Bark medicines used in traditional healthcare in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: An inventory

Abstract

Bark is an important source of medicine in South African traditional healthcare but is poorly documented. From thorough surveys of the popular ethnobotanical literature, and other less widely available sources, 174 species (spanning 108 genera and 50 families) used for their bark in KwaZulu-Natal, were inventoried. Vernacular names, morphological and phytochemical properties, usage and conservation data were captured in a database that aimed to synthesise published information of such species. Data specificity was found to be the major limiting factor in the study and resulted in uneven distribution of information in the database. Overlapping vernacular names recorded in the literature indicated that it may be unreliable in local plant identifications. Most (43%) bark medicines were documented for the treatment of internal ailments. Sixteen percent of species were classed in threatened conservation categories, but conservation and management data were limited or absent from a further 62%. There is a need for research and specialist publications to address the gaps in existing knowledge of medicinal bark species and their management to conserve the South African flora.

Full text

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69(3): 301–363
Printed in South Africa — All rights reserved
Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd
SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL
OF BOTANY
ISSN 0254–6299
Bark medicines used in traditional healthcare in KwaZulu-Natal, South
Africa: An inventory
OM Grace1, HDV Prendergast2, AK Jäger3and J van Staden1*
1Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal Pietermaritzburg,
Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
2Centre for Economic Botany, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, United Kingdom
3Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, 2 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark
* Corresponding author, e-mail: vanstadenj@nu.ac.za
Received 13 June 2002, accepted in revised form 14 March 2003
Bark is an important source of medicine in South
African traditional healthcare but is poorly documented.
From thorough surveys of the popular ethnobotanical
literature, and other less widely available sources, 174
species (spanning 108 genera and 50 families) used for
their bark in KwaZulu-Natal, were inventoried.
Vernacular names, morphological and phytochemical
properties, usage and conservation data were captured
in a database that aimed to synthesise published infor-
mation of such species. Data specificity was found to be
the major limiting factor in the study and resulted in
uneven distribution of information in the database.
Overlapping vernacular names recorded in the literature
indicated that it may be unreliable in local plant identifi-
cations. Most (43%) bark medicines were documented
for the treatment of internal ailments. Sixteen percent of
species were classed in threatened conservation cate-
gories, but conservation and management data were
limited or absent from a further 62%. There is a need for
research and specialist publications to address the
gaps in existing knowledge of medicinal bark species
and their management to conserve the South African
flora.
Accounts of plants used traditionally assist not only in the ex
situ conservation of indigenous culture, knowledge and
belief systems (Rajan et al. 2001), but also in channelling
research towards useful plant species. The ethnobotanical
approach to plant research highlights that those species
used traditionally are most likely to yield useful products and
are most likely to be threatened by over-exploitation.
Furthermore, indigenous knowledge is recognised as valu-
able in reducing environmental degradation and promoting
sustainable utilisation (Cunningham 1988, Hedberg 1993,
De Beer 2000, Okoji 2001). Understanding the dynamics of
people–plant interactions may facilitate important contribu-
tions to the management of flora where it is most relied upon
(Cunningham 2000, Williams et al. 2000). An inventory of
locally important plant species can be invaluable in this
process of understanding. In the case of medicinal flora,
demands, species used and their popularity, can reflect
regional differences in the health needs of local users
(Williams et al. 2000). The role of the inventory therefore
extends beyond a simple list of plants, vernacular names
and usage. Although inventories have been criticised for not
being sufficiently scientific (Cunningham 2000, Botha et al.
2001), the information contained in a local plant checklist
may provide the substrate on which subsequent studies are
based.
South Africa has a long history of research in economic
botany that focussed on plants with agricultural potential,
and on weed control (Wickens 1990). More recently, the
economic potential of South African medicinal plants has
been recognised. In contrast, ethnobotanical or anthropo-
logical studies of people–plant interactions in this country
are relatively few. The single and therefore definitive chroni-
cle of the Zulu pharmacopoeia is that of Hutchings et al.
(1996) and of the southern African region, Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk (1962). Recent ethnobotanical inventories of
South African medicinal plants include those of Hutchings
(1989a, 1989b), Scott-Shaw (1990), Williams et al. (2000,
2001) and Botha et al. (2001), as well as economic studies
by authors such as Cunningham (1988), Mander et al.
(1997) and Mander (1998).
Barks comprise nearly one third of the medicinal plant
products traded and used in South African traditional health-
care (Mander 1998, Williams 1996), which is consulted by
the majority of the population (Cunningham 1988). The
importance of bark in meeting the healthcare needs of South
Africans is not reflected by the ethnobotanical literature
Introduction

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden302
(reviewed by Grace et al. 2002a). There is a need for com-
prehensive sources of information to empower efforts of
conservation, trade monitoring and healthcare standardisa-
tion.
Material and Methods
A comprehensive literature survey was undertaken to con-
solidate existing knowledge of the uses, properties and con-
servation status of plant species used medicinally for their
bark in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It was intended that a
single source of information, dealing specifically with eth-
nomedicinal barks, would be generated from the most pop-
ular and widely available literature that forms the basis of
ethnobotanical studies in South Africa. The literature was
assessed in terms of the usefulness of recorded information,
and how it may be translated to the conservation of medici-
nal bark species.
Plant species used medicinally for their stem- and/or root-
bark in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa were identified in litera-
ture surveys. A Microsoft® Access 2000© database was
designed to accommodate searchable data fields detailing
bark usage and properties for each taxon. Sensitive param-
eters were set to ensure that data referred explicitly to the
medicinal purpose or properties of bark used in KwaZulu-
Natal (although they may occur and be used elsewhere);
this selective approach aimed to ensure quality rather than
quantity of information in the database. Data collected from
diverse media were entered into several categories: vernac-
ular plant names used in KwaZulu-Natal; usage in the
province and southern Africa; field descriptions and bio-
chemical properties of the bark; conservation status of each
species; and miscellaneous notes. Rather than a numeric
reference system, sources were cited in the text. Species
entries from the database are presented here (Appendix 1),
ordered alphabetically rather than by taxonomic relation-
ships, for ease of reference.
Botanical nomenclature was taken mostly from Arnold and
De Wet (1993), Mabberley (1997) and Wiersama and León
(1999). Authors of scientific names were abbreviated
according to Brummit and Powell (1992). With reference to
the three dominant languages in the province, common
English, Afrikaans and Zulu names were taken from the lit-
erature, including Von Breitenbach et al. (2001). Zulu nouns
are characterised by a prefix and stem that are sometimes
denoted by a hyphen and/or capitalised stem. For example,
the common Zulu name for Acacia sieberiana DC. is
umkhamba; for clarity, it may be written as umKhamba or
um-khamba, and likely indexed as –Khamba (um). In this
case, however, Zulu nouns were presented in the more cor-
rect form (Williams et al. 2001), without distinction between
the prefix and stem.
The medicinal, magico-religious and veterinary purposes
for which bark is reportedly used in KwaZulu-Natal and the
southern African region were recorded. Other purposes for
which bark is used (e.g. fibre, fuel) were omitted. An effort
was made to quantify data such as volumes used in prepa-
ration and dosage of medicines (for example, one teaspoon
measures 5ml and one tablespoon 15ml). Terminology that
is obsolete in the context of modern biomedical therapeutics
persists in many accounts of traditional medicine (Elvin-
Lewis and Lewis 1995), including many consulted for this
review. Preconceived values and beliefs superimposed
upon evaluations of traditional medicine systems may also
influence the information accounted (Iwu 1993). Accordingly,
the TADWG (International Working Group on Taxonomic
Databases for Plant Sciences) standard for recording plant
uses (Cook 1995) was employed to implement acceptable
terminology where possible.
Morphological and phytochemical descriptors of each
species’ bark were compiled. Although integral to any cata-
logue of plant species (WHO, IUCN and WWF 1993), illus-
trations, distributions, habitat and cultivation data that are
well documented in existing accounts were excluded. Notes
on conservation status were made, to highlight a taxon’s
value. Trade information was considered pertinent, including
data from outside KwaZulu-Natal, since much of the materi-
al traded throughout South Africa is harvested or supplied by
markets in KwaZulu-Natal. Data outside other data fields
were included as additional notes.
Results and Discussion
Literature
The limiting factors affecting this inventory were the lack of
literature dealing specifically with bark, and, where barks are
explicitly mentioned, vague information: omitting to detail
user populations, localities, correct botanical nomenclature,
sources of plant material, or methods of medicinal prepara-
tion. Forty-two books were consulted, 15 conference pro-
ceedings or investigative reports, 72 papers in refereed jour-
nals, and three flora or memoir publications. ‘Grey’ sources,
so-called due to usually obscure locality and troublesome
accessibility, included three magazine articles and anecdot-
al knowledge attributed to personal communications.
Several grey sources, identified in electronic searches or
cited in other publications, could not be accessed.
Cunningham (2000) recommended that, to overcome the
problem of valuable data being obscured in grey literature,
copies should be deposited in recognised libraries and pub-
lished in international journals. Publication on the Internet
may also facilitate access to such literature. In this invento-
ry, emphasis was placed on consolidating data contained
within the most popular and widely consulted sources, rather
than comprehensive literature reviews of each taxon.
Represented taxa and trends in information
One hundred and seventy four species, representing 50
plant families and 108 genera, were inventoried. Families
represented by the highest number of genera (Figure 1)
were the Euphorbiaceae (11 genera), Anacardiaceae and
Celastraceae (eight genera each). Highest species repre-
sentations per genus (Figure 2) were by Acacia in the
Caesalpiniaceae (10 species), Cassine in the Celastraceae
and Euclea in the Ebenaceae (five species each). Exotic
species included Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. and
C. zeylanicum (Burch.) Baill. (Lauraceae), and unidentified
members of the genera Cupressus (Cupressaceae),

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 303
Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) and Pinus (Pinaceae). Those taxa
with high representation in the database may not necessar-
ily be the most popular medicinal bark species in the
province, but abundant in the flora of KwaZulu-Natal. This
agrees with Williams et al. (2000) who found a significant
correlation between the plant families used medicinally on
the Witwatersrand and the southern African flora: taxa har-
vested and used medicinally are associated with the largest
southern African floral families. Additionally, taxa occurring in
extensive vegetation types and/or vegetation near tradition-
al medicine markets have a higher probability of being used
and traded (Williams et al. 2000).
The number of taxa included in the database may be a
conservative reflection of the actual number of bark species
used medicinally in KwaZulu-Natal. Hutchings et al. (1996)
identified 1 032 plant species used in Zulu traditional medi-
cine in KwaZulu-Natal. Most of the 174 species included in
this database were recorded for bark usage by Hutchings et
al. (1996). At least 112 species used for their bark in tradi-
tional healthcare are harvested from indigenous forests in
South Africa (Cunningham 1988, Mander et al.1997), many
of which are likely to occur in KwaZulu-Natal due to floristic
similarities between South African forests (DWAF 1995, Low
and Rebelo 1996). Considering species from other vegeta-
tion types (in the Grassland, Savanna and Thicket biomes)
(Mander 1998), the number of bark species used in
KwaZulu-Natal may be substantially higher than presently
known.
A wealth of published information is available for econom-
ically important bark species, those of high conservation pri-
ority, and those with recognised pharmacological potential.
For example, Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Bignoniaceae)
has been recognised for its pharmacological properties
against skin complaints and ethnobotanical and biochemical
knowledge of this species is extensively documented (Grace
et al. 2002b, Houghton 2002, SEPASAL 2002). Prunus
africana (Hook. f.) Kalkm. (Rosaceae) bark is the source of
pharmaceuticals used against prostatic hypertrophy and its
phytochemical properties and sustainable usage extensive-
ly researched (ICRAF Online 2000). Similarly, Warburgia
salutaris (Bertol. f.) Chiov. (Canellaceae) and Ocotea bulla-
ta (Burch.) Baill. (Lauraceae) are both under threat of extinc-
tion as a result of unsustainable exploitation for medicinal
use in South Africa. Interest has been expressed in the ther-
apeutic potential indicated by their medicinal importance and
the possibility of using leaves instead of the less-sustainable
bark (Zschocke et al. 2000b, Drewes et al. 2001,
Geldenhuys 2001b). An outcome of the differential volumes
of literature for each taxon was uneven distribution of infor-
mation in the database.
Nomenclature and synonymy
Most species shared only one English or Afrikaans vernacu-
lar name with other species, but at least three Zulu vernac-
ulars. Nouns with the most frequent recurrence in the data-
base were the English ‘cherry’, ‘pear’ and ‘milkberry’;
Afrikaans ‘peer’ [pear], ‘melkhout’ [milkwood] and ‘stinkhout’
[stinkwood]; and Zulu ‘(um)lamanye’ [meaning ‘to recover
from illness’]. The number of vernacular terms referring to a
plant is known to indicate cultural importance and usage, but
some popular species are widely known by only one or two
vernacular names. Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. ex Krauss
(Anacardiaceae) is known only as ‘umgwenya’ (presumably
a reference to the grey bark that resembles crocodile skin),
and Cinnamomum camphora as ‘uroselina’ (referring to a
girl’s name as the aromatic bark is used as a perfume (Van
Wyk et al. 1997)). Interestingly, Williams et al. (2001) com-
mented on the dominance of Zulu vernacular names
throughout the South African medicinal plant trade, as tradi-
tional healers of other language groups have adopted them.
Botha et al. (2001), for example, recorded the Zulu vernac-
ular name ‘maphipha’ and ‘umaphipha’ for Rapanea
melanophloeos (L.) Mez (Myrsinaceae) in Mpumalanga
Province, where Northern Sotho, Tswana and Tsonga are
the dominant indigenous languages.
Due to synonymy of names given to different plant
species, and the application of multiple names to a single
species, plant identification using vernacular names is
notably difficult. Vernacular nomenclature cited in the litera-
ture may be erroneous or recorded for incorrect plant
species (Williams et al. 2001) and varies widely in its
spelling. To accommodate such variability, every recorded
name was included here despite obvious repetition. Dounias
26
11
431221
5
10
15
20
25
123456811
NUMBER OF GENERA PER FAMILY
NUMBER OF FAMILIES
21
9
421
75
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1234510
NUMBER OF SPECIES PER GENUS
NUMBER OF GENERA
Figure 1: Number of genera in families inventoried for medicinal
bark usage in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Figure 2: Number of species in genera inventoried for medicinal
bark usage in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden304
(2000) provided a useful discussion of problems associated
with linguistics in ethnobotanical research. Vernacular
names may refer to a number of unrelated plant species,
usually when they are used for a common purpose. Botha et
al. (2001) reported that only 71% of the vernacular names
encountered in Mpumalanga markets were accounted for in
the 176 medicinal plant species they identified, and 84% of
the names accounted for the 70 species identified in the
Limpopo (Northern Province) trade. Despite the sometimes
questionable reliability of vernacular nomenclature, local
vernacular names may nonetheless be useful in distin-
guishing between different medicinal plant products of a
region.
Medicinal usage and administration
Ethnographic information captured in the database indicated
that bark medicines are administered by varied methods to
treat a diversity of ailments, spanning all levels of health-
care, including first aid, preventative and rehabilitative ther-
apy and for magical or religious purposes. Of the 174 bark
species inventoried, 14 (8%) used in KwaZulu-Natal were
recorded in the literature for the treatment of external ail-
ments (e.g. eye complaints, toothache and wounds), 77
species (44%) for internal ailments (including uses such as
purgatives, emetics and against internal parasites), and 20
species (11%) for both internal and external ailments. Of
those taken internally, five are reportedly administered only
by enema, 19 orally, and 20 by both; five are taken as snuff.
Other recorded uses included prophylaxis against malaria
(four species), first aid against snakebite, poisoning and
burns (eight species) and in magical or spiritual applications,
such as love charms and medicines to treat grievance (32
species). Fourteen species were recorded for ethnoveteri-
nary uses. Although the above data indicate that the majori-
ty of bark medicines are usually taken orally in therapy of
internal ailments, the purposes for which 54 species’ (31%)
bark are used medicinally were unspecified. Since this
inventory relied exclusively upon information recorded in the
literature, anecdotal knowledge from traditional medical
practitioners could alter the usage patterns outlined above.
Hutchings (1989a) noted that of 794 plant medicines
employed by Zulu, Xhosa and Sotho cultures in South
Africa, a higher proportion of monocotyledonous than
dicotyledonous plants were used externally as charms and
for procreation-related complaints. Dicotyledonous plants
were used to treat a wider range of ailments than mono-
cotyledonous ones (Hutchings 1989a). Trends in usage and
administration of medicines may indicate possible alterna-
tives to existing practices that threaten the indigenous
medicinal flora. Without further documentation and analysis
of traditional healthcare in this country, such trends will
remain difficult to ascertain. Varied usage and administration
signifies the integral role of bark medicines in South African
traditional healthcare.
Conservation concerns
Of the 174 species in the database, 29 (16%) (spanning 17
families) were described in threatened conservation cate-
gories, three of which (Alberta magna E. Mey., Albizia sulu-
ensis Gerstner and Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill.) were glob-
ally threatened. Seven species were considered ‘not threat-
ened’. The highest number of ‘vulnerable’ or ‘declining’
species per family was in the Celastraceae (seven species).
This does not necessarily reflect the latter as the most
threatened family used for bark in KwaZulu-Natal, as con-
servation data were limited (economic and/or management
information recorded, but no indication of exploitation) for a
further 27 (16%) and absent from 85 entries (48%) in the
database. For 19 of the 29 species with recognised conser-
vation concerns, additional data verified that medicinal bark
products were in high demand, limited in availability and fre-
quently expensive. Five species were of ‘indeterminate’ con-
servation status; Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. was the single
such species for which trade information was documented,
and these data indicated risk of exploitation.
Where trade data were recorded, the price of bark prod-
ucts was generally found to indicate their availability (those
perceived as rare or in high demand were usually compara-
tively expensive), but economic data fluctuated and were
sometimes inconsistent. For example, Calodendrum
capense (L.f.) Thunb. bark was reportedly in high demand
yet readily available in Mpumalanga Province and ranged in
price from R33–R435 kg-1 (Botha et al. 2001). In contrast,
Bersama tysoniana Oliv. bark was considered to be in high
demand yet less readily available, but was less expensive
(R11–R400 kg-1) (Botha et al. 2001).
Twenty-eight species (16%) were not described in a con-
servation category, but trade data (perceived availability,
consumer demands, trade prices) suggested that these
species are highly exploited for their medicinal barks.
Species threatened by exploitation for the medicinal plant
trade, but not classed in a conservation category, are cause
for concern, since their conservation and sustainable man-
agement are unlikely until they are recognised as threat-
ened.
The spatial scale on which the conservation status of a
plant species is determined frequently results in locally
threatened or extinct species being overlooked at the global
or provincial level (Scott-Shaw 1999). Threatened taxa not
classified within World Conservation Union (IUCN) cate-
gories remain largely unrecognised. Conservation data for
the species inventoried here were taken primarily from
Cunningham (1988), Hilton-Taylor (1996), Scott-Shaw
(1999) and Victor (2002). Conservation categories in
Cunningham (1988) were modified from Hall et al. (1980),
who used the ‘old’ (pre-1994) IUCN Red Data categories
described by Davis et al. (1986). Similarly, Hilton-Taylor
(1996) followed the ‘old’ IUCN categories with minor modifi-
cations. Scott-Shaw (1999) presented the first assessment
of the KwaZulu-Natal flora in terms of the ‘new’ IUCN Red
Data categories adopted in 1994, as did Victor (2002).
Differences in classification criteria imparted some confu-
sion in determining the conservation status of species in the
database, but in many cases provided a comprehensive pic-
ture of threats on the levels described by different authors.
The database highlighted interesting trends in existing
knowledge of medicinal bark species used in KwaZulu-
Natal, and areas where research is needed to answer ques-

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 305
tions of management for sustainable medicinal use. The
importance of bark medicines in traditional healthcare in the
province, and indeed South Africa, is not clearly reflected by
the literature, and poor data specificity is the key limiting fac-
tor affecting its usefulness. Conservation status and attrib-
utes relevant to the management of species used for their
bark were frequently vague or absent. There is a need for
research and specialist publications to address the gaps in
existing knowledge of bark properties and management of
plants used medicinally for their bark to conserve the South
African medicinal flora.
Acknowledgements — Staff at the University of Natal and Institute
of Natural Resources libraries are thanked for their assistance in
collecting literature. The National Research Foundation (NRF) and
University of Natal Research Fund are acknowledged for funding.
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Acacia burkei
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY Benth.
SYNONYMS Acacia ferox Benth.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS black monkey-thorn (E), swartapiesdoring
(A)
ZULU likhaya, umkhaya, umkhaya wehlalahlati, umkhaya wehlala-
tini
DESCRIPTION Variable in appearance, from smooth, scaly and yel-
low-grey, to rough and brown-black with knobby thorns on the main
trunk (Coates Palgrave 2002). Bark on immature branches yellow-
grey to red-brown and velvet-textured, becoming pale or dark yel-
low-grey to dark brown with maturity (Venter and Venter 1996).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES See Trease and
Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used to treat eye complaints (Pooley
1993).
Acacia caffra
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY (Thunb.) Willd.
SYNONYMS Acacia caffra Willd. var. longa Glover, A. caffra Willd.
var. namaquensis Eckl. & Zeyh., A. caffra Willd. var. tomentosa
Glover, A. caffra Willd. var. transvaalensis Glover, A. fallax E.Mey.,
A. multijuga Meisn.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS common hook-thorn (E), gewone haakdor-
ing (A)
ZULU umthole, umtholo (root)
DESCRIPTION Dark brown to black, rough, and sometimes
cracked in squares or peeling in long strips (Coates Palgrave 2002,
Venter and Venter 1996). Bark on immature branches red-brown
and smooth, becoming dark and rough with maturity (Venter and
Venter 1996).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains tannin
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Poisoning in livestock, caused
by prussic acid in twigs, has been associated with A. caffra
(Kellerman et al. 1988 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). See Trease
and Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are taken as blood-cleansing
emetics (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
CONSERVATION A. caffra was among the 13 most frequently
demanded medicinal species in KwaZulu-Natal (Mander 1998).
Acacia gerrardii
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY Benth.
SSP TAXON var. gerrardii
SYNONYMS Acacia gerrardii Benth., A. hebecladoides Harms
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS grey-haired acacia (E), red thorn (E),
rooibas (A), rooidoring (A)
ZULU umngampunzi, umphuze, umsama, unkhamanzi
DESCRIPTION Dark grey or red-toned, and may be rough or
smooth; immature branches covered by grey, velvet-textured
pubescence (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Acetone extracts
have yielded 5(+)-catechin galloyl esters (Malan and Pienaar 1987
cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). See Trease and Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Decoctions are used for emetics and
enemas (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). To overcome or neu-
tralise a dislike of fellow men, decoctions are heated and the vapour
inhaled (Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Shackleton (2000) found that coppice production
is not sensitive to the cutting height at which trees are felled, but
coppice shoots will increase with increased stump surface area.
Acacia karroo
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY Hayne
SYNONYMS Acacia capensis (Burm.f.) Burch., A. hirtella E.Mey., A.
hirtella Willd. var. inermis Walp., A. horrida Willd., A. horrida Willd.
var. transvaalensis (Burtt Davy), A. inconflagrabilis Gerstn., A. kar-
roo Hayne var. transvaalensis (Burtt Davy) Burtt Davy, A. reticulata
(L.) Willd., Mimosa capensis Burm.f., M. leucacantha Jacq., M. nilot-
ica Thunb.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS sweet thorn (E), white thorn (E), soetdoring
(A)
ZULU isikhombe, umnga, umunga
DESCRIPTION Dark red-brown, almost black, slightly rough and
flaking, revealing reddish inner bark or wood; immature branches
rust- to olive-coloured with white or pale brown lenticels (Coates
Palgrave 2002, Van Wyk et al. 1997).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Rich in tannins (Van
Wyk et al. 1997). Gum frequently accumulates around wounds on
the bark; an arabinose-galactose gallotannin, known as Cape gum
(similar to gum arabic), is used in the pharmaceutical industry for
emollient, emulsifier, stabiliser and additive purposes (Van Wyk et
al. 1997). Uronic acid (10.3–8.1%) and rhamnose (4–10%) have
been isolated in the gum (Anderson and Pinto 1980 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996). The heartwood also contains acacatechin,
catechutannic acid and quercetin, which have anti-diarrhoeal prop-
erties (Martindale 1972 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997). See Trease
and Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Decoctions are used to purge symp-
toms of evil and sorcery (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Bark is
also used in an astringent medicine (Gerstner 1941 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996).
Appendix 1: Inventory of plant taxa used medicinally for their bark in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The following pages detail data captured
in an electronic database. Unless otherwise stated, data refer only to taxa used medicinally for their bark, and only the properties of the bark.
The complete set of data fields is shown below but where data fields are absent for a particular taxon, data were lacking in the literature con-
sulted
Species (Naturalised alien taxa are marked with an asterisk (*))
FAMILY
AUTHORITY
SSP TAXON
SYNONYMS
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS (E = English, A = Afrikaans)
ZULU
DESCRIPTION
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
CONSERVATION
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 311
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Outside KwaZulu-Natal, it is used
with the leaves in a tea for coughs, colds, diarrhoea, stomach
aches, haemorrhage and opthalmia or conjunctivitis; it is similarly
used in ethnoveterinary medicine for diarrhoea, coughs and
opthalmia in cattle and dogs (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962,
Roberts 1990). Infusions are used in ethnoveterinary medicine as
an antidote to poisoning as a result of eating Moraea sp. (Coates
Palgrave 1977). In the Cape Province, it is used against diarrhoea
and dysentery (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Gum is used with
Capsicum sp. fruit and strong vinegar in a dressing for acute
osteomyelitis, and to draw abscesses and splinters (Hutchings et al.
1996). It is diluted with water and used as a mouthwash against oral
thrush [Candida albicans] and sprue (Venter and Venter 1996).
Thorns are used to relieve heart pains and for magical purposes
(Mabogo 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Acacia luederitzii
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY Engl.
SSP TAXON var. luederitzii
SYNONYMS Acacia goeringii Schinz, A. luederitzii Engl.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bastard umbrella thorn (E), belly thorn (E),
fat-thorned acacia (E), Kalahari sand acacia (E), basterhaak-en-
steek (A), buikdoring (A)
ZULU ugagu, umbambampala, umshangwe
DESCRIPTION Very rough, longitudinally fissured and ridged;
immature branches grey to red with dense grey or white woolly
pubescence; older branches purple-toned to dark brown-black with-
out pubescence (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES See Trease and
Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes (Pooley
1993).
Acacia nilotica
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY (L.) Willd. ex Delile
SSP TAXON ssp. kraussiana (Benth.) Brenan
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS black thorn tree (E), redheart tree (E),
scented-pod acacia (E), scented thorn (E), lekkerruikpeul (A), snuif-
peul (A), soetlekkerruikpeul (A), stinkpeul (A)
ZULU ubobe, ubombo, umnqawe, umqawe
DESCRIPTION Red-brown and smooth, becoming black-grey and
roughly fissured with maturity; immature branches show grey to
brown bark (Coates Palgrave 2002, Venter and Venter 1996).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Strongly astringent,
and bark sap is reported to have coagulating properties (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Decoctions have intoxicating and deter-
gent effects (Hutchings et al. 1996). Octasonal-1-ol, B-amyrin and
betulin have been elucidated from the rootbark (Prakash and Garg
1981 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Several phytochemical con-
stituents have been isolated, including gallo-catechin, protocate-
chuic acid, catechol and pyrocatechol (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Ethanol extracts have shown antigonococcal and anti-amoebic
activity in vitro, hypotensive activity in dogs, contraction-inhibiting
effects in guinea-pig ileum, and coagulation of rat and human
semen (Hutchings et al. 1996). Stembark extracts have also shown
molluscicidal and algicidal properties (Ayoub 1983, 1984 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996). See Trease and Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Decoctions are used to soothe dry
coughs and loosen phlegm (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Decoctions are applied topically to
ulcerations caused by leprosy, or taken orally for coughs (Venter
and Venter 1996). Gum exuded from the stems is taken against
throat and chest complaints (Venter and Venter 1996).
Acacia robusta
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY Burch.
SYNONYMS Acacia robusta Burch. ssp. robusta
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS ankle thorn (E), splendid acacia (E), enkel-
doring (A)
ZULU umngamanzi, umngawe
DESCRIPTION Grey to dark brown, sometimes smooth, but fre-
quently deeply fissured (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES See Trease and
Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Ground and mixed with water to evict
snakes (Palmer and Pitman 1973). It is also used for magical pur-
poses (Pooley 1993). It is crushed and boiled, and the steam
inhaled to treat chest complaints, or the preparation applied to skin
ailments (Hutchings et al. 1996).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION A. robusta Burch. ssp. clavigera (E.
Mey.) Brenan is not separated from A. robusta Burch. ssp. robusta
in Zulu medicine (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Acacia sieberiana
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY DC.
SYNONYMS Acacia lasiopetala sensu Burtt Davy, A. sieberiana var.
woodii (Burtt Davy) Keay & Brenan
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Natal camel thorn (E), paper bark acacia
(E), pepperbark acacia (E), papierbasdoring (A)
ZULU likhaya, umkhamba, umkhambati, umkhaya
DESCRIPTION Light brown to yellow-grey, sometimes corky, and
flaking in paper-like strips (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains tannin
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Aqueous and ethanolic extracts
showed in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epider-
mis and Bacillus subtilis (Rabe and Van Staden 1997). See Trease
and Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions of A. sieberiana var. woodii
are used in enemas to relieve back pain, and by women to relieve
chafing in the genital region (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Acacia tortilis
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY (Forssk.) Hayne
SYNONYMS Acacia heteracantha Burch., A. maras Engl., A.
litakunensis Burch., A. spirocarpoides Engl.
SSP TAXON ssp. heteracantha (Burch.) Brenan
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS umbrella thorn (E), fyn-haakdoring (A),
haak-en-steek (A), sambreeldoring (A), tafelboom (A), wit-haakdor-
ing (A)
ZULU isihoba, isishoba, isithwethwe, umsasane
DESCRIPTION Grey to red-brown with short hairs on immature
branches, becoming grey or dark brown and fissured (Venter and
Venter 1996, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES See Trease and
Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes (Pooley
1993).
Acacia xanthophloea
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY Benth.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS fever tree (E), sulphur bark (E), geel-dor-
ingboom (A), koorsboom (A)
ZULU khanyagude, ukhanygude, umdlovune, umhlofunga,
umhlosinga, umkhanyagude, umkhanyakude
DESCRIPTION Smooth, green-yellow to yellow, flaking and pow-
dery, but peeling in large, thick pieces in mature specimens (Venter
and Venter 1996, Coates Palgrave 2002). The bark is highly char-

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden312
acteristic and common names attributable to it.
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES See Trease and
Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered and used as a prophylactic,
or emetic treatment that induces purging and sweating, for malaria
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). It is a common good luck charm
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION A. xanthophloea was identified by both urban and
rural herbalists as one of 15 species that are becoming increasing-
ly scarce in KwaZulu-Natal (Cunningham 1988). Mander (1998)
ranked it eleventh among medicinal species most frequently
demanded by consumers in KwaZulu-Natal. The bark is commonly
available at medicinal plant markets on the Witwatersrand (Williams
et al. 2000). Cunningham (1988) reported that a 50kg-sized bag of
bark cost R10 when purchased from gatherers at Isipingo medicinal
plant market, KwaZulu-Natal.
Afzelia quanzensis
FAMILY Fabaceae — Caesalpiniaceae
AUTHORITY Welw.
SYNONYMS Afrazelia quanzensis (Welw.) Pierre, Afzelia attenuata
Klotzsch, A. petersiana Klotzsch, Intsia quanzensis (Welw.) Kuntze,
Pahudia quanzensis (Welw.) Prain
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS African mahogany (E), chamfuti (E), lucky
bean (E), pod mahogany (E), red mahogany (E), Rhodesian
mahogany (E), peulmahonie (A), swart-tambotie (A)
ZULU inkehli (seeds), inkele, isinkehle, umdlavusa, umhlakuva,
umshamfuthi, unhlavusi
DESCRIPTION Grey-brown and with pale regions as a result of flak-
ing, typically in round, woody scales (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered bark is rubbed on eczema
after python fat has been applied (Palmer and Pitman 1973).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Bark is infused overnight with the
roots, and bathed in by huntsmen as a good luck charm (Coates
Palgrave 2002). Powdered bark, mixed into the body’s oil, is
believed to repel attack or provocation by others (Coates Palgrave
2002). Toothache is relieved by local application of the bark (Venter
and Venter 1996).
CONSERVATION Threatened by exploitation for its high-quality tim-
ber in southern Africa (Izidine and Bandiera 2002, Mapaura and
Timberlake 2002, Msekandiana and Mlangeni 2002).
Alberta magna
FAMILY Rubiaceae
AUTHORITY E.Mey.
SYNONYMS Ernistimeyera magna (E.Mey.) Kuntze
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS flame tree (E), Natal flame bush (E),
breekhout (A)
ZULU ibutha-elikhulu, ibuthe, igampondo, igibampondo, umcumane
DESCRIPTION Pale grey, smooth but becoming rough and almost
folded with age (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes (Pooley
1993).
CONSERVATION Globally rare (Hilton-Taylor 1996), protected and
conservation-dependent in KwaZulu-Natal (Scott-Shaw 1999).
Albizia adianthifolia
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY (Schumach.) W. Wight
SYNONYMS Albizia fastigiata (E.Mey.) Oliv., Inga fastigiata (E.
Mey.) Oliv., Mimosa adianthifolia Schumach., Zygia fastigiata E.
Mey.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS flat crown (E), rough-bark flat crown (E),
platkroon (A)
ZULU budhlo, igowane, indlandlovu, ubudhlo, umbhelebhele,
umgadankawu, umgadenkawu, umhlandothi, umnalahlanga,
umnebelele, usolo
DESCRIPTION Smooth or rough, grey to yellowish-brown, and flak-
ing (Van Wyk et al. 1997, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES The bark is toxic
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). A terpenoid compound was iso-
lated from the rootbark (Roques et al. 1977 cited in Hutchings et al.
1996) and high concentrations of histamine (Mazzanti et al. 1983
cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). It has shown anti-inflammatory activ-
ity (Jäger et al. 1996). The barks of various Albizia spp. have yield-
ed saponins, sapogenins, histamine and other imidazole deriva-
tives, suggestive of analgesic, decongestant and topical hyposensi-
tivity effects (Van Wyk et al. 1997).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Hot or cold infusions are made with the
root and applied to scabies and other skin complaints (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Pounded bark is used in aqueous lotions
for the relief of itchy skin complaints such as eczema (Bryant 1966
cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Powdered bark is taken as a snuff for
headaches (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In Mozambique it is used to treat
bronchitis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Powdered bark is
used as a snuff for headaches and sinusitis (Pujol 1990). Stomach
ailments are treated with a weak infusion of powdered bark (approx-
imately 5ml material in 500ml water) (Van Wyk et al. 1997). Eczema
is treated with a highly reputed bark infusion (Van Wyk and Gericke
2000).
CONSERVATION A. adianthifolia was one of 15 species identified
by urban herbalists as becoming increasingly scarce in KwaZulu-
Natal (Cunningham 1988). It was ranked among the most frequent-
ly demanded medicinal plants in KwaZulu-Natal (Mander 1998). The
bark is commonly traded in medicinal plant markets on the
Witwatersrand (Williams et al. 2000).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Considered one of the most impor-
tant African medicinal plants (Iwu 1993).
Albizia anthelmintica
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY (A.Rich.) Brongn.
SYNONYMS Acacia inermis Marloth, Acacia marlothii Engl., Albizia
anthelmintica (A.Rich.) Bringn. var. australis Bak.f., A. anthelmintica
(A.Rich.) Bringn. var. pubescens Burtt Davy, A. umbalusiana Sim,
Besenna anthelmintica A.Rich.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS cherry-blossom tree (E), worm-bark false-
thorn (E), worm-cure albizia (E), arub (A), bonthout (A),
deurmekaar-valsdoring (A), kersieblomboom (A), oumaboom (A),
oumahout (A), wurmbasvalsdoring (A)
ZULU bulani, lubulani, umnala, umnalahlanga
DESCRIPTION Pale grey, red-grey to brown, and smooth with
prominent lenticels (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES No toxic effects
were shown in clinical trials for anthelmintic properties (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Powdered bark has proved to be more effi-
cient than decoctions for anthelmintic properties (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962). Rootbark contains a triterpenoid saponin, deglu-
comusennin and echinocystic acid, and musennin, to which
anthelmintic activity is attributed (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962,
Tschesche and Kämmerer 1969 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Saponin fractions do not exhibit anthelmintic activity in vitro (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). High concentrations of histamine are
present (Mazzanti et al. 1983 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used as an anthelmintic (Hutchings et
al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used as an anthelmintic in Namibia,
particularly against tapeworm (minimum dosage 60g) (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962); it is best administered as a powder (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
CONSERVATION Traders in Mpumalanga consider the bark to be
rare; bark products cost R100 kg–1 (Botha et al. 2001).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Considered one of the most impor-

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 313
tant African medicinal plants (Iwu 1993).
Albizia petersiana
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY (Bolle) Oliv.
SSP TAXON ssp. evansii (Burtt Davy) Brenan
SYNONYMS Acacia evansii Burtt Davy
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS many-stemmed albizia (E), multi-stemmed
false-thorn (E), nala tree (E), meerstam-valsdoring (A), veelstam-
valsdoring (A)
ZULU umnala, umnalo, umnaloqho
DESCRIPTION Grey and pubescent on immature branches,
becoming darker and splitting in vertical strips with maturity (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988).
Albizia suluensis
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY Gerstner
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Zulu albizia (E), Zulu false thorn (E),
Zuluvalsdoring (A)
ZULU ingwebu-enkulu, ingwebo omkulu, inyazangoma, ungwebo-
omkulu, ungwebunkulu, unyazangoma
DESCRIPTION Grey and fissured (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES An irritant foam
results if bark is mixed with water (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL The irritant foam caused by adding
water to the bark is used as a febrifuge (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962).
CONSERVATION A. suluensis is globally rare and vulnerable, and
protected in KwaZulu-Natal (Cunningham 1988, Hilton-Taylor 1996,
Scott-Shaw 1999). Mander (1998) ranked A. suluensis thirteenth
out of 70 medicinal species most frequently demanded by con-
sumers in KwaZulu-Natal. Seedling recruitment is negatively
impacted by high browsing pressure in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park
(Khumalo 2001).
Antidesma venosum
FAMILY Euphorbiaceae
AUTHORITY E.Mey. ex Tul.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS tassel berry (E), tosselbessie (A), voëlsit-
boom (A)
ZULU isangowane, isibangamlotha, isibangamlotha-sasenkangala,
isiqutwane, umhlabahlungu, umhlabahlungulu, umhlahlanyoni,
umhlalanyoni, umnangazi, umshongi
DESCRIPTION Varying shades of grey or grey-brown, smooth to
rough and flaking in long fibres; immature branches are covered
with red-brown pubescence (Venter and Venter 1996, Coates
Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Rootbark is used to treat dysentery
(Gerstner 1938 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Notorious for the substantial white-
coloured ash produced when it is burned, to which the Zulu vernac-
ular isibangamlotha is attributed (Cunningham 2001).
Balanites maughamii
FAMILY Balanitaceae
AUTHORITY Sprague
SYNONYMS Balanites dawei Sprague
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS green thorn (E), torch fruit tree (E), torch-
wood (E), fakkelhout (A), fakkelssadboom (A), groendoring (A),
lemoendoring (A)
ZULU gobandlovu, ipamu, iphamba, iphambo, iphamu, liphambo,
ugobandlovu, ugobendlovu, umgobandlovu, umnulu
DESCRIPTION Grey and smooth; the trunk is conspicuously fluted
in large specimens (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Mild molluscicidal
properties have been indicated (Pretorius et al. 1988 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996). Members of the genus Balanites contain
steroidal glycosides derived from diosgenin and structurally related
sapogenins, such as cryptogenin (Van Wyk et al. 1997).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL An ingredient in infusions used in ritu-
als to protect against evil spirits: without using the hands, froth is
licked from the infusion two to three times daily, then thrown over
the roof to spill over the entrance to the house (Palmer and Pitman
1973). The bark is also used in an exhilarating bath (Palmer and
Pitman 1973).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In South Africa, bark is applied as
cutaneous implantations to strengthen the body, or stem- and root-
bark mixed with other ingredients for emetics (Van Wyk et al. 1997).
In Mozambique, a paste of the bark is cooked and taken orally as a
general tonic, or cooked with beans to treat haematuria (Van Wyk
and Gericke 2000). Decoctions are used as emetics; infusions are
used to make a refreshing bath (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000).
CONSERVATION Classed as declining in KwaZulu-Natal
(Cunningham 1988), and ranked thirteenth out of 70 medicinal
species most frequently demanded by consumers in KwaZulu-Natal
(Mander 1998). B. maughamii is heavily exploited for bark products
in KwaZulu-Natal (McKean 2001 pers. comm.). In Mpumalanga
Province, the bark is considered readily available and is traded at
between R30 kg–1 and R77 kg–1 (Botha et al. 2001).
Berchemia discolor
FAMILY Rhamnaceae
AUTHORITY (Klotzsch) Hemsl.
SYNONYMS Phyllogeiton discolor (Klotzsch) Herzog
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bird plum (E), brown ivory (E), mountain
date (E), wild almond (E), bruinivoor (A), mewee (A), voëlpruim (A),
wildedadel (A)
ZULU nmumu, ubalatsheni omkhulu, umadlozane, umhloungulo,
umumu, uvuka, uvuku
DESCRIPTION Dark grey, rough and cracking in rectangular pieces
(Venter and Venter 1996, Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used as an alluring love charm
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used in Venda to treat infertility
(Mabogo 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). It is a popular tradi-
tional medicine plant in South Africa and neighbouring countries;
bark is used in poultices to treat wounds (Van Wyk and Gericke
2000).
Berchemia zeyheri
FAMILY Rhamnaceae
AUTHORITY (Sond.) Grubov
SYNONYMS Berchemia transvaalensis N.E.Br., Phyllogeiton zey-
heri (Sond.) Suesseng., Rhamnus zeyheri Sond.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS ivory wood (E), pink ivory (E), purple ivory
(E), red ebony (E), red ivory (E), rooihoud (A), rooi-ivoor (A)
ZULU umgologolo, umncaka, umneyi, umnini
DESCRIPTION Grey and smooth, with pale grey lenticels, becom-
ing darker grey or grey-brown and roughly segmented, particularly
near the base, in larger specimens (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are administered orally or by
enema to treat backache and rectal ulceration in children (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). The barks of B. zeyheri and Ozoroa pan-
iculosa var. paniculosa are infused as a medicine, administered
orally or by enema, for dysentery in adults (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used by the Vhavenda to treat back-
ache and rectal ulcers (Mabogo 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden314
Bersama lucens
FAMILY Melianthaceae
AUTHORITY (Hochst.) Szyszyl.
SYNONYMS Bersama abyssinica sensu E.Phillips, non Fresen.;
Natalitia lucens Hochst., Rhaganus lucidus E.Mey.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS glossy bersama (E), glossy white ash (E),
blinkbaarwitessenhout (A)
ZULU isindiyandiya, undiyaza
DESCRIPTION Pale grey to brown and rough (Coates Palgrave
2002). Harvested bark is readily identified as Bersama by the pres-
ence of calcium oxalate crystals, visible in the broken cross-section
of dried material (Cunningham 2001).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHSYICAL PROPERTIES Due to the pres-
ence of cardiac glycosides (Van Wyk et al. 1997), Bersama spp. are
extremely toxic and may cause fatality. Bark contains high concen-
trations of calcium oxalate crystals (Cunningham 2001).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used to treat female infertility, menstru-
al pain and impotence (Bryant 1966 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996,
Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). B. lucens may be the plant known
as isandiyandlya, the bark of which is used for leprosy, as a protec-
tive charm against evil and lightning, and to confuse an opponent in
court (Doke and Vilakazi 1972 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In other parts of South Africa, finely
powdered bark is snuffed to treat headaches and strokes (Pujol
1990 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997, Hutchings et al. 1996). A tincture
is used as a calmative against nervous disorders (Van Wyk and
Gericke 2000).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) reported that gatherers sold
a 50kg-sized bag of unidentified Bersama bark for R20 at Isipingo
medicinal plant market, KwaZulu-Natal. Muir (1990) noted that it
coppices well.
Bersama swinnyi
FAMILY Melianthaceae
AUTHORITY E.Phillips
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bitter-bark (E), coast bersama (E), coastal
bersama (E), coastal white ash (E), Swinny’s bersama (E), bitterbas
(A), kuswitessenhout (A)
ZULU isindiyandiya, umhlakaza, undiyandiya, undiyaza
DESCRIPTION Brown and rough (Coates Palgrave 2002).
Harvested bark is readily identified as Bersama by the presence of
calcium oxalate crystals, visible in the broken cross-section of dried
material (Cunningham 2001).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Causes a charac-
teristically strong burning sensation when tasted (Coates Palgrave
1977) and is bitter (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). It contains
high concentrations of calcium oxalate crystals (Cunningham 2001).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL May be used in the same way as that of
B. lucens, to treat reproductive complaints, leprosy and as a pro-
tective charm (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used in the Transkei region for
unspecified purposes (Palmer and Pitman 1973).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) classed it as declining in
KwaZulu-Natal, and reported that gatherers sold a 50kg-sized bag
of unidentified Bersama bark for R20 at Isipingo medicinal plant
market, KwaZulu-Natal.
Bersama tysoniana
FAMILY Melianthaceae
AUTHORITY Oliv.
SYNONYMS Bersama stayneri E.Phillips, B. transvaalensis Turrill
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bastard sneezewood (E), bitter-bark (E),
common bersama (E), common white ash (E), white ash (E), baster
nieshout (A), bitterbas (A), gewone witessenhout (A), water-
witessenhout (A), witessenhout (A)
ZULU indiyandiya, isindiyandiya, undiyaza
DESCRIPTION Thick, grey to grey-brown or brown, rough and cor-
rugated (Coates Palgrave 2002). Harvested bark is readily identified
as Bersama by the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, visible in
the broken cross-section of dried material (Cunningham 2001).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Bitter tasting (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962), and causes characteristic burning and
numbness in the mouth (Pooley 1993). It contains high concentra-
tions of calcium oxalate crystals (Cunningham 2001).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL May be used in the same way as the
bark of B. lucens: to treat reproductive complaints, leprosy and as a
protective charm (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA The Xhosa use it to reduce fever and
hysteria; decoctions are used to treat gallsickness in cattle (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) classified it as vulnerable and
declining in KwaZulu-Natal. It is heavily exploited for bark products in
the province (McKean 2001 pers. comm.). Cunningham (1988)
reported that gatherers sold a 50kg-sized bag of unidentified
Bersama bark for R20 at Isipingo medicinal plant market, KwaZulu-
Natal. It is not readily available in Mpumalanga Province, where bark
products cost between R11 kg–1 and R400 kg–1 (Botha et al. 2001).
Boscia albitrunca
FAMILY Capparaceae
AUTHORITY (Burch.) Gilg & Benedict
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS emigrant’s tree (E), coffee tree (E), shep-
ard’s tree (E), white-stemmed tree (E), grootwitgatboom (A), jentel-
manstam (A), kaboom (A), koffieboom (A), matoppie (A), noe-
nieboom (A), witbas (A), witgat (A), witgatboom (A), witstam (A), wit-
stamboom (A), witteboom (A), wonderboom (A)
ZULU inyokiziphinda, isinama, umvithi
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHSYICAL PROPERTIES Other plant parts
have been phytochemically analysed (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes (Ndlovu
2001 pers. comm.).
Breonadia salicina
FAMILY Rubiaceae
AUTHORITY (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood
SYNONYMS Adina galpinii Oliv., A. microcephala (Delile) Hiern,
Breonadia microcephala (Delile) Ridsdale
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS African teak (E), matumi (E), Transvaal
teak (E), water matumi (E), wild oleander (E), baster kiaat (A), matu-
mi (A), mingerhout (A), water boekenhout (A), water-matoemie (A)
ZULU hlume, umfula, umhlume
DESCRIPTION Grey to grey-brown, rough with longitudinal fissures
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Has astringent
properties (Doke and Vilakazi 1972 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used to treat stomach complaints
(Pooley 1993).
CONSERVATION In Mpumalanga Province, the bark is considered
readily available and in low demand (Botha et al. 2001).
Bridelia micrantha
FAMILY Euphorbiaceae
AUTHORITY (Hochst.) Baill.
SYNONYMS Bridelia stenocarpa Müll.Arg.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS coastal goldenleaf (E), mitzeerie (E),
mzerie (E), wild coffee (E), bruinstinkhout (A), mitserie (A)
ZULU incinci, isihlalamangewibi, isihlalamangwibi, umhlahle, umh-
lalamagwababa, umhlalamgwababa, umhlalimakwaba, umh-
lalamkhwaba, umshonge
DESCRIPTION Brown to grey, slightly flaking and rough in mature
specimens (Coates Palgrave 2002). Immature branches are grey-

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 315
brown and smooth (Venter and Venter 1996).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Isolated con-
stituents include epifreidelinol, taraxerol, gallic acid and ellagic acid
(Pegel and Rogers (1990) cited by Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are taken as emetics
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In southern Africa, stembark is used
as a cough expectorant, as a laxative, and in therapy of diabetes
(Iwu 1993). Powdered bark is applied topically to burns, and reput-
edly enhances the rate of healing (Venter and Venter 1996). The
Vhavenda also use it to treat wounds, burns, toothache and vene-
real diseases (Mabogo 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Calodendrum capense
FAMILY Rutaceae
AUTHORITY (L.f.) Thunb.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Cape chestnut (E), Kaapse kastaiing (A),
wildekastaiing (A)
ZULU memezi, memezomhlope, umbhaba, umemeze omhlope,
umemezilomhlope, umemeze, umemeze omhlope, umemezi omh-
lope, umemezomhlope
DESCRIPTION Light to dark grey and smooth (Venter and Venter
1996, Nichols 2001).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES A liminoid and a
sesquiterpenoid have been elucidated in unspecified plant parts
(Glasby 1991).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes (Nichols
2001).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used extensively in the skin-lightener
trade in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (La Cock and Briers
1992) and bark is sold at markets in Mpumalanga (Nichols 2001).
CONSERVATION In Mpumalanga Province, the bark is readily avail-
able and consumer demand high; trade prices range from R33 kg–1
and R435 kg–1 (Botha et al. 2001).
Casearia gladiiformis
FAMILY Flacourtiaceae
AUTHORITY Mast.
SYNONYMS Casearia junodii Schinz
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS sword-leaf (E), swaardblaar (A)
ZULU imfe-yesele, umgunguluzane, umjuluka
DESCRIPTION Smooth and grey in colour (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Bark is burned and the ashes snuffed
(Palmer and Pitman 1973).
CONSERVATION Traded in markets in KwaZulu-Natal
(Cunningham 1988).
Cassine sp.
FAMILY Celastraceae
AUTHORITY L.
ZULU umaqunda
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions known as umaqunda are used
as emetics in the treatment of pleurisy (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Cassinopsis ilicifolia
FAMILY Icacinaceae
AUTHORITY (Hochst.) Kuntze
SYNONYMS Cassinopsis capensis Sond.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS holly cassinopsis (E), lemon thorn (E),
spiny cassinopsis (E), wild lemon (E), lemoendoring (A), lemoen-
tijiedoring (A)
ZULU ihlazane, ikhumalo, imamba eluhlaza, isanhloko, isihloko,
isihlokozane
DESCRIPTION Pale grey to brown; immature branches shiny green
with spines (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES A benzoisoquino-
line-carboline alkaloid has been isolated in unspecified plant parts
(Glasby 1991).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used to treat dysentery (Doke and
Vilakazi (1972) cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Cassinopsis tinifolia
FAMILY Icacinaceae
AUTHORITY Harv.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS false lemon thorn (E), green snake (E),
mock lemon thorn, spineless cassinopsis (E), vals-lemoentjiedoring
(A), valselemoentjiedoring (A)
ZULU ihlazane, ikhumalo, imamba eluhlaza, inyoka elihlaza,
inyoka-eluhlaza, isolemamba, iyandezulu
DESCRIPTION Smooth and grey; immature stems and branches
bright green (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL May be used in the same way as C. ili-
cifolia, to treat dysentery (Hutchings et al. 1996).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Some vernacular names refer to the
bright green colour of immature stems and branches, which resem-
ble that of the green mamba snake (Pooley 1993).
Cassipourea flanaganii
FAMILY Rhizophoraceae
AUTHORITY (Schinz) Alston
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Cape onionwood (E), common onionwood
(E), small-leaved bastard onionwood (E), gewone uiehout (A),
Kaapse uiehout (A)
ZULU memezi, memezilobovu, umemeze obomvu,
umemezilobovu, umemezobhovu
DESCRIPTION Dark grey and wrinkled; branchlets covered in
pubescence (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used in medicines to heal skin diseases,
and as a skin lightener (Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Extensively used for cosmetic pur-
poses in the Eastern Cape Province of (ISER 2001).
CONSERVATION Classed as declining in KwaZulu-Natal
(Cunningham 1988), and is increasingly scarce in the Eastern Cape
Province, where it is endemic (ISER 2001). In Mpumalanga
Province, C. flanaganii,C. malosana and another unidentified mem-
ber of the genus are considered to be in high demand, and are trad-
ed at between R55 kg–1 and R125 kg–1 (Botha et al. 2001).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION There is little distinction between C.
flanaganii and C. malosana in Zulu traditional medicine (Hutchings
et al. 1996).
Cassipourea gummiflua
FAMILY Rhizophoraceae
AUTHORITY Tul.
SSP TAXON var. verticillata (N.E.Br.) J.Lewis
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bastard box, large-leaved onionwood (E),
onionwood (E), pillarwood (E), grootblaar-uiehout (A), uiehout (A)
ZULU isinuka, isinukati, isinykani, umanuka, umbhovane, umbom-
vana, umbomvane, umnyamanzi
DESCRIPTION Grey-brown and smooth (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES A thioalkaloid has
been elucidated in unspecified plant parts (Glasby 1991).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes (Pooley
1993).
CONSERVATION In Mpumalanga Province, C. flanaganii, C. mal-
osana and another unidentified member of the genus are consid-
ered to be in high demand, and are traded at between R55 kg–1 and
R125 kg–1 (Botha et al. 2001).
Cassipourea malosana
FAMILY Rhizophoraceae
AUTHORITY (Baker) Alston
SYNONYMS Cassipourea elliottii (Engl.) Alston, C. gerrardii
(Schinz) Alston, Weihea gerrardii Schinz

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden316
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bastard onionwood (E), common onion-
wood (E), lesser onionwood (E), onionwood (E), baster-uiehout (A),
gewone uiehout (A), tolbalie (A), tolbollie (A), uiehout (A)
ZULU memezi, memezilobovu, umemeze obomvu,
umemezilobovu, umemezobhovu, umgamakhulu, umhlwakela,
umkhathane
DESCRIPTION Pale grey to grey-brown, becoming darker and
rough with maturity (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Thioalkaloids have
been elucidated in unspecified plant parts (Glasby 1991).
Compounds isolated from the bark include novel dimeric A-type
proanthocyanidins (Drewes et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used similarly to C. flanaganii, in med-
icines to heal skin diseases, and as a skin lightener (Pujol 1990
cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Skin lighteners are prepared with
finely powdered bark, sodium carbonate and milk, and applied as a
face pack (Drewes et al. 1996). It is also used to treat pimples and
relieve sunburn (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) classed it as declining in
KwaZulu-Natal. It is traded widely in South Africa (Mander et al.
1997), and heavily exploited for bark products in KwaZulu-Natal
(McKean 2001 pers. comm.). Cunningham (1988) reported that a
50kg-sized bag of bark cost up to R40 from gatherers at Isipingo
medicinal plant market, KwaZulu-Natal. In Mpumalanga Province,
C. flanaganii, C. malosana and another unidentified member of the
genus are considered to be in high demand, and cost between
R55 kg–1 and R125 kg–1 (Botha et al. 2001). Since C. malosana usu-
ally occurs in aggregated populations (Cunningham 1991), harvest-
ing pressure affects entire populations at a time. Coppice production
may be prolific (Muir 1990).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION There is little distinction between C.
flanaganii and C. malosana (Baker) Alston in Zulu traditional medi-
cine (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Catha edulis
FAMILY Celastraceae
AUTHORITY (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl.
SYNONYMS Methyscophyllum glaucum Eckl. & Zeyh.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Abyssinian tea (E), Arabian tea (E),
Bushman’s tea (E), khat (E), Boesmanstee (A), kat (A), khat (A),
spelonke-tee (A), spelonktee (A), khat (Arabic)
ZULU ingwavuma, umhlawazizi, umhlwazi, umlomomnandi, umlo-
momnanzi, umlomomnanzilobhovu
DESCRIPTION Pale grey and smooth when immature, becoming
grey to grey-brown and roughly cracked in squares with maturity
(Coates Palgrave 2002). Bark on immature branches is smooth and
green, sometimes pink-toned (Venter and Venter 1996).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Chewing the leaves
has become a social habit in many countries of east Africa and the
Arabian Peninsula (Iwu 1993). Accordingly, extensive research has
been conducted on the leaves, but there is poor documentation of
the bark. See Trease and Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Decoctions are used as nerve tonics,
cardiac stimulants, and appetite stimulants: bark is boiled in water
for ten minutes, and no more than two tablespoons (22ml) taken
daily (Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). It is also used as a
remedy for flatulence (Gerstner 1939 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Hilton-Taylor (1996) classified C. edulis as vul-
nerable in KwaZulu-Natal, and Scott-Shaw (1999) as lower risk.
Chaetachme aristata
FAMILY Ulmaceae
AUTHORITY E.Mey. ex Planch.
SYNONYMS Chaetacme meyeri Harv., C. nitida Planch. & Harv.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS thorny elm (E), basterpeer (A), doringelm
(A), doringolm (A), baster-witpeer (A)
ZULU umbambangwe, umbhangbangwe, umkhovothi
DESCRIPTION Pale grey, and may have single or paired spines
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used to treat haemorrhoids (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
Cinnamomum camphora*
FAMILY Lauraceae
AUTHORITY (L.) J.Presl.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS camphor tree (E), kanferboom (A)
ZULU uloselina, ulosilina, uroselina
DESCRIPTION Pale brown with characteristic coarse fissures and
distinctive scent (Van Wyk et al. 1997).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains the ketone
camphor, which is toxic in large doses and results in respiratory fail-
ure (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). It should not be used inter-
nally without supervision, and should not be used as an inhalant in
young children (Hutchings et al. 1996, Van Wyk et al. 1997). Natural
camphor, obtained from the wood, has largely been replaced by the
synthetic racemic camphor, obtained from pinene (Van Wyk et al.
1997). Camphor oil contains safrole, borneol, heliotropin, terpineol
and vanillin (Williamson and Evans 1988 cited in Hutchings et al.
1996). The primary active ingredient of commercial camphor oil is
(+)-(1R)-Camphor (George et al. 2001). Camphor has antiseptic,
counter-irritant, stimulant, carminative and analeptic properties (Van
Wyk et al. 1997). In low dosage, camphor warms and soothes the
epigastric region; high dosages cause nausea, vomiting and epilep-
tiform convulsions (Hutchings et al. 1996). It is commonly used in
modern medicine in liniments for muscle stiffness, and as a topical
anti-infective and antiseptic; it is used internally as a stimulant and
carminative both medically and in veterinary medicine (Hutchings et
al. 1996, Van Wyk et al. 1997). Synthetic camphor is used for car-
diac and respiratory analeptic preparations (Van Wyk et al. 1997).
See Trease and Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used as emetics for love charms and
perfume scent (Cunningham 1988), and is a very popular medicine
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Popular medicine in South Africa,
used for fever, colds and influenza, and to relieve abdominal dis-
comfort (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000).
CONSERVATION C. camphora was one of 15 species nominated
by urban herbalists as becoming increasingly scarce in KwaZulu-
Natal (Cunningham 1988), and on the Witwatersrand (Williams et al.
2000). A 50kg-sized bag of bark cost R15 from gatherers at Isipingo
medicinal plant market, KwaZulu-Natal (Cunningham 1988). In
Mpumalanga Province, consumer demands are high, and bark
products are traded at between R43 kg–1 and R132 kg–1 (Botha et
al. 2001). Due to its popularity, it is sometimes cultivated at herbal-
ists’ homesteads (Hutchings et al. 1996). Despite the perceived
scarcity of the species, it is an invasive exotic (from China, Taiwan
and Japan) that grows well in South Africa. It is a declared weed in
KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo (Northern Province) and Mpumalanga and
invades forest margins, coastal bush and riverbanks (Henderson
2001).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION The vernacular name urosalina is
after a girls’ name, due to its use as a love charm and scent
(Cunningham 1988).
Cinnamomum zeylanicum*
FAMILY Lauraceae
AUTHORITY (Burch.) Baill.
ZULU mondi, umondi
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains up to 4%
essential oil, comprising cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, cumi-
naldehyde, eugenol and methyleugenol (Williamson and Evans
1988 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Other constituents include
phlobatannin, mucilage, calcium oxalate and starch, and has mild
astringent and anti-diarrhoeal properties (Trease and Evans 1983).

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 317
The oil exhibits carminative, antifungal and antiviral properties, and
enhances trypsin activity (Hutchings et al. 1996). See Trease and
Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In other parts of the region, the bark is
used as a carminative (Iwu 1993).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Considered to be among the most
important medicinal plants used in Africa (Iwu 1993).
Cleistanthus schlechteri
FAMILY Euphorbiaceae
AUTHORITY (Pax) Hutch.
SSP TAXON var. schlechteri
SYNONYMS Cleistanthus holtzii Pax, Securinega schlechteri Pax
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bastard tamboti (E), bastard tambotie (E),
false tamboti (E), false tambotie (E), baster-tambotie (A), vals-tam-
botie (A)
ZULU umzithi
DESCRIPTION Dark grey to black-brown and roughly striated
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES A diterpenoid has
been isolated in unspecified plant parts (Glasby 1991).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered bark is used in the treatment
of burns (Pooley 1993).
Combretum caffrum
FAMILY Combretaceae
AUTHORITY (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze
SYNONYMS Combretum salicifolium E.Mey.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bushveld willow (E), bush willow (E), Cape
bush willow (E), bos wilgerboom (A), Kaapse vaderlandswilg (A),
vaderlandswilgerboom (A), rooiblaar (A), rooiboswilg (A), vader-
landswilg (A)
ZULU umdubu
DESCRIPTION Grey to grey-brown, striated and marked with
lenticels, becoming rough with age (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Antimicrobial activi-
ty has been confirmed in other members of the genus (Martini and
Eloff 1998). Extensive investigations have been conducted on the
leaves. See Trease and Evans (1983), Rogers and Verotta (1996)
and McGaw et al. (2001).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Rootbark is used as a charm to harm
the enemy (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
Combretum molle
FAMILY Combretaceae
AUTHORITY R.Br. ex G.Don
SYNONYMS Combretum atelanthum Diels, C. gueinzii Sond., C.
holosericeum Sond., C. velutinum DC.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS velvet bush willow (E), velvet-leaved bush
willow (E), velvet-leaved combretum (E), baster-rooibos (A),
fluweel-boswilg (A), hardekool (A), rooibos (A)
ZULU umbondo (root), umbondwe (root), umbondwe-omhlope
DESCRIPTION Grey, grey-brown to black, roughly fissured, and
sometimes flaking (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Triterpenoids have
been isolated in unspecified plant parts (Glasby 1991). Extensive
investigations have been conducted on the leaves. See Trease and
Evans (1983), Rogers and Verotta (1996), Martini and Eloff (1998)
and McGaw et al. (2001).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Inner bark is infused and used for
stomach complaints (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Inner bark is infused and taken to
relieve stomach complaints (Coates Palgrave 1977). In Venda, the
bark is used to treat intestinal parasites (Mabogo 1990 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996). In Swaziland, 30g bark is ground with the
same quantities of Lippia javanica Spreng. and boiled in 5 litres
water for 5 minutes, and the mixture taken three times daily for five
days to treat asthma (Amusan et al. 2002).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Considered to be among the most
important medicinal plants used in Africa (Iwu 1993).
Combretum zeyheri
FAMILY Combretaceae
AUTHORITY Sond.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS large-fruited bush willow (E), large-fruited
combretum (E), Zeyher’s bush willow (E), fluisterboom, Nikbaase-
klapper, raasblaar (A), raasbos (A), raasklapper (A), wurmhout (A)
ZULU umbondwe-mhlope, umbondwe wasembundwini
DESCRIPTION Grey or grey-brown, or red-toned on immature
branchlets, smooth to finely fissured and flaking in small pieces
resulting in a mottled appearance (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Three antimicrobial
compounds were isolated from the stembark (Breytenbach and
Malan 1989). Lindsey et al. (1999) reported in vitro anti-inflammato-
ry and contraction-inducing activity. An alkaloid has been elucidated
in unspecified plant parts (Glasby 1991). See Trease and Evans
(1983), Rogers and Verotta (1996) and McGaw et al. (2001).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used to treat gallstones (Pooley 1993).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In other regions of southern Africa,
decoctions are used as purgatives, in treatment of leprosy, and as a
blood purifier (Roberts 1990).
Commiphora africana
FAMILY Burseraceae
AUTHORITY (A.Rich.) Engl.
SYNONYMS Commiphora calciicola Engl., C. pilosa (Engl.) Engl.,
C. sambesiaca Engl., Heudelotia africana A.Rich.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS hairy corkwood (E), poison-grub com-
miphora (E), harige kanniedood (A)
ZULU uminyela
DESCRIPTION Grey to green, smooth and somewhat succulent,
occasionally peeling in small yellow flakes; pale gum is exuded on
wounding (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Resin contains free
terpenoids and terpenoid glycosides; gum contains polyholosides
(Hutchings et al. 1996). Gum resin reportedly contains 70% resin
and 29% gum (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Gum and resin are used to reduce fever
(Pooley 1993), and for magical purposes (Hutchings et al. 1996).
The bark is used for unspecified purposes.
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA It is used in washes, mixed with salt,
and applied to snakebites (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Coates
Palgrave 2002).
CONSERVATION Lower risk in Namibia (Craven and Loots 2002).
Cordyla africana
FAMILY Fabaceae — Caesalpiniaceae
AUTHORITY Lour.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS wild mango (E), sunbird tree (E), suiker-
bekkieboom (A), wilde-mango (A)
ZULU igowane-elikhulu, igowane-lehlati, umbhone, umbohone
DESCRIPTION Brown or grey and rough with longitudinal fissures;
exudes a gum resin (Coates Palgrave 1977, 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Isoflavonoids are
present in unspecified plant parts (Glasby 1991).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes in north-
ern KwaZulu-Natal (Cunningham 1988).
CONSERVATION Hilton-Taylor (1996) reported that it is not threat-
ened in KwaZulu-Natal. In Zambia (Bingham and Smith 2002) and
Swaziland (Dlamini and Dlamini 2002) it is considered to be of lower
risk.

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden318
Croton gratissimus
FAMILY Euphorbiaceae
AUTHORITY Burch.
SYNONYMS Croton gratissimus var. subgratissimus, C. subgratis-
simus Prain, C. zambesicus Müll. Arg.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Kalahari buku (E), lavender croton (E),
lavender fever-berry (E), hairy lavender fever-berry (E), Berg-boe-
goe (A), boeghout (A), harige laventel-koorsbessie (A), Kalahari-
boegoe (A), Korana-boegoe (A), laventelbos (A), laventel-koors-
bessie (A), leventelbos (A), macqassi (A), makwassieboom (A), rek-
stokbos (A), stinkhout (A)
ZULU ihubeshane-elikhulu, ilabele, ilethi (leaves/stem), inkubathi,
intumbanhlosi, isikhumampuphu, liletha, liletsa, uhubeshane (root),
umahlabekufeni (leaves/stem), umhluka, umhluluga
DESCRIPTION Dark to pale grey and rough (Van Wyk et al. 1997,
Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES C. gratissimus is
reputedly toxic, and shows cathartic and irritant properties (Bryant
1909 cited in Cunningham 1988). Toxic diterpenoids typical of
Croton spp. cause burning in the throat and mouth (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962), and irritate the skin and mucosas
(Bruneton 1995). Although little is known of the chemical con-
stituents of this species, a variety of compounds have been isolated
from other members of the genus (Van Wyk et al. 1997). The bark
contains crotin and the isoquinoline alkaloid, nuciferene (Hutchings
et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Small pieces of bark are pulverised in
approximately 125ml milk or broth, infused, and used as a purgative
for severe stomach and intestinal disorders (Bryant 1966 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996, Cunningham 1988). It is ground and mixed
with dried root of a member of the Amaryllidaceae, and rubbed into
incisions as an irritant against inflammation and chest pains
(Hutchings et al. 1996). Bark powder may also be mixed with that of
Ocotea bullata and a little ginger [Zingiber officinale root?], and
blown into the womb via a hollow reed, to treat uterine disorders
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA C. gratissimus is an important medic-
inal plant (used primarily for its bark) in southern Africa, due to its
wide distribution in the region (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000).
Charred, powdered bark is used to brush bleeding gums (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). It is also used to relieve rheumatism, chest
complaints, indigestion and oedema (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962, Pujol 1990 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Two varieties (C. gratissimus Burch.
var. gratissimus and C. gratissimus Burch. var. subgratissimus
(Prain) Burtt Davy) are seldom recognised in the literature.
Croton sylvaticus
FAMILY Euphorbiaceae
AUTHORITY Hochst. ex C.Krauss
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS forest croton (E), fever tree (E), forest
fever-berry (E), bos-koorsbessie (A), koorsboom (A), without (A)
ZULU amahlabekufeni, indumbahlozi, minya, ugibeleweni,
umgeleweni, umhlalajuba, umhlashozane, umhloshazana,
umhloshozane, uminya, ummbila, umzilanyoni
DESCRIPTION Variable shades of grey, smooth with shallow verti-
cal pink striations, becoming rough with maturity (Coates Palgrave
2002). Immature branches covered with orange hairs (Venter and
Venter 1996).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Members of the
genus are reputedly toxic, and medicinal use is potentially danger-
ous (Van Wyk et al. 1997). Its use as a fish poison suggests the bark
has toxic properties (Coates Palgrave 2002). Although a variety of
compounds have been isolated from other members of the genus,
little is known of C. sylvaticus (Van Wyk et al. 1997). Diterpenoids
typical of the genus cause burning in the mouth and throat (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962), and irritation of the skin and mucosa
(Bruneton 1995). The bark is strongly aromatic (Venter and Venter
1996), yields 2.7% tanning compounds (Hutchings et al. 1996), and
has shown in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (Jäger et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used in similar ways to C. gratissimus
in therapy of abdominal disorders, internal inflammation, dropsical
swellings, uterine disorders (Bryant 1966 cited in Hutchings et al.
1996) and in enemas for febrile conditions (Gerstner 1939 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996, Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Bark
known as umzilanyoni, possibly C. sylvaticus, is boiled with salt and
medicinal herbs as a tonic for listlessness (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Like C. gratissimus, it is an important
medicinal plant used primarily for its bark in southern Africa, due to
its wide distribution in the region (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000).
Powdered bark is used in Swazi ethnoveterinary medicine to treat
gallsickness in cattle (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Charred,
powdered bark is used to brush bleeding gums (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962). It is also used to relieve rheumatism, chest com-
plaints, indigestion and oedema (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962,
Pujol 1990 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997).
CONSERVATION The bark is one of the most commonly stocked
products on the Witwatersrand (Williams 1996).
Cryptocarya latifolia
FAMILY Lauraceae
AUTHORITY Sond.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS broad-leaved quince (E), bastard
stinkwood (E), Nitonga nut (E), wild quince (E), baster-stinkhout (A),
basterswartysterhout (A), breëblaar-kweper (A), Pondo-kweper (A),
wildekweper (A)
ZULU umhlangwenya, umkhondweni, umngqabe, umthungwa, und-
langwenya
DESCRIPTION Grey-brown to pale brown, smooth but finely fis-
sured and with occasional horizontal ridges (Coates Palgrave
2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains a-pyrones
such as cryptofolione, but does not contain ocobullenone, the major
constituent of Ocotea bullata, for which Cryptocarya spp. are sub-
stituted (Drewes et al. 1996). Extracts show greater cyclooxyge-
nase-inhibiting activity than O. bullata bark extracts (Zschocke and
Van Staden 2000).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Ground bark is mixed with crocodile fat
to treat chest complaints (Gerstner 1941 cited in Hutchings et al.
1996). Muscular cramps are treated with infusions of finely pow-
dered bark, administered morning and evening in 250ml doses
(Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Decoctions are adminis-
tered as enemas to treat internal pains, uterine spasm, menstrual
pain and urinary tract diseases (Cunningham 1988, Pujol 1990 cited
in Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) classed it as declining in
KwaZulu-Natal. It is heavily exploited for bark products in KwaZulu-
Natal (McKean 2001 pers. comm.). It shows good coppicing ability
(Pooley 1993).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Large coppice leaves may be con-
fused with Ocotea bullata (Pooley 1993).
Cryptocarya myrtifolia
FAMILY Lauraceae
AUTHORITY Stapf
SYNONYMS Cryptocarya vacciniifolia Stapf
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS camphor laurel (E), camphor tree (E), myr-
tle quince (E), wild camphor tree (E), kanferboom (A), mirte-kweper
(A), wilde-kanferboom (A)
ZULU igqeba, umkhondweni, umnqabe
DESCRIPTION Brown and smooth with pubescence on immature
branchlets (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains a-pyrones
such as cryptofolione, but does not contain ocobullenone, the major

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 319
constituent of Ocotea bullata, for which Cryptocarya spp. are sub-
stituted (Drewes et al. 1996). Extracts show greater cyclooxyge-
nase-inhibiting activity than Ocotea bullata bark extracts (Zschocke
and Van Staden 2000). It has a distinct camphor-like odour (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used as a substitute for the bark of
Ocotea bullata (Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION C. myrtifolia is of lower risk conservation status in
KwaZulu-Natal (Scott-Shaw 1999). Mander (1998) reported that it is
among the medicinal species most frequently demanded by con-
sumers in KwaZulu-Natal. It is heavily exploited for bark products
(McKean 2001 pers. comm.). Debarked trees do not recover easily,
and coppice production from bark wounds and basal regions is poor
(Geldenhuys 2001b). Bark harvesting should be limited to narrow
vertical strips to facilitate regeneration (Geldenhuys 2001b).
Cryptocarya woodii
FAMILY Lauraceae
AUTHORITY Engl.
SYNONYMS Cryptocarya acuminata Schinz & Sim
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bastard camphor tree (E), Cape laurel (E),
Cape quince (E), baster-kanferboomn (A), Kaapse kweper (A)
ZULU ingayi-elimnyama, isililandangulube, umnqabe, umnqcabeq,
umthongwane
DESCRIPTION Grey, smooth to wrinkled (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains a-pyrones
such as cryptofolione, but does not contain ocobullenone, the major
constituent of Ocotea bullata, for which Cryptocarya spp.are sub-
stituted (Drewes et al. 1996). Extracts show greater cyclooxyge-
nase-inhibiting activity than Ocotea bullata bark extracts (Zschocke
and Van Staden 2000).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes (Pooley
1993).
CONSERVATION May regenerate by coppicing. Muir (1990) report-
ed 56% of cut stems produced coppice shoots in Hlatikulu Forest
Reserve, Maputaland. Geldenhuys (2001a) considered it a key
species damaged by bark harvesting in the Umzimkulu district of
KwaZulu-Natal.
Cupressus sp.*
FAMILY Cupressaceae
AUTHORITY L.
ZULU abanqongqosi
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988). The bark of an unidentified member of the
genus is used as a love charm: bark is chewed, spat into the wind
and the name of the loved one repeated (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Curtisia dentata
FAMILY Cornaceae
AUTHORITY (Burm.f.) C.A.Sm.
SYNONYMS Curtisia faginea Aiton
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS assegai (E), assegaai (A), asgaai (A),
assegaaiboom (A), assegaaihout (A)
ZULU igejalibomvu, ijundumhlahleni, inkunzitwalitshe, inphephelan-
geni, inphephelelangani, isejalibomvu, isitunduinkunzitwalitshe,
umagunda, umgxcina, umhlahlenisefile, umlahleni, umlahlenisefile,
unhlibe
DESCRIPTION Brown and smooth, becoming darker and broken
into square fissures with maturity (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES C. dentata, like
other members of the Cornaceae, contains tannins, which have
antidiarrhoeal effects due to antiseptic and vasoconstrictor proper-
ties, and form protective layers on the skin and mucous membranes
(Van Wyk et al. 1997). McGaw et al. (2000) reported antibacterial
activity of polar bark extracts against Bacillus subtilis.
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used to treat stomach ailments and
diarrhoea, and as a blood strengthener and aphrodisiac (Pujol 1990
cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). It is of notable popularity in KwaZulu-
Natal, but scarcity has led to its use only in ‘special’ bark mixes
known as ‘ikhubalo’ (Cunningham 1988).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used in skin-lighteners in the Eastern
Cape Province of South Africa (La Cock and Briers 1992).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) classified it as vulnerable
and declining in KwaZulu-Natal; Scott-Shaw (1999) classed it as
conservation-dependent in the province, and it is legally protected
(Scott-Shaw 1999). C. dentata was identified by Cunningham
(1988) as one of 15 species nominated by both urban and rural
herbalists as becoming increasingly scarce in KwaZulu-Natal.
Cunningham (1988) reported that a 50kg-sized bag of bark cost
R30 from gatherers at Isipingo medicinal plant market, KwaZulu-
Natal, compared to R8 in 1960. It is heavily exploited and widely
traded in South Africa (Mander et al. 1997). It was ranked the fifth
most frequently demanded medicinal species in KwaZulu-Natal; this
ranking is influenced by its occurrence in the forest biome (Mander
1998). C. dentata is considered to be a reliable indicator species in
the assessment of bark harvesting (La Cock and Briers 1992).
Prolific coppice is produced from the basal region and debarked
wounds, but shoots are susceptible to browsing (Cunningham 1991,
Geldenhuys 2001b). Coppice production is best from the stump
when a tree is felled (Geldenhuys 2001b).
Cussonia spicata
FAMILY Araliaceae
AUTHORITY Thunb.
SYNONYMS Cussonia kraussii Hochst.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS cabbage tree (E), common cabbage tree
(E), false cabbage tree (E), Lowveld cabbage tree (E), basterkieper-
sol (A), gewone kiepersol (A), kiepersol (A), Laeveld kiepersol,
nooiensboom (A), sambreelboom (A), waaiboom (A)
ZULU umbegele, umbumbu, umgezisa, umsenge, umsengembuzi
DESCRIPTION Grey, thick and corky (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Anthocyanins, tan-
nins and alkaloids have been identified in the rootbark (Chhabra et
al. 1984 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Molluscicidal properties of
the stembark are attributed to two saponins, both of which show
spermicidal activity against human spermatozoides (Gunzinger et
al. 1986 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Extracts showed antibac-
terial activity against Staphylococcus aureus but poor inhibition of
the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Tetyana et al. 2000).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Elsewhere in South Africa, the bark is
shaved and rasped for use in a hot aqueous poultice to relieve mus-
cular spasm and cramps (Roberts 1990). It is used to treat malaria
in Venda, Zimbabwe (Mabogo 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
In unspecified parts of the region, it is used in therapy of stomach
ulcers and for magical purposes Hutchings et al. 1996).
Dialium schlechteri
FAMILY Fabaceae — Caesalpiniaceae
AUTHORITY Harms
SYNONYMS Andradia arborea Sim
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS sherbet tree (E), Zulu podberry (E),
Zoeloepeulbessie (A)
ZULU umthiba
DESCRIPTION Mottled pale grey and smooth (Coates Palgrave
2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Ground bark is used as a topical treat-
ment for burns (Palmer and Pitman 1973).
CONSERVATION Not threatened in KwaZulu-Natal (Hilton-Taylor
1996).

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden320
Diospyros pallens
FAMILY Ebenaceae
AUTHORITY (Thunb.) F.White
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bloubos (A)
ZULU umncande
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used in the treatment of dysentery
(Gerstner 1941 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Diospyros villosa
FAMILY Ebenaceae
AUTHORITY (L.) De Winter
SSP TAXON var. villosa
SYNONYMS Royena scabra Burm.f., R. villosa L.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS hairy star-apple (E), shaggy diospyros (E),
bloubos (A), harige rank-tolbos (A), harige sterappel (A), swartbas (A)
ZULU dodemnyama, indlodlemanyama, indodemnyama, umbishim-
bishi, umbongisa, umdodemnyama, umqandane wesempisi,
umqandane wezimpisi
DESCRIPTION Grey to black, smooth becoming rough with maturity
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered and roasted rootbark is rubbed
into incisions made on fractures and sprains (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Dombeya rotundifolia
FAMILY Sterculiaceae
AUTHORITY (Hochst.) Planch.
SSP TAXON var. rotundifolia
SYNONYMS Dombeya densiflora Planch ex Harv., D. multiflora
Planch var. vestita K.Schum.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS blossom tree (E), common wild pear (E),
wild pear (E), wild plum (E), blomhout (A), bruid-van-die-bosveld
(A), buffelspeer (A), dikbas (A), dikbasboom (A), dralpeer (A),
drolpeer (A), gewone drolpeer (A)
ZULU inhiziyonkhulu, inhlizya enkulu, isadlulambazo, linyath-
elolendlovu, unhliziyonkulu
DESCRIPTION Dark brown, corky and furrowed; immature branch-
es are grey, smooth but conspicuously marked by lenticels (Venter
and Venter 1996, Van Wyk et al. 1997).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Duncan et al.
(1999) reported that bark extracts show angiotensin converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, indicating possible usefulness in treating
hypertension. Extracts of differing polarities showed antibacterial
activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, but bacteriostatic
effects were noted only by an ethanol extract against Micrococcus
luteus (Reid et al. 2001). Ethanol and dichloromethane extracts
exhibited high prostaglandin synthesis inhibition in vitro, indicative
of analgesic or anti-inflammatory activity (Reid et al. 2001).
Saponins and cardiac glycosides were identified (Reid et al. 2001).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Inner bark is used for cardiac weakness
(Gerstner 1941 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Infusions are admin-
istered orally or by enema to treat intestinal ulceration (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Bark is further used in medicines for palpi-
tations and nausea (particularly in pregnant women): decoctions are
steeped and taken in doses of approximately 150ml (Pujol 1990
cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Contains tough, inflexible fibres; they
are used in some parts of South Africa to bind wounds, or splints for
broken limbs in humans and livestock (Roberts 1990). Tea made with
the bark (250ml bark boiled in two litres water for two hours, cooled
and strained) is used to treat delayed menstruation (Roberts 1990), as
an abortifacient or to induce labour (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
In addition, the tea is used to treat palpitations, internal ulcers, nausea,
stomach ailments, acute diarrhoea, haemorrhoids and chest com-
plaints (Roberts 1990, Venter and Venter 1996, Van Wyk et al. 1997).
CONSERVATION In Namibia it is considered to be of lower risk
(Craven and Loots 2002).
Drypetes gerrardii
FAMILY Euphorbiaceae
AUTHORITY Hutch.
SYNONYMS Drypetes battiscombei Hutch., D. gerrardii Hutch. var.
gerrardii, D. gerrardii Hutch. var. tomentosa Radcliffe-Sm
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bastard white ironwood (E), forest ironplum
(E), forest ironwood (E), hairy drypetes (E), bosysterpruim (A)
ZULU isikhumphuphu, umhlawekele, umhlwakele, umtwakela
DESCRIPTION Grey or grey-brown and smooth (Coates Palgrave
2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988).
CONSERVATION Muir (1990) reported that 47% of cut stems
showed coppice regeneration at Hlatikulu Forest Reserve,
Maputaland.
Ekebergia capensis
FAMILY Meliaceae
AUTHORITY Sparrm.
SYNONYMS Ekebergia buchananii Harms, E. meyeri Presl ex C.
DC., E. rueppelliana (Fresen.) A.Rich., Trichilia ekebergia E.Mey ex
Sond.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Cape ash (E), dogplum (E), mountain ash
(E), esboom (A), essenhout (A), Kaapse essenhout (A), rooiessen-
hout (A), rooiesshout (A), Transvaal-essenhout (A), vaal-essenhout
(A)
ZULU isimanaye, linyamatsi, umathunzini, umathunzi wentaba,
umathunzini-wentaba, umathunzini-we-zintaba, umathuzini, umath-
uzini-wentaba, umgwenyana weinja, umgwenyana wezinja, umnya-
mathi, umthoma, usimanaye, uvungu
DESCRIPTION Palmer and Pitman (1973) and Coates Palgrave
(2002) described the bark as grey-green, pale grey to black and
smooth, whilst Van Wyk et al. (1997) noted that it is grey, rough and
peeling in thick flakes. Immature branchlets are conspicuously
marked by white lenticels (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES The seeds contain
the liminoid ekebergin, yet no liminoids were found in the bark or
timber (Taylor 1981 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997). Bark contains
7.23% tannin (Venter and Venter 1996), a methyl ester of atraric
acid, sitosterol, lupeol, oleanolic acid and 3-epioleanolic acid
(Mulholland 1996). Methanolic extracts exhibited in vitro antibacter-
ial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis and
Bacillus subtilis (Rabe and Van Staden 1997). George et al. (2001)
nominated E. capensis as a potentially commercial source of eke-
bergin for vermifuge and emetic drugs.
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used traditionally to protect chiefs
against witchcraft, and used in love charm emetics (Gerstner 1941
cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). It is chopped, simmered in up to 2
litres water, and the decoction taken as an emetic for heartburn, res-
piratory complaints and coughs (Bryant 1966 cited in Hutchings et
al. 1996). Poultices prepared with ground bark, flour and water are
applied to boils; hot water infusions are used as a wash to treat pim-
ples, or as emetics to purify the blood (Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings
et al. 1996). The bark of a tree known as umnyamathi, possibly E.
capensis, is used for listlessness, exhaustion and to ward off evil
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In parts of southern Africa, it is used
as an emetic, to treat dysentery, and relieve heartburn (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Pujol 1990 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997).
Powdered bark infusions may be made into a paste with flour, and
applied topically to abscesses, boils and acne (Pujol 1990 cited in
Van Wyk et al. 1997). Equal amounts of powdered bark and roots
may be infused and this taken (5ml in 125ml water) 30 minutes
before meals, to treat gastritis (Pujol 1990 cited in Van Wyk et al.
1997).
CONSERVATION It is of indeterminate conservation status in
KwaZulu-Natal (Cunningham 1988). It was ranked among the most

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 321
frequently demanded medicinal species in KwaZulu-Natal (Mander
1998).
ADDITIONAL Leaves closely resemble those of Harpephyllum caf-
frum, but E. capensis is distinguishable by hanging leaves, leaf
scars on stems, and plum-like fruit (Palmer and Pitman 1973,
Pooley 1993). The bark of E. capensis is frequently confused with
that of Harpephyllum caffrum (Ndlovu 2001 pers. comm.), but may
be identified by longitudinal markings on the bark (Grant and
Thomas 1998).
Elaeodendron croceum
FAMILY Celastraceae
AUTHORITY (Thunb.) DC.
SYNONYMS Cassine crocea (Thunb.) Kuntze, C. papillosa
(Hochst.) Kuntze, Crocoxylum croceum (Thunb.) N. Robson.,
Elaeodendron capense Eckl. & Zeyh.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS common saffron (E), common saffronwood
(E), saffron-red cassine (E), gewone saffraan (A)
ZULU ikhukhuze, isinama, isithundu, isithuntu, umaqunda, umb-
honsi, umbomvane, usehlulamanye
DESCRIPTION Grey, smooth, and very thin, with bright orange
inner bark showing through in patches; and noticeably marked by
black lenticels; very bitter (Coates Palgrave 2002). Harvested bark
is readily identified by the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, vis-
ible in the broken cross-section of dried material (Cunningham
2001).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES The bark of E. cro-
ceum, like E. transvaalensis, is tannin-rich, which accounts for
antidiarrhoeal properties (Bruneton 1995, Van Wyk et al. 1997). The
phenolic elaeocyanidin, gallotannins, and ouratea proanthocyanidin
A have been elucidated from the bark (Van Wyk et al. 1997). It con-
tains high concentrations of calcium oxalate crystals (Cunningham
2001).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used in remedies to clean the digestive
tract, and relieve chest congestion (Pujol 1990).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) classed E. croceum as
declining. It was identified by rural herbalists as among 15 species
becoming increasingly scarce in KwaZulu-Natal (Cunningham
1988). It was ranked twelfth among the most frequently demanded
medicinal species in KwaZulu-Natal (Mander 1998). It is heavily
exploited for bark products (McKean 2001 pers. comm.) but cop-
pices well (Muir 1990).
Elaeodendron transvaalensis
FAMILY Celastraceae
AUTHORITY (Burtt Davy) R.H.Archer
SYNONYMS Cassine transvaalensis (Burtt Davy) Codd,
Crocoxylon transvaalense (Burtt Davy) N.Robson, Pseudocassine
transvaalensis (Burtt Davy) Bredell
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bushveld saffron (E), three-petalled cas-
sine (E), Transvaal saffron (E), Transvaal saffronwood (E), bosveld
saffraan (A), lepelhout (A), oupitjie (A), Transvaal-saffraan (A)
ZULU ingwavuma (male), inqotha, umgududo (female), umgugudo,
umqotha
DESCRIPTION Characteristically pale grey, smooth, and may be
finely fissured (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHSYICAL PROPERTIES It is reputedly toxic
(Van Wyk et al. 1997). Aqueous extracts caused congestion and
tanning of the abdominal wall, and cardiac arrest, in the frog species
Xenopus laevis (Frost 1941 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Frost
(1941 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996) identified 13.4% catechol tan-
nin, phytosterols, phlobaphenes, resins and brown colouring matter
in the bark. Its therapeutic properties are attributed to high tannin
content: tannins show antidiarrhoeal and astringent properties
(Bruneton 1995, Van Wyk et al. 1997). Polar extracts inhibited
Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro (McGaw et al.
2000). Drewes et al. (1991 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996) isolated
dimethyl-1,3,8,10-tetrahydroxy-9-methoxypeltogynan and penta-
cyclic triterpenoids; the phenolic elaeocyanidin has also been iso-
lated (Van Wyk et al. 1997).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are administered orally or by
enema as emetics for stomach-ache and fevers (Gerstner 1939
cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). This remedy is highly regarded
(Palmer and Pitman 1972). Decoctions of approximately 5ml pow-
dered bark in 250ml water are taken no more than twice daily for
diarrhoea and intestinal cramps, or the powder licked directly from
the hand and washed down with water (Pujol 1990 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Elsewhere in southern Africa, it is
used as an anthelmintic, and to treat haemorrhoids, venereal dis-
eases, stomach and renal complaints (Mabogo 1990 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996). Bark infusions are used to relieve body
pains, stomach-ache, cramps, fever, diarrhoea, heavy menstrua-
tion, skin rashes and skin infections (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000).
CONSERVATION It was noted by Gerstner in 1938 as heavily
exploited (Cunningham 1988). E. transvaalensis was identified by
both rural and urban herbalists as one of 15 species becoming
increasingly rare in KwaZulu-Natal, and was classed as declining
(Cunningham 1988). It was ranked twelfth among the most fre-
quently demanded medicinal species in KwaZulu-Natal (Mander
1998). It is heavily exploited for bark products in KwaZulu-Natal
(McKean 2001 pers. comm.). Cunningham (1988) reported that a
50kg-sized bag of bark cost R15 from gatherers at Isipingo medici-
nal plant market, KwaZulu-Natal.
Elaeodendron zeyheri
FAMILY Celastraceae
AUTHORITY Turcz.
SYNONYMS Previously incorrectly referred to as Cassine crocea
(Thunb.) Kuntze
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS red saffron (E), red saffronwood (E), saf-
fron wood (E), small-leaved saffron (E), fynblaar-saffraan (A), geel-
hout (A), geelhoutboom (A), kleinblaar-saffraan (A), opregtesaf-
fraanhout (A), rooisaffraan (A)
ZULU umaqunda, umbomvane
DESCRIPTION Variable shades of yellow-white, smooth but typi-
cally with red markings and encrustations (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains tannins
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes (Pooley
1993).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Decoctions of the outer bark were tra-
ditionally used in snakebite remedies (Coates Palgrave 2002).
CONSERVATION Not threatened in KwaZulu-Natal (Hilton-Taylor
1996).
Erythrina latissima
FAMILY Fabaceae — Papilionaceae
AUTHORITY E.Mey.
SYNONYMS Erythrina gibbosae Baker. f., E. sandersonii Harv., E.
tomentosa non E. Br.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS broad-leaved coral tree (E), large-leaved
coral tree (E), cork tree (E), breëblaar-koraalboom (A), grootblaar
(A), kurkboom (A)
ZULU umgqwabagqwaba, umqonqazi
DESCRIPTION Grey, slightly corky with spines on immature
branches, becoming thickly corky and grooved with thorns (Venter
and Venter 1996, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Likely to contain so-
called Erythrina alkaloids characteristic of the genus (Van Wyk et al.
1997). These are tetracyclic isoquinone alkaloids, which are highly
toxic (Bruneton 1995), but may be responsible for varied pharma-
cological activity of extracts (Hutchings et al. 1996, Van Wyk et al.
1997). Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited high cyclooxy-

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden322
genase-inhibitory activity in vitro, and antibacterial activity against
Staphyloccus aureus and Micrococcus luteus (Pillay et al. 2001).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used as a purgative (Hutchings et al.
1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Bark is burned and powdered as a
topical dressing for open sores (Venter and Venter 1996).
Erythrina lysistemon
FAMILY Fabaceae — Papilionaceae
AUTHORITY Hutch.
SYNONYMS Erythrina caffra Thunb. var. mossambicensis Baker.f.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS common coral tree (E), coral tree (E), lucky
bean tree (E), gewone koraalboom (A), kanniedood (A), koralboom
(A), Transvaal kafferboom (A)
ZULU umsinsi, umsisi
DESCRIPTION Various shades of grey to grey-brown, smooth but
with longitudinal grooves; not corky; immature branches green-grey
and smooth (Venter and Venter 1996, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES So-called Erythrina
alkaloids in the genus are highly toxic (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000).
These are tetracyclic isoquinoline alkaloids, such as erysovine and
erythraline, which are also found in E. lysistemon (Games et al.
1974 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997). Many pharmacological activities
have been reported for the genus (Hutchings et al. 1996, Van Wyk
et al. 1997). Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited high
cyclooxygenase-inhibitory activity in vitro and antibacterial activity
against Staphyloccus aureus and Micrococcus luteus (Pillay et al.
2001). An isoflavone was identified as the antibacterial principle
(Pillay et al. 2001). Agglutination bioassays yielded negative results
(Gaidamashvili and Van Staden 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used in poultices applied to swellings
and abscesses (Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA E. lysistemon is highly respected in
South Africa (Roberts 1990). In other regions of this country, bark is
soaked and the water used for a chief to wash, thereby ensuring the
respect of his people (Coates Palgrave 2002). Some tribes in South
Africa use strips from all four sides of the trunk to bind wild herbs
together; these are used in a tea to relieve labour pains (Roberts
1990). Roberts (1990) noted that strips of bark from the branches
are removed of thorns, and bound around tool handles to impart
strength and soothe sore hands (Roberts 1990). The primary pur-
poses for which the barks of E. lysistemon and E. caffra Thunb. are
used are topical application to sores, wounds (open wounds may
be dressed with powdered, burnt bark), abscesses and arthritic
joints (Van Wyk et al. 1997). It is used in Venda to treat toothache
(Van Wyk and Gericke 2000).
Erythrophleum lasianthum
FAMILY Fabaceae — Caesalpiniaceae
AUTHORITY Corbishley
SYNONYMS Erythrophleum guineense G. Don var. swaziense Burtt
Davy, E. suaveolens sensu Compton, E. suaveolens non (Guill. &
Perr.) Brenan
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Maputaland ordeal tree (E), ordeal tree (E),
red water tree (E), sasswood (E), Swazi ordeal tree (E),
Maputaland-oordeelboom (A), rooihout (A), Swazi-oordeelboom (A)
ZULU umbhemise, umhlakazane, umkhangu, umkhwangu, umk-
wangu
DESCRIPTION Greyish-brown and rough (Van Wyk et al. 1997).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHSYICAL PROPERTIES The bark and seeds
contain toxic cardiac alkaloids (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962),
and many diterpenoid alkaloids have been isolated from other mem-
bers of the genus (Verotta et al. 1995 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997).
Cassaine and erythrophleine are noted among these, and show car-
diotonic, analgesic and vasoconstrictor effects (Bruneton 1995,
Verotta et al. 1995 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997, Hutchings et al.
1996). Furthermore, erythrophleine causes tissue dehydration, and
has shown uterine stimulation, anaesthetic and haemolytic activity
in rabbits (Hutchings et al. 1996). Stembark has anti-inflammatory
properties (McGaw et al. 1997).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered bark is frequently snuffed
(‘mbhemiso’) for headaches, migraines (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962, Hutchings et al. 1996), to rid the patient of hallucinations and
spells (Palmer and Pitman 1973), and less commonly hysteria
(Hutchings et al. 1996). The snuff is sometimes mixed with the pow-
dered bark of Warburgia salutaris (Gerstner 1939 and Pujol 1990
cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Bark is used as both an agent, and
antidote, of sorcery (Gerstner 1939 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
It is taken internally for abdominal pains, used as a potent purgative,
and sometimes as a poison (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
Infusions of ground bark are used as emetics and enemas (Palmer
and Pitman 1973). Powdered bark is administered in limited doses
(approximately 11ml) against internal spasms (Pujol 1990 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996). It is used in ethnoveterinary medicine as a
remedy for bovine lung sickness (Hutchings et al. 1996) and to cure
abortion in dogs (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). The seed of E.
lasianthum may be substituted for the bark, but is reputedly more
toxic (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Members of the genus have been
widely used throughout Africa as ordeal poisons (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962). Powdered bark is snuffed to relieve headache,
colds and lung sickness in cattle (Palmer and Pitman 1973).
CONSERVATION Gerstner noted in 1938 that it was heavily exploit-
ed (Cunningham 1988). It was nominated by both urban and rural
herbalists as one of 15 increasingly scarce medicinal species in
KwaZulu-Natal, and is declining in this province (Cunningham
1988). A 50kg-sized bag of bark cost R25 from gatherers at Isipingo
medicinal plant market, KwaZulu-Natal (Cunningham 1988).
Eucalyptus sp.*
FAMILY Myrtaceae
AUTHORITY L’ Hér.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS gum tree (E)
ZULU impiskayihlangulwa, umdlavusa, umdlebe
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Eucalyptus oil is
toxic if taken in large doses (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). See
Trease and Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL The barks of unidentified Eucalyptus,
known as umdlebe and umdlavusa, are used in Zulu traditional
medicine; the latter is used for dysentery (Doke and Vilakazi 1972
cited in Hutchings et al. 1996), and another in a facewash for acne
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION The genus originates in Australia and seven
species are declared invaders (category 2) (Henderson 2001).
Euclea crispa
FAMILY Ebenaceae
AUTHORITY (Thunb.) Guerke
SSP TAXON ssp. crispa
SYNONYMS Euclea lanceolata E.Mey. ex A.DC.
ENGLISH/AFRIKANS blue guarri (E), blue-leaved euclea (E), bush
guarri (E), blou-ghwarrie (A), bos-ghwarrie (A), ghwarriebos (A)
ZULU udingamuzi, idungamuzi, isizimande, umgwali, umnqandane,
umshekisane (female plant)
DESCRIPTION Grey, smooth or roughened in large specimens, and
may be briefly rust-toned in immature parts, due to brown granules
on the bark (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Naphthoquinones
are typical of the Ebenaceae (Trease and Evans 1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Pieces of rootbark measuring approxi-
mately 150mm in length are infused or simmered gently in warm
water, diluted further, and administered as an enema to treat stom-
ach disorders; the preparation cannot be taken orally as it is too
potently cathartic (Bryant 1966 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 323
CONSERVATION Shackleton (2000) found no relationship between
coppice production and the height at which trees were felled,
although stump surface area influenced coppice production.
Euclea natalensis
FAMILY Ebenaceae
AUTHORITY A.DC.
SYNONYMS Euclea multiflora Hiern, E. natalensis A.DC. ssp. acu-
tifolia F.White, E. natalensis A.DC. ssp. angustifolia F.White, E.
natalensis A.DC. ssp. magutensis F.White, E. natalensis A.DC. ssp.
natalensis, E. natalensis A.DC ssp. obovata F.White, Royena
macrophylla E.Mey. ex A.DC.,
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS hairy guarri (E), large-leaved euclea (E),
large-leaved guarri (E), Natal ebony (E), Natal guarri (E), berg-
ghwarrie (A), harige ghwarrie (A), Natal-ghwarrie (A), swartbas-
boom (A)
ZULU citha, cithamuzi, ichithamuzi (root), idungamuzi (root), iliz-
imane, inkunzane (root), inkunzi-emnyama (root), isinzimane (root),
isizimane, umhlalanyamazane, umshekisane, umtshikisane, umzi-
mane
DESCRIPTION Grey to dark grey, smooth to cracking and rough
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHSYICAL PROPERTIES The genus is known
to contain naphthoquinones, and members are chemically similar to
Diospyros and related species (Trease and Evans 1983, Van Wyk
and Gericke 2000). Accordingly, their use as sources of dye and
toothbrush sticks can be linked to the presence of diospyron, 7-
methyljugone and several other quinones (Van Wyk and Gericke
2000). Rootbark is potently cathartic (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Extracts exhibited activity against schistosomula worms, causative
of schistosomiasis (Sparg et al. 2000).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL The rootbark is employed in decoctions
against scrofulous swellings (Bryant 1966 cited in Hutchings et al.
1996). It is also used in a mixture, known as ‘imbhiza’, containing
roots of Polygala fructicosa Berg., possibly Raphionacme sp., bul-
bous roots of Crinum sp., and Cyrtanthus obliquus Ait., and the root-
barks of Zanthoxylum capense, Capparis tomentosa Lam. and
Rauvolfia caffra. The ingredients are chopped and pounded, mixed
and boiled briefly; the patient crouches over the steaming prepara-
tion until glandular swellings or tumours are drawn. Thereafter, the
medicine is taken in 11ml doses twice daily to purify the blood
(Hutchings et al. 1996). The ashes of burnt, powdered bark are
made into an ointment with crocodile fat or petroleum jelly for the
treatment of abnormal growths (Hutchings et al. 1996). E. natalen-
sis may be substituted for E. crispa in medicines for stomach disor-
ders (Hutchings et al. 1996). The bark of idungamuzi, possibly E.
natalensis, is an ingredient in preparations to treat urinary tract
infections, venereal disease and susceptibility to sores (Hutchings
et al. 1996). For schistosomiasis, bark is boiled, cooled and
strained, and 10ml taken three times daily (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Infusions are used as protective war charms (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In southern Africa, the rootbark is
moistened and applied to the lips as a yellow-brown cosmetic (Van
Wyk and Gericke 2000). In Kaokoland, bark is chewed as a mouth-
wash (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000).
CONSERVATION Coppice production may be manipulated by the
cutting height at which trees are felled, although stump surface area
may not strongly influence shooting (Shackleton 2000).
Euclea schimperi
FAMILY Ebenaceae
AUTHORITY (A.DC.) Dandy
SSP TAXON var. daphnoides (Hiern) De Winter
SYNONYMS Euclea daphnoides Hiern, E. racemosa Murray ssp.
daphnoides (Hiern) F.White, E. racemosa Murray ssp. zuluensis
F.White
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bush guarri (E), white-stemmed guarri (E),
bosghwarrie (A), witstam (A), witstam-ghwarrie (A)
ZULU amacafuthane, citha, cithamuzi, ichithamuzi, idungamuzi
DESCRIPTION Grey to almost black and smooth but with very fine
vertical fissures (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Naphthoquinones
are typical of the Ebenaceae (Trease and Evans 1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used as a purgative (Doke and Vilakazi
1972 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Euclea sp.
FAMILY Ebenaceae
AUTHORITY Murray
ZULU inkunzi enyama, usahlulamanye
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Naphthoquinones
are typical of the Ebenaceae (Trease and Evans 1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are taken as emetics for chest
diseases (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
Euclea undulata
FAMILY Ebenaceae
AUTHORITY Thunb.
SYNONYMS Euclea myrtina Burch.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS common guarri (E), guarri (E), thicket
euclea (E), gewone ghwarrie (A), ghwarriebos (A)
ZULU gwanze, inkunzane, umbophanyamazane, umshekisane,
umtshekizane
DESCRIPTION Grey and scaly; younger parts may be covered with
a granular rust-coloured exudate from glands on the leaves and
branches (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHSYICAL PROPERTIES Naphthoquinones
are typical of the Ebenaceae (Trease and Evans 1983). Bark con-
tains 3.26% tannin (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used by the Sotho to relieve
headaches: powdered bark is applied to a strip of Dombeya rotun-
difolia leaf and the head bandaged (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962). Infusions of the rootbark are potent purgatives (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Two varieties have been described:
E. undulata Thunb. ssp. undulata (common guarri), and E. undulata
Thunb. var. myrtina (Burch.) Hiern (small-leaved guarri) (Von
Breitenbach 1986 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997).
Euphorbia ingens
FAMILY Euphorbiaceae
AUTHORITY E.Mey. ex Boiss.
SYNONYMS Euphorbia natalensis sensu Berg. non Bernh., E. sim-
ilis Berg.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS cactus euphorbia (E), candelabra tree (E),
common tree euphorbia (E), naboom (E), gewone melkboom (A),
gewone naboom (A), kankerbos (A), naboom (A), noorsboom (A),
noorsdoring (A)
ZULU umahetheni, umhlonhlo, umphapha
DESCRIPTION Grey, becoming rough with maturity (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES The latex is toxic:
contact results in acute irritation and blistering of the skin, and,
should it come into contact with the eyes, results in short-term or
permanent blindness; reports suggest similar reactions in cattle
(Coates Palgrave 2002). Use as a fish poison further confirms its
toxicity (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA The Vhavenda people in South Africa
use it to treat chronic ulcers and cancer (Mabogo 1990 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996). Despite its well-known toxicity, the latex is

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden324
administered in small doses as a purgative, and to treat dypsomania
and cancer (Coates Palgrave 2002). Symptoms of over-dose include
vomiting and violent abdominal pain (Coates Palgrave 2002).
Faidherbia albida
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY (Delile) A.Chev.
SYNONYMS Acacia albida Delile
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS ana tree (E), white monkey thorn (E), ana-
boom (A), apiesdoring (A), bruin-apiesdoring (A), wit-apiesdoring
(A), withoutdoring (A)
ZULU umhlalankwazi, umkhaya-wemfula
DESCRIPTION Green-grey to pale grey and smooth, becoming
increasingly dark and rough with maturity (Venter and Venter 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes (Pooley
1993).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Decoctions may be used to stop
bleeding, relieve inflamed eyes, or as an emetic taken orally (Venter
and Venter 1996). The Topnaar people of Namibia use strips of bark
as dental floss (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000). Decoctions are used
in unspecified regions to treat diarrhoea (Van Wyk and Gericke
2000).
CONSERVATION In Namibia it is of lower risk (Craven and Loots
2002).
Faurea macnaughtonii
FAMILY Proteaceae
AUTHORITY E.Phillips
SYNONYMS Faurea natalensis E.Phillips
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS terblans (E), terblanz (E), Egossa beech
(E), terblanz beech (E), bosboekenhout (A), Egossa-beuke (A),
rooiboekenhout (A), terblans (A), terblanz (A), terblanshout (A)
ZULU isefo, isefu, isiqalaba, isisefo
DESCRIPTION Thick, grey and longitudinally fissured (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES The bark is appar-
ently non-toxic: a non-toxic glucoside, tannin and organic acids
have been isolated (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA The Mpondo use it as a homicidal
poisoning (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) classed it as vulnerable and
declining in KwaZulu-Natal, and Scott-Shaw (1999) as lower risk,
but protected. The species is extremely sensitive to bark removal
(Cunningham 1991), and bark wounds are highly susceptible to fun-
gal infection (Cunningham 2001). Coppice production is poor
(Cunningham 1991).
Faurea saligna
FAMILY Proteaceae
AUTHORITY Harv.
SYNONYMS Protea blousii E.Phillips, P. multibracteata E.Phillips, P.
rhodantha Hook.f.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS African beech (E), African red beech (E),
beechwood (E), boekenhout (E), bushveld beech (E), red beech (E),
Transvaal beech (E), boekenhout (A), bosveld-boekenhout (A), rooi-
boekenbout (A), Transvaalboekenhout (A)
ZULU isiqalaba, isisefo, umcalathole
DESCRIPTION Dark grey-brown to black, rough and deeply longi-
tudinally fissured (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In Venda, the bark is used to treat
venereal diseases and schistosomiasis (Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION It is of indeterminate conservation status in
KwaZulu-Natal (Cunningham 1988).
Ficus ingens
FAMILY Moraceae
AUTHORITY (Miq.) Miq.
SSP TAXON var. ingens
SYNONYMS Ficus caffra (Miq.) Miq., F. ingens (Miq.) Miq., F.
ingens Miq. var. tomentosa Hutch., F. pondoensis Warb.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS red-leaved fig (E), red-leaved rock fig (E),
red leaf wild fig (E), wild fig (A), rooiblaar-rotsvy (A), rooiblaarvy (A),
wildevyboom (A)
ZULU inkokhokho, isigondwane, umdende, umdenda obomvu,
umdende-obomvu, umgonswane
DESCRIPTION Grey to yellow-grey and smooth (Coates Palgrave
2002), peeling in small, thin flakes (Venter and Venter 1996).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains tannins
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Decoctions are used to treat anaemia,
and as an ethnoveterinary galactogogue for cows (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA The Vhavenda use the bark in the
same way as the Zulu (Mabogo 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
The milky latex is used as a disinfectant (Venter and Venter 1996).
CONSERVATION Latex-producing Ficus spp. are resilient to har-
vesting pressure, may exhibit regrowth after complete bark removal
(Cunningham and Mbenkum 1993) and coppice well (Muir 1990).
Ficus natalensis
FAMILY Moraceae
AUTHORITY Hochst.
SSP TAXON ssp. natalensis
SYNONYMS Ficus durbanii Warb.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS common wild fig (E), Natal fig (E), rock-
splitting fig (E), tree-killer (E), wild fig (E), bostouboom (A), gewone
wildevy (A), Natal vy (A), natou (A), t’kaa (A)
ZULU idende, isihlamfane, uluzi, umbombe, umdende, umthombe
DESCRIPTION Grey and smooth (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL It is an ingredient in ‘inembe’, an infu-
sion taken regularly during pregnancy to ease childbirth (Gerstner
1941 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Latex producing Ficus spp. are resilient to har-
vesting pressure, may exhibit regrowth after complete bark removal
(Cunningham and Mbenkum 1993) and coppice well (Muir 1990).
Ficus sp. cf. abutilifolia
FAMILY Moraceae
AUTHORITY (Miq.) Miq.
SYNONYMS Ficus picta Sim, F. soldanella Warb.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS large-leafed rock fig (E), rock fig (E), rock
wild fig (E), tree-killer (E), grootblaar-rotsvy (A), klip-vy (A), rankvy
(A), rotsvy (A)
ZULU impayi, inkokhokho, ubambematsheni, umluga
DESCRIPTION Cream-coloured to pale yellow, smooth; milky latex
exuded when cut (Schmidt et al. 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES See Trease and
Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Decoctions are taken by men as a
strengthening tonic (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
CONSERVATION Latex producing Ficus spp. are resilient to har-
vesting pressure, may exhibit regrowth after complete bark removal
(Cunningham and Mbenkum 1993) and coppice well (Muir 1990).
Ficus sur
FAMILY Moraceae
AUTHORITY Forssk.
SYNONYMS Ficus capensis Thunb., F. mallotocarpa Warb., F. thon-
ningiana Miq., Sycamorus capensis (Thunb.) Miq.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS broom cluster fig (E), bush fig (E), Cape fig

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 325
(E), Cape wild fig (E), besem-trosvy (A), bosvy (A), grootvy (A),
koeman (A), komaan (A), koomaan (A), suurvy (A)
ZULU ingobozweni, intombi-kayibhinci, umkhiwane
DESCRIPTION Smooth and pale grey (Venter and Venter 1996).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES F. sur reportedly
contains 0.18% rubber latex (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). The
bark contains resin and tannins (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Decoctions are used to treat suspected
pulmonary tuberculosis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
Infusions are used as galactogogues for cows (Hutchings et al.
1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In various regions of southern Africa,
infusions are taken as galactogogues, and to relieve constipation in
both humans and animals (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000). Powdered
bark is applied topically to treat skin rashes (Van Wyk and Gericke
2000).
CONSERVATION Latex producing Ficus spp. are resilient to har-
vesting pressure, may exhibit regrowth after complete bark removal
(Cunningham and Mbenkum 1993), and coppice well (Muir 1990).
Flueggea virosa
FAMILY Euphorbiaceae
AUTHORITY (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt.
SYNONYMS Flueggea microcarpa Blume, Securinega abyssinica
A.Rich., S. microcarpa (Blume) Müll.Arg., S. obovata (Willd.)
Müll.Arg., S. virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS snowberry tree (E), white-berry bush (E),
witbessiebos (A)
ZULU isibangamhlota sehlati, umyaweyane
DESCRIPTION Red-brown to brown (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains tannin,
and is therefore an effective treatment for diarrhoea and pneumonia
(Coates Palgrave 2002). Alkaloids have been elucidated in unspec-
ified plant parts (Glasby 1991).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used in medicines for diarrhoea,
pneumonia and malaria (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Garcinia gerrardii
FAMILY Clusiaceae
AUTHORITY Harv. ex. Sim
SYNONYMS Garcinia natalensis Schltr., G. transvaalensis Burtt
Davy
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS forest garcinia (E), forest mangosteen (E),
wild gamboge tree (E), wild mangosteen (E), bos-geelmelkhout (A),
ebbehout (A), geel-gomboom (A), wilde-mangostan (A)
ZULU isibinda, isikhwelamfene, umbinda
DESCRIPTION Dark grey to brown, sometimes vertically ridged
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains 11.3% tan-
nins (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Rootbark has shown anti-
fungal activity against Cladosporium cucumerinum, and the active
principle identified as a prenylated xanthone (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used in sprinkling charms against light-
ning (Pujol 1990).
CONSERVATION G. gerrardii is declining in KwaZulu-Natal
(Cunningham 1988). A 50kg-sized bag of bark cost R10 from gath-
erers at Isipingo medicinal plant market, KwaZulu-Natal
(Cunningham 1988).
Garcinia livingstonei
FAMILY Clusiaceae
AUTHORITY T.Anderson
SYNONYMS Garcinia angolensis Vesque
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS African mangosteen (E), Livingstone’s
garcinia (E), Lowveld mangosteen (E), Afrika-geelmelkhout (A),
Laeveld geelmelkhout (A), Laeveldse geelmelkhout (A)
ZULU isihlumanye, ugobandlovu, umphimbi
DESCRIPTION Yellow-grey to dark grey or black, rough and
cracked in squares; bark on immature branches is smooth and
glossy (Venter and Venter 1996, Coates Palgrave 2002). All parts
exude sticky, pale yellow sap (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Rootbark has
shown antifungal activity against Cladosporium cucumerinum,
and inhibition of human colon carcinoma cell lines; these proper-
ties are attributable to prenylated xanthones (Hutchings et al.
1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988).
Gardenia thunbergia
FAMILY Rubiaceae
AUTHORITY Thunb.
SYNONYMS Gardenia speciosa Salisb, G. verticillata Lam.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS white gardenia (E), forest gardenia (E),
starry gardenia (E), bos-katjiepiering (A), buffelsbal (A), kan-
netjieboom (A), stompdoring (A), swartbas (A), wildekatjiepiering
(A), wit-katjiepiering (A)
ZULU umkangaze (root), umkhangazo (root), umkhwakhwane,
umkwakwane omkhulu, umvalasangweni, umvalasangweni-
wehlathi
DESCRIPTION Pale grey and smooth (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Rootbark infusions are used as emetics
for biliousness (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
CONSERVATION It is readily cultivated from seed or truncheons
(Pooley 1993), and is slow growing but hardy (Coates Palgrave
2002). In Swaziland it is critically endangered, threatened primarily
by deforestation (Dlamini and Dlamini 2002).
Gerrardina foliosa
FAMILY Flacourtiaceae
AUTHORITY Oliv.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS krantz berry (E), kransbessie (A)
ZULU ilethi, isidlulamanye, umaluleka, umlulama, umlulama wom-
fula, umuthi wokuzila
DESCRIPTION Dark grey to brown and rough (Coates Palgrave
2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Rootbark is used to treat coughs, colds
and headaches (Gerstner 1939 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Rare and vulnerable in KwaZulu-Natal
(Cunningham 1988).
Grewia caffra
FAMILY Tiliaceae
AUTHORITY Meisn.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS climbing raisin (E), climbing grewia (E),
doringtou (A), rank-rosyntjie (A)
ZULU iklolo, ilalanyathi, iphata, isaka, isilandula, umlalanyate,
umunyumunyu
DESCRIPTION Dark brown and roughly textured (Coates Palgrave
2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Rootbark is used for bladder ailments
and in enemas (Gerstner 1939 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Pounded stembark is used in soap that is believed to prevent the
hair from greying (Hulme 1954 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). A
dressing for wounds is made from bark that is bruised and soaked
in hot water (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
Grewia occidentalis
FAMILY Tiliaceae
AUTHORITY L.
SYNONYMS Grewia chirindae Baker.f., G. microphylla Weim., G.
rudatisii Burret

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden326
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS assegai-wood (E), bow-wood (E), button
wood (E), cross-berry (E), dew-berry (E), four corners (E), kruis-
bessie (A), assegaaibos (A), assegaaihout (A), booghout (A), knop-
pieshout (A), pylbos (A)
ZULU iklolo, ilalanyathi, imahlele, imanhlele, umlalanyathi, umn-
qabaza
DESCRIPTION Pale grey to grey-brown and smooth (Venter and
Venter 1996, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains tannin and
mucilage or gum (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Rootbark is used to treat bladder com-
plaints, and in infusions administered as enemas (Gerstner 1939
cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Pounded bark is used in soaps to
wash the head, which are believed to prevent hair from greying
(Hulme 1954 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Bark is bruised and
soaked in water prior to use in dressings for wounds (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Von Breitenbach et al. (2001)
referred to G. occidentalis L. var. occidentalis.
Greyia sutherlandii
FAMILY Greyiaceae
AUTHORITY Hook. & Harv.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS beacon tree (E), mountain bottlebrush (E),
Natal bottlebrush (E), wild bottlebrush (E), baakhout (A), meide-
boom (A), Natal baakhout (A), Natalse baakhout (A)
ZULU indalu, indulo, isidwadwa, umbande, umbunge
DESCRIPTION Dark red-grey and rough on maturity, but smooth
red-grey when immature (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988).
Gymnosporia buxifolia
FAMILY Celastraceae
AUTHORITY (L.) Szyszyl.
SYNONYMS Catha buxifolia (L.) G.Don, Celastrus buxifolius L. C.
cymosus Soland., Gymnosporia condensata Sprague, Maytenus
cymosa (Soland.), M. heterophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N.Robson
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS common spike-thorn (E), spike thorn (E),
gewone pendoring (A), gifdoring (A), hondebos (A), lemoendoring
(A), pendoring (A), stinkblom (A), stinkblombos (A), stinkdoring (A)
ZULU ingqowangane, ingqwangane yehlanze, isibhubu, isibulu,
isihlangu, umkhokhozo, umquqo, usala, usolo
DESCRIPTION Pale or dark grey with striations; corky; bark on
immature branches brown, green or red-purple (Coates Palgrave
2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Compounds isolat-
ed include the spermidine alkaloid celacinnine and triterpenoids
such as epifriedelanol, friedelin and epfriedelinol (Hutchings et al.
1996). It contains tannins (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are used as emetics or ene-
mas in the treatment of diarrhoea, and for the same purpose, with
the leaves, in livestock (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
Harpephyllum caffrum
FAMILY Anacardiaceae
AUTHORITY Bernh. ex Krauss
SYNONYMS Ofina caffra (Bernh.) Sim
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS essenhout (E), wild plum (E), sour plum
(E), kafferpruim (A), suurbessie (A), suurpruim (A), wilde-pruim (A)
ZULU umgwenya
DESCRIPTION Dark grey to brown, rough, resembling the skin of a
crocodile (umgwenya) in mature specimens; bark on immature
branches is dark grey and smooth with leaf scars (Venter and
Venter 1996, Van Wyk et al. 1997).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Polyphenolics and
flavonoids, including protocatchuic acid and the flavonol kaempfer-
ol, have been identified (Van Wyk et al. 1997). Members of the
Anacardiaceae are known to produce 5-deoxyflavonoids and
biflavonyls (Hutchings et al. 1996). It contains tannins (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962) and tanniferous parenchyma produces
anthocyanins, gallic acid and calcium oxalate crystals; silica may be
present in the xylem, and allergenic or toxic resin is common
(Hutchings et al. 1996). Jäger et al. (1996) reported anti-inflamma-
tory activity, and McGaw et al. (2000) reported antibacterial activity
of polar extracts against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus.
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Decoctions are used as emetics and to
purify the blood, and for skin complaints such as acne and eczema;
oral dosage is 250–500ml daily, or greater volumes for administra-
tion by enema (Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Burnt bark
is powdered and rubbed into scarifications made around sprains
and fractures (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In southern Africa, it is a popular tra-
ditional medicine and cosmetic for facial saunas (Van Wyk and
Gericke 2000). Decoctions are taken for rashes seemingly contract-
ed from river sprites (Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) classed it as declining in
KwaZulu-Natal. It was jointly ranked eleventh of the medicinal
species most frequently demanded by consumers in KwaZulu-Natal
(Mander 1998).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Due to similarities in leaf morpholo-
gy, it is frequently confused with Ekebergia capensis but may be dis-
tinguished by firm, not drooping leaves (as in E. capensis), sickle-
shaped leaflets, less scarred bark, and elongated fruit (Palmer and
Pitman 1973).
Heteromorpha arborescens
FAMILY Apiaceae
AUTHORITY (Spreng.) Cham. & Schlechtd.
SYNONYMS Heteromorpha trifoliata (Wendl.) Eckl. & Zeyh., H.
arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schlechtd. var. arborescens
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS parsley tree (E), parsnip tree (E), kraaibos
(A), stinkbos (A), wildepieterseliebos (A)
ZULU umbangabdlala
DESCRIPTION Red-brown to purple-brown, smooth and waxy in
appearance, and typically peeling in paper-like flakes (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Milky latex exuded
by the plant has shown antimicrobial activity (Desta 1993 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used against colic, scrofula (Hutchings
et al. 1996) and in ethnoveterinary medicine in an equine vermifuge
(Gerstner 1938 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In Lesotho, it is used to treat
depressed fontanelles in infants (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Hutchings et al. (1996) referred to
Heteromorpha trifoliata (Wendl.) Eckl. & Zeyh., the synonym for H.
arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schlechtd. var. arborescens listed
by Von Breitenbach et al. (2001).
Heteropyxis natalensis
FAMILY Heteropyxidaceae
AUTHORITY Harv.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS lavender tree (E), lemon verbena (E), wild
lavender (E), laventelboom (A), wilde-laventel (A)
ZULU inkhuzwa, inkunzi, uhuza, uhuze, uhuzu, umkhuswa,
umkhuswe, umkhuze
DESCRIPTION Distinctively pale grey to pale brown, almost white
and thinly flaking with maturity, resulting in a characteristic mottled
appearance (Venter and Venter 1996, Van Wyk et al. 1997, Coates
Palgrave 2002).

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 327
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Many compounds
have been elucidated from the essential oil (Van Wyk et al. 1997).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered bark is licked off the fingers
as an aphrodisiac and to cure impotence (Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Mander (1998) ranked H. natalensis thirteenth
among the most frequently demanded medicinal species in
KwaZulu-Natal.
Homalium dentatum
FAMILY Samydaceae
AUTHORITY (Harv.) Warb.
SYNONYMS Blackwellia dentata Harv., Homalium chasei Wild, H.
subsuperum Sprague
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS brown ironwood (E), bastard common
homalium (E), forest homalium (E), white ironwood (E), baster-wit-
stinkhout (A), bos-bastermoerbei (A), bruinysterhout (A), dikabse-
yesterhout (A)
ZULU idlebendlovu, idlebendlovu enkulu, umkhakhas, umkhakhasi,
umqathe
DESCRIPTION Grey and smooth, sometimes flaking, but dark
brown and conspicuously marked by pale lenticels when immature
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered bark is used in colic reme-
dies (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
Ilex mitis
FAMILY Aquifoliaceae
AUTHORITY (L.) Radlk.
SSP TAXON var. mitis
SYNONYMS Ilex capensis Sond.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS African holly (E), Cape holly (E), water-
tree(E), wild holly (E), waterboom (A), waterhout (A), without (A)
ZULU iphuphuma, isidumo, umdumo, umdumowazo
DESCRIPTION Pale grey and smooth; purple-toned and marked by
lenticels on immature branches (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES See Trease and
Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are used to reduce fever
(Gerstner 1939 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996), as emetics in the
treatment of diarrhoea, and for the same purpose in livestock (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). It is pounded and the resultant lather
used to wash influenza patients (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Small pieces of bark are chewed for
mild purgative effects, and in enemas to treat colic in children
(Coates Palgrave 2002). Decoctions of powdered bark are taken
orally as emetics; pastes made with powdered bark are applied top-
ically to rashes and facial sores (Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Indeterminate conservation status in KwaZulu-
Natal (Cunningham 1988).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION The Zulu vernacular name used for
an unidentified member of the genus is citha.
Kigelia africana
FAMILY Bignoniaceae
AUTHORITY Lam. (Benth.)
SYNONYMS Kigelia pinnata DC.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS sausage tree (E), komkommerboom (A),
kalabasboom (A), worsbom (A)
ZULU ibele-ndlovu, ubongothi, umfongothi, umvongothi (fruits),
umvunguta, umzingula, umzingulu
DESCRIPTION Pale to dark grey, smooth becoming rough with
maturity.
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Aqueous extracts
exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity against Candida albi-
cans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa; activity was attributed to iridoids, dihy-
droisocoumarins and their glycosides, and naphthoquinones
(Govindachari et al. 1971, Inoue et al. 1981, Akunyili et al. 1991,
Van Wyk et al. 1997). Aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts
have also shown antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoni-
ae (Grace et al. 2002b). Isolated compounds isopinnatal and lapa-
chone are active against trypanosomes (Anon. 1993). In vitro activ-
ity of extracts against melanoma and renal cell carcinoma lines may
justify its reputed efficacy against skin melanoma; this supports its
use in South Africa for the treatment of ‘skin cancer’ (Houghton et
al. 1994, Anon. 1995, Houghton 2002). Bark extracts and isolated
compound lapachol have shown cytoxicity against Artemia salina in
the brine shrimp bioassay, indicating anti-tumour potential (Khan
and Mlungwana 1999). Anticonvulsant properties may be attributa-
ble to cinnamic acid (Hutchings et al. 1996). Compounds elucidated
include 3-dimethylkigelin, ferulic acid, kigelinone, pinnatal, isopinna-
tals, dihydroisocoumarins, sterols (Govindachari et al. 1971, Inoue
et al. 1981, Bruneton 1995). Burkill (1985) reported tannic acid. It
has a somewhat bitter taste, and is reported to contain a bitter prin-
ciple (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Akah 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Decoctions are administered orally or
by enema to adults and paediatric patients, as a stomach palliative
and laxative (Hutchings et al. 1996, Van Wyk et al. 1997).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Decoctions are used to treat venere-
al diseases (Immelman et al. 1973, Coates Palgrave 1977,
Hutchings et al. 1996). In Zimbabwe, decoctions are gargled to
relieve pain and inflammation caused by toothache, or taken orally
to prevent epileptic fits and treat pneumonia (Gelfand et al. 1985).
Extracts are potent cures for skin melanoma in fair-skinned people
(Houghton et al. 1994). Decoctions are administered orally as abor-
tifacients (Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Considered occasional in most parts of Africa, but
not threatened (Maundu et al. 1999). It is readily cultivated from
seed or truncheons (Pooley 1993).
Lannea discolor
FAMILY Anacardiaceae
AUTHORITY (Sond.) Engl.
SYNONYMS Lannea schimperii non (Hochst.) Engl., Odina discol-
or Sond.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS live-long (E), tree grape (E), bakhout (A),
boomdruif (A), dikbas (A)
ZULU isiganganyane
DESCRIPTION Grey with a copper sheen, smooth or slightly rough
with longitudinal fissures (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes (Pooley
1993).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In some regions of southern Africa, it
is used to treat complaints such as fever and constipation in paedi-
atric patients (Coates Palgrave 2002). Powdered bark is adminis-
tered orally to treat diarrhoea (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Lannea schweinfurthii
FAMILY Anacardiaceae
AUTHORITY (Engl.) Engl.
SSP TAXON var. stuhlmannii (Engl.) Kokwaro
SYNONYMS Lannea kirkii Burtt Davy, L. stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl.,
L. stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. var. tomentosa Dunkley
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS false marula (E), mock marula (E), tree
grape (E), bakhout (A), baster-maroela (A), boomdruif (A), vals-
maroela (A)
ZULU umganukomo
DESCRIPTION Pale brown or grey, flaking in rectangular pieces
and revealing pale orange inner bark; this produces a mottled effect
(Coates Palgrave 2002). Bark on immature branches is green,
pubescent and marked by conspicuous leaf scars (Venter and
Venter 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden328
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA The Swahili use finely powdered
rootbark, blown into the nasal cavities of a snakebite victim, when
the patient begins to lose consciousness (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962). The Vhavenda use rootbark decoctions mixed with
a fungus found on the roots of L. schweinfurthii to help family mem-
bers forget a recently deceased relative (Mabogo 1990 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996). The bark is also used to treat headaches,
stomach pains, sleeping sickness, and to help people disregard
unpleasant events (Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION In Mpumalanga Province, L. schweinfurthii var.
stuhlmannii is considered to be readily available and in high demand;
bark products are traded for an average price of R500 kg–1 (Botha et
al. 2001).
Loxostylis alata
FAMILY Anacardiaceae
AUTHORITY Spreng.f. ex Rchb.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Loxostylis (E), tarwood (E), tigerwood (E),
wild pepper tree (E), breekhout (A), tederhout (A), teerhout (A), tier-
hout (A), wilde-peperboom (A)
ZULU ifuthu, isibara, ufutho, ufuthu
DESCRIPTION Pale grey, flaking, with vertical fissures (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Ginkgol and
ginkgolic acid have been elucidated (Drewes et al. 1998).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL A commonly used medicine, particular-
ly in childbirth (Pooley 1993).
CONSERVATION Vulnerable and declining in KwaZulu-Natal
(Cunningham 1988).
Macaranga capensis
FAMILY Euphorbiaceae
AUTHORITY (Baill.) Benth. ex Sim
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS mock poplar (E), spiny macaranga (E),
swamp poplar (E), wild poplar (E), vals-populier (A), wilde-populier
(A)
ZULU iphubane, iphumela, umbhongabhonga, umfongafonga,
umfongofongo, umompumelelo, umphumela, umphumelee,
umphumelele, umpumelelo
DESCRIPTION Pale grey to pale brown with horizontal markings,
smooth (Coates Palgrave 1977).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used to treat skin diseases and relieve
sunburn (Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Mander (1998) ranked it among the most fre-
quently demanded medicinal plants in KwaZulu-Natal.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Von Breitenbach et al. (2001) recog-
nised only M. capensis (Baill.) Sim var. capensis.
Maesa lanceolata
FAMILY Myrsinaceae
AUTHORITY Forssk.
SYNONYMS Maesa lanceolata Gilg., M. lanceolata Forssk. var.
rufescens (A.DC.) Taton, M. rufescens A.DC.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS false assegai (E), maesa (E), mock assegai
(E), baster-assegaai (A), bruinsapblaar (A), vals-assegaai (A)
ZULU indende, isidenda (root, bark), isithende, maguqu, ubhoqob-
hoqo, ugupu (root, bark), uhlamvubele, umagugu (root, bark),
umagupu, umaguqu, umaququ, umphongaphonga, uphongaphon-
ga, uphophopho
DESCRIPTION Grey, grey-brown or red-brown, rough; immature
branches smooth and may be covered with rust-coloured pubes-
cence (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Has a sharp taste
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Rootbark is used for unspecified pur-
poses (Cunningham 1988).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In some parts of southern Africa, it is
used to make an invigorating beverage (Coates Palgrave 2002).
CONSERVATION In Mpumalanga Province, bark products are sold
for between R23 kg–1 and R93 kg–1 (Botha et al. 2001).
Manilkara concolor
FAMILY Sapotaceae
AUTHORITY (Harv. ex C.H.Wright) Gerstner
SYNONYMS Mimusops concolor Harv. ex C.H.Wright
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Zulu milkberry (E), Zulu-melkbessie (A)
ZULU amasethole amhlope, umncambu, umnqambo, umnqabo
DESCRIPTION Grey, brown or black, corky with deep longitudinal
fissures; branches are grey and fissured (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Decoctions of the rootbark are adminis-
tered as an enema to treat backache; this is reputedly a potent med-
icine (Palmer and Pitman 1973).
CONSERVATION Lower risk in Swaziland (Dlamini and Dlamini
2002) and vulnerable in Zimbabwe (Mapaura and Timberlake 2002).
Manilkara discolor
FAMILY Sapotaceae
AUTHORITY (Sond.) J.H.Hemsl.
SYNONYMS Labourdonnaisia discolor Sond., Manilkara natalensis
(Pierre) Engl., Muriea discolor (Sond.) Hartog, Mimusops discolor
(Sond.) Hartog
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS forest milkberry (E), red milkwood (E), bos-
melkbessie (A), rooimelkhout (A)
ZULU umnqambo, umnwebe (root), umnwebe wentaba, umweba,
umweba-wentaba
DESCRIPTION Brown to dark grey, roughly textured with longitudi-
nal fissures, and shallowly fissured at the base in large specimens
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used similarly to M. concolor, to treat
backache and brittle bones (Palmer and Pitman 1973, Pooley
1993).
CONSERVATION Lower risk in Swaziland (Dlamini and Dlamini
2002) and Zimbabwe (Mapaura and Timberlake 2002).
Manilkara mochisia
FAMILY Sapotaceae
AUTHORITY (Baker) Dubard
SYNONYMS Manilkara macaulayae Hutch. & Corbishley, M.
umbraculigera Hutch. & Corbishley, Mimusops mochisia Baker
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Lowveld milkberry (E), Laeveld-melkbessie
(A)
ZULU inqozi, nwamba, umncambu, umnqambo
DESCRIPTION Very dark, rough (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL May be used in the same ways as M.
concolor and M. discolor (Hutchings et al. 1996) to treat backache
and brittle bones.
Maytenus acuminata
FAMILY Celastraceae
AUTHORITY (L.f.) Loes.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS silky-bark (E), olifantshout (A), rooisybas
(A), rooi-sybasboom (A), sybas (A), sybasboom (A)
ZULU inama, inama elimhlope, isinama, isinama-elimhlope, umlula-
ma, umnama
DESCRIPTION Grey to brown, mottled, smooth (Coates Palgrave
2002). Elastic threads are visible when bark is broken (Cunningham
2001).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used to treat stomach ailments (Pooley
1993).
CONSERVATION Lower risk in Malawi (Msekandiana and Mlangeni
2002).

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 329
Maytenus undata
FAMILY Celastraceae
AUTHORITY (Thunb.) Blakelock
SYNONYMS Celastrus undatus Thunb., C. zeyheri Sond.,
Gymnosporia albata (N.E.Br.) Sim, G. deflexa Sprague, G. fascicu-
late (Tul.) Loes., G. peglerae Davison, G. undata Thunb. Szyszyl., G.
zeyheri (Sond.) Szyszyl., Maytenus fasciculata (Tul.) Loes.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS koko tree (E), South African holly (E),
Transvaal holly (E), kokoboom (A), saffraan (A), Transvaal saf-
fraanhout (A)
ZULU dabulaluvalo, idohame, igqwabali, ikhukhuze, indabulovalo,
inqayi-elibomvu
DESCRIPTION Grey-brown, smooth, increasingly fissured and flak-
ing with maturity (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
Milletia grandis
FAMILY Fabaceae — Papilionaceae
AUTHORITY (E.Mey.) Skeels
SYNONYMS Milletia caffra Meisn.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS ironwood (E), umzimbeet (E), omsambeet
(A), ysterhout (A)
ZULU umsimbithi, umsimbithwa
DESCRIPTION Pale brown, or grey to dark grey, smooth or flaking
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988).
CONSERVATION Since it is fast growing, it is suitable for woodlot
cultivation (Geldenhuys 2000).
Mimusops caffra
FAMILY Sapotaceae
AUTHORITY E.Mey. ex A.DC.
SYNONYMS Mimusops oleifolia N.E.Br., M. woodii Engl.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS coastal red milkwood (E), red milkwood
(E), shore milkwood (E), kus-rooimelkhout (A), melkhout (A), moe-
pel (A), rooimelkhout
ZULU amasethole, amasethole-abomvu, umhayihayi, umh-
lalankwazi, umkhayikhayi, umnole, umnole umagayi, umnweba
wasolwande, umthunzi
DESCRIPTION Dark grey, longitudinally fissured; immature stems
densely pubescent with long, rust-coloured hairs (Coates Palgrave
2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are used as emetics
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Ranked among the most frequently demanded
medicinal plant species in KwaZulu-Natal (Mander 1998).
Mimusops obovata
FAMILY Sapotaceae
AUTHORITY Sond.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bush milkwood (E), forest red milkwood
(E), milkwood (E), red milkwood (E), bosmelkhout (A), bos-
rooimelkhout (A), moepel (A), rooi-melkhout (A)
ZULU amasethole, amasethole abomvu, amasethole ehlathi, umh-
lalankwazi, umnole, umphumbulu
DESCRIPTION Pale to dark grey, rough and cracking in squares;
immature branches pale brown and finely pubsecent (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are used as emetics
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
Morella serrata
FAMILY Myricaceae
AUTHORITY (Lam.) Killick
SYNONYMS Morella mossii Burtt Davy, M. natalensis C.DC.,
Myrica serrata Lam., M. conifera sensu Hutch.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS lance-leaved waxberry (E), mountain wax
berry (E), wax berry (E), berg-wasbessie (A), gammabos (A), smal-
blaar-wasbessie (A), wasbessie (A)
ZULU ilethi, iyethi, ulethi, umakuthula, umakhuthula, umlulama
(root)
DESCRIPTION Pale grey and smooth, becoming dark grey to
brown and rough with maturity (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Decoctions of the rootbark are taken for
colds, coughs and headaches (Gerstner 1941 cited in Hutchings et
al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Vulnerable in Lesotho (Talukdar 2002).
Mundulea sericea
FAMILY Fabaceae — Papilionaceae
AUTHORITY (Willd.) A.Chev.
SYNONYMS Cytisus sericeus Willd., Mundulea suberosa (DC.)
Benth., Tephrosia suberosa DC.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS cork bush (E), silver bush (E), silver leaf
(E), blou-ertjiebos (A), kurkbos (A), olifantshout (A), visboontjie (A),
visgif (A)
ZULU umamentabeni, umhlalalantethe, umsindandlovu, usekwane
DESCRIPTION Pale grey, deeply fissured and corky (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Rotenone, deguein,
tephrosin, muduserone and undalone have been elucidated (Van
Wyk and Gericke 2000). It is believed to be poisonous and contains
a toxic glucoside (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used in emetics to treat cases of sus-
pected poisoning (Palmer and Pitman 1973).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In other regions of southern Africa,
rootbark is used as a general prophylactic against disease, as an
aphrodisiac, and to purify the spouse of a woman who has aborted
or miscarried (Hutchings et al. 1996). In Venda, the rootbark is
employed to specify the gender of an unborn child (Mabogo 1990
cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Mystroxylon aethiopicum
FAMILY Celastraceae
AUTHORITY (Thunb.) Loes.
SYNONYMS Cassine aethiopica Thunb., Mystroxylon aethiopicum
(Thunb.) Loes ssp. aethiopicum
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bushveld cherry (E), Cape cherry (E), koo-
boo-berry (E), kubu-berry (E), spoonwood (E), barsbessie (A),
kaboebessie (A), kaboehout (A), koeboebessie (A), lepelboom (A),
lepelhout (A), see-saffraan (A)
ZULU inqayi, umgunguluzampunzi, umgunguluzane, umnqayi,
umnqayi obomvu
DESCRIPTION Grey and smooth, becoming dark grey or brown
and roughly fissured with maturity; immature branches green and
softly pubescent (Venter and Venter 1996, Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions of rootbark are made with a
handful of bark in approximately 250ml cold water, and taken for
dysentery and diarrhoea. Thereafter the infusion is diluted with
250ml hot water, and administered by enema (Bryant 1966 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996). Bark infused in milk or whey is adminis-
tered as a drench to de-worm calves (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In Venda, it is used in magical
charms (Mabogo 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Severe damage by bark harvesting was reported
in Tootabie Nature Reserve, Eastern Cape (La Cock and Briers
1992).
Newtonia hildebrandtii
FAMILY Fabaceae — Mimosaceae
AUTHORITY (Vatke) Torre

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden330
SYNONYMS Newtonia hildebrandtii (Vatke) Torre var. hildebrandtii
Vatke, Piptadenia hildebrandtii Vatke
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Lebombo wattle (E), Lowveld newtonia (E),
Lebombo-wattel (A)
ZULU udongolokamadilika, umfomothi, umfomoti
DESCRIPTION Dark grey, cracked and longitudinally flaking
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered bark is roasted then decoct-
ed with water and elephant dung; the drops are licked from the hand
to drive away ‘starts’ while sleeping (Palmer and Pitman 1973).
Nuxia floribunda
FAMILY Buddlejaceae
AUTHORITY Benth.
SYNONYMS Lachnopylis floribunda (Benth.) C.A.Sm.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS forest elder (E), forest nuxia (E), white
elder (E), wild elder (E), wild peach (E), bosvlier (A), vlier (A), wilde-
vlier (A)
ZULU ingobese, isanywana, ithambo, umdlambandlaze, umgwaqu,
umhlambandlazi, umkhobeza, umluluma, umsunu wembuzi,
umsunubuzi, umuthi wokuzila
DESCRIPTION Pale grey to grey-brown, rough and slightly fis-
sured; branches purple-toned and smooth or finely pubescent when
immature, becoming fissured and flaking with raised leaf scars
when mature (Venter and Venter 1996, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains 5.71%
tannin (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used as a strengthening medicine after
the death of a kraal member (Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Resilient to bark removal; it may show rapid and
complete regrowth after ringbarking (Cunningham 1991).
Ochna holstii
FAMILY Ochnaceae
AUTHORITY Engl.
SYNONYMS Ochna acutifolia Engl., O. chirindica Baker f., O. pruni-
folia Engl.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS common forest ochna (E), Natal pear (E),
real red pear (E), red ironwood (E), regte-rooipeper (A), rooi-yster-
hout (A)
ZULU isibhanku, umshelele, umthelelo
DESCRIPTION Dark grey to grey-brown, becoming rough; imma-
ture branches marked by small lenticels (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes (Pooley
1993).
Ochna natalitia
FAMILY Ochnaceae
AUTHORITY (Meisn.) Walp.
SYNONYMS Ochna atropurpurea DC. var. natalitia (Meisn.) Harv.,
O. chilversii E.Phillips
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS coastal boxwood (E), coastal redwood (E),
Natal plane (E), showy ochna (E), showy plane (E), pronk-rooihout
(A), Transvaal boxwood (E), Natal-rooihout (A), rooihout (A), yster-
hout (A)
ZULU isendengulube, isithundu, mahlanganisa, mbovu, sithundu,
umadlozane, umahlanganiso, umbhovane, umbhovane-ongcinsi,
umbhovane-ongcingci, umbovane, umbovu, umilamatsheni,
umnandi, umshelele
DESCRIPTION Grey-brown or brown, finely fissured to rough or
flaking; branchlets marked by lenticels and sometimes galls (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL The bark of O. holstii may be that
known as umadlozane, which is used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988).
CONSERVATION O. natalitia was ranked twelfth of the medicinal
species most frequently demanded by consumers in KwaZulu-Natal
(Mander 1998).
Ocotea bullata
FAMILY Lauraceae
AUTHORITY (Burch.) Baill.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS black stinkwood (E), Cape laurel (E), Cape
stinkwood (E), laurel wood (E), stinkwood (E), Kaapse lourier (A),
Kaapse stinkhout (A), stinkhout (A), swart-stinkhout (A), swart-
stinkhoutboom (A), witstinkhout (A), witstinkhoutboom (A)
ZULU nukani, umnugani, umnukane, umnukani, unukane, unukani
DESCRIPTION Pale brown, becoming darker and scaled with matu-
rity (Coates Palgrave 2002). The bark has a short-lived but strong
odour when cut (Hutchings et al. 1996), described by Cunningham
(2001) as that of pig dung. Dried bark emits a strong fragrance
resembling that of Cinnamomum camphora bark.
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES May contain up to
5.8% tannins (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Several neolig-
nans have been elucidated, notably ocobullenone (Sehlapelo et al.
1993, Drewes et al. 1995 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997). It also con-
tains many volatile compounds, which may be monoterpenoids (Van
Wyk et al. 1997). Phytochemical constituents are similar to the
leaves, but less concentrated in the latter (Zschocke et al. 2000b,
Geldenhuys 2001b). Efficacy in treatment of headaches is attributed
to anti-inflammatory activity (Jäger et al. 1996), cyclooxygenase
inhibition and 5-lipoxygenase (Zschocke et al. 2000a). Volatiles are
recognised as the main active principles responsible for anti-inflam-
matory activity (Zschocke et al. 2000a). The bark of Cryptocarya
spp., used as substitutes for that of O. bullata, show superior activ-
ity to the latter in cyclooxygenase inhibition (Zschocke and Van
Staden 2000). George et al. (2001) cited ocobullenone from O. bul-
lata as a phytomedicine with potential for commercial development
in anti-inflammatory and emetic drugs. Genetic variation in popula-
tions from different regions of South Africa did not correlate to phy-
tochemical variations observed in them (Geldenhuys 2001b).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered bark is taken as a snuff, or
burned and the smoke inhaled, for headaches (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962). It is frequently used as a charm to cause competi-
tors to become unpopular and bad smelling, due to the odour of
freshly cut bark (Hutchings et al. 1996). A powdered mixture of the
bark of a tree known as unukani, probably O. bullata, the bark of a
tree known as umahlabekufeni, and Zingiber officinale root, is used
to treat urinary tract infections. The preparation is administered to
the bladder by blowing it through a narrow reed into the penis
(Hutchings et al. 1996). The barks of Cinnamomum camphora or
Cryptocarya spp. are sometimes substituted for that of O. bullata
(Drewes et al. 1997 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997, Geldenhuys
2001b).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA An important traditional medicine in
southern Africa. Its principal uses are against headache, urinary and
nervous disorders, and diarrhoea in children (Van Wyk and Gericke
2000).
CONSERVATION Declining and vulnerable to extinction in
KwaZulu-Natal, and protected; global conservation status is lower
risk (Cunningham 1988, Scott-Shaw 1999). It was among the 15
most scarce medicinal species nominated by both urban and rural
herbalists (Cunningham 1988). Mander (1998) reported that O. bul-
lata was the second most frequently demanded medicinal plant
species in KwaZulu-Natal. Similarly, Williams et al. (2000) reported
that although perceived as scarce, it is among the most commonly
traded bark products at medicinal plant markets on the
Witwatersrand. In Mpumalanga Province, bark products are consid-
ered readily available and in high demand; bark is traded there for
approximately R500 kg–1 (Botha et al. 2001) (cf. R25 for a 50kg-
sized bag of bark at Isipingo medicinal plant market, KwaZulu-Natal
in 1988, and R5 in 1960 (Cunningham 1988)). In the 1980s, an

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 331
unsuccessful programme was introduced to market bark harvested
from trees felled for timber in the Knysna forests (Creig 1984). O.
bullata is currently the subject of a project to develop sustainable
commercial bark and timber harvesting (Geldenhuys 2001b).
Damaged trees coppice readily but shoots are susceptible to brows-
ing; populations regenerate naturally in pioneer stands on forest
margins (Geldenhuys 2001a, 2001b). Seed predation may signifi-
cantly reduce germination in natural populations (Cunningham
1991). Genetic variation in populations from South African material
for cultivation should be obtained locally rather than being imported
from other populations (Geldenhuys 2001b). The use of O. bullata
leaves instead of bark may represent an effective management
option in future (Zschocke et al. 2000b, Zschocke and Van Staden
2000, Geldenhuys 2001b).
Ocotea kenyensis
FAMILY Lauraceae
AUTHORITY (Chiov.) Robyns & R.Wilczek
SYNONYMS Ocotea viridis Kosterm.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bastard stinkwood (E), mock stinkwood
(E), Transvaal stinkwood (E), basterstinkhout (A), Transvaal-
stinkhout (A), vals-stinkhout (A)
DESCRIPTION Brown, rough and longitudinally scaled (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) classed it as vulnerable and
declining in KwaZulu-Natal, and Scott-Shaw (1999) as vulnerable. It
is critically endangered in Zimbabwe (Mapaura and Timberlake
2002).
Olea capensis
FAMILY Oleaceae
AUTHORITY L.
SSP TAXON ssp. enervis (Harv. ex C.H.Wright) I.Verd.
SYNONYMS Olea enervis Harv. ex C.H.Wright
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bushveld-ironwood (E), ironwood (E),
bosveld-ysterhout (A), ysterhout (A)
ZULU igwanxi, isinhletshe, umangqengqe, umsishane, umsinjane
DESCRIPTION Pale grey to white, becoming darker and vertically
fissured with age (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Members of the
Oleaceae contain sugar alcohol, saponins, tannins, coumarins and
iridoid glycosides; alkaloids are rare (Trease and Evans 1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used extensively in the skin-lighten-
er trade in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (La Cock and
Briers 1992). In Swaziland, 50g bark is added to 1 litre warm water
and a tablespoon taken three times daily to treat peptic ulcers
(Amusan et al. 2002).
CONSERVATION Muir (1990) reported that O. capensis ssp.
macrocarpa showed coppice regeneration from 40% of cut stems in
Hlatikulu Forest Reserve, Maputaland.
Olea europaea
FAMILY Oleaceae
AUTHORITY L.
SSP TAXON ssp. africana (Mill.) P.S.Green
SYNONYMS Olea africana Mill., O. chrysophylla Lam.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS wild olive (E), olienhout (A), olyfboom (A),
swart-olienhout (A)
ZULU isadlulambazo, isi adlulambazo, umhlwathi, umnqumo,
umquma, umsityana
DESCRIPTION Grey and smooth (Coates Palgrave 2002), to grey-
brown, rough and flaking (Venter and Venter 1996).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Members of the
Oleaceae contain sugar alcohols, saponins, tannins, coumarins and
iridoid glycosides; alkaloids are rare (Trease and Evans 1983).
Lignans have been isolated from the bark of both subspecies of O.
europaea, including africanol, 8-hydroxypinoresinol derivatives and
olivil (Van Wyk et al. 1997).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL The bark is scraped and decocted for
the treatment of bladder infections and headaches (Roberts 1983
cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In some regions of South Africa, bark
and wood chips from carvings are saved for kindling. Smoke from a
fire made with the kindling is believed to clear the head and blood
after excessive drinking (Roberts 1990). The Xhosa use decoctions,
taken each morning, to treat urinary tract complaints (Hutchings et
al. 1996). Fresh bark is infused and taken to relieve colic (Van Wyk
et al. 1997).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Taxonomy of the species is some-
what confused: O. europaea includes the subspecies africana (for-
merly O. africana) and europaea (domestic olive) (Van Wyk et al.
1997).
Olea woodiana
FAMILY Oleaceae
AUTHORITY Knobl.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS forest olive (E), bos-olien (A), bos-olien-
hout (A), olyfboom (A)
ZULU isadlulambazo, isahlulambhazo, umhlwazimamba, umnqu-
gunya, umnquma, umnqumo
DESCRIPTION Pale grey and smooth (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Members of the
Oleaceae contain sugar alcohols, saponins, tannins, coumarins and
iridoid glycosides; alkaloids are rare (Trease and Evans 1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used as an appetite stimulant and
nerve tonic (Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Vulnerable and declining in KwaZulu-Natal
(Cunningham 1988).
Ormocarpum trichocarpum
FAMILY Fabaceae — Papilionaceae
AUTHORITY (Taub.) Engl.
SYNONYMS Diphaca trichocarpa Taub., Ormocarpum setosum
Burtt Davy
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS caterpillar bush (E), caterpillar pod (E),
large caterpillar pod (E), rusperboontjie (A)
ZULU isithibane, umsindadlovana
DESCRIPTION Black-brown, corky and fissured (Coates Palgrave
2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used in emetics to treat cases of sus-
pected poisoning (Palmer and Pitman 1973).
Ozoroa engleri
FAMILY Anacardiaceae
AUTHORITY R. & A.Fern.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS weeping resin tree (E), white resin tree (E),
treur-harpuisboom (A), wit-harpuisboom (A)
ZULU intovane, isifice, isifico
DESCRIPTION Dark brown to grey, rough, and flaking in small
squares; watery latex is exuded (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL May be used in similar ways to O. pan-
iculosa var. paniculosa, for dysentery and acute chest inflammation
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
Ozoroa obovata
FAMILY Anacardiaceae
AUTHORITY (Oliv.) R. & A.Fern.
SYNONYMS Heeria mucronata Bernh. var. obovata (Oliv.) Engl.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS broad-leaved resin tree (E), eastern raisin-
berry (E), breëblaar-harpuisboom (A)

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden332
ZULU isifice, isifici, isifico
DESCRIPTION Grey, and rough in mature specimens (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL May be used in similar ways to O. pan-
iculosa var. paniculosa, for dysentery and acute chest inflammation
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
Ozoroa paniculosa
FAMILY Anacardiaceae
AUTHORITY (Son.) R. & A.Fern.
SSP TAXON var. paniculsoa
SYNONYMS Heeria paniculosa (Sond.) Kuntze, H. salicina (Sond.)
Burtt Davy
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS common resin tree (E), resin tree (E),
gewone harpuisboom (A), harpuisboom (A)
ZULU isifica, isifice, isifeco, isifeco sehlazane
DESCRIPTION Grey, and rough in mature specimens; branches
red-brown (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains tannins,
coagulating and colouring agents (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered bark is used for acute inflam-
matory conditions of the chest, and dysentery (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962). For adults it is preferably mixed with unspecified
parts of Berchemia zeyheri, and administered orally or by enema
(Hutchings et al. 1996). Bark is used in ethnoveterinary medicine to
treat abdominal ailments, but is poorly effective (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Ozoroa sphaerocarpa
FAMILY Anacardiaceae
AUTHORITY R. & A.Fern.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bastard currant tree (E), currant resin tree
(E), Lowveld resin tree (E), raisin bush (E), tar berry (E), basterko-
rente-harpuisboom (A), korentebos, korente-harpuisboom (A)
ZULU isifice, isifico
DESCRIPTION Dark grey, rough, cracking in squares; branches
red-brown (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL May be used in similar ways to O. pan-
iculosa var. paniculosa, to treat chest ailments and dysentery
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In Swaziland, 50g bark is mixed with
the same quantity of Athrixia phylicoides DC. bark, added to 5 litres
water, and the mixture used to wash wounds twice daily for 5 days
(Amusan et al. 2002).
Pappea capensis
FAMILY Sapindaceae
AUTHORITY Eckl. & Zeyh.
SYNONYMS Pappea fulva Conrath, P. radkloferi Schweinf. ex
Radlk., P. schumanniana Schinz, P. ugandensis Bak.f., Sapindus
pappea Sond. nom. illegit.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bushveld cherry (E), indaba tree (E), jacket-
plum (E), wild plum (E), bergpruim (A), doppruim (A), kambessie (A),
noupitjie (A), oliepit (A), oliepitjie (A), pruimbessie (A), wilde-pruim (A)
ZULU indaba, liletha, liletsa, umgqogqa, umgqogqo, umkhokhwane,
umqhokwane, umqhoqqho, umvuma, uvuma, uvuma-ebomvu (root)
DESCRIPTION Pale grey to brown and smooth; immature branch-
es paler (Venter and Venter 1996, Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA The Swahili use moistened rootbark
for chest complaints; in Botswana it is used to treat venereal dis-
eases, and in protective sprinkling charms (Hedberg and Staugard
1989 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION In Mpumalanga Province, bark products of a
species suspected to be P. capensis are in high demand but readi-
ly available, and are traded for between R40 kg–1 and R91 kg–1
(Botha et al. 2001).
Peltophorum africanum
FAMILY Fabaceae — Caesalpiniaceae
AUTHORITY Sond.
SYNONYMS Brasilletia africana (Sond.) Kuntze
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS African blackwood (E), African wattle (E),
Rhodesian wattle (E), wattle (E), weeping wattle (E), huilboom (A),
huilbos (A), huilwattel (A), kiaatboom (A), rooikiaat (A), wilde-wattel
(A), witkiaat (A)
ZULU iphambolebankomo, isikhabamkhombe, liphambolebanko-
mo, umsehle, umthobo
DESCRIPTION Brown, rough, and longitudinally fissured; bark on
immature branches is grey and smooth (Venter and Venter 1996,
Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains tannins
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). The gum is reputedly toxic
(Palmer and Pitman 1973). Flavonoids and phenolics have been
isolated in unspecified plant parts (Glasby 1991).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used to treat sterility and backache
(Pooley 1993).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Fresh bark is chewed to relieve colic
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962), or decocted to treat intestinal
parasites (Venter and Venter 1996). Decoctions of the powdered
stem- and rootbark are used to treat diarrhoea and dysentery
(Venter and Venter 1996). In Zimbabwe, decoctions are taken as a
general tonic (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000). In Swaziland, 30g each
of the bark and roots are ground and added to a litre of warm water;
a tablespoon is taken twice daily for two days to relieve stomach
cramps (Amusan et al. 2002). A concoction made with 50g bark
boiled for 5 minutes in a litre of water, is taken in 250ml doses three
times daily to treat menorrhagia (Amusan et al. 2002).
CONSERVATION In Mpumalanga Province, the bark is readily
available and consumer demands high; bark products are traded for
approximately R38 kg–1. In Limpopo (Northern Province), it is not in
high demand (Botha et al. 2001). Coppice production may be
manipulated by the cutting height at which trees are felled, and
increased stump surface area (Shackleton 2000). It is considered
low conservation risk in Namibia (Craven and Loots 2002).
Philenoptera violacea
FAMILY Fabaceae — Papilionaceae
AUTHORITY (Klotzsch) Schrire
SYNONYMS Capassa violacea Klotzsch, Derris violacea (Klotzsch)
Harms, Lonchocarpus capassa Rolfe, L. violaceus (Klotzsch) Oliv.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS apple-leaf (E), lance tree (E), Panda tree
(E), rain tree (E), appelblaar (A), olifantsoor (A), raasboom (A),
stamperhout
ZULU isihomohomo, umbandu, umbhandu, umphanda
DESCRIPTION Pale brown to grey-brown, smooth to cracked and
flaking; immature branches densely pubescent (Venter and Venter
1996, Coates Palgrave 2002). Sticky red sap is exuded from bark
wounds (Coates Palgrave 1977).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Reputed to be
extremely toxic (Hutchings et al. 1996). See Trease and Evans
(1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions for dysentery are adminis-
tered in approximately 11ml doses (Gelfand et al. 1985).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA The stembark is used as a laxative,
to treat skin diseases, reduce fevers, and in therapy of convulsion
(Iwu 1993). Powdered bark is used to treat snakebite (Venter and
Venter 1996). In Swaziland, 50g bark is added to 5 litres warm
water, and the preparation taken when necessary to treat hallucina-
tion (Amusan et al. 2002).
CONSERVATION In Mpumalanga Province, it is considered to be in
high demand and readily available (Botha et al. 2001).

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 333
Phyllanthus meyerianus
FAMILY Euphorbiaceae
AUTHORITY Müll. Arg.
ZULU ilethi
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Rootbark is used for coughs, colds and
headaches (Gerstner 1941 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Phyllanthus reticulatus
FAMILY Euphorbiaceae
AUTHORITY Poir.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS potato bush (E), roast potato plant (E), aar-
tappelbos (A)
ZULU intaba yengwe, munyuswane, ubutswamtimi, umchumelo,
umtswathiba
DESCRIPTION Pale red-brown or grey-brown, vertically fissured
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for bathing charms to conceal
secrets from diviners (Palmer and Pitman 1973). Mixtures of the
rootbark and other ingredients are stirred and the froth licked from
the surface without using the hands, to give clear and penetrating
vision (Hutchings et al. 1996). Rootbark infusions are used as emet-
ics (Hutchings et al. 1996).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Von Breitenbach et al. (2001) recog-
nised only P. reticulatus Poir. var. reticulatus.
Pinus sp.*
FAMILY Pinaceae
AUTHORITY L.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS pine tree (E)
ZULU abaphaphe-ababomvu, abaphaphe-abamhlope
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES See Trease and
Evans (1983) for references.
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Two unidentified species are common-
ly used for their bark (Cunningham 1988).
CONSERVATION A 50kg-sized bag of bark cost R25 from gather-
ers at Isipingo medicinal plant market, KwaZulu-Natal (Cunningham
1988). Seven members of the genus have been recognised as
declared invaders (category 2) (Henderson 2001).
Pittosporum viridiflorum
FAMILY Pittosporaceae
AUTHORITY Sims
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS cheesewood (E), white Cape beech (E),
boboekenhout (A), bosbeukenhout (A), bosboekenhout (A), kaarsu-
ur (A), kasuur (A), kersuurboom (A), witboekenhout (A)
ZULU mposhe, umfusamvu, umkhwenkhwe, umkhwenkwe, umk-
wenkwe, umvusamu
DESCRIPTION Pale brown or grey to grey-brown, becoming rough,
sometimes flaking, and marked by bands of distinctive white
lenticels (Van Wyk et al. 1997, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES It has in vitro anti-
inflammatory properties (Jäger et al. 1996) and exhibits antibacteri-
al and antiamoebic activity (McGaw et al. 2000). Like other mem-
bers of the genus, it may contain terpenoids or their saponins, to
which pharmacological activity may be attributed (Van Wyk et al.
1997). It has a bitter taste and strong smell described as resinous
and liquorice-like (Venter and Venter 1996, Van Wyk et al. 1997).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Pieces of bark measuring approximate-
ly 40mm x 60mm are pounded and steeped in approximately 600ml
boiling water. These decoctions are taken for febrile complaints,
either orally with additional water to induce vomiting, or twice the
volume for enemas (Bryant 1966 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Decoctions or infusions are also used as emetics, sometimes
administered by enema, against back pains, fever or stomach com-
plaints (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used throughout southern Africa for
stomach complaints, biliousness, pain and fever (Van Wyk and
Gericke 2000). The stembark is also used against chest complaints
and malaria (Iwu 1993). Roasted bark is used to treat dysentery
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Dried, powdered bark is taken in
beer as an aphrodisiac (Venter and Venter 1996). In Swaziland, 30g
powdered bark is applied to the site of toothache twice daily until the
pain disappears (Amusan et al. 2002).
CONSERVATION P. viridifolium is not yet highly endangered, but is
heavily exploited for bark products in KwaZulu-Natal (McKean 2001
pers. comm.). In Mpumalanga Province, the bark is considered to
be rare but consumer demands low; it is traded at between R23 kg–1
and R333 kg–1 (Botha et al. 2001). It germinates readily in planta-
tions of the exotic Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. (Cunningham 1988).
Pleurostylia capensis
FAMILY Celastraceae
AUTHORITY (Turcz.) Loes.
SYNONYMS Cathastrum capense Turcz.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bastard saffron (E), coffee pear (E), moun-
tain hard pear (E), baster-saffraan (A), bastersaffraanhout (A), berg-
hardepeer (A), berghardpeerhout (A), koffie-hardepeer (A),
koffiepeer (A)
ZULU thunyulelelwa, umngqangqa, umthelela, umthumelela,
umthunyelelwa
DESCRIPTION Grey-brown, fissured and readily flaking to reveal
bright orange inner bark (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA The Vhavenda use stembark and
rootbark from male plants as charms for sorcery and benevolence
(Mabogo 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) classed it as vulnerable and
declining in KwaZulu-Natal. A 50kg-sized bag of bark cost R10 from
gatherers at Isipingo medicinal plant market, KwaZulu-Natal
(Cunningham 1988). In Mpumalanga Province, it is not readily avail-
able and consumer demands are high; bark products are traded at
between R20 kg–1 and R59 kg–1 (Botha et al. 2001).
Podocarpus falcatus
FAMILY Podocarpaceae
AUTHORITY (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb.
SYNONYMS Afrocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) C.N.Page, Podocarpus
gracillimus Stapf, P. gracilior sensu Burtt Davy
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS common yellowwood (E), falcate yellow-
wood (E), Outeniqua yellowwood (E), bastergeelhout (A), blou-geel-
hout (A), fynblaar-geelhout (A), gewone geelhout (A), kalander (A),
kolander (A), kroes-geelhout (A), nietlander (A), nikolander (A),
Outeniekwa geelhout (A)
ZULU umgeya, umhlehlane, umhlenhlane, umkhandangoma,
umpume, umsonti, unomphumelo
DESCRIPTION Thin, grey-brown to dark brown, and smooth, some-
times flaking in curled, circular or rectangular pieces (Venter and
Venter 1996, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES See Trease and
Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Bark is burned in the cattle kraal to pre-
vent livestock from straying (Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Seedlings and saplings have been observed in
the understory of exotic plantations in KwaZulu-Natal (Geldenhuys
2000). It is fast growing and suited to establishment in woodlots
(Geldenhuys 2000). Coppice production is good (Muir 1990).
Podocarpus henkelii
FAMILY Podocarpaceae
AUTHORITY Stapf ex Dallim. & Jacks.
SYNONYMS Podocarpus falcatus Sim, P. thunbergii Hook. var. fal-
cata Sim
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS East Griqualand yellow-wood (E), Henkel’s

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden334
yellowwood (E), Natal yellow-wood (E), baster-Outeniekwageelhout
(A), bastergeelhout (A), Henkel-se-geelhout (A)
ZULU abanqongosi, abanqongqosi, abanqonqosi, umsonti
DESCRIPTION Yellow-grey, brown or dark grey; longitudinally fis-
sured and flaking in long, narrow strips to expose red-brown inner
bark in mature specimens (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains up to 6.1%
tannins (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). See Trease and Evans
(1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Widely used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988). The bark of P. henkelii may be that known as
abanqongqosi, used for love charms (Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION P. henkellii is extremely sensitive to bark removal
(Cunningham 1991).
Podocarpus latifolius
FAMILY Podocarpaceae
AUTHORITY (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb.
SYNONYMS Podocarpus milanjianus Rendle, P. thunbergii Hook.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS broad-leaved yellowwood (E), real yellow-
wood (E), true yellow-wood (E), upright yellowwood (E), yellowwood
(E), geelhout (A), Kaapse geelhout (A), opregte geelhout (A), regte
geelhoud (A), westelike geelhout (A)
ZULU umgeya, umkhoba, umsonti
DESCRIPTION Yellow-brown, grey-brown to dark brown and flaking
in narrow vertical flakes (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains up to 3.6%
tannins (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). See Trease and Evans
(1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Widely used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION P. latifolius germinates readily in plantations of
the exotic Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. (Cunningham 1988).
Protea caffra
FAMILY Proteaceae
AUTHORITY Meisn.
SSP TAXON ssp. caffra
SYNONYMS Protea baurii E.Phillips, P. bolusii E.Phillips, P. multi-
bracteata E.Phillips, P. natalensis E.Phillips, P. pegleriae E.Phillips,
P. rhodantha Hook.f., P. stipitata E.Phillips
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS common sugarbush (E), Highveld protea
(E), Natal sugarbush (E), gewone suikerbos (A), hoeveldsuikerbos
(A), suikerbos (A)
ZULU isiqalaba, isiqalaba-sentaba, uhlinkhlane
DESCRIPTION Grey to black, rough and deeply cracked (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES See Trease and
Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Warm infusions of rootbark are used to
treat bleeding stomach ulcers, administered in 125ml doses
between meals (Hutchings et al. 1996). They are also administered
to calves with bloody diarrhoea (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In Venda, bark is used to treat dizzi-
ness (Mabogo 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Protea roupelliae
FAMILY Proteaceae
AUTHORITY Meisn.
SSP TAXON ssp. roupelliae
SYONYMS Protea lanuginosa (Kuntze) K.Schum., P. rudatisii Engl.,
P. transvaalensis (Gand.) Gand. & Schinz Engl.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Drakensberg protea (E), silver protea (E),
silver-leaved protea (E), sugar bush (E), silver sugarbush (E),
Transvaal silver-leaf (E), silwer-suikerbos (A), silwerblaar-suikerbos
(A), suikerbos (A), waboom (A)
ZULU isiqalaba, isiqalaba-sentaba, uqhambathi
DESCRIPTION Dark grey, rough, deeply fissured and cracked but
smooth in mature specimens (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES See Trease and
Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988).
Protorhus longifolia
FAMILY Anacardiaceae
AUTHORITY (Bernh.) Engl.
SYNONYMS Rhus longifolia (Bernh.) Sond.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS red beech (E), purple currant (E), red Cape
beech (E), harpuisboom (A), rooiblaar (A), rooiboekenhout (A),
rooimelkhout (A)
ZULU inhlangothi, inhluthe, isifice, isifico, isifico-sehlathi, umh-
langothi, umhluthi, umhluthi wehlathi, umkhomizo, umuthi-ebomvu,
unhlangothi
DESCRIPTION Red-brown and smooth, becoming dark brown and
rough; a sticky exudate is released on wounding (Venter and Venter
1996, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Yields up to 18%
tanning material (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962), and 7% tannins
(Venter and Venter 1996). It is toxic (Cunningham 1988) and has
shown in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (Jäger et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered bark (umsinzi) is injected into
a patient suffering from hemiphlagic paralysis, possibly caused by
witchcraft, as it is said to be poisonous (Gerstner 1941 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996, Cunningham 1988). Decoctions taken as
emetics in 200ml doses are used to relieve heartburn and bleeding
in the stomach (Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA The exuded from the bark is used as
a depilatory (Coates Palgrave 2002).
CONSERVATION Indeterminate conservation status in KwaZulu-
Natal (Cunningham 1988).
Prunus africana
FAMILY Rosaceae
AUTHORITY (Hook.f.) Kalkman
SYNONYMS Laurocerasus africana (Hook.f.) Browicz, Pygeum
africanum Hook.f.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS African almond (E), African cherry (E), bit-
ter almond (E), red stinkwood (E), wild almond (E), Afrika-amandel
(A), bitter-amandel (A), bitteramandelboom (A), nuweamandelhout
(A), rooi-stinkhout (A), wilde-kersieboom (A)
ZULU inkhokho, inkhokhokho, inyazangoma-elimnyama, inyazan-
goma-elimnyana, ngubozinyeweni, umdumezulu, umdumizula,
umkhakhazi, umlalume
DESCRIPTION Dark brown to black, rough (Van Wyk et al. 1997,
Coates Palgrave 2002), with a distinctive scent of almonds
(Cunningham 2001).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Reputedly toxic
(Palmer and Pitman 1972). The cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin
has been identified (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Phytosterols
such as β-sitosterol (free and conjugated forms), to which activity
against prostatic adenoma may be attributed, have been isolated
(Bruneton 1995). It is patented in France for use against prostate
cancer (George and Van Staden 2000), and hair tonics (Hutchings
et al. 1996). Activity against prostatic hypertrophy is attributed to a
synergistic effect of phytosterols, pentacyclic triterpenes and ferulic
esters in chloroform-extracted bark (ICRAF Online 2000). The bark
also contains campesterol, pentacyclic triterpenoid esters, linear
aliphatic alcohols, and ferulic acid esters thereof (Bruneton 1995).
George et al. (2001) cited amygdalin and β-sitosterol from P.
africana as phytochemicals with potential for commercial develop-
ment, in drugs to treat benign prostate hypertrophy.

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 335
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Decoctions are used to treat intercostal
pain (Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE In Europe, lipid and phytosterol extracts are commonly used
in symptomatic therapy of prostatism caused by benign prostate
hypertrophy; 100mg is administered daily in six to eight week
cycles (Bruneton 1995). Pharmaceuticals containing P. africana
bark extracts are also manufactured in the United States and sev-
eral south American countries (Cunningham and Cunningham
2000).
CONSERVATION Declining in KwaZulu-Natal (Cunningham 1988),
and is conservation dependent and protected, with CITES II status
(Scott-Shaw 1999). It is vulnerable in Malawi (Msekandiana and
Mlangeni 2002) and of lower risk in Zambia (Bingham and Smith
2002). P. africana is heavily exploited for bark products in KwaZulu-
Natal (McKean 2001 pers. comm.). The bark is one of the ten most
commonly stocked products on the Witwatersrand (Williams 1996).
P. africana bark is the largest internationally-traded volume of a
medicinal plant species in Africa (Cunningham and Cunningham
2000). In Cameroon alone, bark harvests increased from 200 tons
to 2 000 tons from 1980 to 2000 (ICRAF Online 2000).
Conservation-through-cultivation is being explored in some African
countries (ICRAF Online 2000). P. africana is particularly resilient to
harvesting pressure, and may exhibit regrowth after complete bark
removal (Cunningham and Mbenkum 1993). Populations regener-
ate naturally in forest margins, and saplings have been observed in
the understory of tall Pinus plantations in KwaZulu-Natal
(Geldenhuys 2001b). Since it is fast growing, Geldenhuys (2000)
recommended it for woodlot cultivation.
Ptaeroxylon obliquum
FAMILY Ptaeroxylaceae
AUTHORITY (Thunb.) Radlk.
SYNONYMS Ptaeroxylon utile Eckl. & Zeyh.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS sneezewood (E), nieshout (A), stinkhout
(A)
ZULU umbhaqa, umfazi-othetha, umthathe
DESCRIPTION Pale grey, almost white, becoming dark and fis-
sured and sometimes flaking with age (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Powdered wood is
a potent irritant and induces sneezing (Van Wyk et al. 1997). The
wood contains many unusual chromones and other phenolics, such
as ptaeroxylone and umtatin (Dean and Taylor 1966 cited in Van
Wyk et al. 1997). Compounds isolated from the bark include the
acid saponin saptaeroxylon, volatile oil, pyrogallol tannins, resins,
fats, and the flavone glycoside ptaeroxylon (Hutchings et al. 1996).
An alkaloid elucidated in the bark shows cardiac depressant activi-
ty (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for rheumatism and arthritis
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA The Xhosa use powdered wood as
snuff for recreational purposes or to relieve headache (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Infusions are used to relieve rheumatism
and arthritis (Pujol 1990 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997).
CONSERVATION Considered of lower risk status in Namibia
(Craven and Loots 2002). Populations regenerate naturally in forest
margins, and saplings have been observed in the understory of tall
Pinus plantations in KwaZulu-Natal (Geldenhuys 2001b). It cop-
pices well (75% of cut stems) (Muir 1990). Since it is fast growing,
P. obliquum is suitable for woodlot cultivation (Geldenhuys 2000).
Pterocarpus angolensis
FAMILY Fabaceae — Papilionaceae
AUTHORITY DC.
SYNONYMS Pterocarpus bussei Harms, P. dekindtianus Harms
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bloodwood (E), kiaat (E), paddle-wood (E),
round-leaved kiaat (E), sealing-wax tree (E), Transvaal teak (E),
wild teak (E), bloedhout (A), dolf (A), dolfhout (A), dopperkiaat (A),
greinhout (A), kajatenhout (A), kiaat (A), lakhout (A), wilde-kiaat (A)
ZULU indlandlovu, umbilo, umvangazi
DESCRIPTION Dark grey to brown, rough and longitudinally fis-
sured, resembling crocodile skin; sticky red sap is exuded from
wounds (Coates Palgrave 2002). Immature branches are velvet-tex-
tured due to pubescence (Venter and Venter 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Red sap from the inner bark is used
to heal sores and to treat ringworm in Namibia (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962). Inner rootbark is sold in small bundles; it is pow-
dered and mixed with animal fat and the ointment applied as a body
lotion (Coates Palgrave 1977). Stembark is heated, mixed with bark
of figs [Ficus spp.] and other species, and the ointment applied to
the breasts as a galactogogue (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
Bark may be boiled with fresh meat, and used to treat gonorrhoea
(Coates Palgrave 1977). In Zimbabwe, infusions are used to treat
diarrhoea and menorrhagia; it is also used against schistosomiasis,
blood in urine, backache, earache, ulcers and depressed
fontanelles in infants (Gelfand et al. 1985). In South Africa, it is
boiled and the resulting red liquid applied to skin lesions and ring-
worm infections, or a decoction taken to treat haemorrhoids (Venter
and Venter 1996).
CONSERVATION Vulnerable in Malawi (Msekandiana and
Mlangeni 2002) and Namibia (Craven and Loots 2002) but lower
risk in Zimbabwe (Mapaura and Timberlake 2002).
Pterocelastrus echinatus
FAMILY Celastraceae
AUTHORITY N.E.Br.
SYNONYMS Pterocelastrus galpinii Loes., P. rehmannii Davison, P.
variabilis sensu Sim
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS hedgehog pterocelastrus (E), hedgehog
tree (E), white candlewood (E), white cherrywood (E), wit-kershout
(A)
ZULU ingayi-elimbomvu, inqayi-elibomvu, isihlulumanye, ugob-
andlovu, usahlulamanye
DESCRIPTION Pale grey or brown, and thin; in immature speci-
mens it scrapes away easily to reveal bright orange underbark
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Cunningham (1988) noted its use, and
Pujol (1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996) reported that
Pterocelastrus spp., known as usahlulamanye, are taken as emet-
ics for respiratory ailments, frequently with Alepidia amatymbica
Eckl. & Zeyh.
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In Swaziland, 50g bark is ground with
the same quantity of Rapanea melanophloeos bark, added to a litre
of warm water, and taken in tablespoon doses three times daily to
treat general body aches (consumption of sugar and maize meal is
contra-indicated) (Amusan et al. 2002).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) classed it as declining in
KwaZulu-Natal. The bark of an unidentified Pterocelastrus is one of
the most commonly stocked products on the Witwatersrand
(Williams 1996). In Mpumalanga Province, Pterocelastrus bark is in
high demand and costs between R15 kg–1 and R48 kg–1 (Botha et
al. 2001).
Pterocelastrus rostratrus
FAMILY Celastraceae
AUTHORITY Walp.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS red candlewood (E), red cherrywood (E),
white pear (E), kershout (A), kersiehout (A), rooi-kersboom (A), rooi-
kershout (A)
ZULU usahlulamanye
DESCRIPTION Dark grey; bark of immature stems is red (Coates

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden336
Palgrave 1977).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Bark yields 2% tan-
nin (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL An antidote to suspected sorcery (Doke
and Vilakazi 1972 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Powdered bark,
mixed with other medicinal plants and the carcasses of fruit bats, is
used to treat spinal disease (Coates Palgrave 2002). It is possibly
used as an emetic for respiratory ailments, frequently with Alepidia
amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh. (Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et al.
1996).
CONSERVATION Classed as declining in KwaZulu-Natal
(Cunningham 1988). The bark of an unidentified Pterocelastrus is
among the most commonly stocked products on the Witwatersrand
(Williams 1996). In Mpumalanga Province, Pterocelastrus bark is in
high demand and costs between R15 kg–1 and R48 kg–1 (Botha et
al. 2001).
Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus
FAMILY Celastraceae
AUTHORITY (Lam.) Sond.
SYNONYMS Pterocelastrus litoralis Walp., P. stenopterus Walp., P.
tetrapterus Walp.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS candlewood (E), cherrywood (E), kershout
(A), kersiehout (A), rooikershout (A), witpeer (A)
ZULU usahlulamanye
DESCRIPTION Grey to red-brown, smooth and heavily lenticelled,
becoming dark, corky and fissured with maturity (Coates Palgrave
2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Bark contains tan-
nins (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Possibly used as an emetic for respira-
tory ailments, frequently with Alepidia amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh.
(Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA The Xhosa use it for tanning (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) classed it as declining in
KwaZulu-Natal. The bark of an unidentified Pterocelastrus is among
the most commonly stocked products on the Witwatersrand
(Williams 1996). In Mpumalanga Province, Pterocelastrus bark is in
high demand and costs between R15 kg–1 and R48 kg–1 (Botha et
al. 2001).
Rapanea melanophloeos
FAMILY Myrsinaceae
AUTHORITY (L.) Mez
SYNONYMS Myrsine melanophloeos (L.) R. Br.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Cape beech (E), rapanea (E), boekenhout
(A), Kaapse boekenhout (A), rooiboekenhout (A), swartbas (A)
ZULU ikhubalwane, inhluthe, isicalabi, isiqalaba-sehlathi,
maphipha, umaphipha, umaphipha-khubalo, umhluti-wentaba,
uvukwabafile
DESCRIPTION Pale grey, smooth, corky, sometimes marked by
small diamond-shaped lenticels in raised areas or flaking (Van Wyk
et al. 1997, Coates Palgrave 2002). Bark on immature branches is
pink-grey, smooth with raised lenticels (Venter and Venter 1996).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Triterpenoid
saponins, such as sakurasosaponin, are likely to occur in the bark
as they are present in the leaves (Ohtani et al. 1993 cited in Van
Wyk et al. 1997). Saponins may be responsible for the expectorant
properties of the bark (Van Wyk et al. 1997). It contains 12–15% tan-
nin (Venter and Venter 1996). Rapanone was isolated in substantial
amounts from specimens collected in the Kirkwood forests of
KwaZulu-Natal, but the compound was absent from cultivated spec-
imens (George et al. 2001).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used as a sprinkling charm against
lightning, and against acidity, muscular pain, fever, and to strength-
en the heart (Gerstner 1939, 1941 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996,
Pujol 1990). Decoctions are used as expectorants, emetics and
enemas (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Decoctions of the ground bark are
administered to treat haematemesis and stomach complaints; infu-
sions are taken three times daily to remedy tearfulness (Hutchings
et al. 1996). Bark is dried and powdered, or fresh pieces chewed, to
relieve sore throats and treat wounds; decoctions are used as
expectorants or emetics (Venter and Venter 1996). It is used exten-
sively in the skin-lightener trade in the Eastern Cape Province (La
Cock and Briers 1992). In Swaziland, 50g bark is mixed with the
same quantity of Pterocelastrus echinatus bark, added to a litre of
warm water, and taken in tablespoon doses three times daily to treat
general body aches (consumption of cane sugar or maize meal is
contra-indicated) (Amusan et al. 2002).
CONSERVATION Although not highly endangered, R.
melanophloeos is heavily exploited in KwaZulu-Natal (McKean
2001 pers. comm.), and the bark widely traded in South Africa
(Mander et al. 1997). It is commonly available at medicinal plant
markets on the Witwatersrand (Williams et al. 2000). In
Mpumalanga Province, bark products are traded at between
R33 kg–1 and R83 kg–1 (Botha et al. 2001). In contrast, a 50kg-sized
bag of bark cost R10 from gatherers at Isipingo medicinal plant mar-
ket, KwaZulu-Natal in 1988 (Cunningham 1988). Debarked trees do
not recover easily, and coppice from debarked wounds and basal
regions is poor (Geldenhuys 2001b). Bark harvesting should be lim-
ited to narrow vertical strips to facilitate regeneration (Geldenhuys
2001b). Populations regenerate naturally in forest margins and
saplings have been observed in plantations of the exotic Acacia
melanoxylon R. Br. (Cunningham 1988) and Pinus in KwaZulu-Natal
(Geldenhuys 2001b). It is fast growing and suited to woodlot culti-
vation (Geldenhuys 2000).
Rauvolfia caffra
FAMILY Apocynaceae
AUTHORITY Sond.
SYNONYMS Rauvolfia natalensis Sond.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS quinine tree (E), kinaboom (A), koorsboom
(A), waterboekenhout (A)
ZULU umhlambamanzi, umhlambamasi, umhlambhamanzi, umjele,
umkhabamasi, umkhadluvungu, umthundisa
DESCRIPTION Grey to pale yellow-brown, rough and cracking in
squares but soft and corky; bark of immature specimens show char-
acteristically wrinkled, glossy green bark with conspicuous leaf
scars; milky latex is exuded (Venter and Venter 1996, Van Wyk et
al. 1997, Coates Palgrave 2002). Bark texture varies greatly
between specimens growing in coastal and upland regions
(Cunningham 2001).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Bark is bitter
(Hutchings et al. 1996) and is reported to induce severe abdominal
pain and vomiting (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Cyanogenetic
glycosides, leucoanthocyanins, saponins, tannins, coumarins, pheno-
lic acids, cyclitols and triterpenoids are typical constituents of the
Apocynaceae (Trease and Evans 1983). Many indole alkaloids occur
in R. caffra, notably reserpine and ajmalicine (also referred to as
raubasine), although this species is not a source of commercially
used alkaloids (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000). Reserpine is a well-
known antihypertensive, antipsychotic and sedative, but evokes
depression as a side effect. Ajmalicine is used in proprietary products
that treat psychological and behavioural problems associated with
senility, stroke and head injuries (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000). Due to
the presence of these alkaloids (possibly carboline alkaloids (Glasby
1991)), the bark is toxic (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Immature
rootbark may contain up to 3.05% alkaloids (Madati et al. 1977 cited
in Hutchings et al. 1996). George et al. (2001) cited R. caffra as a
potentially commercial source of reserpine and ajmaline, for anti-
hypertensive drugs used in therapy of cerebro-vascular and cranial
traumas. See Trease and Evans (1983) and Hutchings et al. (1996).

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 337
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Preparations are applied to measles,
urticaria and other rashes, and bark is an ingredient in emetics to
reduce fever (Gerstner 1939 and Bryant 1966 cited in Hutchings et
al. 1996). Decoctions containing the rootbark of R. caffra,
Zanthoxylum capense, Capparis tomentosa Lam. and Euclea natal-
ensis, roots or bulbs of Polygala fruticosa Berg., Crinum sp.,
Cyrtanthus obliquus Ait. and Raphionacme spp., are used to purify
the blood, and to treat scrofula. The mixture is heated to induce per-
spiration, and the decoction taken mornings and evening thereafter
(Bryant 1966 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Bark is chewed to
relieve coughs, and is used against uterine complaints (Palmer and
Pitman 1973, Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). The bark of
umhlabamanzi, reportedly R. caffra, is used in medicines for
abdominal pain, as a diuretic, and to ward off evil spirits (Hutchings
et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Outside KwaZulu-Natal, decoctions
are used to relieve abdominal and pelvic ailments (Hutchings et al.
1996). Decoctions are used as a tranquilliser for hysteria and
insomnia, and against fever and malaria (Van Wyk et al. 1997).
CONSERVATION Readily cultivated from seed and is fast-growing
(Coates Palgrave 1977).
Rhamnus prinoides
FAMILY Rhamnaceae
AUTHORITY L’Hér.
SYNONYMS Celtis rhamnifolia Presl. nom. illegit., Rhamnus celti-
folius Thunb., R. pauciflorus Hochst. ex A.Rich.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Camdeboo (E), dogwood (E), glossy-leaf
(E), shiny leaf (E), stinkwood (E), blinkbaar (A), hondepishout (A),
Kamdeboo-stinkhout (A), seerkeelboom (A)
ZULU ulenyenye, umgilindi, umhlinye, umnyenye, umyenye (root),
unyenya, unyenye (root)
DESCRIPTION Grey to brown, becoming darker with age, smooth,
and marked by lenticels (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Members of the
genus contain purgative quinones such as anthraquinones, anthra-
nols and their glycosides (Trease and Evans 1983). See Abegaz et
al. (1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In the Eastern Cape (Transkei),
decoctions are taken as emetics, and powdered bark as snuff for
mental disorders (Hutchings et al. 1996). In other parts of South
Africa, rootbark decoctions are taken to purify the blood, and to treat
pneumonia (Venter and Venter 1996).
Rhus chirindensis
FAMILY Anacardiaceae
AUTHORITY Baker.f.
SYNONYMS Rhus legatii Schonland
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bush currant (E), forest currant (E), red cur-
rant (E), red currant rhus (E), tree currant (E), bloedhout (A),
bosgarrie (A), bos-taaibos (A), ganna (A), taaibos (A)
ZULU ikhathabane, inhlokoshiyane-enkulu, inhlokoshiyane-enkhu-
lu, inhlokoshiyane-yehlati, inyazangoma-elimnyama, isibanda, ulud-
wendwe lwengcuba, umdwendwe-lwengcuba, umdwendwelencu-
ba, umhlabamvubu, umhlabamvuti, umyazangoma-ebomvu,
umyazagoma-embomvu, umyazangoma-embomvu
DESCRIPTION Smooth and brown (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Duncan et al.
(1999) reported that extracts showed angiotensin converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, indicating possible uses in treating hyper-
tension. See Trease and Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used to strengthen the body, stimulate
circulation, and relieve rheumatism (Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et
al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Decoctions are used to treat mental
illness in the Transkei (Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Geldenhuys (2001a) considered it a key species
damaged by bark harvesting in the Umzimkulu district of KwaZulu-
Natal.
Rotheca myricoides
FAMILY Verbenaceae
AUTHORITY(Hochst.) Steane & Mabberley
SSP TAXON ssp. myricoides var. myricoides
SYNONYMS Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke,
Cyclonema myricoides Hochst.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS blue cat’s whiskers (E), blou-katsnorbos
(A), kleinharpuisblaar (A)
ZULU umathanjana, umbozwa
DESCRIPTION Grey, striated and marked with lenticels, becoming
rough with age (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered bark is administered in 5ml
doses as an antidote for snakebite (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Considered to be among the most
important medicinal plants used in Africa (Iwu 1993).
Schotia brachypetala
FAMILY Fabaceae — Caesalpiniaceae
AUTHORITY Sond.
SYNONYMS Schotia brachypetala Sond. var. pubescens Burtt
Davy, S. rogersii Burtt Davy, S. semireducta Merxm.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Boer-bean (E), fuschia tree (E), tree
fuschia (E), weeping boer-bean (E), weeping schotia (E), boerboon
(A), Hottentotsboerboon (A), huilboerboon (A)
ZULU ihlusi, ihluze, umgxamu, umxano, uvovovo
DESCRIPTION Brown to brown-grey or red-brown, rough (Venter
and Venter 1996, Van Wyk et al. 1997, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Pharmacological
efficacy may be attributable to tannins (Bruneton 1995). Decoctions
are reported to cause vomiting (Hulme 1954 cited in Hutchings et al.
1996). The heartwood contains polyhydroxystilbenes (Drewes and
Fletcher 1974 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997). Phenolics and stilbenes
have been elucidated in unspecified plant parts (Glasby 1991).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are taken as emetics for acne
(Hulme 1954 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996), and decoctions for
heartburn and after excessive drinking (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962). It is used to strengthen the body, and as a face steamer
(Pujol 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). It is an ingredient of red
bark mixtures known as ikhubalo, used to ward off evil and cure
unspecified ailments (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In regions of South Africa, decoctions
are used to relieve heartburn and hangover (Coates Palgrave
1977). It is used in Venda to treat nervous and cardiac conditions
(Netshiungani 1981 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997). It is used in wash-
es applied to swellings (Hutchings et al. 1996). In Swaziland, 50g
bark is ground with the same quantity bark of Sclerocarya birrea,
added to 5 litres warm water, and taken in 250ml doses as an emet-
ic; a 5 litre mixture prepared similarly is boiled for steaming to treat
painful shoulders as necessary (Amusan et al. 2002).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) reported a 50kg-sized bag of
bark cost R10 from gatherers at Isipingo medicinal plant market,
KwaZulu-Natal. Mander (1998) ranked it among the thirteen most
frequently demanded medicinal species in KwaZulu-Natal.
Schotia capitata
FAMILY Fabaceae — Caesalpiniaceae
AUTHORITY Bolle
SYNONYMS Schotia tamarindifolia Azel. Ex Sims var. forbesiana
Baill., S. transvaalensis Rolfe, Theodora capitata (Bolle) Taub.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS dwarf boer-bean (E), dwarf schotia (E),
forest tree-fuschia (E), Transvaal boer-bean (E), tree fuschia (E),

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden338
wild fuschia (E), huilboerboon (A), klein-boerboon (A), Transvaal
boerboon (A)
ZULU isincasha, isivovovane-esincane, isivovwane, umgxamu,
uvovo, uvovovwana
DESCRIPTION Grey and smooth, becoming dark brown and rough
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Cunningham (1988) reported a 50kg-sized bag of
bark cost R10 from gatherers at Isipingo medicinal plant market,
KwaZulu-Natal. Mander (1998) ranked it among the thirteen most
frequently demanded medicinal species in KwaZulu-Natal. In
Zimbabwe, it is critically endangered (Mapaura and Timberlake
2002).
Sclerocarya birrea
FAMILY Anacardiaceae
AUTHORITY (A.Rich.) Hochst.
SSP TAXON ssp. caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro
SYNONYMS Sclerocarya caffra Sond., S. schweinfurthiana Schinz
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS cider tree (E), marula (E), maroela (A)
ZULU umganu
DESCRIPTION Grey, rough and flaking, mottled; immature branch-
es are grey and smooth with conspicuous leaf scars (Venter and
Venter 1996, Van Wyk et al. 1997, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Extracts do not show
in vitro anti-malarial effects (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
Antidiarrhoeal properties are attributed to procyanidins (Galvez et al.
1993 cited in Van Wyk and Gericke 2000). High tannin content
(20.5%) and alkaloids (Venter and Venter 1996) may contribute to
antidiarrhoeal activity. Procyanidins isolated from the bark inhibit
peristalsis in guinea-pig colon, and have antidiarrhoea effects on
guinea-pig ileum and in mice (Galvez et al. 1991, 1993 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996). Stembark extracts have shown antimicrobial
activity (Hussein and Deeni 1991 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
McGaw et al. (2000) reported antiamoebic and antibacterial activity
of polar extracts. Inner bark has antihistaminic activity against insect
bites and burns caused by caterpillar hairs (Venter and Venter 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Decoctions are administered as ene-
mas to treat malaria and diarrhoea, or taken as a tea twice daily to
strengthen the heart, or as blood-cleansing emetics before marriage
(Gerstner 1939 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996, Pujol 1990).
Decoctions are used as a wash for patients with gangrenous recti-
tis, and are also used by the traditional healer before consulting the
patient (Bryant 1966 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In Venda, powdered bark is adminis-
tered to pregnant women to influence the sex of the expected child
(bark taken from the male or female tree results in the birth of a child
of the same sex) (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). In other regions
of South Africa, tea made with the bark (250ml bark pieces boiled in
three litres water for three hours, cooled, strained and bottled), is
administered in small doses in treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery,
malaria, gonorrhoea and abdominal upsets (Roberts 1990). Dosage
for diarrhoea and dysentery is 300ml (Hutchings et al. 1996). It is
also used as a prophylactic and in therapy of malaria; bark is gath-
ered in spring prior to budding, preserved in brandy and taken in
small doses three to six times daily (Roberts 1990). Alternatively, the
bark is powdered and 5ml doses taken in water twice daily (Roberts
1990). Although medical tests have shown this to be an ineffective
medicine, it is highly reputable (Roberts 1990). Among its many pur-
poses are popular remedies for diabetes, fever and malaria. Inner
bark is boiled and applied as a poultice to ulcers, smallpox and skin
eruptions (Roberts 1990). In Venda, it is used to reduce fever, treat
stomach complaints, headaches, ulcers, toothache, backache and
infertility (Mabogo 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). In
Swaziland, 50g bark is ground with the same quantity of Schotia
brachypetala bark, added to five litres warm water, and taken in
250ml doses as an emetic; a five litre mixture prepared similarly is
boiled for steaming to treat painful shoulders as necessary (Amusan
et al. 2002).
CONSERVATION Mander (1998) ranked it tenth among the medic-
inal species most frequently demanded by consumers in KwaZulu-
Natal.
Scolopia mundii
FAMILY Flacourtiaceae
AUTHORITY (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb.
SYNONYMS Eruidaphus mundii Eckl. & Zeyh., Phoberos mundii
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Harv.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS mountain saffron (E), red pear (E), bergsaf-
fraan (A), klipdoring (A), rooipeer (A)
ZULU idungamuzi-lehlati, ihambahlala, ihlambahlale, ingqumuza,
uloyiphela, umdwendwelencuba
DESCRIPTION Grey to brown, smooth or flaking (Coates Palgrave
2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES May be responsible
for fatal and near fatal poisoning cases, in which patients exhibited
abdominal pain, vomiting and unconsciousness (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988). Udwendewe iwengcuba refers to herbalists’
medicine for heart complaints (Doke and Vilakazi 1972 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996).
Sideroxylon inerme
FAMILY Sapotaceae
AUTHORITY L.
SYNONYMS Sideroxylon diospyroides Baker
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS milkweed (E), white milkwood (E), sea oak
(E), melkbessie (A), melkhout (A), witmelkhout (A)
ZULU amasethole, amasethole-amhlope, umakwela finqane,
umakhwelafingqane, umaphipha, umbhobe, umbobe, umhlahle
DESCRIPTION Grey-brown to black, thick and cracking in squares
with maturity; immature branches covered in soft grey to rust-
coloured hairs (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Latex exuded from
the bark is acrid (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Compounds
elucidated in the bark include cinnamic acid, kaemperfol and leu-
canthocyanins (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Rootbark is cooked and approximately
250ml administered as an enema to induce excessive perspiration
(Gerstner 1941 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). An infusion is taken
to dispel bad dreams (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Bark is
emetic (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used in Xhosa ethnoveterinary med-
icine to treat gallsickness in livestock (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962). It is used extensively in the skin-lightener trade in the
Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (La Cock and Briers 1992).
CONSERVATION Ranked among the most frequently demanded
medicinal plant species in KwaZulu-Natal (Mander 1998).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Von Breitenbach et al. (2001) recog-
nised S. inerme L. ssp. inerme.
Spirostachys africana
FAMILY Euphorbiaceae
AUTHORITY Sond.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS African sandalwood (E), Cape sandalwood
(E), headache tree (E), jumping-bean tree (E), tamboti (E), gifboom
(A), melkhout (A), sandalbeen (A), sandelhout (A), tambotie (A),
tambotiebeen (A)
ZULU injuqu, ubanda, umthombothi
DESCRIPTION Dark grey to black, rough and flaking in rectangular
pieces; milky latex is exuded (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains exoecarin

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 339
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Milky latex secreted by the plant
is extremely toxic; contact causes acute irritation of the skin, pain
and damage to the eyes (Coates Palgrave 2002). All plant parts are
toxic and administration may result in fatality (Van Wyk and Gericke
2000). One drop of latex results in purging and vomiting; cow’s milk
is reportedly an effective antidote to irritations caused by the latex
and sap (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are used in small dosages for
stomach ulcers and as eye washes (Palmer and Pitman 1973).
Decoctions of powdered bark are taken for stomach ulcers and
mielie meal or porridge oats to make a thin gruel, and 250ml taken
three times daily on an empty stomach, with no other liquid drunk for
a while thereafter (Hutchings et al. 1996). Dried bark is used in
embrocations for rashes in infants (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In southern Africa, weak bark infu-
sions may be used as purgatives for constipation and kidney dis-
ease, or powdered bark is taken as a purgative (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962). However, all plant parts are toxic and may result in
damage to internal organs, or fatality (Venter and Venter 1996, Van
Wyk and Gericke 2000). Stembark or rootbark infusions are used to
treat renal ailments and to purify the blood (Hutchings et al. 1996).
In Swaziland, 50g bark is ground and added to 5 litres warm water
and the decoction taken twice daily for three days to relieve consti-
pation (Amusan et al. 2002). Alternatively, 50g bark is ground with
the same quantity of Trichilia emetica bark, and boiled for 10 min-
utes in 5 litres water to treat constipation (Amusan et al. 2002).
CONSERVATION In Mpumalanga Province, the bark is in high
demand but readily available; it is sold for approximately R25 kg–1
(Botha et al. 2001).
Strychnos decussata
FAMILY Loganiaceae
AUTHORITY (Pappe) Gilg
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Cape teak (E), Chaka’s wood (E), Panda’s
walking stick tree (E), Kaapse kiaat (A), kiaat (A)
ZULU inama, umgangele, umhlamahlala, umkhangala, umkhom-
bazulu, umlahlankosi, umpathankosi, umpathankosi-omhlope,
umpathawenkosi
DESCRIPTION Dark grey, smooth but with prominent light brown
lenticels; branchlets also have conspicuous lenticels and a waxy
layer that splits longitudinally and peels (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Reputedly toxic,
especially when green (Coates Palgrave 2002). Members of the
Loganiaceae are rich in alkaloids of the indole and oxindole groups,
and contain the aucubin glycoside loganin, and iridoids (Trease and
Evans 1983). Alkaloids elucidated from the stembark of S. decus-
sata exhibit muscle relaxant properties; bark extracts have similar
effects (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Rootbark is scraped and powdered,
and a pinch taken as snuff, or taken in water for stomach complaints
and cramps (Palmer and Pitman 1973).
Strychnos henningsii
FAMILY Loganiaceae
AUTHORITY Gilg
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS coffee bean strychnos (E), coffee hard pear
(E), Natal teak (E), red bitterberry (E), hardepeer (A), hardepeerhout
(A), koffie-hardepeer (A), rooi-bitterbessie (A)
ZULU manono, umanana, umdunye, umnono, umqalothi, umqaloti
DESCRIPTION Pale grey or yellow-grey and smooth, becoming
dark brown, flaky and mottled; branchlets have a waxy layer, which
splits longitudinally and peels (Van Wyk et al. 1997, Coates
Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Induces responses
similar to strychnine in rabbits; MLD is 20–50g kg–1 (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Members of the Loganiaceae are rich in
alkaloids of the indole and oxindole groups, and contain the aucu-
bin glycoside loganin, and iridoids (Trease and Evans 1983).
Alkaloid fractions induced symptoms similar to strychnine poisoning
in mice (Ogeto et al. 1984 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Alkaloids
are concentrated in the bark, and many have been isolated
(Hutchings et al. 1996). Stembark alkaloids have shown convulsive,
hypotensive and cardiac depressant activity, due to their effect on
the Central Nervous System (CNS), and anti-cancer potential
(Cunningham 1988, Hutchings et al. 1996). Extracts of a mixture of
stem- and rootbark showed no muscle-relaxant or convulsive activ-
ity (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered bark is taken in 10ml doses
in the same volume of cold water for nausea (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962, Hutchings et al. 1996), or chewed for stomach
complaints (Doke and Vilikazi 1972 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Decoctions also containing the roots of Turrea floribunda are used
to relieve the pain associated with rheumatic fever (Hutchings et al.
1996). The bark of umqalothi, possibly S. henningsii, is used in the
treatment of dysmenorrhoea (Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used to treat schistosomiasis (Pujol
1990). In Pondoland, it is taken as a bitter appetiser (Hutchings et
al. 1996). The barks of several Strychnos spp. are used for
snakebite antidotes throughout southern Africa (Van Wyk et al.
1997).
CONSERVATION Coppices well (75% of cut stems) (Muir 1990).
Synadenium cupulare
FAMILY Euphorbiaceae
AUTHORITY (Boiss.) L.C.Wheeler
SYNONYMS Synadenium arborescens Boiss.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS crying tree (E), dead-man’s tree (E), dooie-
mansboom (A), gifboom (A)
ZULU umbulele, umdlebe, umdlebe-omnacane, umdletshane,
umzilanyone
DESCRIPTION Green to grey-green and smooth (Coates Palgrave
2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES S. cupulare is
extremely toxic, and the latex irritant (Bryant 1909 cited in
Cunningham 1988).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL The bark is employed in a potent sor-
cery charm (Watt 1967 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Syzygium cordatum
FAMILY Myrtaceae
AUTHORITY Hochst. ex Sond.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS umdoni (E), water-berry (E), water-tree (E),
water-wood (E), umdoni (A), waterbessie (A), waterhout (A)
ZULU umdoni
DESCRIPTION Pale grey to dark grey or brown, corky, rough and
fissured (Van Wyk et al. 1997, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES The bark and wood
contain proanthocyanidins, pentacyclic triterpenoids, ellagic acid,
gallic acid and derivatives thereof (Candy et al. 1968 cited in Van
Wyk et al. 1997). Phenolics may be responsible for antidiarrhoeal
properties (Bruneton 1995).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Cunningham 1988).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA The Vhavenda use it to treat
headaches, amenorrhoea and wounds (Mabugo 1990 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996). It is widely used elsewhere in southern Africa
to treat stomach complaints, diarrhoea, and as an emetic (Van Wyk
and Gericke 2000). It is also used to treat respiratory ailments such
as tuberculosis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Van Wyk et al.
1997).

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden340
Syzygium gerrardii
FAMILY Myrtaceae
AUTHORITY (Harv. ex. Hook.f.) Burtt Davy
SYNONYMS Szyszygium fourcadei (Duemmer) Burtt Davy, S.
guineense (Willd.) DC. ssp. gerrardii (Harv. ex Hook.f.) F.White
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS forest water-berry (E), forest water-peer
(E), forest water-wood (E), wild myrtle (E), bos-waterbessie (A),
bos-waterhout (A), bos-waterpeer (A), vaderlandswilgerboom (A)
ZULU isifecane, umdlumuthwa, umdoni, umdoni wehlathi, umduny-
wana, umdunwana
DESCRIPTION Pale, silver-grey and smooth (Coates Palgrave
2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains up to
16.7% tannins (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are used to treat tuberculosis
and other chest ailments to ease chest pains and coughs (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Infusions are used to remedy chest
complaints and are said to relieve chest pain and coughs (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Coates Palgrave 2002).
Tabernaemontana ventricosa
FAMILY Apocynaceae
AUTHORITY Hochst. ex A.DC.
SYNONYMS Conopharyngia ventricosa (Hochst. ex A.DC.) Stapf.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS forest toad tree (E), small-fruited toad tree
(E), toad tree (E), bos-paddaboom (A), paddaboom (A)
ZULU umkhadlu, umkhahlu, umkhalwana, umkhamamasane
DESCRIPTION Grey to pale brown, smooth (Coates Palgrave
2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Cyanogenetic gly-
cosides, leucoanthocyanins, saponins, tannins, coumarins, pheno-
lic acids, cyclitols and triterpenoids are typical constituents of the
Apocynaceae (Trease and Evans 1983). Alkaloids isolated from the
stembark include the major compounds 10-hydroxyheyneanine and
akuammicine (Schripsema et al. 1986 cited in Hutchings et al.
1996). Extracts do not show antimalarial properties in vitro (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used to treat fever (Pooley 1993).
Tecomaria capensis
FAMILY Bignoniaceae
AUTHORITY (Thunb.) Spach
SSP TAXON ssp. capensis
SYNONYMS Bignonia capensis Thunb., Tecoma capensis (Thunb.)
Lindl.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Cape honeysuckle (E), tecoma (E), trum-
petters (E), Kaapse kamperfolie (A), Kaapse kanferfolie (A), kanfer-
folie (A), trompetters (A)
ZULU lungana, uchahacha, umunyane
DESCRIPTION Pale brown, fissured and marked by lenticels
(Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES McGaw et al.
(2000) reported antibacterial activity of polar extracts against
Staphylococcus aureus.
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Dried bark is powdered and infused for
medicines against fever, pain, sleeplessness, chest ailments, diar-
rhoea, dysentery and stomach-ache (Roberts 1990).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In southern Africa, powdered bark is
used to treat influenza and pneumonia (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962, Venter and Venter 1996), or rubbed on bleeding gums to pro-
mote blood coagulation (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000). The Sotho
use powdered bark to treat abdominal complaints, fever and pneu-
monia (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
Trema orientalis
FAMILY Ulmaceae
AUTHORITY (L.) Blume
SYNONYMS Trema guineensis (Schumach. & Thonn.) Fical.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS pigeonwood (E), hophout (A)
ZULU ifamu, iphubane, isakasaka, isikhwelamfene, sakasaka,
ubathini, umbengele, umbhangabhanga, umbokhangabokhanga,
umcebekhazana, umdindwa, umsekeseke, umvangazi
DESCRIPTION Pale grey and smooth (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Several com-
pounds, including tannins, have been isolated (Hutchings et al.
1996). Handling may cause eczema (Hutchings et al. 1996).
McGaw et al. (2000) reported minor anthelmintic activity of extracts.
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes
(Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Vulnerable in Namibia (Craven and Loots 2002).
Trichilia dregeana
FAMILY Meliaceae
AUTHORITY Sond.
SYNONYMS Trichilia chirindensis Swynn. & Baker.f.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Cape mahogany, forest mahogany (E),
Natal forest mahogany (E), bos rooi-essenhout (A)
ZULU ixolo, umathunzini, umkhula, umkhuhlu
DESCRIPTION Grey and smooth (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES The bark is
extremely toxic (Bryant 1909 cited in Cunningham 1988). Many so-
called trichilin liminoids have been isolated from the seed oil and
rootbark (Nakatani et al. 1981 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997). Jäger
et al. (1996) reported in vitro anti-inflammatory activity.
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are administered by enema to
treat dysentery, lumbago, and rectal ulceration in paediatric cases
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). The bark of an unidentified
Trichilia is used to decrease milk production in heavily lactating
women; powdered bark is rubbed into incisions made on the breasts
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used for stomach and intestinal com-
plaints, and as a purgative administered by enema, in unspecified
regions of southern Africa (Bryant 1909 cited in Cunningham 1988).
To treat dysentery, an enema is used, or powdered bark adminis-
tered directly into the anus (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962) The
Xhosa use decoctions of powdered bark to treat backache sympto-
matic of renal disorders (Hutchings et al. 1996). Medicine is pre-
pared with 5ml powdered bark in 250ml cow’s milk, cooled and
strained, and 125ml administered by enema in the morning (oral
administration may be toxic); excessive purging as a result of the
treatment may be countered by drinking cow’s milk (Hutchings et al.
1996). Bark decoctions are similarly used in Venda, and to treat
stomach complaints and purify the blood (Mabogo 1990 cited in
Hutchings et al. 1996). In Zimbabwe, bark is used as a purgative
and abortifacient (Gelfand et al. 1985).
CONSERVATION A 50kg-sized bag of an unidentified Trichilia bark
cost R10 from gatherers at Isipingo medicinal plant market,
KwaZulu-Natal (Cunningham 1988)
Trichilia emetica
FAMILY Meliaceae
AUTHORITY Vahl
SSP TAXON ssp. emetica
SYNONYMS Trichilia natalensis Sond., T. roka Chiov.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bushveld Natal mahogany, Cape
mahogany (E), Christmas bells, Natal mahogany (E), red ash (E),
thunder tree (E), basteresshout (A), baster-essenhout (A), bosveld
rooi-essenhout (A), rooi-essenhout (A)
ZULU ixolo, umathunzini, umkhuhla, umkhuhlu, umkhuhlwa
DESCRIPTION Dark grey to grey-brown, becoming slightly rough

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 341
(Van Wyk et al. 1997, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES It is extremely toxic
(Bryant 1909 cited in Cunningham 1988, Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962). It contains resins and tannins; a bitter principle has been elu-
cidated in the rootbark (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Many so-
called trichilin liminoides have been isolated from the rootbark
(Nakatani et al. 1981 cited in Van Wyk et al. 1997). Enemas made
with all plant parts are said to result in sweating and vomiting, and
may be fatal, yet bark is not toxic to guinea pigs (Hutchings et al.
1996). Purgative effects of the bark may be attributable to resin con-
tent (Jamieson 1916 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Bark is powdered and decocted in
500ml hot water and administered as enemas for stomach or intes-
tinal complaints (Bryant 1966 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Infusions are used for lumbago, rectal ulceration in children, and
dysentery (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). The bark of an
unidentified Trichilia is used to decrease milk production in heavily
lactating women; powdered bark is rubbed into incisions made on
the breasts (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In Venda, decoctions are adminis-
tered as enemas to treat renal ailments and intestinal parasites; ene-
mas are further used to cleanse the digestive tract and blood
(Hutchings et al. 1996). To treat dysentery, enemas or powdered
bark administered directly into the anus, are used (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962). In Zimbabwe, it is used as an abortifacient (Gelfand
et al. 1985). In Swaziland, 50g bark is ground with the same quanti-
ty of Spirostachys africana Sond. bark, and boiled for 10 minutes in
5 litres water to treat constipation (Amusan et al. 2002). To treat
backache, a single dose of 30g bark boiled in a litre of water for one
hour, is administered by enema (Amusan et al. 2002).
CONSERVATION A 50kg-sized bag of an unidentified Trichilia bark
cost R10 from gatherers at Isipingo medicinal plant market,
KwaZulu-Natal (Cunningham 1988).
Turraea floribunda
FAMILY Meliaceae
AUTHORITY Hochst.
SYNONYMS Turraea heterophylla sensu Sond.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS honeysuckle tree (E), wild honeysuckle
tree (E), kanferfolieboom (A), wilde-kamperfoelieboom (A)
ZULU ubhugulo, ululame, umadlozana, umadlozane, umhulana,
umlulama, umlulama-omncane, umuthi wokuzila, umvuma, uvuma
(root)
DESCRIPTION Variable shades of brown and rough; immature
branchlets are velvet-textured and red- to purple-brown (Coates
Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES High dosages are
reputedly toxic (Coates Palgrave 1977). Three liminoids have been
isolated (Mulholland 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Taken in emetic medicines to prevent
fearful dreams that are symptomatic of cardiac weakness (Bryant
1966 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). It is used as an emetic by tra-
ditional healers in preparation for dances (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used to treat rheumatism, dropsy
and heart disease, and taken by diviners to induce a trance (Coates
Palgrave 1977).
CONSERVATION Ranked among the most frequently demanded
medicinal species in KwaZulu-Natal (Mander 1998). It may regen-
erate by coppice (Muir (1990) reported 53% of cut stems produced
coppice shoots in the Hlatikulu Forest Reserve, Maputaland).
Turraea obtusifolia
FAMILY Meliaceae
AUTHORITY Hochst.
SYNONYMS Turraea oblancifolia Brem., T. obtusifolia Hochst. var.
matopensis Baker.f., T. obtusifolia Hochst. var. microphylla C.DC.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS lesser honeysuckle tree (E), small honey-
suckle tree (E), wild honeysuckle (E), kleinkamperfoelieboom (A)
ZULU amazulu, ikhambi-lomsinga (root), ikunzi (root), ikunzi ebom-
vana, inkunzi (root), inswazi, umhlatholana (leaves/stem), umhla-
tolana (leaves/stem), uswazi (leaves, stem, root)
DESCRIPTION Grey-brown, smooth and marked by lenticels;
young shoots finely pubescent (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL An infusion of root- or stembark, pre-
pared with a handful of bark and approximately 600ml hot water, is
diluted and administered by enema to treat stomach and intestinal
complaints. Thereafter more infusion is taken in warm porridge
(Bryant 1966 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996). Infusions are taken to
treat stomach and intestinal complaints, and as a ‘drastic’ purgative
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). This demands ‘caution’ to treat,
as it is strongly cathartic (Cunningham 1988).
CONSERVATION Ranked among the most frequently demanded
medicinal species in KwaZulu-Natal (Mander 1998).
Vitellariopsis dispar
FAMILY Sapotaceae
AUTHORITY (N.E.Br.) Aubrév.
SYNONYMS Austromimusops dispar (N.E.Br.) Meeuse, Mimusops
dispar N.E.Br.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS Tugela bush milkwood (E), Tugela milk-
wood (E), Tugelabastermelkhout (A), Tugela-bosmelkhout (A)
ZULU umpumbulu, umphumbulu, pamkhulu
DESCRIPTION Pale grey and rough (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL The rootbark is used for unspecified
purposes (Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Lower risk status in KwaZulu-Natal (Scott-Shaw
1999); endangered in Swaziland (Dlamini and Dlamini 2002).
Vitex obovata
FAMILY Verbenaceae
AUTHORITY E.Mey.
SSP TAXON ssp. wilmsii (Guerke) C.L.Bredenkamp
SYNONYMS Vitex reflexa H.Pearson, V. wilmsii Guerke, V. wilmsii
var. reflexa (H.Pearson) W.Piep.
ENGLISH/AFRIKANS hairy fingerleaf (E), hairy vitex (E), harige
vingerblaar (A)
ZULU umluthu
DESCRIPTION Pale to dark grey or grey-brown, rough, fissured;
immature branches are densely pubescent (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions are used as purifying emetics
when a kraal member is dying (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Warburgia salutaris
FAMILY Canellaceae
AUTHORITY (G.Bertol.) Chiov.
SYNONYMS Warburgia breyeri Pott
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS fever tree (E), pepper-bark (E), pepper-
bark tree (E), pepper-leaf tree (E), pepper-root tree (E), koorsboom
(A), peperbasboom (A), peperblaarboom (A), sterkbos (A)
ZULU amazwecehlabayo, isibaha, isibhaha
DESCRIPTION Deep brown, rough and marked with yellow corky
lenticels; inner bark red-toned; bark on immature branches grey and
smooth (Venter and Venter 1996, Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Tannins, mannitol,
and several drimane sesquiterpenoids, notably warburganol and
polygodial, are present in the bark (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962). Mannitol is used against dyspepsia and as a diuretic
(Bruneton 1995). Warburganol, which shows molluscicidal, insect
antifeedant, haemolytic and cytotoxic properties, may be responsible
for the potent toxicity of inner bark extracts (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Molluscicidal activity has been attributed to muzigadial, warburganal
and mukadiaal (Clark and Appleton 1997). Drimenin has insect
antifeedant properties (Hutchings et al. 1996); drimanes show anti-

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden342
bacterial and anti-ulcer activity (Van Wyk et al. 1997).
Sesquiterpenoid dialdehydes elucidated exhibit potent antifungal
activity (Hutchings et al. 1996). Muzigadial, a sesquiterpenoid, was
isolated as the compound responsible for antibacterial activity (Rabe
and Van Staden 1997, 2000). Stem- and rootbark have yielded neg-
ative results for in vitro antimalarial tests (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962). Extracts have shown in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (Jäger
et al. 1996). Phytochemical profiles of immature and mature bark are
very similar to those of leaves and twigs (Zschocke and Van Staden
2000). The inner bark has a bitter and pepper- or ginger-like flavour,
and a cinnamon-like odour (Coates Palgrave 1977, Hutchings et al.
1996), for which amorphous resinous compounds are responsible
(Venter and Venter 1996). George et al. (2001) noted it is a poten-
tially commercial source of warburganol, polygodiol, drimane
sesquiterpenoid lactone and mannitol, for decongestant, emena-
gogue, anti-bacterial and anti-ulcerative properties.
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered and taken in approximately
5ml water for a dry cough, or mixed with Cannabis sativa L. leaves
and smoked (Bryant 1966 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Decoctions are similarly taken to treat colds, influenza, sinus and
other respiratory complaints (Rabe and Van Staden 2000). It is also
used in emetics and purgatives for febrile complaints, rheumatism
and ailments induced by sorcery (intercostal neuralgia but possible
rheumatism or symptoms of hepatic disease) (Hutchings et al.
1996). Mander et al. (1995) reported it an ingredient of antimalarial
medicines. Powdered bark is mixed with any kind of fat and the oint-
ment applied topically to treat inflammation, sores and skin irrita-
tions (Rabe and Van Staden 2000). It is used for symptomatic treat-
ment of the common cold, may be dried and powdered as a snuff to
clear sinusitis, and is chewed or smoke inhaled to relieve chest
complaints (Coates Palgrave 1977). Powdered bark is applied topi-
cally to incisions on the temples to relieve headache, and also used
as an aphrodisiac (Van Wyk et al. 1997).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In southern Africa, W. salutaris is an
important ingredient in tonics for many health conditions, including
fever, malaria, colds and influenza, as a cough expectorant and an
antibiotic to treat chest infections, venereal diseases, abdominal
pain, constipation, stomach ulcers, cancer and rheumatism (Van
Wyk and Gericke 2000). It has been used as an abortifacient in
Zimbabwe (Gelfand et al. 1985). Powdered bark may be decocted
and taken in porridge to relieve abdominal pains (Venter and Venter
1996). In Venda, it is used to make dogs and bees more alert and
aggressive (Mabogo 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION W. salutaris is endangered in KwaZulu-Natal, and
specially protected (Hilton-Taylor 1996, Scott-Shaw 1999). Heavy
exploitation was noted by Gerstner in 1938 (Cunningham 1988);
Coates Palgrave (1977) noted that bark was in such high demand
that material was becoming scarce, and was costly to purchase.
Market supplies are smuggled into South Africa from Swaziland and
Mozambique despite concerns for its survival in those countries too
(Drewes et al. 2001). Due to over-collection, it is endangered in
Malawi (Msekandiana and Mlangeni 2002), vulnerable in
Mozambique (Izidine and Bandiera 2002), and critically endangered
in Namibia (Craven and Loots 2002) and Zimbabwe (Mapaura and
Timberlake 2002). It is globally vulnerable to extinction (Hilton-
Taylor 1996). Cunningham (1988) noted that both rural and urban
herb traders in KwaZulu-Natal nominated it as the most scarce
medicinal plant. It is similarly perceived as scarce on the
Witwatersrand (Williams 2000), Limpopo (Northern Province),
where bark costs on average R1 250 kg–1, and Mpumalanga
Province, where bark costs on average R1 012 kg–1 (Botha et al.
2001). In contrast, a 50kg-sized bag of bark cost R5 in 1960, and
R120 from gatherers at Isipingo medicinal plant market, KwaZulu-
Natal, in 1988 (Cunningham 1988). Drewes et al. (2001) reported
that bark cost R17 kg–1 from street traders, and R31 kg–1 from shop
retailers, in the province. Mander (1998) ranked it the third most fre-
quently demanded medicinal species in KwaZulu-Natal; this ranking
is influenced by its occurrence in the forest and grassland/woodland
biomes. W. salutaris may be cultivated from seed but is more read-
ily propagated from root suckers. It is particularly resilient to har-
vesting pressure, and may exhibit regrowth after complete bark
removal (Cunningham and Mbenkum 1993). As a result of local
extinctions in KwaZulu-Natal, the question of reintroduction has
been raised, but controversy surrounds reintroduction of local clon-
al material or foreign (from Kenya, Tanzania and other African coun-
tries) seed (Berjak 2002 pers. comm.). Substitution of leaves for
bark in traditional medicines is advocated by conservationists and
has been validated by phytochemical investigations (Zschocke et al.
2000b, Drewes et al. 2001).
Ximenia americana
FAMILY Olacaceae
AUTHORITY L.
SSP TAXON var. americana Welw.
SYNONYMS Ximernia americana L. var. microphylla Welw., X.
rogersii Burtt Davy
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS American hogplum (E), blue sourplum (E),
small sourplum (E), blou-suurpruim (A), doringpruim (A), kleinsuur-
pruim (A)
ZULU ukolotshane, umkholotshwana, umthunduluka-omncane,
umtunduluka-omncane
DESCRIPTION Grey, smooth to rough (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Extracts exhibit
hypotensive and antiviral effects, but not antibacterial activity
(Hedberg and Staugard 1989 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Used for unspecified purposes (Pooley
1993).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Used to treat paediatric patients
(Coates Palgrave 2002). In Swaziland, 50g each of bark and roots
are powdered and added to a litre of warm water, and one drop
administered daily to the eye to treat eye complaints (Amusan et al.
2002).
CONSERVATION Low risk in Namibia (Craven and Loots 2002).
Xymalos monospora
FAMILY Trimeniaceae
AUTHORITY (Harv.) Baill.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS bog-a-bog (E), lemonwood (E), borriehout
(A), lemoenhout
ZULU bokoboko, ithotshe, umhlungwane, umhlwehlwe, umzinkulu,
uvethe, uvetho
DESCRIPTION Pale grey-brown to brown, flaking, and characteris-
tically marked with concentric shapes (Coates Palgrave 2002).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered bark is used to treat colic
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).
CONSERVATION Hutchings et al. (1996) reported that it is appar-
ently not collected in Afro-montane forests where it is common.
Zanthoxylum capense
FAMILY Rutaceae
AUTHORITY (Thunb.) Harv.
SYNONYMS Fagara capensis Thunb., F. magalismontana Engl.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS adelaide spice tree (E), fever tree (E), car-
damon (E), small knobwood (E), wild cardamon (E), kardamon (A),
klein-perdepram (A), knopdoring (A), knoppiesdoring (A), lemoen-
doring(A), prambos (A), pramdoring (A), wilde-kardemon (A)
ZULU amabelentombi, amabelezintshingezi, isimungumabele, isin-
ungwane, manungwane, anungwane, umhlungumabele,
umlungumabele, umnungamabele, umnungwane, umnungwane
omncane
DESCRIPTION Grey, smooth, with characteristic cone-shaped
knobs tipped (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES May contain san-
guirine or related alkaloids (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000); sanguirine

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 343
has anti-inflammatory and anti-plaque activity (low concentrations
bind selectively to dental plaque and effectively inhibit bacterial
growth) (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000). Sanguirine is used in com-
mercial toothpastes and oral rinses (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000,
Bruneton 1995). Decoctions have an unpleasant odour, and admin-
istration is reputed to cause excessive sweating (Hutchings et al.
1996).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Rootbark is an ingredient in decoctions
known as imbhiza, taken orally to purify the blood (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962), as a steam bath to treat scrofula, or an enema for
stomach complaints (Hutchings et al. 1996). Dried, ground rootbark
is applied directly to relieve toothache (Hutchings et al. 1996).
Powdered stembark is rubbed into incisions along either side of the
body for two days to treat paralysis; the patient may also suck a
decoction from the fingertips, and then tap the affected joints
(Hutchings et al. 1996). It is also used as a snakebite antidote (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). See Trease and Evans (1983).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In South Africa it is used in a tonic for
blood conditions (bark is scraped, pounded and chewed or made
into a tea) (Roberts 1990). Atea of 60ml pounded bark in 500ml boil-
ing water, taken in 125ml doses up to three times daily, is used for
acne and skin eruptions (Roberts 1990). It is also used as an anti-
dote for snakebite: pieces of bark are chewed and swallowed at 15
minute intervals until the swelling subsides. The victim is kept warm
and held still while crushed and pounded bark is applied to the bite
(Roberts 1990). A dressing of powdered bark, or chewed pieces, is
used to relieve toothache (Roberts 1990), and infusions are used as
mouthwashes and toothache remedies (Van Wyk and Gericke
2000). It is also used in medicines for tuberculosis, chronic coughs,
bronchitis, paralysis and epilepsy (Roberts 1990). The bark and
leaves are used together to treat anthrax (Roberts 1990), and gall
sickness in cattle (Venter and Venter 1996).
CONSERVATION Germinates readily in plantations of the exotic
Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. (Cunningham 1988).
Zanthoxylum davyi
FAMILY Rutaceae
AUTHORITY (I.Verd.) P.G.Waterman
SYNONYMS Fagara davyi Verdoorn
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS forest knobwood (E), fever tree (E),
knobthorn (E), knobwood (E), bos-perdepram (A), knoppiesdoring
(A), perdepram (A), wilde-kardemon (A)
ZULU isimungumabele, isinungwane, manungwane, umanung-
wane, umlungumabele, umnungamabele, umnungumabele,
umnungwane, omkhulu
DESCRIPTION Pale grey, becoming dark brown with maturity, with
conspicuous knobs (Coates Palgrave 2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains resin
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). See Trease and Evans (1983).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Powdered bark is cooked and chewed
at frequent intervals to relieve severe coughs and colds (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Rootbark is used as a tonic in that is also
used in ethnoveterinary medicine (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA The Pondo use it as a snakebite anti-
dote: it is rubbed into the bite wound, and taken as an emetic (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). It is similarly used by the Venda, and
in treatment of chronic coughs, toothache, pleurisy and boils
(Mabogo 1990 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
CONSERVATION Indeterminate conservation status in KwaZulu-
Natal (Cunningham 1988). Endangered in Zimbabwe (Mapaula and
Timberlake 2002).
Ziziphus mucronata
FAMILY Rhamnaceae
AUTHORITY Willd.
SYNONYMS Ziziphus abyssinica Willd. ssp. mucronata, Z.
mucronata Willd. ssp. rhodesica R.B.Drumm.
ENGLISH/AFRIKAANS buffalo thorn (E), bogwood (E), cat-thorn
(E), blinkbaar-wag-’n-bietjie (A), buffelsdoring (A), haak-en-steek-
wag-’n-bietjie
ZULU isilahla, isulahlankosi, umlahlankosi, umlahlabantu,
umkhobobonga, umpafa, umphafa
DESCRIPTION Grey to dark grey or grey-brown, cracking in small
rectangles; bark on immature branches smooth and red-brown
(Venter and Venter 1996, Van Wyk et al. 1997, Coates Palgrave
2002).
PHYTOCHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Contains up to
15.7% tanning matter (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962) or 12–15%
tannin (Venter and Venter 1996). Several alkaloids, structurally
related to the peptide alkaloids, have been identified in the stembark
(e.g. mucronine D) (Tschesche et al. 1974 cited in Van Wyk et al.
1997). Members of the genus contain purgative quinones such as
anthraquinones, anthranols and their glycosides (Trease and Evans
1983). Aqueous and methanolic extracts yielded negative antibac-
terial results in vitro (Rabe and Van Staden 1997).
USE IN KWAZULU-NATAL Infusions prepared with a large dish of
pounded bark and approximately 1 litre hot water are taken as
emetics for a chronic cough or respiratory ailments (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Bryant 1966 cited in Hutchings et al. 1996).
Steam baths made with the bark are used to purify the skin (Palmer
and Pitman 1973).
USE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA In some regions of South Africa, a tea
is used for coughs, chest ailments, swollen glands, lumbago, rheu-
matic complaints and pains. Bark pieces are steeped in 1 litre hot
water for ten minutes, allowed to cool, strained and administered in
doses of approximately 125ml (Roberts 1990). The bark is widely
used in southern Africa, commonly against diarrhoea, dysentery,
coughs and chest problems (Van Wyk and Gericke 2000).

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden344
aartappelbos 333
abanqongosi 334
abanqongqosi 319, 334
abanqonqosi 334
abaphaphe-ababomvu 333
abaphaphe-abamhlope 333
Abyssinian tea 316
Acacia albida 324
Acacia burkei 310
Acacia caffra 310
Acacia caffra var. longa 310
Acacia caffra var. namaquensis 310
Acacia caffra var. tomentosa 310
Acacia caffra var. transvaalensis 310
Acacia capensis 310
Acacia evansii 313
Acacia fallax 310
Acacia ferox 310
Acacia gerrardii 310
Acacia gerrardii 310
Acacia goeringii 311
Acacia hebecladoides 310
Acacia heteracantha 311
Acacia hirtella 310
Acacia hirtella var. inermis 310
Acacia horrida 310
Acacia horrida var. transvaalensis 310
Acacia inconflagrabilis 310
Acacia inermis 312
Acacia karroo 310
Acacia karroo var. transvaalensis 310
Acacia lasiopetala 311
Acacia litakunensis 311
Acacia luederitzii 311
Acacia luederitzii 311
Acacia maras 311
Acacia marlothii 312
Acacia multijuga 310
Acacia nilotica 311
Acacia reticulata 310
Acacia robusta 311
Acacia robusta ssp. robusta 311
Acacia sieberiana 311
Acacia sieberiana var. woodii 311
Acacia spirocarpoides 311
Acacia tortilis 311
Acacia xanthophloea 311
adelaide spice tree 342
Adina galpinii 314
Adina microcephala 314
Afrazelia quanzensis 312
African almond 334
African beech 324
African blackwood 332
African cherry 334
African holly 327
African mahogany 312
African mangosteen 325
African red beech 324
African sandalwood 338
African teak 314
African wattle 332
Afrika-amandel 334
Afrika-geelmelkhout 325
Afrocarpus falcatus 333
Afzelia attenuata 312
Afzelia petersiana 312
Afzelia quanzensis 312
Alberta magna 312
Albizia adianthifolia 312
Albizia anthelmintica 312
Albizia anthelmintica var. australis 312
Albizia anthelmintica var. pubscens 312
Albizia fastigiata 312
Albizia petersiana 313
Albizia suluensis 313
Albizia umbalusiana 312
amabelentombi 342
amabelezintshingezi 342
amacafuthane 323
amahlabekufeni 318
amasethole 329, 338
amasethole-abomvu 329
amasethole abomvu 329
amasethole-amhlope 338
amasethole amhlope 328
amasethole ehlathi 329
amazulu 341
amazwecehlabayo 341
American hogplum 342
ana tree 324
anaboom 324
ANACARDIACEAE 326, 327, 328, 331, 332, 334, 337, 338
Andradia arborea 319
ankle thorn 311
Antidesma venosum 313
anungwane 342
APIACEAE 326
apiesdoring 324
APOCYNACEAE 336, 340
appelblaar 332
apple-leaf 332
AQUIFOLIACEAE 327
Arabian tea 316
ARALIACEAE 319
arub 312
asgaai 319
assegaai 319
assegaaiboom 319
assegaaibos 326
assegaaihout 319, 326
assegai 319
assegai-wood 325
Austromimusops dispar 341
Index to scientific and vernacular names in Appendix 1. Currently accepted scientific names are printed in bold type, synonyms in italics

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 345
baakhout 326
bakhout 327
BALANITACEAE 313
Balanites dawei 313
Balanites maughamii 313
barsbessie 329
bastard box 315
bastard camphor tree 319
bastard common homalium 327
bastard currant tree 332
bastard onionwood 316
bastard saffron 333
bastard sneezewood 314
bastard stinkwood 318, 331
bastard tamboti 317
bastard tambotie 317
bastard umbrella thorn 311
bastard white ironwood 320
baster-assegaai 328
baster-essenhout 340
basteresshout 340
bastergeelhout 333, 334
basterhaak-en-steek 311
baster-kanferboomn 319
baster kiaat 314
basterkiepersol 319
basterkorente-harpuisboom 332
baster-maroela 327
baster nieshout 314
baster-Outeniekwageelhout 334
basterpeer 316
baster-rooibos 317
baster-saffraan 333
bastersaffraanhout 333
basterstinkhout 331
baster-stinkhout 318
basterswartysterhout 318
baster-tambotie 317
baster-uiehout 316
baster-witpeer 316
baster-witstinkhout 327
beacon tree 326
beechwood 324
belly thorn 311
Berchemia discolor 313
Berchemia transvaalensis 313
Berchemia zeyheri 313
Berg-boegoe 318
berg-ghwarrie 323
berg-hardepeer 333
berghardpeerhout 333
bergpruim 332
bergsaffraan 338
berg-wasbessie 329
Bersama abyssinica 314
Bersama lucens 314
Bersama stayneri 314
Bersama swinnyi 314
Bersama transvaalensis 314
Bersama tysoniana 314
besem-trosvy 324
Besenna anthelmintica 312
Bignonia capensis 340
BIGNONIACEAE 327, 340
bird plum 313
bitter almond 334
bitter-amandel 334
bitteramandelboom 334
bitter-bark 314
bitterbas 314
black monkey-thorn 310
black stinkwood 330
black thorn tree 311
Blackwellia dentata 327
blinkbaar 337
blinkbaar-wag-’n-bietjie 343
blinkbaarwitessenhout 314
bloedhout 335, 337
blomhout 320
bloodwood 335
blossom tree 320
bloubos 320
blou-ertjiebos 329
blou-geelhout 333
blou-ghwarrie 322
blou-katsnorbos 337
blou-suurpruim 342
blue cat’s whiskers 337
blue guarri 322
blue-leaved euclea 322
blue sourplum 342
boboekenhout 333
boeghout 318
boekenhout 324, 336
Boer-bean 337
boerboon 337
Boesmanstee 316
bog-a-bog 342
bogwood 343
bokoboko 342
bonthout 312
booghout 326
boomdruif 327
borriehout 342
bos-bastermoerbei 327
bosbeukenhout 333
bosboekenhout 324, 333
Boscia albitrunca 314
bosgarrie 337
bos-geelmelkhout 325
bosghwarrie 323
bos-ghwarrie 322
bos-katjiepiering 325
bos-koorsbessie 318
bos-melkbessie 328
bosmelkhout 329
bos-olien 331
bos-olienhout 331
bos-paddaboom 340
bos-perdepram 343

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden346
bos rooi-essenhout 340
bos-rooimelkhout 329
bos-taaibos ganna 337
bostouboom 324
bosveld-boekenhout 324
bosveld rooi-essenhout 340
bosveld saffraan 321
bosveld-ysterhout 331
bosvlier 330
bosvy 324
bos-waterbessie 340
bos-waterhout 340
bos-waterpeer 340
bos wilgerboom 317
bosysterpruim 320
bow-wood 325
Brasilletia africana 332
breëblaar-harpuisboom 331
breëblaar-koraalboom 321
breëblaar-kweper 318
breekhout 312, 328
Breonadia microcephala 314
Breonadia salicina 314
Bridelia micrantha 314
Bridelia stenocarpa 314
broad-leaved coral tree 321
broad-leaved quince 318
broad-leaved resin tree 331
broad-leaved yellowwood 334
broom cluster fig 324
brown ironwood 327
brown ivory 313
bruid-van-die-bosveld 320
bruin-apiesdoring 324
bruinivoor 313
bruinsapblaar 328
bruinstinkhout 314
bruinysterhout 327
BUDDLEJACEAE 330
budhlo 312
buffalo thorn 343
buffelsbal 325
buffelsdoring 343
buffelspeer 320
buikdoring 311
bulani 312
BURSERACEAE 317
bush currant 337
bush fig 324
bush guarri 322, 323
bush milkwood 329
bush willow 317
Bushman’s tea 316
bushveld beech 324
bushveld cherry 329, 332
bushveld-ironwood 331
bushveld Natal mahogany 340
bushveld saffron 321
bushveld willow 317
button wood 325
cabbage tree 319
cactus euphorbia 323
Calodendrum capense 315
Camdeboo 337
camphor laurel 318
camphor tree 316, 318
candelabra tree 323
candlewood 336
CANELLACEAE 341
Capassa violacea 332
Cape ash 320
Cape beech 336
Cape bush willow 317
Cape cherry 329
Cape chestnut 315
Cape fig 324
Cape holly 327
Cape honeysuckle 340
Cape laurel 319, 330
Cape mahogany 340
Cape onionwood 315
Cape quince 319
Cape sandalwood 338
Cape stinkwood 330
Cape teak 339
Cape wild fig 324
CAPPARACEAE 314
cardamon 342
Casearia gladiiformis 315
Casearia junodii 315
Cassine aethiopica 329
Cassine crocea 321
Cassine papillosa 321
Cassine sp. 315
Cassine transvaalensis 321
Cassinopsis capensis 315
Cassinopsis tinifolia 315
Cassipourea elliottii 315
Cassipourea flanaganii 315
Cassipourea gerrardii 315
Cassipourea gummiflua 315
Cassipourea malosana 315
caterpillar bush 331
caterpillar pod 331
Catha buxifolia 326
Catha edulis 316
Cathastrum capense 333
cat-thorn 343
CELASTRACEAE 315, 316, 321, 326, 328, 329, 333, 335, 336
Celastrus buxifolius 326
Celastrus cymosus 326
Celastrus undatus 329
Celastrus zeyheri 329
Celtis rhamnifolia 337
Chaetachme aristata 316
Chaetacme meyeri 316
Chaetacme nitida 316
Chaka’s wood 339
chamfuti 312
cheesewood 333

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 347
cherry-blossom tree 312
cherrywood 336
Christmas bells 340
cider tree 338
* Cinnamomum camphora 316
* Cinnamomum zeylanicum 316
citha 323
cithamuzi 323
Cleistanthus holtzii 317
Cleistanthus schlechteri 317
Clerodendrum myricoides 337
climbing grewia 325
climbing raisin 325
CLUSIACEAE 325
coast bersama 314
coastal bersama 314
coastal boxwood 330
coastal goldenleaf 314
coastal red milkwood 329
coastal redwood 330
coastal white ash 314
coffee bean strychnos 339
coffee hard pear 339
coffee pear 333
coffee tree 314
COMBRETACEAE 317
Combretum atelanthum 317
Combretum caffrum 317
Combretum gueinzii 317
Combretum holosericeum 317
Combretum molle 317
Combretum salicifolium 317
Combretum velutinum 317
Combretum zeyheri 317
Commiphora africana 317
Commiphora calciicola 317
Commiphora pilosa 317
Commiphora sambesiaca 317
common bersama 314
common cabbage tree 319
common coral tree 322
common forest ochna 330
common guarri 323
common hook-thorn 310
common onionwood 315, 316
common resin tree 332
common saffron 321
common saffronwood 321
common spike-thorn 326
common sugarbush 334
common tree euphorbia 323
common white ash 314
common wild fig 324
common wild pear 320
common yellowwood 333
Conopharyngia ventricosa 340
coral tree 322
Cordyla africana 317
cork bush 329
cork tree 321
CORNACEAE 319
Crocoxylon transvaalense 321
Crocoxylum croceum 321
cross-berry 326
Croton gratissimus 318
Croton gratissimus var. subgratissimus 318
Croton subgratissimus 318
Croton sylvaticus 318
Croton zambesicus 318
crying tree 339
Cryptocarya acuminata 319
Cryptocarya latifolia 318
Cryptocarya myrtifolia 318
Cryptocarya vacciniifolia 318
Cryptocarya woodii 319
CUPRESSACEAE 319
* Cupressus sp. 319
currant resin tree 332
Curtisia dentata 319
Curtisia faginea 319
Cussonia kraussii 319
Cussonia spicata 319
Cyclonema myricoides 337
Cytisus sericeus 329
dabulaluvalo 329
dead-man’s tree 339
Derris violacea 332
deurmekaar-valsdoring 312
dew-berry 326
Dialium schlechteri 319
dikabse-yesterhout 327
dikbas 320, 327
dikbasboom 320
Diospyros pallens 320
Diospyros villosa 320
Diphaca trichocarpa 331
dodemnyama 320
dogplum 320
dogwood 337
dolf 335
dolfhout 335
Dombeya densiflora 320
Dombeya multiflora var. vestita 320
Dombeya rotundifolia 320
dooiemansboom 339
dopperkiaat 335
doppruim 332
doringelm 316
doringolm 316
doringpruim 342
doringtou 325
Drakensberg protea 334
dralpeer 320
drolpeer 320
Drypetes battiscombei 320
Drypetes gerrardii 320
Drypetes gerrardii var. gerrardii 320
Drypetes gerrardii var. tomentosa 320
dwarf boer-bean 337

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden348
dwarf schotia 337
eastern raisin-berry 331
East Griqualand yellow-wood 333
ebbehout 325
EBENACEAE 320, 322, 323
Egossa beech 324
Egossa-beuke 324
Ekebergia buchananii 320
Ekebergia capensis 320
Ekebergia meyeri 320
Ekebergia rueppelliana 320
Elaeodendron capense 321
Elaeodendron croceum 321
Elaeodendron transvaalensis 321
Elaeodendron zeyheri 321
emigrant’s tree 314
enkeldoring 311
Ernistimeyera magna 312
Eruidaphus mundii 338
Erythrina caffra var. mossambicensis 322
Erythrina gibbosae 321
Erythrina latissima 321
Erythrina lysistemon 322
Erythrina sandersonii 321
Erythrina tomentosa 321
Erythrophleum guineense var. swaziense 322
Erythrophleum lasianthum 322
Erythrophleum suaveolens 322
esboom 320
essenhout 320, 326
* Eucalyptus sp. 322
Euclea crispa 322
Euclea daphnoides 323
Euclea lanceolata 322
Euclea multiflora 323
Euclea myrtina 323
Euclea natalensis 323
Euclea natalensis ssp. acutifolia 323
Euclea natalensis ssp. angustifolia 323
Euclea natalensis ssp. magutensis 323
Euclea natalensis ssp. natalensis 323
Euclea natalensis ssp. obovata 323
Euclea racemosa ssp. daphnoides 323
Euclea racemosa ssp. zuluensis 323
Euclea schimperi 323
Euclea sp. 323
Euclea undulata 323
Euphorbia ingens 323
Euphorbia natalensis 323
Euphorbia similis 323
EUPHORBIACEAE 313, 314, 317, 318, 320, 323, 325, 328, 333,
338, 339
FABACEAE — CAESALPINIACEAE 312, 317, 319, 322, 332, 337
FABACEAE — MIMOSACEAE 310, 311, 312, 313, 324, 329
FABACEAE — PAPILIONACEAE 321, 322, 329, 331, 332, 335
Fagara capensis 342
Fagara davyi 343
Fagara magalismontana 342
Faidherbia albida 324
fakkelhout 313
fakkelssadboom 313
falcate yellowwood 333
false assegai 328
false cabbage tree 319
false lemon thorn 315
false marula 327
false tamboti 317
false tambotie 317
fat-thorned acacia 311
Faurea macnaughtonii 324
Faurea natalensis 324
Faurea saligna 324
fever tree 311, 318, 341, 342, 343
Ficus caffra 324
Ficus capensis 324
Ficus durbanii 324
Ficus ingens 324
Ficus ingens 324
Ficus ingens var. tomentosa 324
Ficus mallotocarpa 324
Ficus natalensis 324
Ficus picta 324
Ficus pondoensis 324
Ficus soldanella 324
Ficus sp. cf. abutilifolia 324
Ficus sur 324
Ficus thonningiana 324
FLACOURTIACEAE 315, 325, 327, 338
flame tree 312
flat crown 312
Flueggea microcarpa 325
Flueggea virosa 325
fluisterboom 317
fluweel-boswilg 317
forest croton 318
forest currant 337
forest elder 330
forest fever-berry 318
forest garcinia 325
forest gardenia 325
forest homalium 327
forest ironplum 320
forest ironwood 320
forest knobwood 343
forest mahogany 340
forest mangosteen 325
forest milkberry 328
forest nuxia 330
forest olive 331
forest red milkwood 329
forest toad tree 340
forest tree-fuschia 337
forest water-berry 340
forest water-peer 340
forest water-wood 340
four corners 326
fuschia tree 337
fynblaar-geelhout 333

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 349
fynblaar-saffraan 321
fyn-haakdoring 311
gammabos 329
ganna 337
Garcinia angolensis 325
Garcinia gerrardii 325
Garcinia livingstonei 325
Garcinia natalensis 325
Garcinia transvaalensis 325
Gardenia speciosa 325
Gardenia thunbergia 325
Gardenia verticillata 325
geel-doringboom 311
geel-gomboom 325
geelhout 321, 334
geelhoutboom 321
Gerrardina foliosa 325
gewone drolpeer 320
gewone geelhout 333
gewone ghwarrie 323
gewone haakdoring 310
gewone harpuisboom 332
gewone kiepersol 319
gewone koraalboom 322
gewone melkboom 323
gewone naboom 323
gewone pendoring 326
gewone saffraan 321
gewone suikerbos 334
gewone uiehout 315, 316
gewone wildevy 324
gewone witessenhout 314
ghwarriebos 322, 323
gifboom 338, 339
gifdoring 326
glossy bersama 314
glossy-leaf 337
glossy white ash 314
gobandlovu 313
green snake 315
green thorn 313
greinhout 335
Grewia chirindae 325
Grewia caffra 325
Grewia microphylla 325
Grewia occidentalis 325
Grewia occidentalis var. occidentalis 325
Grewia rudatisii 325
grey-haired acacia 310
Greyia sutherlandii 326
GREYIACEAE 326
groendoring 313
grootblaar 321
grootblaar-rotsvy 324
grootblaar-uiehout 315
grootvy 324
grootwitgatboom 314
guarri 323
gum tree 322
gwanze 323
Gymnosporia albata 329
Gymnosporia buxifolia 326
Gymnosporia condensata 326
Gymnosporia deflexa 329
Gymnosporia fasciculate 329
Gymnosporia peglerae 329
Gymnosporia undata 329
Gymnosporia zeyheri 329
haak-en-steek 311
haak-en-steek-wag-’n-bietjie 343
hairy corkwood 317
hairy drypetes 320
hairy fingerleaf 341
hairy guarri 323
hairy lavender fever-berry 318
hairy star-apple 320
hairy vitex 341
hardekool 317
hardepeer 339
hardepeerhout 339
harige ghwarrie 323
harige kanniedood 317
harige laventel-koorsbessie 318
harige rank-tolbos 320
harige sterappel 320
harige vingerblaar 341
Harpephyllum caffrum 326
harpuisboom 332, 334
headache tree 338
hedgehog pterocelastrus 335
hedgehog tree 335
Heeria mucronata var. obovata 331
Heeria paniculosa 332
Heeria salicina 332
Henkel-se-geelhout 334
Henkel’s yellowwood 333
Heteromorpha arborescens 326
Heteromorpha arborescens var. arborescens 326
Heteromorpha trifoliata 326
HETEROPYXIDACEAE 326
Heteropyxis natalensis 326
Heudelotia africana 317
Highveld protea 334
hlume 314
hoeveldsuikerbos 334
holly cassinopsis 315
Homalium chasei 327
Homalium dentatum 327
Homalium subsuperum 327
hondebos 326
hondepishout 337
honeysuckle tree 341
hophout 340
hottentotsboerboon 337
huilboerboon 337, 338
huilboom 332
huilbos 332
huilwattel 332

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden350
ibele-ndlovu 327
ibutha-elikhulu 312
ibuthe 312
ICACINACEAE 315
ichithamuzi 323
idende 324
idlebendlovu 327
idlebendlovu enkulu 327
idohame 329
idungamuzi 322, 323
idungamuzi-lehlati 338
ifamu 340
ifuthu 328
igampondo 312
igejalibomvu 319
igibampondo 312
igowane 312
igowane-elikhulu 317
igowane-lehlati 317
igqeba 318
igqwabali 329
igwanxi 331
ihambahlala 338
ihlambahlale 338
ihlazane 315
ihlusi 337
ihluze 337
ihubeshane-elikhulu 318
ijundumhlahleni 319
ikhambi-lomsinga 341
ikhathabane 337
ikhubalwane 336
ikhukhuze 321, 329
ikhumalo 315
iklolo 325, 326
ikunzi 341
ikunzi ebomvana 341
ilabele 318
ilalanyathi 325, 326
ilethi 318, 325, 329, 333
Ilex capensis 327
Ilex mitis 327
ilizimane 323
imahlele 326
imamba eluhlaza 315
imanhlele 326
imfe-yesele 315
impayi 324
impiskayihlangulwa 322
inama 328, 339
inama elimhlope 328
incinci 314
indaba 332
indaba tree 332
indabulovalo 329
indalu 326
indende 328
indiyandiya 314
indlandlovu 312, 335
indlodlemanyama 320
indodemnyama 320
indulo 326
indumbahlozi 318
Inga fastigiata 312
ingayi-elimbomvu 335
ingayi-elimnyama 319
ingobese 330
ingobozweni 325
ingqowangane 326
ingqumuza 338
ingqwangane yehlanze 326
ingwavuma 316, 321
ingwebo omkulu 313
ingwebu-enkulu 313
inhiziyonkhulu 320
inhlangothi 334
inhlizya enkulu 320
inhlokoshiyane-enkhulu 337
inhlokoshiyane-enkulu 337
inhlokoshiyane-yehlati 337
inhluthe 334, 336
injuqu 338
inkehli 312
inkele 312
inkhokho 334
inkhokhokho 334
inkhuzwa 326
inkokhokho 324
inkubathi 318
inkunzane 323
inkunzi 326, 341
inkunzi enyama 323
inkunzi-emnyama 323
inkunzitwalitshe 319
inphephelangeni 319
inphephelelangani 319
inqayi 329
inqayi-elibomvu 329, 335
inqotha 321
inqozi 328
inswazi 341
intaba yengwe 333
intombi-kayibhinci 325
intovane 331
Intsia quanzensis 312
intumbanhlosi 318
inyazangoma 313
inyazangoma-elimnyama 334, 337
inyazangoma-elimnyana 334
inyoka elihlaza 315
inyoka-eluhlaza 315
inyokiziphinda 314
ipamu 313
iphamba 313
iphambo 313
iphambolebankomo 332
iphamu 313
iphata 325
iphubane 328, 340
iphumela 328

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 351
iphuphuma 327
ironwood 329, 331
isadlulambazo 320, 331
isahlulambhazo 331
isaka 325
isakasaka 340
isangowane 313
isanhloko 315
isanywana 330
isefo 324
isefu 324
isejalibomvu 319
isendengulube 330
isi adlulambazo 331
isibaha 341
isibanda 337
isibangamhlota sehlati 325
isibangamlotha 313
isibangamlotha-sasenkangala 313
isibara 328
isibhaha 341
isibhanku 330
isibhubu 326
isibinda 325
isibulu 326
isicalabi 336
isidenda 328
isidlulamanye 325
isidumo 327
isidwadwa 326
isifecane 340
isifeco 332
isifeco sehlazane 332
isifica 332
isifice 331, 332, 334
isifici 332
isifico 331, 332, 334
isifico-sehlathi 334
isiganganyane 327
isigondwane 324
isihlalamangewibi 314
isihlalamangwibi 314
isihlamfane 324
isihlangu 326
isihloko 315
isihlokozane 315
isihlulumanye 335
isihlumanye 325
isihoba 311
isihomohomo 332
isikhabamkhombe 332
isikhombe 310
isikhumampuphu 318
isikhumphuphu 320
isikhwelamfene 325, 340
isilahla 343
isilandula 325
isililandangulube 319
isimanaye 320
isimungumabele 342, 343
isinama 314, 321, 328
isinama-elimhlope 328
isincasha 338
isindiyandiya 314
isinhletshe 331
isinkehle 312
isinuka 315
isinukati 315
isinungwane 342, 343
isinykani 315
isinzimane 323
isiqalaba 324, 334
isiqalaba-sehlathi 336
isiqalaba-sentaba 334
isiqutwane 313
isisefo 324
isishoba 311
isithende 328
isithibane 331
isithundu 321, 330
isithuntu 321
isithwethwe 311
isitunduinkunzitwalitshe 319
isivovovane-esincane 338
isivovwane 338
isizimande 322
isizimane 323
isolemamba 315
isulahlankosi 343
ithambo 330
ithotshe 342
ivory wood 313
ixolo 340
iyandezulu 315
iyethi 329
jacket-plum 332
jentelmanstam 314
jumping-bean tree 338
Kaapse boekenhout 336
Kaapse essenhout 320
Kaapse geelhout 334
Kaapse kamperfolie 340
Kaapse kanferfolie 340
Kaapse kastaiing 315
Kaapse kiaat 339
Kaapse kweper 319
Kaapse lourier 330
Kaapse stinkhout 330
Kaapse uiehout 315
Kaapse vaderlandswilg 317
kaarsuur 333
kaboebessie 329
kaboehout 329
kaboom 314
kafferpruim 326
kajatenhout 335
kalabasboom 327
Kalahari-boegoe 318

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden352
Kalahari buku 318
Kalahari sand acacia 311
kalander 333
kambessie 332
Kamdeboo-stinkhout 337
kanferboom 316, 318
kanferfolie 340
kanferfolieboom 341
kankerbos 323
kannetjieboom 325
kanniedood 322
kardamon 342
kasuur 333
kat 316
kershout 335, 336
kersieblomboom 312
kersiehout 335, 336
kersuurboom 333
khanyagude 311
khat 316
kiaat 335, 339
kiaatboom 332
kiepersol 319
Kigelia africana 327
Kigelia pinnata 327
kinaboom 336
kleinblaar-saffraan 321
klein-boerboon 338
kleinharpuisblaar 337
kleinkamperfoelieboom 341
klein-perdepram 342
kleinsuurpruim 342
klipdoring 338
klip-vy 324
knobthorn 343
knobwood 343
knopdoring 342
knoppiesdoring 342, 343
knoppieshout 326
koeboebessie 329
koeman 325
koffieboom 314
koffie-hardepeer 333, 339
koffiepeer 333
koko tree 329
kokoboom 329
kolander 333
komaan 325
komkommerboom 327
kooboo-berry 329
koomaan 325
koorsboom 311, 318, 336, 341
koralboom 322
Korana-boegoe 318
korentebos 332
korente-harpuisboom 332
kraaibos 326
kransbessie 325
krantz berry 325
kroes-geelhout 333
kruisbessie 326
kubu-berry 329
kurkboom 321
kurkbos 329
kus-rooimelkhout 329
kuswitessenhout 314
Labourdonnaisia discolor 328
Lachnopylis floribunda 330
Laeveld geelmelkhout 325
Laeveld kiepersol 319
Laeveld-melkbessie 328
Laeveldse geelmelkhout 325
lakhout 335
lance tree 332
lance-leaved waxberry 329
Lannea discolor 327
Lannea kirkii 327
Lannea schimperii 327
Lannea schweinfurthii 327
Lannea stuhlmannii 327
Lannea stuhlmannii var. tomentosa 327
large caterpillar pod 331
large-fruited bush willow 317
large-fruited combretum 317
large-leafed rock fig 324
large-leaved coral tree 321
large-leaved euclea 323
large-leaved guarri 323
large-leaved onionwood 315
LAURACEAE 316, 318, 319, 330, 331
laurel wood 330
Laurocerasus africana 334
lavender croton 318
lavender fever-berry 318
lavender tree 326
laventelboom 326
laventelbos 318
laventel-koorsbessie 318
Lebombo wattle 330
Lebombo-wattel 330
lekkerruikpeul 311
lemoendoring 313, 315, 326, 342
lemoenhout 342
lemoentijiedoring 315
lemon thorn 315
lemon verbena 326
lemonwood 342
lepelboom 329
lepelhout 321, 329
lesser honeysuckle tree 341
lesser onionwood 316
leventelbos 318
likhaya 310, 311
liletha 318, 332
liletsa 318, 332
linyamatsi 320
linyathelolendlovu 320
liphambo 313
liphambolebankomo 332

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 353
live-long 327
Livingstone’s garcinia 325
LOGANIACEAE 339
Lonchocarpus capassa 332
Lonchocarpus violaceus 332
Lowveld cabbage tree 319
Lowveld mangosteen 325
Lowveld milkberry 328
Lowveld newtonia 330
Lowveld resin tree 332
Loxostylis alata 328
Loxostylis 328
lubulani 312
lucky bean 312
lucky bean tree 322
lungana 340
Macaranga capensis 328
macqassi 318
maesa 328
Maesa lanceolata 328
Maesa lanceolata var. rufescens 328
Maesa rufescens 328
maguqu 328
mahlanganisa 330
makwassieboom 318
Manilkara concolor 328
Manilkara discolor 328
Manilkara macaulayae 328
Manilkara mochisia 328
Manilkara natalensis 328
Manilkara umbraculigera 328
manono 339
manungwane 342, 343
many-stemmed albizia 313
maphipha 336
Maputaland ordeal tree 322
Maputaland-oordeelboom 322
maroela 338
marula 338
matoppie 314
matumi 314
Maytenus acuminata 328
Maytenus cymosa 326
Maytenus fasciculata 329
Maytenus heterophylla 326
Maytenus undata 329
mbovu 330
meerstam-valsdoring 313
meideboom 326
MELIACEAE 320, 340, 341
MELIANTHACEAE 314
melkbessie 338
melkhout 329, 338
memezi 315, 316
memezilobovu 315, 316
memezomhlope 315
Methyscophyllum glaucum 316
mewee 313
milkweed 338
milkwood 329
Milletia caffra 329
Milletia grandis 329
Mimosa adianthifolia 312
Mimosa capensis 310
Mimosa leucacantha 310
Mimosa nilotica 310
Mimusops caffra 329
Mimusops concolor 328
Mimusops discolor 328
Mimusops dispar 341
Mimusops mochisia 328
Mimusops obovata 329
Mimusops oleifolia 329
Mimusops woodii 329
mingerhout 314
minya 318
mirte-kweper 318
mitserie 314
mitzeerie 314
mock assegai 328
mock lemon thorn 315
mock marula 327
mock poplar 328
mock stinkwood 331
moepel 329
mondi 316
MORACEAE 324
Morella mossii 329
Morella natalensis 329
Morella serrata 329
Morella serrata 329
mountain ash 320
mountain bottlebrush 326
mountain date 313
mountain hard pear 333
mountain saffron 338
mountain wax berry 329
mposhe 333
multi-stemmed false-thorn 313
Mundulea sericea 329
Mundulea suberosa 329
munyuswane 333
Muriea discolor 328
Myrica conifera 329
Myrica serrata 329
MYRICACEAE 329
MYRSINACEAE 328, 336
Myrsine melanophloeos 336
MYRTACEAE 322, 339, 340
myrtle quince 318
Mystroxylon aethiopicum 329
Mystroxylon aethiopicum ssp. aethiopicum 329
mzerie 314
naboom 323
nala tree 313
Natal baakhout 326
Natal bottlebrush 326
Natal camel thorn 311

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden354
Natal ebony 323
Natal fig 324
Natal flame bush 312
Natal forest mahogany 340
Natal-ghwarrie 323
Natal guarri 323
Natalitia lucens 314
Natal mahogany 340
Natal pear 330
Natal plane 330
Natal-rooihout 330
Natalse baakhout 326
Natal sugarbush 334
Natal teak 339
Natal vy 324
Natal yellow-wood 334
natou 324
Newtonia hildebrandtii 329
Newtonia hildebrandtii var. hildebrandtii 330
ngubozinyeweni 334
nieshout 335
nietlander 333
Nikbaase-klapper 317
nikolander 333
Nitonga nut 318
nmumu 313
noenieboom 314
nooiensboom 319
noorsboom 323
noorsdoring 323
noupitjie 332
nukani 330
nuweamandelhout 334
Nuxia floribunda 330
nwamba 328
Ochna acutifolia 330
Ochna atropurpurea var. natalitia 330
Ochna chilversii 330
Ochna chirindica 330
Ochna holstii 330
Ochna natalitia 330
Ochna prunifolia 330
OCHNACEAE 330
Ocotea bullata 330
Ocotea kenyensis 331
Ocotea viridis 331
Odina discolor 327
Ofina caffra 326
OLACACEAE 342
Olea africana 331
Olea capensis 331
Olea chrysophylla 331
Olea enervis 331
Olea europaea 331
Olea woodiana 331
OLEACEAE 331
olienhout 331
oliepit 332
oliepitjie 332
olifantshout 328, 329
olifantsoor 332
olyfboom 331
omkhulu 343
omsambeet 329
onionwood 315, 316
opregte geelhout 334
opregtesaffraanhout 321
ordeal tree 322
Ormocarpum setosum 331
Ormocarpum trichocarpum 331
oumaboom 312
oumahout 312
oupitjie 321
Outeniekwa geelhout 333
Outeniqua yellowwood 333
Ozoroa engleri 331
Ozoroa obovata 331
Ozoroa paniculosa 332
Ozoroa sphaerocarpa 332
paddaboom 340
paddle-wood 335
Pahudia quanzensis 312
pamkhulu 341
Panda tree 332
Panda’s walking stick tree 339
paper bark acacia 311
papierbasdoring 311
Pappea capensis 332
Pappea fulva 332
Pappea radkloferi 332
Pappea schumanniana 332
Pappea ugandensis 332
parsley tree 326
parsnip tree 326
Peltophorum africanum 332
pendoring 326
peperbasboom 341
peperblaarboom 341
pepperbark acacia 311
pepper-bark 341
pepper-bark tree 341
pepper-leaf tree 341
pepper-root tree 341
perdepram 343
peulmahonie 312
Philenoptera violacea 332
Phoberos mundii 338
Phyllanthus meyerianus 333
Phyllogeiton discolor 313
Phyllogeiton zeyheri 313
pigeonwood 340
pillarwood 315
PINACEAE 333
pine tree 333
pink ivory 313
* Pinus sp. 333
Piptadenia hildebrandtii 330
PITTOSPORACEAE 333

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 355
Pittosporum viridiflorum 333
platkroon 312
Pleurostylia capensis 333
pod mahogany 312
PODOCARPACEAE 333, 334
Podocarpus falcatus 333
Podocarpus falcatus 333
Podocarpus gracilior 333
Podocarpus gracillimus 333
Podocarpus henkelii 333
Podocarpus latifolius 334
Podocarpus milanjianus 334
Podocarpus thunbergii 334
Podocarpus thunbergii var. falcata 333
poison-grub commiphora 317
Pondo-kweper 318
potato bush 333
prambos 342
pramdoring 342
pronk-rooihout 330
Protea baurii 334
Protea blousii 324
Protea bolusii 334
Protea caffra 334
Protea lanuginosa 334
Protea multibracteata 324, 334
Protea natalensis 334
Protea pegleriae 334
Protea rhodantha 324, 334
Protea roupelliae 334
Protea rudatisii 334
Protea stipitata 334
Protea transvaalensis 334
PROTEACEAE 324, 334
Protorhus longifolia 334
pruimbessie 332
Prunus africana 334
Pseudocassine transvaalensis 321
PTAEROXYLACEAE 335
Ptaeroxylon obliquum 335
Ptaeroxylon utile 335
Pterocarpus angolensis 335
Pterocarpus bussei 335
Pterocarpus dekindtianus 335
Pterocelastrus echinatus 335
Pterocelastrus galpinii 335
Pterocelastrus litoralis 336
Pterocelastrus rehmannii 335
Pterocelastrus rostratrus 335
Pterocelastrus stenopterus 336
Pterocelastrus tetrapterus 336
Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus 336
Pterocelastrus variabilis 335
purple currant 334
purple ivory 313
Pygeum africanum 334
pylbos 326
quinine tree 336
raasblaar 317
raasboom 332
raasbos 317
raasklapper 317
rain tree 332
raisin bush 332
rank-rosyntjie 325
rankvy 324
rapanea 336
Rapanea melanophloeos 336
Rauvolfia caffra 336
Rauvolfia natalensis 336
real red pear 330
real yellowwood 334
red ash 340
red beech 324, 334
red bitterberry 339
red candlewood 335
red Cape beech 334
red cherrywood 335
red currant 337
red currant rhus 337
red ebony 313
redheart tree 311
red ironwood 330
red ivory 313
red leaf wild fig 324
red-leaved fig 324
red-leaved rock fig 324
red mahogany 312
red milkwood 328, 329
red pear 338
red saffron 321
red saffronwood 321
red stinkwood 334
red thorn 310
red water tree 322
regte geelhoud 334
regte-rooipeper 330
rekstokbos 318
resin tree 332
Rhaganus lucidus 314
RHAMNACEAE 313, 337, 343
Rhamnus celtifolius 337
Rhamnus pauciflorus 337
Rhamnus prinoides 337
Rhamnus zeyheri 313
RHIZOPHORACEAE 315
Rhodesian mahogany 312
Rhodesian wattle 332
Rhus chirindensis 337
Rhus legatii 337
Rhus longifolia 334
roast potato plant 333
rock fig 324
rock-splitting fig 324
rock wild fig 324
rooibas 310
rooi-bitterbessie 339
rooiblaar 317, 334

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden356
rooiblaar-rotsvy 324
rooiblaarvy 324
rooi-boekenbout 324
rooiboekenhout 324, 334, 336
rooibos 317
rooiboswilg 317
rooidoring 310
rooiessenhout 320
rooi-essenhout 340
rooiesshout 320
rooihoud 313
rooihout 322, 330
rooi-ivoor 313
rooi-kersboom 335
rooi-kershout 335
rooikershout 336
rooikiaat 332
rooimelkhout 328, 329, 334
rooi-melkhout 329
rooipeer 338
rooisaffraan 321
rooi-stinkhout 334
rooisybas 328
rooi-sybasboom 328
rooi-ysterhout 330
ROSACEAE 334
Rotheca myricoides 337
rotsvy 324
rough-bark flat crown 312
round-leaved kiaat 335
Royena macrophylla 323
Royena scabra 320
Royena villosa 320
RUBIACEAE 312, 314, 325
rusperboontjie 331
RUTACEAE 315, 342, 343
saffraan 329
saffron-red cassine 321
saffron wood 321
sakasaka 340
sambreelboom 319
sambreeldoring 311
SAMYDACEAE 327
sandalbeen 338
sandelhout 338
SAPINDACEAE 332
Sapindus pappea 332
SAPOTACEAE 328, 329, 338, 341
sasswood 322
sausage tree 327
scented thorn 311
scented-pod acacia 311
Schotia brachypetala 337
Schotia brachypetala var. pubescens 337
Schotia capitata 337
Schotia rogersii 337
Schotia semireducta 337
Schotia tamarindifolia var. forbesiana 337
Schotia transvaalensis 337
Sclerocarya birrea 338
Sclerocarya caffra 338
Sclerocarya schweinfurthiana 338
Scolopia mundii 338
sea oak 338
sealing-wax tree 335
Securinega abyssinica 325
Securinega microcarpa 325
Securinega schlechteri 317
Securinega virosa 325
seerkeelboom 337
see-saffraan 329
shaggy diospyros 320
shepard’s tree 314
sherbet tree 319
shiny leaf 337
shore milkwood 329
showy ochna 330
showy plane 330
Sideroxylon diospyroides 338
Sideroxylon inerme 338
silky-bark 328
silver bush 329
silver leaf 329
silver-leaved protea 334
silver protea 334
silver sugarbush 334
silwerblaar-suikerbos 334
silwer-suikerbos 334
sithundu 330
smalblaar-wasbessie 329
small-fruited toad tree 340
small honeysuckle tree 341
small knobwood 342
small-leaved bastard onionwood 315
small-leaved saffron 321
small sourplum 342
sneezewood 335
snowberry tree 325
snuifpeul 311
soetdoring 310
soetlekkerruikpeul 311
sour plum 326
South African holly 329
spelonke-tee 316
spelonktee 316
spike thorn 326
spineless cassinopsis 315
spiny cassinopsis 315
spiny macaranga 328
Spirostachys africana 338
splendid acacia 311
spoonwood 329
stamperhout 332
starry gardenia 325
STERCULIACEAE 320
sterkbos 341
stinkblom 326
stinkblombos 326
stinkbos 326

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 357
stinkdoring 326
stinkhout 318, 330, 335
stinkpeul 311
stinkwood 330, 337
stompdoring 325
Strychnos decussata 339
Strychnos henningsii 339
sugar bush 334
suikerbekkieboom 317
suikerbos 334
sulphur bark 311
sunbird tree 317
suurbessie 326
suurpruim 326
suurvy 325
swaardblaar 315
swamp poplar 328
swartapiesdoring 310
swartbas 320, 325, 336
swartbasboom 323
swart-olienhout 331
swart-stinkhout 330
swartstinkhoutboom 330
swart-tambotie 312
Swazi ordeal tree 322
Swazi-oordeelboom 322
sweet thorn 310
Swinny’s bersama 314
sword-leaf 315
sybas 328
sybasboom 328
Sycamorus capensis 324
Synadenium arborescens 339
Synadenium cupulare 339
Syzygium cordatum 339
Syzygium gerrardii 340
Syzygium guineense ssp. gerrardii 340
Szyszygium fourcadei 340
taaibos 337
Tabernaemontana ventricosa 340
tafelboom 311
tamboti 338
tambotie 338
tambotiebeen 338
tar berry 332
tarwood 328
tassel berry 313
Tecoma capensis 340
tecoma 340
Tecomaria capensis 340
tederhout 328
teerhout 328
Tephrosia suberosa 329
terblans 324
terblanshout 324
terblanz 324
terblanz beech 324
Theodora capitata 337
thicket euclea 323
thorny elm 316
three-petalled cassine 321
thunder tree 340
thunyulelelwa 333
tierhout 328
tigerwood 328
TILIACEAE 325
t’kaa 324
toad tree 340
tolbalie 316
tolbollie 316
torch fruit tree 313
torchwood 313
tosselbessie 313
Transvaal beech 324
Transvaalboekenhout 324
Transvaal boer-bean 337
Transvaal boerboon 338
Transvaal boxwood 330
Transvaal-essenhout 320
Transvaal holly 329
Transvaal kafferboom 322
Transvaal-saffraan 321
Transvaal saffraanhout 329
Transvaal saffron 321
Transvaal saffronwood 321
Transvaal silver-leaf 334
Transvaal-stinkhout 331
Transvaal stinkwood 331
Transvaal teak 314, 335
tree currant 337
tree fuschia 337
tree grape 327
tree-killer 324
Trema guineensis 340
Trema orientalis 340
treur-harpuisboom 331
Trichilia chirindensis 340
Trichilia dregeana 340
Trichilia ekebergia 321
Trichilia emetica 340
Trichilia natalensis 340
Trichilia roka 340
TRIMENIACEAE 342
trompetters 340
true yellow-wood 334
trumpetters 340
Tugela bush milkwood 341
Tugela milkwood 341
Tugelabastermelkhout 341
Tugela-bosmelkhout 341
Turraea floribunda 341
Turraea heterophylla 341
Turraea oblancifolia 341
Turraea obtusifolia 341
Turraea obtusifolia var. matopensis 341
Turraea obtusifolia var. microphylla 341
ubalatsheni omkhulu 313
ubambematsheni 324

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden358
ubanda 338
ubathini 340
ubhoqobhoqo 328
ubhugulo 341
ubobe 311
ubombo 311
ubongothi 327
ubudhlo 312
ubutswamtimi 333
uchahacha 340
udingamuzi 322
udongolokamadilika 330
ufutho 328
ufuthu 328
ugagu 311
ugibeleweni 318
ugobandlovu 313, 325, 335
ugobendlovu 313
ugupu 328
uhlamvubele 328
uhlinkhlane 334
uhubeshane 318
uhuza 326
uhuze 326
uhuzu 326
uiehout 315, 316
ukhanygude 311
ukolotshane 342
ulenyenye 337
ulethi 329
ULMACEAE 316, 340
uloselina 316
ulosilina 316
uloyiphela 338
uludwendwe lwengcuba 337
ululame 341
uluzi 324
umadlozana 341
umadlozane 313, 330, 341
umagugu 328
umagunda 319
umagupu 328
umaguqu 328
umahetheni 323
umahlabekufeni 318
umahlanganiso 330
umakhuthula 329
umakhwelafingqane 338
umakuthula 329
umakwela finqane 338
umaluleka 325
umamentabeni 329
umanana 339
umangqengqe 331
umanuka 315
umanungwane 343
umaphipha 336, 338
umaphipha-khubalo 336
umaqunda 315
umaqunda 321
umaququ 328
umathanjana 337
umathunzini 320, 340
umathunzini-wentaba 320
umathunzini-we-zintaba 320
umathunzi wentaba 320
umathuzini 320
umathuzini-wentaba 320
umbambampala 311
umbambangwe 316
umbande 326
umbandu 332
umbangabdlala 326
umbegele 319
umbengele 340
umbhaba 315
umbhandu 332
umbhangabhanga 340
umbhangbangwe 316
umbhaqa 335
umbhelebhele 312
umbhemise 322
umbhobe 338
umbhone 317
umbhongabhonga 328
umbhonsi 321
umbhovane 315, 330
umbhovane-ongcingci 330
umbhovane-ongcinsi 330
umbilo 335
umbinda 325
umbishimbishi 320
umbobe 338
umbohone 317
umbokhangabokhanga 340
umbombe 324
umbomvana 315
umbomvane 315, 321
umbondo 317
umbondwe 317
umbondwe wasembundwini 317
umbondwe-mhlope 317
umbondwe-omhlope 317
umbongisa 320
umbophanyamazane 323
umbovane 330
umbovu 330
umbozwa 337
umbrella thorn 311
umbulele 339
umbumbu 319
umbunge 326
umcalathole 324
umcebekhazana 340
umchumelo 333
umcumane 312
umdenda obomvu 324
umdende 324
umdende-obomvu 324
umdindwa 340

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 359
umdlambandlaze 330
umdlavusa 312, 322
umdlebe 322, 339
umdlebe-omnacane 339
umdletshane 339
umdlovune 311
umdlumuthwa 340
umdodemnyama 320
umdoni 339, 340
umdoni wehlathi 340
umdubu 317
umdumezulu 334
umdumizula 334
umdumo 327
umdumowazo 327
umdunwana 340
umdunye 339
umdunywana 340
umdwendwelencuba 337, 338
umdwendwe-lwengcuba 337
umemeze 315
umemeze obomvu 315, 316
umemeze omhlope 315
umemezi omhlope 315
umemezilobovu 315, 316
umemezilomhlope 315
umemezobhovu 315, 316
umemezomhlope 315
umfazi-othetha 335
umfomothi 330
umfomoti 330
umfongafonga 328
umfongofongo 328
umfongothi 327
umfula 314
umfusamvu 333
umgadankawu 312
umgadenkawu 312
umgamakhulu 316
umgangele 339
umganu 338
umganukomo 327
umgeleweni 318
umgeya 333, 334
umgezisa 319
umgilindi 337
umgobandlovu 313
umgologolo 313
umgonswane 324
umgqogqa 332
umgqogqo 332
umgqwabagqwaba 321
umgududo 321
umgugudo 321
umgunguluzampunzi 329
umgunguluzane 315, 329
umgwali 322
umgwaqu 330
umgwenya 326
umgwenyana weinja 320
umgwenyana wezinja 320
umgxamu 337, 338
umgxcina 319
umhayihayi 329
umhlabahlungu 313
umhlabahlungulu 313
umhlabamvubu 337
umhlabamvuti 337
umhlahlanyoni 313
umhlahle 314, 338
umhlahlenisefile 319
umhlakaza 314
umhlakazane 322
umhlakuva 312
umhlalajuba 318
umhlalalantethe 329
umhlalamagwababa 314
umhlalamgwababa 314
umhlalamkhwaba 314
umhlalankwazi 324, 329
umhlalanyamazane 323
umhlalanyoni 313
umhlalimakwaba 314
umhlamahlala 339
umhlambamanzi 336
umhlambamasi 336
umhlambandlazi 330
umhlambhamanzi 336
umhlandothi 312
umhlangothi 334
umhlangwenya 318
umhlashozane 318
umhlatholana 341
umhlatolana 341
umhlawazizi 316
umhlawekele 320
umhlehlane 333
umhlenhlane 333
umhlinye 337
umhlofunga 311
umhlonhlo 323
umhloshazana 318
umhloshozane 318
umhlosinga 311
umhloungulo 313
umhluka 318
umhluluga 318
umhlume 314
umhlungumabele 342
umhlungwane 342
umhluthi 334
umhluthi wehlathi 334
umhluti-wentaba 336
umhlwakela 316
umhlwakele 320
umhlwathi 331
umhlwazi 316
umhlwazimamba 331
umhlwehlwe 342
umhulana 341

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden360
umilamatsheni 330
uminya 318
uminyela 317
umjele 336
umjuluka 315
umkangaze 325
umkhabamasi 336
umkhadlu 340
umkhadluvungu 336
umkhahlu 340
umkhakhas 327
umkhakhasi 327
umkhakhazi 334
umkhalwana 340
umkhamamasane 340
umkhamba 311
umkhambati 311
umkhandangoma 333
umkhangala 339
umkhangazo 325
umkhangu 322
umkhanyagude 311
umkhanyakude 311
umkhathane 316
umkhaya 310, 311
umkhaya wehlalahlati 310
umkhaya wehlalatini 310
umkhaya-wemfula 324
umkhayikhayi 329
umkhiwane 325
umkhoba 334
umkhobeza 330
umkhobobonga 343
umkhokhozo 326
umkhokhwane 332
umkholotshwana 342
umkhombazulu 339
umkhomizo 334
umkhondweni 318
umkhovothi 316
umkhuhla 340
umkhuhlu 340
umkhuhlwa 340
umkhula 340
umkhuswa 326
umkhuswe 326
umkhuze 326
umkhwakhwane 325
umkhwangu 322
umkhwenkhwe 333
umkhwenkwe 333
umkwakwane omkhulu 325
umkwangu 322
umkwenkwe 333
umlahlabantu 343
umlahlankosi 339, 343
umlahleni 319
umlahlenisefile 319
umlalanyate 325
umlalanyathi 326
umlalume 334
umlomomnandi 316
umlomomnanzi 316
umlomomnanzilobhovu 316
umluga 324
umlulama 325, 328, 341
umlulama 329
umlulama womfula 325
umlulama-omncane 341
umluluma 330
umlungumabele 342, 343
umluthu 341
ummbila 318
umnala 312, 313
umnalahlanga 312
umnalo 313
umnaloqho 313
umnama 328
umnandi 330
umnangazi 313
umncaka 313
umncambu 328
umncande 320
umnebelele 312
umneyi 313
umnga 310
umngamanzi 311
umngampunzi 310
umngawe 311
umngqabe 318
umngqangqa 333
umnini 313
umnole 329
umnole umagayi 329
umnono 339
umnqabaza 326
umnqabe 318, 319
umnqabo 328
umnqambo 328
umnqandane 322
umnqawe 311
umnqayi 329
umnqayi obomvu 329
umnqcabeq 319
umnqugunya 331
umnquma 331
umnqumo 331
umnugani 330
umnukane 330
umnukani 330
umnulu 313
umnungamabele 342, 343
umnungumabele 343
umnungwane 342, 343
umnungwane omncane 342
umnweba wasolwande 329
umnwebe 328
umnwebe wentaba 328
umnyamanzi 315
umnyamathi 320

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 361
umnyenye 337
umompumelelo 328
umondi 316
umpafa 343
umpathankosi 339
umpathankosi-omhlope 339
umpathawenkosi 339
umphafa 343
umphanda 332
umphapha 323
umphimbi 325
umphongaphonga 328
umphumbulu 329, 341
umphumela 328
umphumelee 328
umphumelele 328
umphuze 310
umpumbulu 341
umpume 333
umpumelelo 328
umqalothi 339
umqaloti 339
umqandane wesempisi 320
umqandane wezimpisi 320
umqathe 327
umqawe 311
umqhokwane 332
umqhoqqho 332
umqonqazi 321
umqotha 321
umquma 331
umquqo 326
umsama 310
umsasane 311
umsehle 332
umsekeseke 340
umsenge 319
umsengembuzi 319
umshamfuthi 312
umshangwe 311
umshekisane 322, 323
umshelele 330
umshonge 314
umshongi 313
umsimbithi 329
umsimbithwa 329
umsindadlovana 331
umsindandlovu 329
umsinjane 331
umsinsi 322
umsishane 331
umsisi 322
umsityana 331
umsonti 333, 334
umsunu wembuzi 330
umsunubuzi 330
umthathe 335
umthelela 333
umthelelo 330
umthiba 319
umthobo 332
umthole 310
umtholo 310
umthoma 320
umthombe 324
umthombothi 338
umthongwane 319
umthumelela 333
umthundisa 336
umthunduluka-omncane 342
umthungwa 318
umthunyelelwa 333
umthunzi 329
umtshekizane 323
umtshikisane 323
umtswathiba 333
umtunduluka-omncane 342
umtwakela 320
umumu 313
umunga 310
umunyane 340
umunyumunyu 325
umuthi wokuzila 325, 330, 341
umuthi-ebomvu 334
umvalasangweni 325
umvalasangweni-wehlathi 325
umvangazi 335, 340
umvithi 314
umvongothi 327
umvuma 332, 341
umvunguta 327
umvusamu 333
umweba 328
umweba-wentaba 328
umxano 337
umyaweyane 325
umyazagoma-embomvu 337
umyazangoma-ebomvu 337
umyazangoma-embomvu 337
umyenye 337
umzilanyone 339
umzilanyoni 318
umzimane 323
umzimbeet 329
umzingula 327
umzingulu 327
umzinkulu 342
umzithi 317
undiyandiya 314
undiyaza 314
undlangwenya 318
ungwebo-omkulu 313
ungwebunkulu 313
unhlangothi 334
unhlavusi 312
unhlibe 319
unhliziyonkulu 320
unkhamanzi 310
unomphumelo 333
unukane 330

Grace, Prendergast, Jäger and Van Staden362
unukani 330
unyazangoma 313
unyenya 337
unyenye 337
uphongaphonga 328
uphophopho 328
upright yellowwood 334
uqhambathi 334
uroselina 316
usahlulamanye 323, 335, 336
usala 326
usehlulamanye 321
usekwane 329
usimanaye 320
usolo 312, 326
uswazi 341
uvethe 342
uvetho 342
uvovo 338
uvovovo 337
uvovovwana 338
uvuka 313
uvuku 313
uvukwabafile 336
uvuma 332, 341
uvuma-ebomvu 332
uvungu 320
vaal-essenhout 320
vaderlandswilg 317
vaderlandswilgerboom 317, 340
vals-assegaai 328
valselemoentjiedoring 315
vals-lemoentjiedoring 315
valsmaroela 327
vals-populier 328
vals-stinkhout 331
vals-tambotie 317
veelstamvalsdoring 313
velvet bush willow 317
velvet-leaved bush willow 317
velvet-leaved combretum 317
VERBENACEAE 337, 341
visboontjie 329
visgif 329
Vitellariopsis dispar 341
Vitex obovata 341
Vitex reflexa 341
Vitex wilmsii 341
Vitex wilmsii var. reflexa 341
vlier 330
voëlpruim 313
voëlsitboom 313
waaiboom 319
waboom 334
Warburgia breyeri 341
Warburgia salutaris 341
wasbessie 329
water-berry 339
waterbessie 339
waterboekenhout 336
water boekenhout 314
waterboom 327
waterhout 327, 339
water-matoemie 314
water matumi 314
water-tree 327, 339
waterwitessenhout 314
water-wood 339
wattle 332
wax berry 329
weeping boer-bean 337
weeping resin tree 331
weeping schotia 337
weeping wattle 332
Weihea gerrardii 315
westelike geelhout 334
white ash 314
white-berry bush 325
white candlewood 335
white Cape beech 333
white cherrywood 335
white elder 330
white gardenia 325
white ironwood 327
white milkwood 338
white monkey thorn 324
white pear 335
white resin tree 331
white-stemmed guarri 323
white-stemmed tree 314
white thorn 310
wild almond 313, 334
wild bottlebrush 326
wild camphor tree 318
wild cardamon 342
wild coffee 314
wildedadel 313
wild elder 330
wilde-kamperfoelieboom 341
wilde-kanferboom 318
wilde-kardemon 342, 343
wildekastaiing 315
wildekatjiepiering 325
wilde-kersieboom 334
wilde-kiaat 335
wildekweper 318
wilde-laventel 326
wilde-mango 317
wilde-mangostan 325
wilde-peperboom 328
wildepieterseliebos 326
wilde-populier 328
wilde-pruim 326, 332
wilde-vlier 330
wildevyboom 324
wilde-wattel 332
wild fig 324
wild fuschia 338

South African Journal of Botany 2003, 69 (3): 301–363 363
wild gamboge tree 325
wild holly 327
wild honeysuckle tree 341
wild honeysuckle 341
wild lavender 326
wild lemon 315
wild mango 317
wild mangosteen 325
wild myrtle 340
wild oleander 314
wild olive 331
wild peach 330
wild pear 320
wild pepper tree 328
wild plum 320, 326, 332
wild poplar 328
wild quince 318
wild teak 335
wit-apiesdoring 324
witbas 314
witbessiebos 325
witboekenhout 333
witessenhout 314
witgat 314
witgatboom 314
wit-haakdoring 311
wit-harpuisboom 331
without 318, 327
withoutdoring 324
wit-katjiepiering 325
wit-kershout 335
witkiaat 332
witmelkhout 338
witpeer 336
witstam 314, 323
witstamboom 314
witstam-ghwarrie 323
witstinkhout 330
witstinkhoutboom 330
witteboom 314
wonderboom 314
worm-bark false-thorn 312
worm-cure albizia 312
worsbom 327
wurmbasvalsdoring 312
wurmhout 317
Ximenia americana 342
Ximernia americana var. microphylla 342
Ximenia rogersii 342
Xymalos monospora 342
yellowwood 334
ysterhout 329, 330, 331
Zanthoxylum capense 342
Zanthoxylum davyi 343
Zeyher’s bush willow 317
Ziziphus abyssinica ssp. mucronata 343
Ziziphus mucronata 343
Ziziphus mucronata ssp. rhodesica 343
Zoeloepeulbessie 319
Zulu albizia 313
Zulu false thorn 313
Zulu-melkbessie 328
Zulu milkberry 328
Zulu podberry 319
Zuluvalsdoring 313
Zygia fastigiata 312