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Management of Tomato Mosaic Virus in Hydroponically Grown Pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Abstract
A tobamovirus causing severe systemic necrosis of hydroponically grown pepper plants (Capsicum annuum Hungarian Wax) was identified by host plant reactions and immunodiffusion tests as tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) (EPCOT isolate). Twenty-eight pepper cultivars were screened for resistance to this isolate. Anaheim TMR 23 and Rio Grande Gold were the most resistant cultivars; plants exhibited necrotic local lesions and abscission of inoculated leaves. Golden Belle, Hidalgo, Super Stuff, Tamcascabella, and Tam Mild Jalapeno-1 were the most susceptible cultivars; plants exhibited foliar chlorosis and severe systemic necrosis, which resulted in the death of the plants within 21 days. Seven sanitizing solutions were tested for their ability to reduce ToMV transmission between plants via pruning shears. Symptoms developed in 70% of control plants pruned with ToMV-contaminated, chemically untreated shears. The transmission was reduced, with the virus being transmitted to 3, 17, 22, and 39% of inoculated plants, when the shears were treated with 10% trisodium phosphate, a combination of 0.26% NaOCl and 0.01% Ivory Liquid, 0.26% NaOCl, and 0.04% RD20, respectively. ToMV transmission was not significantly reduced when the pruning shears were treated with 0.01% Ivory Liquid, sterile deionized water, or 70% ethanol.
... In this survey, the TMGMV incidence was higher in hydroponic greenhouses than in soil greenhouses. These results appear to be well substantiated by a higher transmission of tobamoviruses through the nutrient solution in the hydroponic cultivation system [48]. It was shown that ToMV can be released from plant roots, survive in nutrient solution, and infect other plants (causing symptoms) through roots without root contact [49]. ...
Viral diseases have become one of the main phytosanitary problems for pepper growers in the Basque Country (northern Spain). In 2014, a survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of the most common viruses found in Gernika pepper and Ibarra chili pepper landraces. A total of 97 plots were surveyed and classified according to the crop system. Within these plots, 1107 plants were sampled and tested for tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), paprika mild mottle virus (PaMMV), potato virus Y (PVY) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) applying a DAS-ELISA test. PaMMV was verified by the non-radioactive molecular hybridization technique and it was found to be negative. All viruses were detected, but the most prevalent viruses were PVY and TMGMV (19.8% and 10.6% of tested plants, respectively). Differences among cultivation systems were found for most of the tested viruses. PVY had a higher level of infection under open field conditions (27.3%) than under greenhouse conditions (12.3%). Inversely, the viruses belonging to the Tobamovirus genus and TSWV prevailed under greenhouse conditions (28.9% and 5.2%) when compared to open field (11.2% and 1.1%), respectively. Single (28%) and multiple infections (8.9%) were found. All PMMoV isolates were classified as pathotype P1.2. Survey results indicated that tobamovirus and PVY resistance genes would be the most appropriate to be included in breeding programs with these sensitive pepper landraces.
... Due to its ability to survive in the dried plant debris for up to 50 years, control of ToMV is difficult. Their management depends mainly on excluding the infected plants, use of certified virus-free seeds or seedlings, and selection of ToMV-resistant plant cultivars 6 . One of the promising safe approaches for the management of viral plant diseases is the use of biocontrol agents which have the potentiality to reduce the disease occurrence and promote the plant growth. ...
Tomato mosaic disease, caused by Tomato Mosaic Virus (ToMV), is one of the most destructive diseases which results in serious crop losses. Research investigations dealing with the biocontrol activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) against this viral disease are limited. In this study, the biocontrol activity of AMF on tomato plants infected with ToMV was evaluated in the greenhouse. In addition, their impacts on the transcriptional expression levels of thirteen genes controlling the phenylpropanoid, flavonoid and chlorogenic acid biosynthetic pathways were also investigated using quantitative real-time PCR. Transcriptional expressions of the majority of the studied genes were up-regulated by mycorrhizal colonization in the presence of ToMV, particularly PAL1 and HQT, suggesting their pathogen-dependent inducing effect. Under greenhouse conditions, a significant reduction in the disease severity and incidence, as well as the viral accumulation level was observed as a response to the mycorrhizal colonization of the infected plants. Moreover, the evaluated growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and flavonoid content were significantly enhanced by AMF colonization. The obtained results demonstrated the protective role of AMF in triggering the plant immunity against ToMV in a pathogen-dependent manner. Beside their protective and growth-promotion activities, AMF are characterized by low-cost and environment-friendly properties which support their possible use for control of tomato mosaic disease.
... The 1998 experiments further demonstrated the potential of the ratoon cropping system. Two potential concerns with mowed plants were subsequent plant death because of physical injury, and the spread of mechanically-transmitted plant viruses by the mower (Pategas et al., 1989). Although a few mowed plants did in fact die rather than recover and regrow, overall these concerns were not realized, as indicated by the observations of 29 Oct. 1998 at Bixby. ...
Studies were conducted to examine the effects of pruning treatments applied to spring-transplanted bell peppers ( Capsicum annuum L.) on marketable fruit yield in late summer and fall. Control plants were set in the field in early May 1997 (Oklahoma) and Apr. 1998 (Oklahoma and Texas) and harvested weekly into October (Oklahoma) or periodically into December (Texas). In 1997, all four treatments (involving height and method of pruning) reduced total marketable fruit weight, but differences among treatments were nonsignificant. In Oklahoma in 1998, plants were mowed on 27 July at an average height of ≈24 cm. Mowed plants produced less total marketable fruit weight but more U.S. Fancy fruit than did control plants, while weight of U.S. No. 1 fruit was not affected. In Texas in 1998, plants mowed on 4 Sept. at a height of ≈20 cm produced more than twice the weight of U.S. No. 1 fruit and fewer cull fruit than did control plants. Nonpruned transplants set in the field in Summer 1998 (both Oklahoma and Texas) produced low marketable yields. Maintaining spring-transplanted bell peppers is a viable technique for fall pepper production, and the highest total marketable yields may be obtained if these plants are not mowed. However, mowing offers an opportunity for increased fall production of premium fruit, and mowed plants would be easier to manage than nonpruned plants.
Abstract
Ismaeil, F., A. A. Haj Kasem and S. Al-Chaabi. 2012. Evaluation the Response of Some Tomato Imported Hybrids and
Local Genotypes to Infection with Tomato mosaic virus and its Molecular Detection. Arab Journal of Plant Protection,
30: 223-230.
Twenty imported tomato hybrids were evaluated for their reaction to infection with tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) under artificial
infection conditions in the open field during 2009 growing season. Fifteen local tomato genotypes were also evaluated against the same virus
in a growth chamber under artificial inoculation conditions. Hybrid seeds were planted in Otaya research station, GCSAR, Damascus, Syria
in four replicates. Tomato seedlings were inoculated mechanically with SY-250-07, a local isolate of ToMV. One month after artificial
inoculation, inoculated and non inoculated (check) plants for each hybrid were tested by DAS-ELISA to detect the virus level present. Yield
and quality of produced fruits from inoculated and non-inoculated hybrids were assessed. Results of serological test showed that seven
imported tomato hybrids (LORIT, ELIGRO, TH 01308, T-30, TY-QUEEN and Pamela) were not infected with ToMV, and no viral
symptoms were observed on their foliage. The productivity of resistant hybrids was not influenced by virus infection in comparison with
non-inoculated check plants. Plants of other tested hybrids were infected with ToMV, and different symptoms were observed such as mosaic,
leaf curl, deformation, stunting of plants in addition to the formation of fern-leaf symptoms. The fruits of infected plants were small in size,
their surfaces were covered by yellow spots and sometimes were unmarketable. The yield loss of infected hybrids ranged between 32 and
55%. All local tomato genotypes were susceptible to infection with ToMV under artificial inoculation in growth chamber conditions, and
yellowing, leaf deformation and fern-leaf symptoms were observed. Two isolates of ToMV were tested by RT-PCR using a specific primer
pairs of the virus, and a 419 bp fragment of the capsid protein gene was amplified.
Keywords: ELISA, RT-PCR, Syria, Tomato, ToMV.
Corresponding author: Faiz Ismaeil, General Commission for Agricultural Scientific Research, Damascus, Douma, P.O. Box 113,
Syria, Email: faizismail@mail.sy
Viral diseases are a major constraint in improving productivity of crop plants in general and vegetable crops in particular. The losses caused by the viral diseases are greater in the tropics and semitropics, which provide ideal conditions for the perpetuation of not only the viruses but also their vectors and secondary hosts. Estimates of the losses caused by viral diseases in vegetables are not available, but viral infections frequently lead to even abandoning of crops due to high incidence of viruses (Varma and Malathi, 2003). Here, we briefly describe viral diseases of some common vegetables like eggplant, garlic, onion, pea and sweet pepper, and some uncommon vegetables like Amaranthus, chayote, Colocasia and Xanthosoma, Lablab, and okra.
The basic principles in the management of seed-transmitted viruses are generally more or less similar regardless of type of virus involved. There are five approaches, namely, (1) avoidance of the virus from the seeds, (2) prevention/minimising the rate of spread through vector management, (3) legislation, (4) production of healthy seeds through certification programmes and (5) modern diagnostic molecular and biochemical approaches. Avoidance of virus inoculum from infected seeds can be done by removal of infected seeds, chemical seed disinfection, seed disinfection by heat and by irradiation. Implementing the cultural practices like field sanitation, roguing, crop rotation, planting dates, barrier and cover cropping will also reduce the virus disease incidence. The management of virus spread under field conditions is also possible by the application of insecticides, pyrethroids and mineral oils, which reduces the vector population. The role of quarantines, ISTA, biosafety measures, resistant cultivars, healthy seed production and certification schemes for healthy seed production was discussed in detail.
Around the globe, besides fungal and bacterial diseases, both virus and viroid diseases have acquired greater importance in the realm of plant pathology and call for effective management measures as they are responsible for heavy yield losses and are a matter of vital importance and concern to farmers, horticulturists, gardeners and foresters. Understanding disease epidemiology is of vital importance for formulating viable disease management practices in a given agro-ecosystem. The development and progress of plant disease epidemics are variable from region to region. Epidemiology is not a static process, but rather a dynamic course that varies with a change in the ecology, host, vector and virus systems.
Seeds provide an efficient means in disseminating plant virus and viroid diseases. The success of modern agriculture depends on pathogen free seed with high yielding character and in turn disease management. There is a serious scientific concern about the transmission of plant viruses sexually through seed and asexually through plant propagules. The present book provides the latest information along with the total list of seed transmitted virus and viroid diseases at global level including, the yield losses, diagnostic techniques, mechanism of seed transmission, epidemiology and virus disease management aspects. Additional information is also provided on the transmission of plant virus and virus-like diseases through vegetative propagules. It is also well known that seed transmitted viruses are introduced into new countries and continents during large-scale traffic movements through infected germplasm and plant propogules. The latest diagnostic molecular techniques in different virus-host combinations along with disease management measures have been included. The book shall be a good reference source and also a text book to the research scientists, teachers, students of plant pathology, agriculture, horticulture, life sciences, green house managers, professional entrepreneurs, persons involved in quarantines and seed companies. This book has several important features of seed transmitted virus diseases and is a good informative source and thus deserves a place in almost all university libraries, seed companies and research organizations.
Underplastic protected cultures of horticultural plants constitute nowadays the primary income for the people in Almeria (southeast of Spain). This intensive agriculture yields annually a large amount of plant wastes, which represent a serious environmental problem. These vegetable residues constitute an important inoculum source of phytopathogen microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. Since composting is proposed as an important means of plant disease control when applied to plant wastes, we have investigated the suppression of several phytopathogenic viruses during different trials of horticultural waste composting. Vegetable residues infected with viruses PMMV (pepper mild mottle virus), TSWV (tomato spotted wilt virus) and MNSV (melon necrotic spot virus) were included into compost piles. Studies were conducted in several compost windrows subjected to different treatments. Results showed an effective suppression of viral infective activity of MNSV, during the initial 14 days of composting. PMMV was the most resistant pathogenic virus, remaining viable up to 8–9 weeks. Short-time sampling demonstrated suppression of TSWV after 60 h of composting. Composting process was effective for biocontrol of phytopathogenic microorganisms in the investigated plant wastes.
Virus and viroid diseases are serious constraints to the production and profitability of a wide range of tropical crops. Many plant virus outbreaks have been recorded in the last two decades around the world and the ultimate aim of the applied plant virologist is to devise measures for combating the virus and viroid diseases. Unlike mycologists and bacteriologists, virologists do not have an array of chemicals with which to attack and manage viral and viroid diseases. In the present book an attempt is made to discuss the various techniques of plant virus/viroid management that will enable the operator to break the disease cycle, and allow for normal production practices to proceed. We will examine the classical methods that include: (1) Selection of virus-free vegetative propagules and seed; (2) Role of cultural practices like plant density, barrier cropping, and time of planting; (3) Eliminating the infected source material like weeds, wild hosts and susceptible host plants; (4) Reducing the vector population by insecticides, oils and mulches; and (5) Developing the virus resistant/tolerant/transgenic plants. Resistant cultivars are one of the most efficient and effective methods of virus disease control and host resistance greatly eliminates or minimizes losses due to virus diseases. In certain crops like rice, potato, papaya, tomato, cassava, and some other crops, transgenic crops were developed and were tested under field conditions. Even in crops like cassava, tomato and rice where resistant cultivars were developed, they have failed with time because of new viral strain development due to mutations and recombination. Partial success is achieved by using the cross protection technique in certain crops like citrus, papaya and tomato. In recent years, quarantines are playing a major role in restricting disease spread through infected seed or infected planting material by identifying the virus/viroid diseases through molecular tests performed at the importing stations. Finally, as no single measure will give higher disease control, an integrated approach comprised of the selection of healthy seed/vegetative plant material, vector control through the use of insecticides/oil/aluminum or plastic mulches or barrier crops along with resistant/tolerant cultivars are providing maximum disease control in crops like rice, cassava, banana, and tomato against major virus and viroid diseases. In the present chapter the subject matter covered includes: the production of the virus free seed/planting material; vector control by non-chemical and chemical measures, developing resistant/transgenic plants; and the role of quarantines in implementing bio-safety measures. As no single measure can be expected to provide the required virus management, an integrated approach is being attempted in different parts of the world. The success stories of plant virus disease management by using integrated methods of control are discussed.
Tomato plants were easily infected with tomato mosaic virus (TMV) by contact with infective clothing. TMV persisted for over 3 years on clothing stored in a dark enclosed space, but was inactivated within a few weeks in daylight. Dry‐cleaning, or washing clothing with detergents in hot water, decreased its content of TMV to a low level. A survey of clothes worn by workers on tomato‐growing nurseries showed that men's outer clothing is seldom cleaned and is often worn from one season to the next. Tests of TMV persistence on painted, heated, wooden glasshouses and on cool structures, and on glass and metalwork in them, were done by wiping tomato leaf sap or brushing tomato leaves over them, and then trying to recover TMV by wiping the structures with damp cotton swabs. Virus was rapidly inactivated in daylight, often being undetectable after a month, but sometimes persisting at low concentrations for over 2 months. A survey of commercial glasshouse structures showed that TMV seldom overwintered on them but sometimes TMV persisted in dry tomato leaf debris. Such debris should be removed from structures by washing.
A number ofCapsicum accessions including nine species were tested for resistance to TMV based on hypersensitivity. The tobacco strain MA and the tomato strain SPS, which were both isolated from tomato, and two pathogenically distinct pepper strains P 11 and P 8, were used. Of the 73Capsicum accessions tested 58 were resistant to MA and SPS, 31 were resistant to P 11 and five were resistant to P 8.Om verschillen in pathogeniteit tussen twee in Nederland voorkomende paprikastammen van het TMV nader vast te stellen, werd een aantalCapsicum-herkomsten, waaronder negen soorten, op resistentie getoetst. Hierbij werden de representatieve paprika-isolaten P 11 en P 8 vergeleken met de uit tomaat afkomstige isolaten MA en SPS als vertegenwoordigers van respectievelijk de tabaks- en tomatestam van het TMV. Bij het beoordelen van de symptomen duidden lokale, necrotische vlekken en afvallen van genoculeerde bladeren op resistentie, systemische necrosen of mozaeksymptomen op vatbaarheid. In deze symptomen kwamen tussen de gebruikte stammen verschillen in virulentie tot uitdrukking. Er werden echter vooral verschillen in agressiviteit waargenomen met betrekking tot zowel afzonderlijke, voor resistentie uitsplitsende,Capsicum-herkomsten als het totale aantal getoetste herkomsten. Van de ruim 73 herkomsten waren er 58 resistent tegen MA en SPS, 31 daarvan tegen P 11, maar slechts vijf daarvan tegen P 8. Deze resistentie tegen P 8 werd gevonden inC. chinense.
Thirteen strains of tobacco mosaic virus have been isolated from field-grown tomatoes at widely scattered locations around the world. An analysis of their protein components showed a remarkably close relationship among these strains in amino acid composition, C-terminal amino acid, general amino acid sequence as indicated by peptide mapping, and in serological reactions. Five of the strains have amino acid compositions identical to that of tomato atypical mosaic virus (Y-TAMV); seven show one exchange and one shows two exchanges.