we found a highly significant negative correlation between average grading in the major subjects and PMEQ score, indicating that pupils with morning preferences performed better in school achievement.

Circadian typology and individual differences. A review

Article

Full-text available

Jul 1994
PERS INDIV DIFFER

This paper reviews studies which have dealt with the relationship between morningness-eveningness (circadian typology) and other individual differences such as age, sex, personality dimensions and work schedule of their subjects. It appeared that the changes in the morningness-eveningness preference covaried with the age related changes in the internal body clock. An older age was associated with morningness while younger subjects tended towards eveningness, the critical age for the circadian typology change was 50 years. Sex-related differences are too small to be reflected in the scores on circadian typology questionnaires, although women were ahead of men by 1 hr in their circadian rhythms. The results on work schedule proved its role as a synchronizer modifying the morningness factor. The morningness dimension and extraversion are probably related through the impulsivity subdimension, which is closely associated with brain activation. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between morningness and other personality dimensions (neuroticism, psychoticism), because the results are inconclusive. The influence of circadian typology on the tolerance to shift work and life habits are also discussed. The results with regard to shift work revealed the importance of morningness in determining human tolerance and health complaints. As regards life habits, there were differences in various aspects related to carcadian typology especially psychoactive substances consumption.

Sociodemographic factors associated with personality traits assessed through the TCI

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2010
PERS INDIV DIFFER

The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) assesses four dimensions of temperament – novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD) and persistence (P) – and three character dimensions – self-directedness (SD), cooperation (C), and self-transcendence (ST). Previous research has shown that these personality traits may be affected by several factors. This study explored the influence of sociodemographic factors on personality in a healthy Spanish sample. The Spanish version of the TCI was administered to 404 adults aged 20–60 years screened for personal mental disorder using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. There were gender differences in HA [t = 2.47, p = 0.014], RD [t = 2.91, p = 0.002], and C [t = 3.06, p = 0.050], with women scoring higher on each measure. Multivariate models showed that NS decreased with increasing age for men, HA increased with age and RD decreased with increasing age for both genders, and SD increased with age for women. C varied significantly according to age in women (younger women scored higher). After adjustment for age, demographic variables (i.e., residence, socio-economic group, education, employment, civil and parental status) were significantly associated with all dimensions (except ST) in women and with HA, RD, SD, C, and ST in men. The scores obtained appear to reflect macrosocial characteristics of Western culture.

Morning people are stable people: Circadian rhythm and the higher-order factors of the Big Five

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2007
PERS INDIV DIFFER

A personality model based on the Big Five and their higher-order factors or metatraits was used to examine associations between personality and individual differences in circadian rhythm, as assessed by the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Based on previous research with Eysenck’s personality model and a neurobiological model implicating serotonergic function in the metatrait Stability (the shared variance of Neuroticism reversed, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness), we hypothesized that morningness would be positively related to Stability. Structural equation modeling in a sample of 279 undergraduates confirmed this hypothesis.

Higher-order factors of the Big Five predict conformity

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2002
PERS INDIV DIFFER

In a university sample (n=245) and a community sample (n=222), we replicate the higher-order factor solution for the Five Factor Model (Big Five) reported by Digman (Digman, J. M. (1997). Higher-order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246–1256). We present a biologically predicated model of these two personality factors, relating them to serotonergic and dopaminergic function, and we label them Stability (Emotional Stability, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) and Plasticity (Extraversion and Openness). Based on this model, we hypothesize that Stability will positively predict conformity (as indicated by socially desirable responding) and that Plasticity will negatively predict conformity. A structural equation model indicates that conformity is indeed positively related to Stability (university sample: β=0.98; community sample: β=0.69; P<0.01 for both) and negatively related to Plasticity (university sample: β=−0.48, P<0.07; community sample: β=−0.42, P<0.05). These findings suggest that there are pros and cons of conformity, such that the most thorough conformists will tend to be stable but also rigid, less able to adjust to novelty or change.

The relationships between morningness-eveningness, ageing and personality

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1986
PERS INDIV DIFFER

In an attempt to study the relationship between ageing and personality and the morningness-eveningness dimension two experiments were carried out. In experiment I, an Italian version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) was administered to 435 Ss ranging in age from 20 to 79 yr, and divided in to six age groups. In comparison with younger people older S tended to display greater Morningness-Eveningness scores. These results suggest that ageing relates to a shifting toward morningness. In Experiment II the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the MEQ were administered to 233 Ss (20–29 yr). Morning-types had significantly higher N scores and tended to be insignificantly more introverted. Evening-types had significantly higher N scores and tended to be insignificantly more extraverted. The present findings are consistent with reports of a tendency for morning-types to be introverted and for evening-types extraverted. However, they do provide some evidence of individual differences on the neuroticism and psychoticism dimensions of personality between the two diurnal types.

Indecision and Avoidant Procrastination: The Role of Morningness—Eveningness and Time Perspective in Chronic Delay Lifestyles

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2008
J GEN PSYCHOL

The authors examined how time orientation and morningness-eveningness relate to 2 forms of procrastination: indecision and avoidant forms. Participants were 509 adults (M age = 49.78 years, SD = 6.14) who completed measures of time orientation, morningness-eveningness, decisional procrastination (i.e., indecision), and avoidant procrastination. Results showed that morningness was negatively related to avoidant procrastination but not decisional procrastination. Overall, the results indicated different temporal profiles for indecision and avoidant procrastinations. Avoidant procrastination related to low future time orientation and low morningness, whereas indecision related to both (a) high negative and high positive past orientations and (b) low present-hedonistic and low future time orientations. The authors inferred that distinct forms of procrastination seem different on the basis of dimensions of time.

Temperament and Personality

Article

Full-text available

May 1994
CURR OPIN NEUROBIOL

Robert Cloninger

Recent efforts to integrate psychometric and neurobiological data about personality have stimulated diverse interdisciplinary applications. The dissociation of major brain systems linked to procedural and propositional memory and learning has clarified the clinical distinction between two components of personality: temperament and character. Temperament can be defined in terms of individual differences in percept-based habits and skills (i.e. related to procedural memory and learning), which are regulated by the amygdala, hypothalamus, striatum, and other parts of the limbic system. In contrast, character can be defined in terms of individual differences in concept-based goals and values (i.e. related to propositional memory and learning), which are encoded by the hippocampal formation and cerebral neocortex. Recent descriptive, developmental, genetic, and neurobehavioral studies indicate that at least four dimensions of temperament and three dimensions of character can be uniquely described and functionally dissociated.

Genetic analysis of morningness and eveningness

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2001
CHRONOBIOL INT

We studied the influence of genetic factors on individual differences in morningness-eveningness in a sample of Dutch twin families. Data were collected from adolescent twins (mean age 17.8 yr) and their parents (mean age of fathers 48.0 yr and of mothers 46.0 yr) and a sample of older twins (mean age 46.5 yr). Scores on morningness-eveningness were rated on a 5-point scale. Parents were more morning oriented than their children, and women were more morning oriented than men. With a twin-family study, separation of genetic and environmental influences on variation in morningness-eveningness is possible. Including parents and older twins in the study makes it possible to explore generation differences in these effects. The correlation between monozygotic twins was more than twice the correlation between dizygotic twins. This indicates that genetic effects may not operate in an additive manner. Therefore, a model that included genetic dominance was explored. Biometrical model fitting showed no sex differences for the magnitude of genetic and environmental factors. The total heritability--the sum of additive and nonadditive genetic influences--for morningness-eveningness was 44% for the younger generation and 47% for the older generation. However, the genetic correlation between the generations turned out to be lower than 0.5, suggesting that different genes for morningness-eveningness are expressed in both generations.

Gender differences in Morningness-eveningness preference

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2002
CHRONOBIOL INT

Morningness-eveningness preference (morning-, intermediate-, evening-type) or circadian typology is the individual difference that most clearly explains the variations in the rhythmic expression of biological or behavioral patterns. The aim of this study was to analyze gender difference in morningness-eveningness preference using the Horne and Ostberg questionnaire in the largest university student population selected so far (N = 2135), with an age range 18-30 yr. Morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) score distribution closely correlated to the normal curve (range 17-78, mean = 48.25; SD = 10.11), with 338 (15.84%) morning-types, 1273 (59.62%) intermediate-types, and 524 (24.54%) evening-types. The men and women differed significantly in their mean scores (p < 0.0001) and distribution per circadian typology (p < 0.00001), with the men presenting a more pronounced eveningness preference. Three factors were identified by factor analysis: time of greatest efficiency (I), sleep time/sleep phase (II), awakening time/sleep inertia (III). The MEQ items sensitive to gender differences were essentially those included in factor I and factor II. The results are discussed in relation to recent models of circadian regulation of the sleep-wake cycle.

A reduced Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-56). Psychometric properties in a non-clinical sample

Article

Jul 2009
PERS INDIV DIFFER

The aim of this study is to present a short version with 56 items (TCI-56), based on the Temperament and Character Inventory revised version (TCI-R). The psychometric properties of the TCI-56 were studied in a sample of 822 university students (526 women). The factorial structure of the inventory was explored using parallel analysis with normalized promax rotation, considering jointly the items of the Temperament dimensions (HA: Harm avoidance, NS: novelty seeking, RD: Reward dependence and PS: Persistence) and the Character dimensions (SD: Self-directedness, C: Cooperativeness and ST: Self-transcendence). The reliability coefficients were adequate, ranging from .69 for NS to .85 for ST, and the factorial matrices showed a dimensional clustering with satisfactory item saturation in the total sample and both genders. Women presented higher values for HA, RD, PS, SD and C, while men had higher values for NS. The TCI-56 could be a useful instrument to assess Cloninger's model of the 7 dimensions of personality in non-clinical samples, whenever there is an interest to reduce the time needed to respond. Further studies, however, should explore its adequacy in clinical samples, its test–retest reliability , and the convergent or discriminant validity with other measures of personality.

Proactive People Are Morning People1

Article

Dec 2009
J Appl Soc Psychol

Christoph Randler

Epidemiology of the human circadian clock $

Data

Jan 2007

Humans show large inter-individual differences in organising their behaviour within the 24-h day—this is most obvious in their preferred timing of sleep and wakefulness. Sleep and wake times show a near-Gaussian distribution in a given population, with extreme early types waking up when extreme late types fall asleep. This distribution is predominantly based on differences in an individuals' circadian clock. The relationship between the circadian system and different ''chronotypes'' is formally and genetically well established in experimental studies in organisms ranging from unicells to mammals. To investigate the epidemiology of the human circadian clock, we developed a simple questionnaire (Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, MCTQ) to assess chronotype. So far, more than 55,000 people have completed the MCTQ, which has been validated with respect to the Horne–Østberg morningness–eveningness questionnaire (MEQ), objective measures of activity and rest (sleep-logs and actimetry), and physiological parameters. As a result of this large survey, we established an algorithm which optimises chronotype assessment by incorporating the information on timing of sleep and wakefulness for both work and free days. The timing and duration of sleep are generally independent. However, when the two are analysed separately for work and free days, sleep duration strongly depends on chronotype. In addition, chronotype is both age-and sex-dependent.

Professional Manual of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NEO Five-Factor Inventory

Article

Nov 1991

A reduced Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-56). Psychometric properties in a non-clinical sample

Article

May 2009
PERS INDIV DIFFER

The aim of this study is to present a short version with 56 items (TCI-56), based on the Temperament and Character Inventory revised version (TCI-R). The psychometric properties of the TCI-56 were studied in a sample of 822 university students (526 women). The factorial structure of the inventory was explored using parallel analysis with normalized promax rotation, considering jointly the items of the Temperament dimensions (HA: Harm avoidance, NS: novelty seeking, RD: Reward dependence and PS: Persistence) and the Character dimensions (SD: Self-directedness, C: Cooperativeness and ST: Self-transcendence). The reliability coefficients were adequate, ranging from .69 for NS to .85 for ST, and the factorial matrices showed a dimensional clustering with satisfactory item saturation in the total sample and both genders. Women presented higher values for HA, RD, PS, SD and C, while men had higher values for NS. The TCI-56 could be a useful instrument to assess Cloninger’s model of the 7 dimensions of personality in non-clinical samples, whenever there is an interest to reduce the time needed to respond. Further studies, however, should explore its adequacy in clinical samples, its test–retest reliability, and the convergent or discriminant validity with other measures of personality.

Validation of the full and reduced Composite Scale of Morningness

Article

Oct 2009

Christoph Randler

Different self-report scales have been designed and developed to measure circadian preferences and there are attempts to develop shorter scales for research. The main aims of the present study were to provide further evidence for the validity of the full Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM), second, to develop a short scale of the CSM, and third, provide evidence for the short scale (rCSM). The full CSM was validated externally by self-report physical and cognitive peak performance, self-reported sleep–wake rhythm, and correlation with midpoint of sleep. Based on inter-item correlations and factor analysis, the final short scale was composed of Items 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12 and labelled reduced CSM (rCSM). The rCSM contains two five-point-Likert items and five four-point-Likert items, and, thus, it ranges from 7 to 30 points as a possible total score. First analyses suggest a two factor structure. The rCSM showed good correlations with self-reported sleep–wake rhythm, midpoint of sleep, personality (conscientiousness) and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). The scale was stable over approximately three months and was validated by subjective alertness ratings. The data obtained here suggest that the CSM in its full and reduced version is a valid instrument to assess circadian preference in both adult and adolescent samples.

Differences between smokers and nonsmokers in morningness-eveningness

Article

Jan 2008
SOC BEHAV PERSONAL

Christoph Randler

Some factors influencing smoking habits have been identified, but chronotype or the misalignment of social and biological time has rarely been examined. In this study, chronotype was examined and it was found that on average, smokers consumed more coffee, more alcohol, and had less developed breakfast habits compared with nonsmokers. Smokers tended towards eveningness and had a greater difference in wake-up times between week days and free days. Using a canonical discriminant function it was found that breakfast habits, coffee and alcohol consumption, total Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) score, and weekend sleep-in separated smokers from nonsmokers, while age and gender were excluded. As late chronotypes do not fit well into conventional social and working schedules, this relationship can be interpreted as a behavioral symptom of the inability to cope with social demands.

Psychometric properties of the German version of the Composite Scale of Morningness

Article

Apr 2007
BIOL RHYTHM RES

Christoph Randler

The Composite Scale of Morningness is widely used and was translated into several languages. The aim of this study was to validate the German CSM scale and to present first results based on a sample of pupils and university students. The sample consisted of a total of 3745 persons (63.8% females). Mean age was 15.9 ± 4.0 (SD) years with a range from nine to 52 years. Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.84 and the inter-item correlations were all positive with an average value of 0.296 and a range between 0.112 and 0.764. Based on the eigenvalue-greater-than-one criterion a three factor solution was provided. After rotation, eigenvalues were 3.40 (26.2%), 2.36 (18.2%), and 1.61 (12.4%). As an external validation, I used the German translation of the morningness – eveningness questionnaire (MEQ). The correlation was high (r = 0.89). To investigate differences in morningness/eveningness in pupils and students a sub-sample was used (N = 3577; mean age 15.4 ± 3.0, range 10 – 22). Using age classes as factors revealed significant differences [one-way ANOVA: F(12, 3564) = 31.352; P

Diurnal types, the "Big Five" personality factors, and other personal characteristics.

Article

Jun 1996
J Soc Behav Pers

Differences between morning and evening types (i.e., diurnal types) on the "Big Five" personality factors and on the personal characteristics of self-esteem, body-esteem, and locus of control were examined. 360 college students participated. Consistent with previous research (e.g., M. J. Blake and D. W. J. Corcoran, 1972), evening types were marginally more extroverted than morning types. More pronounced were differences between diurnal types on the conscientiousness factor of the Big Five, and in self-esteem and locus of control: Morning types were more conscientious, higher in self-esteem, and more internal in locus of control than evening types. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Kerkhof, G.A. (1985). Inter-individual differences in the human circadian system: a review. Biological Psychology, 20, 83-112.

Article

Apr 1985
BIOL PSYCHOL

Gerard A. Kerkhof

Measurements of physiological, biochemical and psychological variables at two or more different times of day reveal substantial inter-individual differences. This paper reviews studies which have dealt with these differences in terms of the morningness-eveningness, personality (introversion-extraversion), age or sex of their subjects. Studies of individual differences in the response of the circadian system to disturbance (e.g. shift work) are also discussed. The most reliable differences were observed in association with the morningness-eveningness factor. From the studies reviewed here it appeared that several rhythm parameters covarled consistently as a function of morningness-eveningness, suggesting underlying differences in the intrinsic period of the circadian system. It is argued that the differences in rhythm parameters associated with the personality dimension of introversion-extraversion are the result of exogenous influences. The results with regard to age-related and sex-related differences were not sufficient to allow conclusions to be made.

Circadian Preferences and Personality Traits: A Meta-Analysis

Article

Jun 2010
Eur J Pers

Ioannis Tsaousis

In this study we report results of a meta-analysis of studies linking personality to circadian rhythms. A total of 35 independent samples, 96 correlations and 8589 participants were included. Results showed that conscientiousness is the personality dimension that mostly related to morningness (r = .29). Agreeableness was also related to morningness although to a lesser degree (r = .13). Openness to experience, extraversion and neuroticism, contribute to a very small degree (i.e. −.09, −.06 and −.07, respectively). Furthermore, moderation analyses suggested effects of personality measure (big five vs. other) and sample (students vs. workers). Average age of participants had no significant impact on the relationship between morningness and personality, apart from a very trivial influence on openness to experience. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chronotype and personality factors in the daily consumption of alcohol and psychostimulants

Article

Apr 1994
Addiction

Ana Adan

This paper analyses the influence of and possible interaction between chronotype (Morning-types, Neither-types and Evening-types} and personality dimensions (neuroticism, extroversion and psychoticism) in the daily consumption of alcohol and psychostimulants (nicotine and caffeine). In a sample of 537 subjects (257 men and 280 women), who were students and professionals with different but fixed work schedules, there were significant differences among the chronotypes regarding the consumption of all the above. Evening-types consumed more alcohol, nicotine and caffeine (coffee and cola), while Morning-types consumed more caffeine from tea. Personality was only related to the consumption of cola: the greater the neuroticism the higher the consumption of this beverage. Stimulant drinks showed various types of interaction with personality types, which revealed a complex pattern of group action. The results stress the need to consider chronotype as a contributory psychological factor in a multi-causal model of consumption of psychoactive substances.

Morningness and Eveningness personality: A survey in literature from 1995 up till 2006

Article

Jan 2008
PERS INDIV DIFFER

The article investigates central aspects of Morningness–Eveningness personality, focusing on recent literature in this field from 1995. A review was written by Kerkhof (1985) about interindividual differences in the human circadian system, where the author reviewed previous studies which had dealt with some aspects of Morningness–Eveningness personality (questionnaires, circadian rhythms, sleep-wake cycle, introversion–extraversion, age, sex, and the impact of disturbance) and a review was written by Tankova, Adan, and Buela-Casals (1994) about circadian typology and individual differences, where aspects of personality, age, sex, shift work, and life habits were examined. This paper, with reference also to previous studies, attempts to give an updating survey of some issues of the literature in the field of Morningness–Eveningness personality from 1995 up to 2006; various aspects of Morningness–Eveningness personality are taken into consideration: personality traits, biological, and genetic issues, Morningness–Eveningness preferences in Youngs and Adults, gender, cognitive abilities, work schedules, life habits, and cross-cultural research.

Morningness-Eveningness, sleep-wake variables and Big Five Personality Factors

Article

Jul 2008
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Christoph Randler

The aim of this study was to explore associations between chronotype and sleep–wake variables on the one hand and personality on the other in a large and gender balanced sample based on the big five inventory, encompassing the factors extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness. 1231 participants (652 female, 579 male) responded to the composite scale of morningness (CSM) as a measure of chronotype and to a short version of the big five inventory (Rammstedt & John, 2007). Morningness correlated positive with agreeableness and conscientiousness, even when controlling for age and when examining gender separately. Neuroticism was related to eveningness only in females and in adolescents (10–17 years). In adults (18–47) only conscientiousness correlated with morningness. Positive correlations existed between agreeableness and conscientiousness and sleep length on weekdays and on weekends. Misalignment correlated significantly negative with agreeableness and conscientiousness but positive with extraversion.

Individual differences in circadian activity rhythm and personality

Article

Dec 1985
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Randy J. Larsen

Individual differences in circadian activity rhythms were assessed in terms of peak activity time, rising time and retiring time reported every day for 84 consecutive days. A 19-item Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) was found to significantly correlate with time-of-day effects on these three circadian activity measures, as well as with parental report of the S's peak activity time. Several measures of extraversion were also found to correlate significantly with the MEQ, as well as with rising and retiring time, suggesting that extraverts are evening types. However, when the differential effects of sociability and impulsivity were examined it was found that the sociability component of extraversion was most responsible for the time-of-day differences. This result diverges somewhat from previous findings that suggest impulsivity is the component responsible for time-of-day effects. This apparent contradiction is discussed in terms of arousal being a non-urinary construct, with different indices of circadian arousal allowing for differential correlates with specific personality components.

Association between the estrogen receptor TA polymorphism and Harm avoidance

Article

Oct 2009
NEUROSCI LETT

In the last decade a large number of studies focused on the recognition of gene variants modulating temperamental traits. The gene coding for the estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) appears to be an interesting candidate and it has been found to be linked to Harm avoidance (HA). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the ESR1 TA dinucleotide repeat polymorphism is associated with HA temperamental trait in a sample of Caucasian University students. One hundred ninety healthy subjects were genotyped for ESR1 TA dinucleotide repeat polymorphism and were administered the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). ESR1 TA repeat lengths were dichotomized into short and long categories. ANOVA was used to examine the influence of ESR1 variants (short/long) on the means of the TCI HA scores. HA was significantly associated with age and gender in our sample, being higher in older and female subjects. In the global sample as well as in men and women separately, individuals carrying the S/S variant showed significantly higher HA scores. Further analysis on the HA subscales revealed that specific differences could exist between men and women. Our results further suggest a possible role of ESR1 variants on HA. Further research is needed to replicate our findings as well as to better explore the neuro-biological mechanisms of the modulation of ESR1 on HA.

Morning and evening types and creative thinking

Article

Nov 2006
PERS INDIV DIFFER

This exploratory study investigates the relationship between morning and evening types and creative thinking as defined by Guilford’s factorial hypothesis. The research was carried out on a sample of 120 subjects, 52 males and 68 females aged between 19 and 76. The data show that evening-disposition is correlated with the ability to apply divergent thinking strategies to visual content. There was no significant difference between men and women but many differences were found with respect to age group. These findings suggest the need for in-depth studies to investigate morning and evening types and their relationship with creative thinking.

Personality, time of day and arousal

Article

Dec 1990
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Glenn Daniel Wilson

Sixty-one men and 50 women measured their own skin conductance hourly throughout one working day as well as recording drug intake and activities; they also completed the EPQ, I7 and Morningness-Eveningness questionnaires. As expected, self-reported Morning types showed higher skin conductance in the morning and Evening types in the evening. Introverts appeared as more highly aroused than extroverts, but particularly so in the morning; by midnight the two personality types had converged in skin conductance. Sociability, rather than impulsiveness, seemed to be the component of extraversion responsible for this interaction. Women showed higher conductance in the early morning, men in the afternoon and evening. Indications were that activity was determining arousal rather than the other way about, and that drug use was socially rather than neurologically motivated.

Morning and evening types: stress-related personality aspects. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 537-542

Article

Sep 1998
PERS INDIV DIFFER

A group of 232 adult subjects was administered the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire to assess their individual circadian typology and a battery of questionnaires of personality and psychological and psychosomatic disorders (Beck Depression Inventory; Bortner Type A Scale; Eysenck Personality Questionnaire; Jenkins Activity Survey; Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire; Strelau Temperament Inventory). Significant correlations between circadian typology scores and data relative to personality, psychosomatic disorders, and stress-prone behaviour were found. Evening types reported psychological and psychosomatic disturbances more frequently and intensively than morning types, and showed more problems in coping with environmental and social demands. The relevance of the morningness-eveningness dimension for research on stress and cardiovascular diseases is discussed.

Gender differences in morningness–eveningness assessed by self-report questionnaires: A meta-analysis

Article

Jan 2007
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Christoph Randler

Gender differences in circadian typology and in biological rhythms have been revealed by using biological measurements but results based on self-report questionnaires are inconclusive. I applied meta-analytical tools to examine gender differences in morningness. I searched different databases for studies presenting values for morningness in males and females. Fifty-two studies were identified from which 11 used the composite scale of morningness CSM, 29 the morningness–eveningness-questionnaire MEQ, and eight the morning/evening questionnaire M/E. Most studies (51.9%) were carried out with students. There was no significant publication bias. Taken together, the meta-analysis suggests a weak but significant effect of gender on morningness (overall effect size E = 0.097 under a fixed effects model and E = 0.0845 under a random effects model). Girls and women were significantly more morning oriented than boys and men. Further, standard deviations of mean age of the subjects had a significant effect on effect sizes suggesting that large standard deviations, and thus a large age range within a study, produced smaller effect sizes. Focusing on student samples revealed higher effect sizes (E = 0.196). With regard to the different questionnaires, the CSM produced the largest effect sizes, followed by the MEQ.

Psychometric comparison of two circadian rhythm questionnaires and their relationship with personality

Article

Feb 1992
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Aljoscha C. Neubauer

Two questionnaires for the measurement of individual differences in circadian phase position (morningness-eveningness) were psychometrically evaluated and compared: the widely used Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) by Horne and Östberg (International Journal of Chronobiology, 4, 97–110, 1976) and the Marburger questionnaire by Moog (Night and shift work: biological and social aspects. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981). Further instruments given to the sample (113 undergraduate students) were the EPI and a 2-week sleep/waking diary. In addition, two groups of extreme morning and evening types measured their own oral temperature throughout several days. Both circadian rhythm questionnaires proved reliable and valid (with respect to sleep/waking behaviour and oral temperature), although some deficiences were found for the MEQ with regard to its multidimensionality, skewness of distributions and a negative correlation with neuroticism. In line with previous research, a weak negative relationship of morningness-eveningness with extraversion was observed for both questionnaires. Impulsivity, rather than sociability, seemed to be the component responsible for this association. Effects of sex and age were only partially in line with previous findings.

Proactive People Are Morning People.

Article

Dec 2009

Christoph Randler

Proactivity is the willingness and ability to take action to change a situation to one's advantage and has been studied in a wide range of contexts. The role of chronotype on proactivity has not been assessed. Individual differences in circadian rhythms have been widely acknowledged and are accepted as an interesting facet of human personality. Morning people were more proactive than evening types, and people with small differences in rise time between weekdays and free days were also more proactive persons. Sleep length (on weekdays and on free days) and total time spent in weekend oversleep did not show any relationship with proactivity. These results suggest that morning people are more proactive than are evening types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Applied Social Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Circadian typology and temperament and character personality dimensions

Article

Feb 2010
Chronobiol Int J Biol Med Rhythm Res

The purpose of the present study is to explore the relationships between circadian typology and Cloninger's model of the seven dimensions of personality, taking into account the possible sex interactions. This model considers four temperament dimensions (viz., HA, harm avoidance; NS, novelty seeking; RD, reward dependence; and PS, persistence) and three character dimensions (viz., SD, self-directedness; C, cooperativeness; and ST, self-transcendence). A sample of 862 university students (500 women), between 18 and 30 (21.94 +/- 2.64) yrs of age completed the short versions of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-56) and the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ). Women showed higher values for HA, RD, and C, while men showed higher values for NS. Evening-type subjects had higher NS but lower HA, PS, and SD scores. Moreover, circadian typology modulated the sex differences in HA and NS, and only evening-type men showed a lower HA score and higher NS score. Circadian typology is related to Cloninger's model of Temperament and Character personality dimensions. Future studies should further examine possible implications, regarding both the vulnerability of developing psychopathological disorders and the prognosis of response to different treatments.

Associations among Sleep, Chronotype, Parental Monitoring, and Pubertal Development among German Adolescents

Article

Oct 2009
J PSYCHOL

Individuals differ in their timing of sleep (e.g., bedtimes, rise times) and in their preference for morning or evening hours. Chronotype refers to these differences in morningness-eveningness. Adolescents become later chronotypes during puberty, and the transition occurs around the age of 12-14 years. The authors assessed this change among German adolescents using measurements for chronotype, pubertal development, and parental monitoring. Chronotype and sleep parameters correlated significantly with age, suggesting that older adolescents become more evening oriented, sleep less, and have later rise and bedtimes. The authors obtained similar results when assessing puberty scores. Parental setting of bedtimes during the week decreased with age, and it was nearly absent at the age of 17 years. Adolescents without parental monitoring went to bed later and were later chronotypes. Using linear regressions, the authors found that age was the only significant predictor of chronotype, whereas age, pubertal status, and parental monitoring significantly contributed to bedtime during the week and sleep length on weekdays.

Minor genetic variants of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) polymorphism are associated with novelty seeking in healthy Japanese subjects

Article

Aug 2009
PROG NEURO-PSYCHOPH

Although an association between the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene and personality traits had been previously investigated, results from previous studies were not conclusive. This may be due to the method of grouping used, which categorized the gene population into two groups based on the length of the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in exon 3. In the present study, we categorized 616 healthy Japanese subjects into more than two groups by further subdividing the DRD4 48-bp VNTR polymorphism, and compared Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) scores among the groups. A significant difference was found between the DRD4 48-bp VNTR polymorphism and novelty seeking (p=0.016). The novelty-seeking scores in the subjects carrying the 5/5 genotype were significantly higher than in those carrying the 2/2 genotype (p=0.002) or the 4/4 genotype (p=0.005). However, when the conventional method of grouping was used (i.e., short alleles vs. long alleles), there were no significant associations between the DRD4 VNTR polymorphism and any TCI scores. Our results suggest that minor 5-repeat allele is associated with high novelty-seeking scores in healthy Japanese subjects.

Association study between the -1021C/T polymorphism of the dopamine-β-hydroxylase gene promoter and personality traits in healthy subjects

Article

Jul 2009
NEUROSCI LETT

Dopamine and norepinephrine are implicated in the characterization of personality traits. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is the enzyme responsible for conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, and thus plays an important role in controlling dispositions of these neurotransmitters. Previous studies have shown that the -1021C/T polymorphism of the DBH gene promoter influences plasma DBH activity. Therefore, we examined the association between the -1021C/T DBH polymorphism and personality traits in 627 Japanese healthy volunteers. The DBH genotypes were identified by a PCR-RFLP method, and personality traits were assessed by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). In the two-factor analysis of covariance with the DBH genotype and sex as factors and with age as a covariate, there was no main effect of the DBH genotype on any TCI score, while the interaction between the factors was significant in harm avoidance. In the post hoc analysis, the group with the T allele predictive of lower DBH activity had higher scores of harm avoidance than that without the T allele in females (p=0.006), but not in males. The present study suggests that the -1021C/T DBH polymorphism affects the personality trait of harm avoidance in healthy females.

Cognitive and emotional processing in high novelty seeking associated with the L-DRD4 genotype

Article

Jul 2009
NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA

The personality trait of novelty seeking (NS) has been associated with the long variant of the dopamine D4 receptor (L-DRD4) VNTR polymorphism. This is the first study to examine the influence of L-DRD4 polymorphism on some of the cognitive (i.e. decision making) and emotional underpinnings of the NS phenotype. One hundred and eighteen healthy males grouped in a L-DRD4 (n=24) and a S-DRD4 (n=94) group, completed multimodal assessment for personality, planning for problem solving and decision making. Two age-matched L-DRD4 and S-DRD4 sub-samples (n=17 each) entered and completed emotional processing using startle modulation by affective pictures. ANOVAs showed that L-DRD4 individuals had higher NS, made more risky choices and won less money in the decision making task, but had intact planning for problem solving. They also had reduced startle reactivity and late startle modulation by both pleasant and unpleasant pictures. Early, attentional startle modulation by the affective pictures was intact. NS correlated negatively with startle reactivity and performance in the emotional decision task. These results suggest that the L-DRD4 polymorphism is associated with high NS and risk taking, under-reactivity to unconditioned aversive stimuli, constricted emotional responses but preserved attentional processing of emotional stimuli and efficient problem solving. These results extend animal evidence on DRD4-mediated control of decision making and emotional processing to humans. The proposed role of the NS phenotype in human evolution and in disorders of impulsivity is discussed under the light of the present findings.

Inattentive Symptoms of ADHD Are Related to Evening Orientation

Article

May 2009
J Attention Disord

Morningness is a stable characteristic of individuals, related to impulsivity and novelty seeking. The evening orientation is a risk factor for psychiatric conditions such as depression and personality disorders. The authors hypothesized that adults suspected of having ADHD are more evening oriented than adults without ADHD. Exploratory factor analyses were performed on the polychoric correlation matrices of the full Adult Self-Report Scale for ADHD (ASRS) and the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM). As expected, two factors for the ASRS--Inattention and Impulsivity- Hyperactivity--and three factors for the CSM were retrieved. All three CSM factors correlated negatively with ASRS Inattention, none with ASRS Impulsivity-Hyperactivity. Inattention is more strongly related to eveningness than is Impulsivity-Hyperactivity, and therefore eveningness may constitute an endophenotype of the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD. These findings need to be replicated in a patient population with a standardized assessment of sleep quality.

Relationship between Circadian Typology and Big Five Personality Domains

Article

Mar 2009
Chronobiol Int J Biol Med Rhythm Res

We explored the relationship between personality, based on the five-factor model, and circadian preference. To this end, 503 participants (280 females, 223 males) were administered the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and the self-report version of the Big Five Observer (BFO) to determine circadian preference and personality features, respectively. Morning types scored significantly higher than evening and intermediate types on the conscientiousness factor. Evening types were found to be more neurotic than morning types. With reference to the big five personality model, our data, together with those of all the previous studies, indicate that the conscientiousness domain is the one that best discriminates among the three circadian types. Results are discussed with reference to neurobiological models of personality.

Morningness-Eveningness Comparison in Adolescents from Different Countries around the World

Article

Dec 2008
Chronobiol Int J Biol Med Rhythm Res

Christoph Randler

Very few studies have focused on differences in chronotype around the globe. In this study, morningness-eveningness was measured using the Composite Scale of Morningness and the midpoint of sleep on free days (corrected for sleep debt, MSF(sc)) in adolescents of sixteen German schools abroad, dispersed all over the world, and for comparison pupils attending German schools. There was no influence of duration of residence in the respective locality, and sex differences were weak. Age correlated negatively with morningness. A significant influence of climate zone (temperate, subtropics, tropics) was found, with adolescents in the subtropics being the latest chronotypes, and an interaction of agexclimate zone was identified. Significant associations between chronotype and longitude and latitude were identified within the time zone of central Europe. Adolescents were found to be more morning oriented both toward the East and North. The results indicate that climate, longitude, and latitude contribute to chronotype.

Sex Difference in Sleep‐Time Preference and Sleep Need: A Cross‐Sectional Survey among Italian Pre‐Adolescents, Adolescents, and Adults

Article

Oct 2008
Chronobiol Int J Biol Med Rhythm Res

The aim of this study was to examine sex differences in sleep-time preference by age among Italian pre-adolescents, adolescents, and adults. The final sample consisted of 8,972 participants (5,367 females and 3,605 males) from 10 to 87 yrs of age. To assess preferred sleep habits, we considered the answers to the open-ended questions of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). In agreement with previous studies, we found that sleep-time preference started to shift toward eveningness from the age of 13 yrs. Females reached their peak in eveningness earlier (about 17 yrs of age) than males (about 21 yrs of age). Thereafter, the ideal sleep-time preference advanced in men and women with increasing age. Females presented a more significant advanced sleep phase than males only during the years when sexual hormones are typically active. Moreover, females reported a longer ideal sleep duration than males across all age groups examined, except in over 55 yrs one.

Evaluation of Three Circadian Rhythm Questionnaires With Suggestions for an Improved Measure of Morningness

Article

Nov 1989
J APPL PSYCHOL

Circadian rhythms, cyclic fluctuations in many physiological and psychological functions, are thought to influence adjustment to shiftwork. A widely acknowledged individual difference in circadian rhythms, commonly called morningness, indicates preferences associated with morning or evening activities. Various self-report instruments have been developed to measure morningness, although little measurement data have been published for these scales. Because morningness scales are being used to select workers for night shiftwork, psychometric evaluations of these scales are needed. Psychometric assessments of undergraduate responses (N = 501) on three widely used scales indicate internal (interitem) measurement deficiencies in all three. Therefore, a 13-item scale was developed that distills the best items from two of these scales. Relationships between the new composite scale and external criteria are comparable with or stronger than similar relationships between the published scales and external criteria.

Differences in Sleep-Wake Habits and EEG Sleep Variables between Active Morning and Evening Subjects

Article

Sep 1987
SLEEP

This article is a survey study, followed by an experimental study, examining the differences of sleep-wake habits and sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) variables between morning and evening type subjects (Ss). In the survey study, the Japanese version of the Horne and Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and Life Habits Inventory (LHI) were administered to approximately 1,500 university students. The survey results showed that the two types were significantly different from each other in terms of retiring and arising time, sleep latency, mood on arising, nap, adequate amount of sleep, number of times of staying awake all night, and variability in bedtime, arising time, and sleep length. These results suggested that evening type Ss had more irregular and/or flexible sleep-wake habits than morning type Ss. In the experimental study, 10 morning and 11 evening type Ss were selected from the population included in the survey study, and polysomnograms were obtained. The results showed that only in rapid eye movement (REM) latency did morning type Ss significantly differ from evening type Ss. REM latency might be related to personality factors, particularly to neuroticism and anxiety.

Chronotype and personality factors in the daily consumption of alcohol and psychostimulants

Article

May 1994
ADDICTION

Ana Adan

This paper analyses the influence of and possible interaction between chronotype (Morning-types, Neither-types and Evening-types) and personality dimensions (neuroticism, extroversion and psychoticism) in the daily consumption of alcohol and psychostimulants (nicotine and caffeine). In a sample of 537 subjects (257 men and 280 women), who were students and professionals with different but fixed work schedules, there were significant differences among the chronotypes regarding the consumption of all the above. Evening-types consumed more alcohol, nicotine and caffeine (coffee and cola), while Morning-types consumed more caffeine from tea. Personality was only related to the consumption of cola: the greater the neuroticism the higher the consumption of this beverage. Stimulant drinks showed various types of interaction with personality types, which revealed a complex pattern of group action. The results stress the need to consider chronotype as a contributory psychological factor in a multi-causal model of consumption of psychoactive substances.

A CLOCK Polymorphism Associated with Human Diurnal Preference

Article

Oct 1998
SLEEP

A single nucleotide polymorphism located in the 3' flanking region of the human CLOCK gene was investigated as a predictor of diurnal preference in a population-based random sample of 410 normal adults. Morningness-eveningness preferences were determined using the 19-item Home-Ostberg questionnaire. Subjects carrying one of the two CLOCK alleles, 3111C, had a significantly lower mean Horne-Ostberg score. The distribution of scores was clearly shifted toward eveningness for these subjects. The score difference was independent of age, sex and ethnic heritage, thus making population stratification effects unlikely to explain this difference. These subjects had a substantial 10- to 44-minute delay in preferred timing for activity or sleep episodes. We suggest that the identified polymorphism or another tightly linked polymorphism within the CLOCK gene or its regulatory elements may be responsible for the finding.

Relationship between serotonin and the Temperament and Character Inventory

Article

Jan 2000
PSYCHIAT RES

The unified biosocial theory of personality, proposed by Cloninger, conceptualises personality as a combination of heritable, neurobiologically based traits (temperament dimensions), and traits reflecting sociocultural learning (character dimensions). The temperament dimensions are thought to be related to activity in specific central neurotransmitter systems. The relationship of the dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory, particularly harm avoidance (HA), and platelet 5-HT2 receptor sensitivity was investigated in a sample of undergraduate student volunteers (N = 49). Serotonin-receptor binding results in Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. The concentration of serotonin required to produce half maximal Ca2+ response (EC50) is indicative of 5-HT2 receptor sensitivity such that the lower the EC50 serotonin concentration, the greater the 5-HT2 receptor sensitivity. A significant inverse correlation was found between HA and EC50 (r = -0.644, P < 0.001). Self-directedness was also significantly correlated with EC50 (r = 0.391, P = 0.005). Novelty seeking, a personality trait similar to sensation seeking, was not significantly correlated with serotonin.

Relationship between morningness-eveningness and temperament and character dimensions in adolescents

Abstract

No full-text available

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