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Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, 5, 000-000 1
1876-1429/13 $100.00+.00 © 2013 Bentham Science Publishers
Garlic as an Anti-diabetic Agent: Recent Progress and Patent Reviews
Raju Padiya and Sanjay K. Banerjee*
Division of Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500607, India.
Received: October 17, 2012; Accepted: December 14, 2012; Revised December 14, 2012
Abstract: This article reviews recent literature on the usage and relevance of garlic and its bioactive components in con-
trolling diabetes and diabetes-associated pathologies; and also updates recent patents on the subject. Antidiabetic effect of
garlic is well documented even in ancient medical literature. Garlic and its active ingredients have been extensively stud-
ied for their antidiabetic efficacies in either experimentally induced or genetic animal models of diabetes. Human studies
are also available where hypoglycemic effect of garlic was reported. The beneficial effects of garlic are mainly attributed
to the presence of volatile sulfur compounds like alliin, allicin, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, diallyl sulfide, S-allyl
cysteine, ajoene and allyl mercaptan. Garlic and garlic extracts have been shown to be effective in reducing insulin resis-
tance. Therefore, considering the importance of garlic in controlling diabetic comp lications, several preparations and food
processes containing garlic have been patented. This review discusses some of the recent progresses made in this field and
consolidates the results.
Keywords: Garlic, allicin, S-allyl cysteine, ajoene, Allyl mercaptan, diabetes, animal studies, human studies, patent.
INTRODUCTION
Garlic (Allium sativum) under the family Liliaceae, is a
well-known herb with medicinal value and has been used for
both nutritional and medicinal purposes since ancient times
[1]. It is native to central Asia and cultivated in other parts of
Asia, Africa, and Europe [2]. It was also known to ancient
Egyptians [3]. For centuries, garlic is being used for culinary
purposes, and its health benefits have been known since
1500 BC when ancient Chinese and Indians used it as a
blood-thinning agent [4]. There are reports that during the
earliest Olympics in Greece, garlic was fed to the athletes for
raising strength and performance [5]. Ancient medical tradi-
tions of India like Tibbi, Unani and Ayurveda, made exten-
sive use of garlic, as a central part of the healing efficacy [2].
Recent studies also reveal the beneficial effects of garlic or
its preparations, in combating various diseases and thus vali-
date the ancient literature with experimental proofs [6,7].
Hypolipidaemic, antiatherosclerotic, anticoagulant, anti-
hypertensive, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidote, hepatopro-
tective and immunomodulatory activities of garlic are now
well established from animal and human studies. The salu-
tary effect of garlic in controlling diabetes is also well docu-
mented.
Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder char-
acterized by impaired insulin release from pancreas and vari-
able degrees of insulin resistance leading to high blood
glucose levels. According to World Health Organization
(WHO) estimations, the death ratio of the people with diabe-
tes will get doubled by 2030 [8]. The international diabetes
*Address Correspondence to this author at the Division of Pharmacology,
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500607, India;
Tel: +91-4027191618; Fax: +91-4027193189;
E-Mail: skbanerjee@iict.res.in, banerjees74@hotmail.com
federation (IDF) recently (Dec, 2012) revealed that, the
country with the largest numbers of people with diabetes is
China (92.3 million) followed by India (63.0 million),
United States (24.1 million), Russia (12.7 million), Mexico
(10.6 million) and Germany (5.2 million). IDF estimated
that the total healthcare expenditure for diabetes in 2012 is
471.6 billion US dollars. Although there are generally two
kinds of diabetic conditions, i.e., type 1 and type 2, type 2
(diabetes mellitus) accounts for at least 85% of all the cases
of diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic condition that requires
careful monitoring and control of blood glucose levels.
Without proper management, diabetes can lead to vascular
dysfunctions, organ damage including kidney failure and
other metabolic complications [9]. Despite the recent scien-
tific advancements in medical therapies and management of
diabetes, it is still considered as one of the major life
threatening disease. Thus management of blood glucose
levels and diabetic associated-complications pose a major
challenge to clinicians and scientists. Preventive efforts
should start early and target those who are at risk to delay
the progression of type 2 diabetes. Substantial evidence
shows that nutrition can help prevent the development of
type 2 diabetes. There is an increasing need to identify nu-
tritional agents or herbs for those patients who are intoler-
ant to adverse effects of modern antidiabetic drugs and
those who cannot afford expensive medical expenditures
especially in economically poor and developing countries.
Among all nutritional agents, garlic plays an important role
in the prevention of diabetes and its progression. Scientific
literature described the application of garlic in the control
of diabetes. All of that research provided some useful in-
formation regarding the active principles, phytochemistry,
and molecular mechanisms of garlic. Specific search was
made with Pubmed, Google scholar, and different patent
sites to incorporate all useful information in this review
2 Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 Padiya and Banerjee.
article. An attempt was made to provide recent literature
and patents highlighting the beneficial effects of garlic.
BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF GARLIC
The commonest way of consuming garlic is raw garlic
or aqueous homogenate of garlic. This is the major prepara-
tion of garlic subjected to intensive experimental study
to understand the beneficial effect. Allicin (allyl 2-
propenethiosulfinate or diallyl thiosulfinate) is the principal
bioactive compound present in raw garlic homogenate or
aqueous garlic extract. Allinase enzyme, present in garlic,
is activated when garlic is chopped or crushed. Alliin (pre-
sent in garlic bulb) is converted to allicin due to the enzy-
matic activity of allinase [10]. The three important sulfur
containing compounds present in aqueous garlic extract and
garlic homogenate are allyl methyl thiosulfonate, 1-
propenyl allyl thiosulfonate and γ-L-glutamyl- S-alkyl-L-
cysteine [10]. Adenosine is another important bioactive
component present in garlic and its concentration has in-
creased by several-fold when the aqueous extract is incu-
bated at room temperature. The heat-treated water extract
of garlic contains mostly alliin. Garlic powder prepared by
simple dehydration (below 60°C) contains allin and al-
linase, which are capable to produce allicin and thus identi-
cal to that of fresh garlic. Sliced raw garlic when stored in
15–20% ethanol for 20 months or more, is converted to
aged garlic extract (AGE). This whole process causes in-
creased concentration of certain newer compounds, like S-
allylcysteine (SAC), S-allylmercaptocysteine, allixin and
selenium. These compounds are more stable, highly
bioavailable and have significant antioxidant properties
[10]. Another promising antioxidant compound present
in AGE is N-alpha-(1-deoxy-D-fructose-1-yl)-L-arginine
(Fru-Arg) and is not present in raw or heat treated garlic
preparation [1]. Garlic oil is another medicinally active
garlic preparation. Steam-distilled garlic oil is prepared by
steam distillation process consisting of diallyl, allyl methyl
and dimethyl mono to hexa sulfides. However, a typical
commercial preparation of garlic oil is available in market,
containing diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide
(DATS), allyl methyl trisulfide (AMTS), allyl methyl disul-
fide (AMDS), diallyl tetrasulfide (DATeS), allyl methyl
tetrasulfide (AMTeS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), penta
sulfide (PS) and hexa sulfide (HS). Another kind of garlic
oil namely, oil-macerated garlic oil contains vinyl-dithiins
and ajoenes. Ether extracted garlic oil which is known as
essential oil of garlic contains higher amount of vinyl-
dithiins, allyl sulfides and ajoenes compared to oil-
macerated garlic oil [11]. The names and chemical struc-
tures of active chemical compounds present in garlic or
garlic preparation, and their chemical conversion are sum-
marized in Fig. (1).
GARLIC AS ANTI-DIABETES
Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease char-
acterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insu-
lin secretion, insulin action, or both. Abnormalities in the
metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and fat are also key
factors for diabetes and related complications. Garlic has
been shown to play an important role in the control of
blood glucose levels and lessen diabetes-associated com-
plications. Several studies documented the efficacy of gar-
lic in reducing blood glucose levels in various animal mod-
els of type 1 and type 2 diabetes as well as in humans [12-
Fig. (1). Schematic representation of organosulfur compounds present in garlic and its different preparations, and their chemical conversion.
Garlic as an Anti-diabetic Agent: Recent Progress and Patent Reviews Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 3
16]. The hypoglycemic effect of garlic and different prepa-
rations of garlic has been attributed to the presence of al-
licin and other organosulfur compounds [15]. Garlic has
been shown to reduce blood glucose levels in streptozotocin
(STZ)-induced and alloxan-induced diabetes models (Type
1) in rats and mice (Table 1 & 2). Although both streptozo-
tocin and alloxan-induced type-1 diabetic animal models
are mostly used for experimental purposes, more than 70%
studies utilised streptozotocin model for evaluating the an-
tidiabetic efficacy of garlic. Many experimental studies
showed that garlic and its different forms can reduce hy-
perglycemia in diabetic mice [17, 18], rats [19-21] and rab-
bits [22]. Garlic oil was found to be effective in seven dif-
ferent type-1 diabetic animal studies whereas garlic ho-
mogenate, aqueous garlic extract and garlic powder, con-
taining allicin as major bioactive compounds, were found
to be effective in eleven studies. S-allyl cysteine (SAC) and
S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide (SACS), sulfur containing amino
acid present in garlic preparation have been shown to re-
duce diabetes and related complications due to antioxidant
effect [7, 17, 20, 23]. Cardiac complications, vascular reac-
tivity, oxidative stress in liver and kidney, and cataract due
to diabetes were shown to be attenuated after garlic treat-
ment (Table 1). Different hepatic injury markers like in-
creased serum acid, alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspa-
rate transferases and serum amylase in diabetic rats was
decreased after garlic oil treatment [23]. Aged garlic ex-
tract is also effective to reduce adrenal hypertrophy, hyper-
glycemia and corticosterone levels in hyperglycemic mice
induced by immobilization stress [24]. Garlic (6.25%) in
diet reduced hyperphagia and polydipsia but did not alter
hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinaemia in streptozotocin-
induced diabetic mice after 12 days [25]. Experimental
evidence also shows that ingestion of garlic juice improved
glucose utilisation in glucose tolerance test performed in
rabbits [26, 27]. Different extracts of garlic i.e., ethyl alco-
hol, petroleum ether and ethyl ether extracts produced a
significant reduction in blood glucose levels in rabbits [28].
A single component of garlic, allicin at a dose of 250
mg/kg in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbit is 60% as effec-
tive as tolbutamide [26]. Garlic was also tested in different
animal models of type 2 diabetes like fructose fed insulin
resistance model, streptozotocin plus nicotinamide induced
model, and genetic models i.e., db/db and KK-A(y) (Table
2). Increased sensitivity to insulin along with a decrease in
oxidative stress was observed in all those models after ad-
ministration of aqueous garlic extract or garlic homogenate
rich in allicin. Out of 11 type-2 diabetic animal studies, 8
of them utilised ‘fructose fed insulin resistance model’ for
evaluating the efficacy of garlic (Table 2). Duration of gar-
lic intervention for most of the studies was 4 to 8 weeks.
Nine studies out of 11 administered garlic homogenate or
garlic powder, containing allicin as bioactive compound, to
reduce diabetes and its complications in experimental ani-
mals. Different animal species were utilised to test the effi-
cacy of garlic. While 29 studies out of 33 used rat as an
experimental animal for type-1 diabetic study, 8 studies out
of 11 used rats for type 2 diabetic studies (Table 1 and Ta-
ble 2). Another important issue is the proper dose of garlic
for antidiabetic activity. A wide range of doses (10-500
mg/kg) of garlic or its different preparations were used for
their antidiabetic activities by different laboratories (Table
1). However, Banerjee et al., reported that garlic homogen-
ate with more than 500 mg/kg/day dose is not safe [29].
Similarly rodent diet containing 6.5% or more percentage
of garlic may be higher than the effective dose and need
more safety and toxicity studies. Oral route was preferred
as route of administration for evaluating antidiabetic effi-
cacy of garlic in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic models.
Although there are good numbers of experimental studies
showing antidiabetic efficacies of garlic and its prepara-
tions in various animal models, the same is not being well
explored in humans. However, few studies in humans indi-
cated controversial results and therefore warrant further
examination (30-34). While administration of garlic tablet
(Kwai and Allicor), garlic powder, garlicin and garlic oil
[30-34] showed significant reduction in blood glucose lev-
els, some other studies using ethylacetate extract, fresh
garlic and garlic powder [35-37] showed no significant
change in blood glucose levels. Thus the role of garlic, its
different preparations and duration of garlic administration
in diabetic patients are yet to be confirmed. Similar nega-
tive data also exist for antihyperlipidemic effect of garlic
[1].
The mechanism/s of antidiabetic property of garlic was
explored by different studies. Nevertheless, in-vivo [7, 38]
and in-vitro [7] studies showed that garlic may act as an in-
sulin secretagogue. Increasing either the pancreatic secretion
of insulin from the beta cells or its release from bound insu-
lin was proposed as a probable mechanism of antidiabetic
effect of garlic [28]. Padiya et al showed that chronic con-
sumption of raw garlic attenuated insulin resistance in fruc-
tose fed rats [39]. Antioxidant effect of raw garlic and iso-
lated compounds from garlic may also contribute to garlic’s
beneficial effect in diabetes and its associated complications
[7, 39].
CURRENT & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Diabetes is a complex metabolic disease associated with
multiple risk factors. Hyperglycemia, hyprelipidemia, hy-
peruricemia, insulin resistance, ketoacidosis and organ dam-
ages are major features of diabetes. Antidiabetic drugs ap-
proved till now are not sufficient to reduce diabetic compli-
cations and mortality linked to cardiovascular dysfunctions,
stroke and kidney failure. This limitation has driven the re-
search community to continue their search to find effective
antidiabetic agents or products with improved safety profiles.
Garlic is being used worldwide as a prophylactic for differ-
ent diseases based on both ancient and modern scientific
literature. Adequate amount of experimental evidence on
garlic usage as an antidiabetic has been obtained from animal
studies. We found 33 and 11 animal studies, respectively, to
find the efficacy of garlic against Type 1 and Type 2 diabe-
tes (date of retrieving was October 3, 2012). One third of
Type-1 diabetic studies utilised aqueous garlic or garlic
powder containing allicin as a major component to reduce
the diabetes and its related complications. In case of type-2
diabetes, all studies except one utilised garlic aqueous ho-
mogenate or garlic powder to alleviate the disease. Similarly,
out of eight human studies five of them utilised garlic
4 Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 Padiya and Banerjee.
Table 1. Effect of Garlic on Animal Models of Type-I diabetes
S.
No
Preparation
Dura-
tion
Garlic dose
Induction
of diabetes
Animal
used
Parameters studied
Effect of garlic
Refer-
ences
1
Garlic oil
16
days
Dose depending
like 0,10,50,
100 mg/kg body
weight (orally)
STZ
Rats
Cardiac function and
MAPK- pathways were
examined.
Garlic oil showed the
potential to protect heart
from diabetic cardiomy-
opathy.
[40]
2
S-allyl cysteine
(SAC)
15
days
30 mg/kg body
weight (i.p)
STZ
Mice
GSH,GPX,TBARS and
apoptotic parameters like
DNA fragmentation, ex-
pressions of Bcl2 and p53
were examined.
SAC prevented free radi-
cals associated deteriora-
tion of cognitive functions
and neurobehavioral ac-
tivities.
[17]
3
Garlic bulb powder
28
days
200 mg/kg body
weight (orally)
STZ
Rats
Glucose level, triglyceride,
insulin level and oxidative
stress were examined.
Garlic attenuated all pa-
rameters evaluated in this
study.
[19]
4
S-allyl cysteine
(SAC)
45
days
150 mg/kg body
weight
(orally)
STZ
Rats
The blood glucose and
TBARS levels in plasma
and, SOD and catalase in
pancreatic tissue were
evaluated.
SAC treatment exerts a
protective effect in diabe-
tes by decreasing oxidative
stress.
[20]
5
Garlic oil
16
days
Dose dependant
effect i.e.,
10,50,100
mg/kg body
weight
(orally)
STZ
Rats
Cardiac contractile dys-
function examined by
echocardiography.
TBARS, SOD1, α-and β-
MHC isoform, α-actin,
caspase, p38 MAPK,
NFκB and TUNEL assay
were observed in diabetic
rat hearts.
Garlic oil showed signifi-
cant protecting effect in
heart from diabetes-
induced cardiomyopathy.
[41]
6
S-allylcysteine
(SAC)
45
days
150 mg/kg body
weight
(orally)
STZ
Rats
Blood glucose and glyco-
protein components such
as hexose, hexosamine,
fructose and sialic acid in
plasma, liver and kidneys
of diabetic rats were exam-
ined.
SAC normalized all bio-
chemical parameters and
showedsignificantbenefi-
cial effect on the glycopro-
tein moiety in addition to
its antidiabetic effect.
[21]
7
Aqueous extract of
garlic
6
weeks
500 mg/kg body
weight
(i.p)
STZ
Rats
Antioxidant status in dia-
betic andhypertensive rats
was examined before and
after treatment with garlic.
Antioxidant status im-
proved by garlictretament.
[42]
8
Methanolic extract
of garlic
30
days
250 and 500
mg/kg body
weight
STZ
Rats
Garlic's dose-dependent
protective effect against
streptozotocin (STZ)-
induced oxidative stress in
hepatic and intestinal tis-
sues were evaluated.
This study suggested that
consumption of garlic at
250mg/kg dose is benefi-
cial in terms of defensive
action against oxidative
stress.
[43]
Garlic as an Anti-diabetic Agent: Recent Progress and Patent Reviews Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 5
(Table 1) contd……
S.
No
Preparation
Dura-
tion
Garlic dose
Induction
of diabetes
Animal
used
Parameters studied
Effect of garlic
Refer-
ences
9
Fresh garlic ho-
mogenate
30
days
200 or 400
mg/kg body
weight
STZ
Rats
Serum glucose, insulin,
total triacylglycerol, total
cholesterol and creatinine
clearance were evaluated
in STZ-induced diabetic
rats. TBARS,GSH and
nitric oxide levels in kid-
ney were also observed.
Fresh garlic homogenate
has the ability to amelio-
rate STZ-induced diabetic
nephropathy possibly
through participation in the
inhibition of oxidative
damage to kidney and/or
increased kidney nitric
oxide bioavailability.
[44]
10
Methanolic extract
of garlic
8
weeks
250 and 500
mg/kg body
weight
STZ
Rats
Cataract and oxidative
stress as measured by
TBARS, GPX, GSH and
SOD were evaluated.
Garlic extract showed
hypoglycemic and anti-
oxidant properties that
prevent the progression of
cataract.
[45]
11
Aqueous extract of
garlic
8
weeks
100 g in 100 ml
cold sterile
0.9% saline
solution
STZ
Rats
Blood glucose levels and
serum ACE activity were
examined.
Decreased serum ACE
activity which may prevent
some vascular complica-
tions of diabetes mellitus.
[46]
12
Diallyl sulfide
4 days
200 µl DAS or
DADS orally
twice daily
STZ
Mice
Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) infection in dia-
betic mice.
DAS and DADS showed
multiple protective func-
tions against MRSA infec-
tion in diabetic mice.
[47]
13
Garlic
ethanolic extract
14
days
100,250,
and 500 mg/kg
body weight
(orally)
STZ
Rats
Level of serum glucose,
total cholesterol, triglyc-
erides, urea, uric acid,
creatinine, aspartate amino
transferase (AST) and
alanine amino transferase
(ALT) were examined.
The antidiabetic effect of
the garlic extract was more
effective than that ob-
served with glibenclamide.
[48]
14
Some herbal ex-
tracts including
garlic
5
weeks
200 mg/kg body
weight
STZ
Rats
Food consumption, body
weight gain, blood glucose
and serum insulin levels
were examined.
The herbal extracts pro-
duced hypoglycemia
probably by interfering
with either food intake or
gastrointestinal glucose
absorption.
[49]
15
Garlic oil
28
days
500 mg/ kg
body weight
STZ
Rats
Multiple blood cell types
and metabolic pathways
involved in the modulation
of platelet reactivity were
investigated in streptozoto-
cin-induced diabetic rats
treated with garlic oil.
Platelet counts of diabetic
rats were significantly
reduced after garlic oil
treatment. Garlic oil also
increased the leucocyte
counts of diabetic rats as
compared to control rats.
[50]
6 Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 Padiya and Banerjee.
(Table 1) contd……
S.
No
Preparation
Dura-
tion
Garlic dose
Induction
of diabetes
Animal
used
Parameters studied
Effect of garlic
Refer-
ences
16
Garlic oil and
diallyl disulfide
16
weeks
Garlic oil (100
mg/kg body
weight) or
DADS (40 or
80 mg/kg body
weight)
STZ
Rats
Blood glucose levels, glu-
cose tolerance test and
body weight gain were
observed.
Neither garlic oil nor
DADS significantly af-
fected fasting blood glu-
cose concentrations
throughout the investiga-
tion period, Garlic oil did
not affect oral glucose
tolerance in diabetes
acutely but significantly
improved oral glucose
tolerance at 4, 8, 12, and
16 weeks.
[51]
17
Garlic oil and
diallyl trisulfide
3
weeks
Garlic oil (100
mg/kg body
weight), diallyl-
trisulfide (40
mg/kg body
weight)
STZ
Rats
Glucose and insulin levels,
insulin tolerance test and
oral glucose tolerance test
were evaluated.
Both garlic oil and diallyl-
trisulfide improved glyce-
mic control in diabetic rats
through increased insulin
secretion and increased
insulin sensitivity.
[52]
18
Aqueous extract of
garlic
8
weeks
100 mg/kg body
weight
STZ
Rats
Serum glucose level and
vascular reactivity of tho-
racic aorta was examined.
Garlic treatment in diabetic
rats can prevent the devel-
opment of abnormal con-
tractility through an endo-
thelium-dependent and -
independent mechanism
[53]
19
Aqueous garlic
extract
8
weeks
100 mg/kg body
weight (i.p)
STZ
Rats
Vascular reactivity was
examined.
Long-term administration
of garlic extract attenuated
vascular dysfunction in
diabetic rats.
[54]
20
Garlic oil
15
days
10 mg/kg body
weight (i.p)
STZ
Rats
Plasma glucose, total lip-
ids, triglyceride, choles-
terol, lipid peroxides, nitric
oxide and uric acid were
examined.
Antioxidants ceruloplas-
min, albumin and oxidative
stress in liver and kidney
were also observed.
The results suggest that
garlic oil effectively nor-
malized the impaired anti-
oxidants status in strepto-
zotocin-induced diabetic
rats.
[55]
21
Aqueous extract of
garlic
8
weeks
100 mg/kg body
weight
STZ
Rats
Alterations in vascular
reactivity of streptozoto-
cin-induced diabetic rats
were examined.
Garlic administration
significantly improved
impaired endothelium-
dependent relaxations and
decreased the enhanced
contractile response to
phenylephrine in diabetic
rats.
[56]
Garlic as an Anti-diabetic Agent: Recent Progress and Patent Reviews Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 7
(Table 1) contd……
S.
No
Preparation
Dura-
tion
Garlic dose
Induction
of diabetes
Animal
used
Parameters studied
Effect of garlic
Refer-
ences
22
Garlic oil
28
days
500 mg/ kg
body weight
STZ
Rats
Red cell phosphatase,
serum acid and alkaline
phosphatases, amylase,
alanine, aspartate trans-
ferase and bilirubin were
examined.
Amylase and total protein
were also assessed from
the pancreas, liver, and
kidney tissues.
Treatment of diabetic rats
with garlic oil significantly
decreased the red cell
phosphatase, serum acid
and alkaline phosphatase.
Serum alanine and aspa-
ratetransferases were sig-
nificantly decreased as
well as serum amylase.
[57]
23
Garlic extract
16
weeks
100 mg/kg body
weight
(orally)
STZ
Rats
Plasma glucose and insulin
levels, and cardiovascular
functions were examined.
Feeding of garlic extract
act as antiatherosclerotic
agent in STZ-rats.
[58]
24
Bulbs of garlic
40
days
1000 mg of
garlic in 400 ml
water
STZ
Mice
Food and water intake,
body weight gain, plasma
glucose and insulin levels
were examined.
Garlic reduced the
hyperglycemia and
polydipsia but did not
significantly alter the
hyperglycemia or
hypoinsulinaemia
[59]
25
Alliin
5
weeks.
500 mg/ kg
body weight
Alloxan
Rats
Serum glucose, triglyc-
erides, total lipids, total
cholesterol, LDL- and
VLDL-cholesterol levels
were examined.
The leaf extract from sul-
fur treated garlic possess
more antidiabetic potential
and hence show more
therapeutic potency.
[60]
.
26
Garlic powder
3
weeks
15 mg/kg body
weight
Alloxan
Rats
Proinflammatory cytokine
tumor necrosis factor-alpha
(TNF-alpha) and anti-
inflammatory cytokine
interleukin-10 (IL-10) were
examined.
garlic decreased IL-
10/TNF-alpha ratio, de-
spite decreasing TNF-
alpha in alloxan diabetic
rats in agreement with the
histology, which revealed
more prominent improve-
ment in the obese group.
Moreover, the effect of
garlic was not linked to
improvement of IR in
obese rats.
[61]
27
Garlic
2
weeks
12.5% garlic in
diet
Alloxan
Rats
Blood glucose and histopa-
thology of pancreas were
examined.
Garlic was able to reduce
blood glucose level and act
as an antidibetic agent.
[62]
28
Garlic juice
4
weeks
100 mg/kg body
weight
Alloxan
Rats
Blood glucose, urea,
creatinine and bilirubin
levels, and
aspartate aminotransferase
(AST), alanine aminotrans-
ferase (ALT), lactate dehy-
drogenase (LDH), and
alkaline and acid phospha-
tases (AlP, AcP) activities
were examined.
Garlic juices exerted anti-
oxidant and antihypergly-
cemic effects and conse-
quently alleviated liver and
renal damage caused by
alloxan-induced diabetes.
[63]
8 Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 Padiya and Banerjee.
(Table 1) contd……
S.
No
Preparation
Dura-
tion
Garlic dose
Induction
of diabetes
Animal
used
Parameters studied
Effect of garlic
Refer-
ences
29
Ethanol extract of
garlic
4
weeks
45 mg/kg body
weight
Alloxan
Mice
Serum glucose levels,
nociceptive response in
tail-flick, hotplate, allo-
dynia, formalin test and
relative thickness, weight
of hind paw in formalin
induced paw oedema were
examined.
Ethanol extract of garlic
showed anti-
hyperglycemic and anti-
nociceptive effects in
diabetes.
[18]
30
S-allyl cysteine
sulfoxide (SACS)
and garlic
4
weeks
200 mg/kg body
weight
Alloxan
Rats
Insulin secretion and lipid
peroxidation were exam-
ined.
The beneficial effects of
SACS could be due to both
its antioxidant and its
secretagogue actions. The
former effect is more pre-
dominant and the latter is
only secondary. These
effects highlight the thera-
peutic value of garlic,
which is a component of
many diets.
[64]
31
S-
methylcysteinesul-
foxide (SMCS)
and S-
allylcysteinesul-
foxide (SACS)
4
weeks
200 mg/kg body
weight
Alloxan
Rats
Glucose tolerance, body
weight and liver glycogen
content were measured.
Garlic derived S-
methylcysteine sulfoxide
(SMCS) and S-
allylcysteine sulfoxide
(SACS) drugs significantly
increased the conversion of
labelled acetate to liver
cholesterol which indicates
a deterrent effect of the
allium products against the
synthesis of a risk factor.
[65]
32
S-allyl cysteine
sulfoxide (SACS)
4
weeks
200 mg/kg body
weight
Alloxan
Rats
Body weight, serum lipids,
blood glucose and activi-
ties of serum enzymes like
alkaline phosphatase, acid
phosphatase and lactate
dehydrogenase were meas-
ured. Liver glucose-6-
phosphatase, HMG CoA
reductase activity and
hexokinase activity were
also examined.
S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide
(SACS) showed significant
antidiabetic effects in
alloxan-induced diabetic
rats.
[23]
33
Ethyl alcohol,
petroleum ether
and ethyl ether
extract of garlic
Acute
effect
250 mg/kg body
weight
Alloxan
Rabbit
Glucose levels was meas-
ured.
Garlic extract showed anti-
diabetic activity.
[22]
Garlic as an Anti-diabetic Agent: Recent Progress and Patent Reviews Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 9
Table 2. Effect of Garlic on Animal Models of Type-2 Diabetes
S.NO
Preparation
Duration
Garlic
dose
Model of
Type 2
Diabetes
Animals
used
Parameters studied
Effect of garlic
Refer-
ences
1
Garlic
homogenate
4 to 6
weeks
125, 250
and 500
mg/kg
body
weight
(orally)
High fruc-
tose fed
Rats
Systolic blood pressure
(SBP), heart rate, choles-
terol, triglycerides, glucose,
creatine phosphokinase-
MB, lactate dehydro-
genase, superoxide dismu-
tase,catalase and histopa-
thology were measured.
Garlic showed beneficial
effect in fructose-fed dia-
betic model.
[66]
2
Garlic
homogenate
3 weeks
125, 250
and 500
mg/kg
body
weight
High fruc-
tose fed
Rats
Myocardial lactate dehy-
drogenase, creatinine phos-
phokinase, superoxide
dismutase and catalase
activities, Water and food
intake, body weight, sys-
tolic blood pressure, cho-
lesterol, triglycerides,
blood glucose and histopa-
thology were examined.
Garlic in moderate dose
(250 mg/kg) with added
hydrochlorothiazide pos-
sesses synergistic cardiopro-
tective and antihypertensive
properties against fructose-
and isoproterenol-induced
toxicities.
[67]
3
Garlic
homogenate
3 to
6weeks
125, 250
and 500
mg/kg
body
weight
High fruc-
tose fed
Rats
Water intake and body
weight, systolic blood
pressure, cholesterol,
triglycerides and glucose,
and myocardial SOD,
catalase, LDH and CK-MB
activities were measured.
Combined therapy of garlic
(250 mg/kg) with captopril
demonstrated higher syner-
gistic action than combina-
tion of SACS (0.222 mg/kg)
with captopril suggesting
the role of additional bioac-
tive constituents apart from
SACS, responsible for
therapeutic efficacy of gar-
lic.
[68]
4
Aqueous gar-
lic
8 weeks
150
mg/kg
body
weight
High fruc-
tose fed
Rats
Insulin resistance, aortic
NADPH oxidase activity,
SBP, plasma TBARS and
vascular cell adhesion
molecule-1
(VCAM-1) expression in
mesenteric arteries, and
myocardial eNOS were
measured.
Provided evidence of show-
ing anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant effect of garlic.
[69]
5
Garlic
homogenate
8 weeks
250
mg/kg
body
weight
High fruc-
tose fed
Rats
Blood glucose level, nitric
oxide, hydrogen sulfide,
triglyceride, insu-
lin,glycated haemoglobin,
uric acid, cholesterol, in-
traperitoneal glucose toler-
ance test, hepatic
TBARS, catalase and GSH
levels were measured.
Raw garlic homogenate was
effective in improving insu-
lin sensitivity whileattenuat-
ing metabolic syndrome and
oxidative stress in fructose-
fed rats.
[39]
10 Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 Padiya and Banerjee.
(Table 2) contd….
S.NO
Preparation
Duration
Garlic
dose
Model of
Type 2
Diabetes
Animals
used
Parameters studied
Effect of garlic
Refer-
ences
6
Aqueous ex-
tract of garlic
8 weeks
500
mg/kg
body
wieight
(i.p.)
High fruc-
tose fed
Rats
Fasting insulin resistance
index (FIRI), intraperito-
neal glucose tolerance test
(IPGTT), fasting blood
glucose levels and fasting
blood triglyceride levels
were measured.
Garlic extracts showed
hypoglycemic effect on
fructose-induced insulin
resistance animals.
[70]
7
Garlic bulb in
distilled water
28 days
200
mg/kg
body
weight
STZ along
with
Nicotina-
mide
Rats
Body-weight gain and food
intake, serum glucose and
insulin levels, cellular
toxicity and antioxidants.
Garlic or its preparation
appears to have more bene-
ficial effect than ginger and
turmeric and also have a role
in alleviating the risks of the
metabolic syndrome and
cardiovascular complica-
tions.
[71]
8
S-allyl-
mercapto-
captopril (a
garlic derived
compound)
60 days
53.5
mg⁄kg
body
weight
Fructose
plus Cohen-
Rosenthal
Diabetic
Hyperten-
sive
(CRDH)
model rats
Rats
Glucose levels, weight
gain, food intake, systolic
and diastolic blood pres-
sure (BP).
Administration of S-allyl-
mercapto-captopril im-
proved BP and glucose
levels and prevented weight
gain.
[72]
9
Garlic powder
4 weeks
0.5% and
2.0%
freez-
dried
garlic
powder in
diet
High fruc-
tose plus
STZ
Rats
Body weight, liver weight,
liver glycogen levels, se-
rum insulin, fasting blood
glucose, blood glycated
haemoglobin, and serum
lipids were measured.
This study suggests that
ginger and garlic are insuli-
notropic rather than hypo-
glycemic and showed anti-
diabetic effects.
[73]
10
Peeled garlic
and
Aged black
garlic powder
7 weeks
5% of
garlic and
aged
garlic in
diet
db/db mice
Mice
Body weight, food intake,
antioxidant activity and
TBARS.
Aged black garlic exerts
stronger antioxidant effect
than garlic in vitro and in
db/db mice, suggesting that
garlic and aged black garlic,
to a greater extent, could be
useful in preventing diabetic
complications.
[74]
11
Ajoene (de-
rived from
garlic)
8 weeks
Diet
contain-
ing 0.02
or 0.05%
of ajoene
KK-A(y)
Mice
Water intake, plasma glu-
cose, plasma triglyceride
levels.
Hyperglycemia and hyper-
triglyceridemia were sup-
pressed by ajoene treatment.
[75]
Garlic as an Anti-diabetic Agent: Recent Progress and Patent Reviews Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 11
Table 3. Effect of Garlic on Human
S. NO
Preparation
Duration
Dose
Effect
References
1
Garlic tablet (KWAI)
24 weeks
300 mg thrice/day
Hypoglycemic effects
[30]
2
Garlic powder tablet Allicor
4 weeks
300 mg twice /day
Lowering of fasting blood glucose
[31]
3
Garlic oil & Allicin
11 weeks
8.2 mg/day & 7.8 mg/day
Hypoglycemic effect
[32]
4
Garlicin
10 days
64 mg/day i.v. drip
Hypoglycemic effect
[33]
5
Garlic powder
4 weeks
800 mg/day
Hypoglycemic effect
[34]
6
Ethyl acetate extract
3 months
Eq. to 1 gm raw garlic/day
No change
[35]
7
Fresh garlic
16 weeks
3 gm/day
No change
[36]
8
Garlic powder
12 weeks
900 mg/day
No change
[37]
Table 4. List of Patents Showing use of Garlic Preparations in Diabetes
Patent number date
of publication
Title of the
Patent
Description of patent
Active component
Therapeutic use
Refer-
ence
CN1109289 (A), 1995-
10-04
Method for
making selenium
garlic capsule
The invention implements the prin-
ciple of "diet therapy" and adds
proper amount of seleniumized
carriagheen in garlic powder.
Garlic powder 500 mg,
selenium element 50
microgram.
Prevent cancer and cardio-
vascular disease and is
especially effective to cure
diabetes. It is a convenient,
effective, safe and natural
diet-therapeutic product.
[76]
CN1104905 (A), 1995-
07-12
Preparation
containing dehy-
drated garlic
The dehydrated garlic is used to
make the oral capsule and tablet
whose functions are promoting and
helping digestion, detoxifying all
kinds of toxic, killing all kinds of
insect curing dysentery, descending
blood lipid, preventing and curing
cardiovascular disease, cancer and
diabetes.
Dehydrated garlic and
allowably taking me-
dicaments and foods.
Preventing and curing
cardiovascular disease,
cancer and diabetes.
[77]
CN1104904 (A),1995-
07-12
Garlic oral ad-
ministration
liquid
The garlic oral liquid gives full play
to the garlic action of preventing and
curing disease and health protection.
Garlic extract, food
solute and medica-
ments solute. It fea-
tures palatable.
Its functions are promoting
and helping digestion,
detoxifying all kinds of
toxic, killing all kinds of
insect, curing dysentery,
descending the blood lipid,
preventing and curing
arteriosclerosis, cancer and
diabetes.
[78]
CN1086135 (A), 1994-
05-04
Garlic capsule
and making
method thereof
The present invention relates to a
method for making health-care food-
garlic capsule. This method includes
the procedures of raw material selec-
tion, cleaning and peeling, garlic
clove pulverizing, pulp dewatering,
wet powder drying, pulverizing and
capsule filling.
Garlic capsule
Preventing and curing
diabetes, cancer prevention,
anticancer and anti-senility.
[79]
DE4236409 (C1),
1994-05-19
New use of
compsns. contg.
garlic and fenu-
greek - for oral
treatment of
diabetes
Use of an oral compsition. compris-
ing a combination of 20-80 wt.%
garlic and 20-80 wt.% ground fenu-
greek seeds, opt. together with carri-
ers and additives, for treating type II
diabetes mellitus is new.
Combination of 20-80
wt.% garlic and 20-80
wt.% ground fenu-
greek seeds.
Useful for treating type II
diabetes mellitus.
[80]
12 Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 Padiya and Banerjee.
(Table 4) contd….
Patent number date
of publication
Title of the
Patent
Description of patent
Active component
Therapeutic use
Refer-
ence
CN1161219 (A),1997-
10-08
Bolus contg.
garlic extract,
and its process-
ing art
The carefully chosen garlic is under-
gone the treatment of deodorizing
and deactivation of enzymes by high
frequency medium heating device
and radioactive anti-staling technol-
ogy to obtain the garlic essence
powder or garlic essence juice with
very little odour and more than two
years of expiry period.
The garlic essence
pills.
Anti-bacterial, good for the
stomach, anti-diarrheal,
dephlogisticating, detoxify-
ing, duresis, relieving
cough, sedative, antihyper-
tension and expectorant. It
possesses definite curative
effect for curing and pre-
venting epidemic hepatitis
and encephalitis and can
lower the morbidity of
diabetes, coronary arterio-
sclerotic heart disease and
cerebral thrombosis.
[81]
GB2304046 (A), 1997-
03-12
Diabetes therapy
A method of treating diabetes con-
sists in the use in combination of
pharmacologically active products
extractable from garlic.
Garlic with a material
selected from the
group of pharmaco-
logically active prod-
uct extractable from
birch leaf, lecithin, or
mixtures thereof;
optionally in combina-
tion with sulfonylurea
drugs and/or vitamin
supplements.
Suitable for diabetes.
[82]
CN1107341 (A), 1995-
08-30
Compound gar-
lic oil capsule
and its producing
method
The compound garlic oil capsule for
treating hyperlipemia, atherosclero-
sis, tumor, diabetes mellitus,
hypertension, etc. is prepared
through preparing garlic oil from
garlic cloves and its inclusion com-
pound, mixing with kelp and coix
seed, and capsulizing. It features no
odour of garlic and thus unique
product.
Garlic oil capsule
Treating hyperlipemia,
atherosclerosis, tumor,
diabetes mellitus and hy-
pertension.
[83]
CN101596268 (A),
2009-12-09
Application of
garlic total
saponin in pre-
paring medica-
ments and foods
for resisting
oxidative stress
damage
The invention discloses application
of garlic total saponin in preparing
medicaments and foods for resisting
oxidative stress damage. Results of
in vitro and in vivo experiments
show that the garlic total saponin has
stronger activity of resisting the
oxidative stress damage.
Garlic
It is suitable for anti-aging
of healthy people or pa-
tients suffered from cardio-
vascular diseases, diabetes
and other oxidative stress
damage related diseases,
has the advantages of re-
markable curative effect,
safety and non-toxicity,
wide source of raw materi-
als and low cost, has wide
application prospect, and
can obtain good social and
economic benefit.
[84]
Garlic as an Anti-diabetic Agent: Recent Progress and Patent Reviews Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 13
(Table 4) contd….
Patent number date
of publication
Title of the
Patent
Description of patent
Active component
Therapeutic use
Refer-
ence
KR20120034554 (A),
2012-04-12
Composition for
preventing or
treating diabetes
or complications
of diabetes mel-
litus comprising
an extract of
korea angelica
roots and wild
garlic leaves as
an active ingre-
dient
Purpose: A pharmaceutical composi-
tion and health food composition
containing extract of Angelicae
Gigantis Radix and wild garlic is
provided to ensure antiobesity,
blood glucose reduction, and anti-
hyperlipidemia.
Garlic leaves
Preventing or treating
diabetes or complications
of diabetes mellitus.
[85]
WO2012021014 (A2),
2012-02-16
Composition for
preventing or
treating diabetes
or diabetes com-
plications, con-
taining compos-
ite composition
of angelicae
gigantis radix
extract and wild
garlic leaves
extract as active
ingredient
The present invention shows excel-
lent anti-obesity effects, a blood
sugar lowering effect, anti-
hyperlipidemia, a liver protecting
effect and a kidney protecting effect,
and thus can be used as a composi-
tion for preventing, treating or im-
proving diabetes, and diabetes com-
plications such as diabetic obesity,
an increase of blood sugar, hyperlip-
idemia, hypertension, arteriosclero-
sis, apoplexy, liver injury, kidney
injury.
Garlic leaves
Anti-obesity effects, a
blood sugar lowering ef-
fect, anti-hyperlipidemia, a
liver protecting effect and a
kidney protecting effect,
and thus can be used as a
composition for preventing,
treating or improving dia-
betes, and diabetes
complication.
[86]
CN102228233 (A),
2011-11-02
Health-care
nutrient solution
and method for
preparing same
The health-care nutrient solution is
prepared by the following raw mate-
rials in the same part by weight:
Prunus amygdalus butsch kernel,
walnut kernel, apricot kernel, red
date, wheat, corn, black rice, yellow
bean, green bean, black bean, red
bean, apple, pear, pomegranate,
raisin, dried ebony, non-kernel dried
apricot, dried fig, potato, brassica
campestris, tomato, pepper, cabbage,
onion, garlic, pumpkin, musk melon,
eggplant, spinach, cucumber and
celery.
Prunus amygdalus
butsch kernel, walnut
kernel, apricot kernel,
red date, wheat, corn,
black rice, yellow bean,
green bean, black bean,
red bean, apple, pear,
pomegranate, raisin,
dried ebony, non-kernel
dried apricot, dried fig,
potato, brassica cam-
pestris, tomato, pepper,
cabbage, onion, garlic,
pumpkin, musk melon,
eggplant, spinach,
cucumber and celery.
Can effectively control and
help to treat cardiovascular
and heart cerebrovascular
diseases, diabetes, various
inflammations, andrology
diseases and gynecological
diseases, enhance the func-
tions of the immune system
and provide sufficient
nutrients for all tissues and
organs of human bodies.
[87]
KR20110057586 (A),
2011-06-01
A composition
for preventing or
treating diabetes
based on eisenia
bicyclis
Purpose: a composition containing
Eisenia bicyclis is provided to pre-
vent or treat diabetes.
15-25 weight% of
Eisenia bicyclis, 15-25
weight% of Eisenia
bicyclis enzyme ex-
tract, 15-25 weight%
of kelp powder, and
40-50 weight% of
excipient. The excipi-
ent contains 30-35
weight% of small bean
powder, 25-30
weight% of black
sesame powder, 10-15
weight% of onion
powder, 10-15
weight% of garlic
powder, and 10-15
weight% of malt yeast
powder.
Preventing or treating
diabetes.
[88]
14 Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 Padiya and Banerjee.
(Table 4) contd….
Patent number date
of publication
Title of the
Patent
Description of patent
Active component
Therapeutic use
Refer-
ence
CN102100874 (A),
2011-06-22
Chinese patent
drug for treating
diabetes and
preparation
method thereof
The invention discloses a Chinese
patent drug for treating diabetes and
a preparation method thereof, relat-
ing to the technical field of tradi-
tional Chinese medicine.
50-70 parts of
grapestone, 50-70 parts
of white tea, 50-70 parts
of lucid ganoderma, 50-
70 parts of ginseng, 50-
70 parts of hawthorn, 3-
5 parts of the root of red-
rooted salvia, 10-15
parts of rhizoma atracty-
lodis, 10-15 parts of vine
root, 10-15 parts of
Folium mori, 20-25
parts of bitter gourd, 10-
15 parts of Cyclocarya
paliurus, 10-20 parts of
garlic, 20-30 parts of
pumpkin powder, 10-20
parts of persimmon tree
leaf, 10-20 parts of corn
stigma, 5-20 parts of
pomegranate, 5-15 parts
of semen coicis, 10-15
parts of Coptis chinen-
sis, 10-15 parts of lo-
phatherum gracile, 5-10
parts of turmeric and 10-
15 parts of eucommia
bark.
Efficacy on lowering cho-
lesterol, blood fat, blood
pressure, blood sugar,
improving internal fat
metabolism and enhancing
organism immunity func-
tions.
[89]
KR20110042630 (A),
2011-04-27
Anti-
inflammatory
composition
comprising 5-
hydroxymethyl
furfural
Purpose: A composition containing
5-hydroxymethyl furfural isolated
from black garlic is provided to
ensure excellent blood circulation
and immunity and to prevent and
treat anti-inflammatory diseases.
The 5-hydroxymethyl
furfural or derivative
thereof is isolated from
black garlic.
Can be applicable on artery
scleroma, diabetes, arthri-
tis, obesity, inflammatory
bowel disease, Alzheimer's
disease, multiple sclerosis,
tuberculosis, sarcoidosis,
hepatitis, cholecystitis,
fungous infection, gastric
ulcer, asthma, atopic der-
matitis, or tendinitis.
[90]
KR20110042607 (A),
2011-04-27
Anti-
inflammatory
composition
comprising
extracts from
black aged garlic
Purpose: A composition containing
black garlic extract (NBG-CHCl3) is
provided to ensure effective blood
circulation and immunity and to
prevent and treat anti-inflammatory
diseases.
Black garlic extract
(NBG-CHCl3) is used
in the form of powder,
granule, tablet, cap-
sule, suspension, emul-
sion, and syrup.
Can be applicable on anti-
inflammatory diseases like
artery scleroma, diabetes,
arthritis, obesity, inflamma-
tory bowel disease, multiple
sclerosis, tuberculosis, or
sarcoidosis.
[91]
KR20110019569 (A),
2011-02-28
Composition of
health food
Purpose: A method to produce
health promoting food combining
herbs to offer excellent curing and
prevention effect against diabetes.
The medical herb pow-
der includes dried silk-
worm powder, Rehman-
nia glutinosa, Cornus
officinalis, Cuscuta
japonica, Rubus core-
anus, Torilis japonica,
poria cocos, Schisandra
chinensis, mulberry
leaves, Dioscorea bata-
tas, garlic, sea tangle,
Ledebouriella seseloi-
des, Lithospermum
erythrorhizon, Tarax-
acum mongolicum, and
Artemisiae capillaries.
Curing and prevention for
diabetes.
[92]
Garlic as an Anti-diabetic Agent: Recent Progress and Patent Reviews Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 15
(Table 4) contd….
Patent number date
of publication
Title of the
Patent
Description of patent
Active component
Therapeutic use
Refer-
ence
KR20110014421 (A),
2011-02-11
A nature spice
Purpose: A natural seasoning for the
regulation of blood sugar of diabetes
patient.
19~20wt% of vegetable
powder, 4~5wt% of
fermented soybean
paste powder,
20~25wt% of wheat
flour, 2~3wt% of plant
protein powder,
2~3wt% of mushroom
powder, 6~9wt% of
seaweed powder,
2~3wt% of dried
shrimp powder,
1~3wt% of anchovy
powder, 3~4wt% of
garlic powder, 1wt% of
starch, 2~4wt% of red
pepper powder,
8~9wt% of pepper seed
powder, 1~3wt% of
bean powder, 4~6wt%
of fungi including
yeast, 8~10wt% of
medicinal herb powder,
and 12~14wt% of
silkworm powder.
Regulation of blood sugar
of a diabetes patient.
[93]
KR20110001302 (A),
2011-01-06
Preparation
method of bioac-
tive pill of aged
black garlic show-
ing improving
effects on
hyperglycemia
and insulin resis-
tance.
Purpose: A method for manufactur-
ing functional pills containing black
garlic is provided to reduce blood
glucose and glycosyalted haemoglo-
bin and to prevent and treat diabetes.
Peel and pulverizing to
obtain black garlic-
pulverized product.
Improving effects on hy-
perglycaemia and insulin
resistance.
[94]
KR20100114974 (A)
2010-10-27
A functional
beverage com-
prising deep sea
water, extract of
black garlic,
extract of Juju-
bae fructus and
organic acid
Purpose: A functional beverage
composition comprising deep sea
water, black garlic extract, jujube
fruit extract, and organic acid is
provided to increase health, stamina,
tonic effect, refreshment, arterio-
sclerosis, anti-aging and to reduce
high blood pressure and diabetes.
Demineralized deep
sea water, black garlic
extract
1000~10,000mg, ju-
jube fruit extract
1000~3000mg, and
organic acid
30~1000mg per 100ml.
Anti-arteriosclerosis, anti-
aging and to reduce high
blood pressure and diabe-
tes.
[95]
KR20100098096 (A),
2010-09-06
Composition
comprising the
sugaring extract
of Allium sativum
for lowering
blood glucose or
preventing and
treating diabetes
mellitus.
Purpose: A composition containing
garlic sugar pickle extract is pro-
vided to reduce blood glucose and to
prevent and treat diabetes.
Garlic sugar pickle
extract as an active
ingredient.
Reduce blood glucose, and
prevent diabetes.
[96]
KR20100026600 (A),
2010-03-10
Composition
comprising the
dried powder of
black garlic or
extract thereof
for treating and
preventing lipid
metabolism
disorder and
diabetic compli-
cation disease
Purpose: A composition containing
black garlic dried powder or extract
thereof is provided to reduce total
cholesterol and neutral lipid concen-
tration and to prevent and treat lipid
metabolic disorder and diabetes
complications.
Black garlic dried
powder or extract as
active ingredient.
A functional health food
for preventing and treating
lipid metabolic disorder
and diabetes complications
contains black garlic dried
powder or extract thereof
as an active ingredient.
[97]
16 Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 Padiya and Banerjee.
(Table 4) contd….
Patent number date
of publication
Title of the
Patent
Description of patent
Active component
Therapeutic use
Refer-
ence
KR20100003992 (A),
2010-01-12
Composition for
the prevention
and the treatment
of obesity and
diabetes contain-
ing Alnus firma
Sieb. et zucc
extracts or com-
pounds separated
therefrom as an
effective ingre-
dient
Purpose: A composition for prevent-
ing and treating obesity containing
Alnus firma Sieb. et Zucc extract or
a compound isolated from the same
is provided to suppress [alpha]-
glucosidase and aldose reductase
and reduce blood sugar.
Garlic acid, ferulic
acid, betulinic acid, or
hesperidin.
A pharmaceutical composi-
tion and food composition
for preventing or treating
diabetes contains the com-
position as an active
ingredient.
[98]
KR20100001375 (A),
2010-01-06
New method for
preparing the
low molecular
fucoidan from
the brown algae
fermentation
Purpose: A low molecular fucoidan
fermented from brown algae and a
method for preparing the same are
provided to ensure high anti-
oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-
hyperlipidemia, and immunity and
use in medicinal and pharmaceutical
product, cosmetic product, and
functional food.
Brown algae and dip-
ping in weak acidic
liquid(pH 5-6); a step
of mixing and pulver-
izing 5-15 weight% of
red ginseng, 5-15
weight% of garlic, 4-
15 weight% of rice
bran, 3-10 weight% of
bamboo leaf, and 3-10
weight% of Acantho-
panax sessilliflorum
seeman.
Suitable for anti-oxidation,
anti-diabetes and anti-
hyperlipidemic effects.
[99]
JP2009298742 (A),
2009-12-24
Life style related
disease improv-
ing agent
To provide a life style related dis-
ease improving agent which has the
ability to activate 5'-AMP activation
protein kinase (AMPK) and has a
plant extract useful for life style
related diseases (Type II diabetes
mellitus, insulin resistance, hyperli-
pemia, hypertension, arteriosclero-
sis, and heart diseases) as an active
ingredient.
Garlic extract, a fer-
mented black garlic
extract, a burdock
extract, a pumpkin
seed extract, a kiwi
seed extract, a GABA
extract, a Pueraria
lobata extract, a Citrus
unshiu peel extract, a
Phellodendron
amurense extract, a
Scutellaria baicalensis
extract, an Agaricus
extract, and a guarana
extract as the plant
extract.
Useful for life style related
diseases like Type II diabe-
tes mellitus, insulin resis-
tance, hyperlipemia, hyper-
tension, arteriosclerosis,
and heart diseases.
[100]
CN101239147 (A),
2008-08-13
Special-purpose
medicaments for
treating diabetes
and complication
thereof
The present invention provides 'a
special medicine for treating diabe-
tes and its complications'. The exist-
ing medicine for treating diabetes
has significant problems in home
and abroad that slow cure, many
complications, difficult to radical
cure. The special medicine is pre-
pared from mixed plants Chinese
traditional medicines.
Ginseng, glossy gano-
derma, garlic and
glossy privet fruit.
Medicine for treating dia-
betes.
[101]
Garlic as an Anti-diabetic Agent: Recent Progress and Patent Reviews Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 17
(Table 4) contd….
Patent number date
of publication
Title of the
Patent
Description of patent
Active component
Therapeutic use
Refer-
ence
KR20090055107 (A),
2009-06-02
Garden product
for improving
diabetes
A horticultural product is provided
to improve diabetes and impaired
glucose tolerance by screening fresh
horticultural products.
Egg-plant, sweet po-
tato, cayenne pepper,
broccoli, garlic, Rap-
hanus sativus, Korean
leek, Red chicory, Red
cabbage, salary, crown
daisy, onion, blue color
Brassica juncea Cos-
son, chicory, kale,
parsley, pumpkin,
lotus, lotus leaf, tan-
gerine, jujube, pear,
cherry, plum, pine-nut
and grape.
To improve diabetic condi-
tions.
[102]
KR20090055107 (A),
2009-06-02
Salad composi-
tion for improv-
ing diabetes
comprising
garden products
A salad composition containing
horticultural products for diabetics is
provided to improve diabetes and
impaired glucose tolerance by mix-
ing various vegetables and fruits in
an optimal ratio.
Eggplant, sweet potato,
cayenne pepper, broc-
coli, garlic, Raphanus
sativus, Korean leek,
Red chicory, Red
cabbage, salary, crown
daisy, onion, blue color
Brassica juncea Cos-
son, chicory, kale,
parsley, pumpkin,
lotus, lotus leaf, tan-
gerine, jujube, pear,
cherry, plum, pine-nut
and grape.
To improve diabetes and
impaired glucose tolerance.
[103]
CN101238835 (A),
2008-08-13
Green bean curd
and preparation
thereof
The invention discloses a kind of
green bean curd and a preparation
method thereof, the main ingredient
of the bean curd is soybean.
Black bean, mung
bean, bitter gourd,
pepper, tomato, egg-
plant, spinach, garlic,
chive, pumpkin, celery,
peanut, radish, apple,
taro, white gourd, lotus
root and water.
Eating the green bean curd
of the invention regularly is
good for health; the bean
curd is the best dish for
patients in diabetes and
cerebrovascular disease.
[104]
US7348033 (B1),
2008-03-25
Cold-remedy
food supplement
for simultane-
ously lowering
blood pressure
and sustaining
blood sugar
Dietary food supplement composi-
tions which promote the ability to
quell adverse common cold symp-
toms while simultaneously reducing
blood pressure and sustaining blood
sugar equilibrium.
Jalapeno peppers, bell
peppers, garlic, al-
monds, lemons, and
vinegar.
These food supplement
formulations afford dia-
betic patients regimen for
treating common cold
symptoms, and for simulta-
neously sustaining safe
blood pressure and blood
sugar equilibrium.
[105]
KR20070028269 (A),
2007-03-12
Germ microbe
A pharmaceutical composition is
provided to treat virus, cold, asthma,
hypertension, diabetes, myocardial
infarction, stroke, muscle paralysis
and neuron by anti-sterilizing, anti-
inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-
thrombic effect.
Lemon and an extract
thereof, garlic and an
extract thereof, Chi-
nese balloon-flower
and an extract thereof,
ginko nut and an ex-
tract thereof, Mongo-
lian dandelion and an
extract thereof, Gas-
trodia elata and an
extract thereof, and
ginseng.
Useful for asthma, hyper-
tension, diabetes, myocar-
dial infarction and stroke.
[106]
18 Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 Padiya and Banerjee.
(Table 4) contd….
Patent number date
of publication
Title of the
Patent
Description of patent
Active component
Therapeutic use
Refer-
ence
US2007167395 (A1),
2007-07-19
Compositions
and methods for
treating diabetes
Low molecular weight modified
alginate and/or low molecular
weight modified pectin, particularly
modified citrus pectin (MCP), is
useful in a composition for the
treatment of diabetes, when admin-
istered to a diabetic individual.
sulfured amino acids,
cilantro, garlic, miner-
als, and herbs.
Useful to treat diabetes.
[107]
KR20070008761 (A),
2007-01-18
Method process-
ing a functional
food for the
descent of blood
sugar.
A method of making a healthy and
functional food for reduction of blood
sugar using Cordyceps militaris as
main ingredient and any one of
buckwheat, Capillary Artemisia herb
and Cinnamomi Cortex is provided.
Pumpkin, kale, Angel-
ica keiskei, carrot,
spinach, leek, onion,
garlic, water cress and
radish.
Useful to reduce blood
sugar.
[108]
KR20050020084 (A),
2005-03-04
Selenium-
enriched garlic
extract isolated
from garlic
having improved
anticancer activ-
ity and improved
inhibiting activ-
ity of hyperten-
sion and diabetes
and use thereof
Purpose: A selenium-enriched garlic
extract isolated from garlic and use
thereof are provided, which garlic
extract has improved anticancer
activity and improved inhibiting
activity of hypertension and diabe-
tes, and has no side-effects, and is
produced cheaply.
Selenium-enriched
garlic extract isolated
from garlic comprises
0.01 to 0.2 wt.% of
selenium isolated from
garlic.
Reduce hypertension and
diabetes.
[109]
KR20050001733 (A),
2005-01-07
Hardtack com-
prising silkworm
powder which
resolves hungry
feeling and
reduces blood
sugar level of
patient suffering
from diabetes
and preparation
method thereof
Purpose: Hardtack comprising silk-
worm powder and a preparation
method thereof are provided, which
hardtack resolves hungry feeling and
reduces blood sugar level of a pa-
tient suffering from diabetes, so that
it can be easily eaten by the diabetes
patient during home staying, moun-
tain climbing, fishing or touring.
0.5 to 5 wt.% of silk-
worm powder, 0.1 to 2
wt.% of chitosan and
0.1 to 1.0 wt.% of
garlic.
Reduce blood sugar level
of patient suffering from
diabetes.
[110]
KR20040083886 (A),
2004-10-06
Sauce composi-
tion for season-
ing ribs contain-
ing extract of
Astragali radix,
Radix angelicae
sinensis, Glycyr-
rhizae radix and
Lycii fructus
Purpose: A sauce (yangnyeom)
composition having excellent func-
tionality for seasoning beef ribs or
pork ribs containing an extract of
Astragali Radix, Radix Angelicae
Sinensis, Cnidii Rhizoma, Glycyr-
rhizae Radix and Lycii Fructus is
provided. It has an effect of reduc-
ing neutral lipid, total cholesterol
and phospholipid levels as well as
diabetes, therefore is effective in
treatment of vascular disease.
The sauce composition
also contains pure soy
sauce, starch syrup,
sugar, black pepper,
sesame oil, roasted
sesame, MSG, guar
gum, garlic, onions,
ginger, green onions or
the like.
Reducing neutral lipid,
total cholesterol and phos-
pholipid levels as well as
diabetes.
[111]
KR20040043717 (A),
2004-05-27
Method for
manufacturing
functional health
food using garlic
and onion.
Purpose: Provided is a functional
health food containing garlic and
onion, which enables easy periodical
ingestion thereof, and facilitates the
bodily metabolism while preventing
various diseases, such as diabetes,
cancers and hepatitis.
Garlic and onion
Improves diabetes.
[112]
Garlic as an Anti-diabetic Agent: Recent Progress and Patent Reviews Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 19
(Table 4) contd….
Patent number date
of publication
Title of the
Patent
Description of patent
Active component
Therapeutic use
Refer-
ence
KR20020092301 (A),
2002-12-11
Restaurant for
preventing diabe-
tes and method
for managing the
same
Purpose: A restaurant for preventing
diabetes and a method for managing
the same are provided to manage a
restaurant by setting a food menu
capable of preventing diabetes.
Barley with black
bean. Bean paste po-
tage soup is prepared
by boiling fermented
soybean paste, a garlic,
and a green onion.
Preventing diabetes.
[113]
CN1480068 (A), 2004-
03-10
Sheep fed
gramineous
brushwood
A mutton cooked by using the herb
and twigs of desert willow a fuel is
prepared from sheep's raw mutton,
spring water, scallion, ginger, garlic
clove, salt, and methyl ester of amino-
succinic acid or acylphenyl alanine-
monocrystal sugar. It has medical
action for treating diabetes, hyperten-
sion, hyperlipemia and obesity.
Scallion, ginger, garlic
clove, salt, and methyl
ester of amino succinic
acid or acylphenyl
alanine-monocrystal
sugar.
Treating diabetes, hyper-
tension, hyperlipemia and
obesity.
[114]
KR20030089864 (A),
2003-11-28
Roborant
Purpose: Roborant characteristically
removes fatigue, activates the liver
function and prevents the diabetes.
A roborant comprises
22-28 wt.% of an
extract of Acantho-
panax sesiliflorus, 8-12
wt.% of an extract of
red ginseng, 0.8-1.2
wt.% of natural toco-
pherols, 1.8-2.2 wt.%
of Cornus officinalis,
2.5-3.5 wt.% of garlic,
4-6 wt.% of beeswax,
12-18 wt.% of palm
oil, and 35-43 wt.% of
soybean oil.
Prevent diabetes.
[115]
CN1382392 (A) ―
2002-12-04
Health-care
ginger-scallion-
garlic food con-
taining rich ele-
ment iron nutri-
ents and its pre-
paring process
A health-care food for preventing
hypo-immunity, sexual disorder,
early sanility, osteoporosis, cardio-
vascular and cerebrovascular dis-
eases, diabetes, cancer, etc is pre-
pared from mineral elements.
Ion nutrients, ginger,
scallion, garlic, wine,
vinegar, soy and addi-
tive.
Prevent cerebrovascular
diseases, diabetes and
cancer.
[116]
CN1370471 (A), 2002-
09-25
Granule mixture
beverage of
multi alae and
glossy gano-
derma powder
Granule mixture beverage of the
present invention relates to one kind
of health beverage and is com-
pounded with Multi aloe powder 20-
25 wt%, glossy ganoderma powder
45-50 wt%, Chinese angelica pow-
der 3-5, garlic powder 20-25 wt%,
curcuma root powder 3-5 wt% and
heartleaf houttuynia powder 3-5
wt% as well as plant starch 10 wt%
and water in proper amount.
Muli aloe powder 20-
25 wt%, glossy gano-
derma powder 45-50
wt%, Chinese angelica
powder 3-5, garlic
powder 20-25 wt%,
curcuma root powder
3-5 wt% and heartleaf
houttuynia powder 3-5
wt% as well as plant
starch 10 wt% and
water in proper
amount.
Health beverage.
[117]
JP2002154981 (A),
2002-05-28
Garlic fermented
composition
Purpose: To obtain a garlic fer-
mented composition useful as an
odorless prophylactic/ therapeutic
agent for diabetes, liver ailment,
cancer, immunologic disease, hyper-
lipemia.
Soybean and/or grain
with garlic.
An agent for diabetes, liver
ailment, cancer, immu-
nologic disease, and hyper-
lipemia.
[118]
20 Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 1 Padiya and Banerjee.
(Table 4) contd….
Patent number date
of publication
Title of the
Patent
Description of patent
Active component
Therapeutic use
Refer-
ence
US6146638 (A), 2000-
11-14
Fermented garlic
composition
The present invention relates to a
composition prepared by fermenting
enzymatically-deactivated garlic
with Aspergillus and/or Monascus,
to a process for preparing the same,
and also to foods and drugs contain-
ing the same.
Garlic composition
The composition is free
from any unpleasant odor
and is useful as a prophy-
lactic or therapeutic agent
for diabetes, hepatic dis-
eases, cancer, immunopa-
thy and hyperlipemia.
[119]
KR20000033042 (A),
2000-06-15
The preparation
method of vine-
gar red pepper
paste
Purpose: A method for preparing
vinegar red pepper paste as a func-
tional foodstuff is provided, which
is able to offer new type of vinegar
red pepper paste that is rich in vita-
mins like amino acids and nutritive
ingredients and is pertinent to the
needs of the modelers who want
foodstuff being low in calories and
is helpful of preventing the diabetes
by decreasing the content of artifi-
cial sweetening.
500g of garlic and
ginger.
Prevent diabetes.
[120]
powder or fresh garlic as a mode of preparation. All animals
and human studies indicated strongly that allicin might be an
active component to reduce diabetes. However, there is still
insufficient evidence to draw definitive conclusions about
the efficacy of garlic product for diabetes especially in diabe-
tes-induced complications. Although we listed many garlic
or its derivatives having antidiabetic potential in animals,
very few human studies have been conducted to find its effi-
cacy clinically.
Based on the scientific knowledge, several garlic prepa-
rations were made and patented. Here, we summarised the
patents related to garlic or its formulations for the treatment
of diabetes. A good number of patents associated with garlic
have been issued for diabetes in the recent-past years. We
believe that this number would increase in near future. In
fact, as the world’s economic structure changes, the market
demand for the nutritional agents would require more inno-
vative knowledge to file patent applications. In this review, a
total of 45 patents describing garlic as a single herb or to-
gether with several other herbs are listed for their antidia-
betic efficacies. Here, in this review we have not attempted
to list single garlic derived compounds patented for the ap-
plication of diabetes. However, we summarized the data on
the antidiabetic effect of single garlic derived compounds in
animal models in Table 1 and Table 2. Presence of large
number of patented products with garlic indicates a growing
interest towards the use of garlic as an antidiabetic agent.
Widespread use of garlic in diabetic patients is possible be-
cause of its low cost and easy availability. Because of high
market value of food supplements and nutraceuticals which
are safe and effective, garlic could play a pivotal role to pre-
vent diabetes worldwide. However, more human data is
needed to find the ideal dose, effective preparation and
proper duration of therapy to utilise garlic for its antidiabetic
property.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest
ACNOWLEDGEMENTS
SKB is thankful to Department of Science and Technol-
ogy (DST) for providing research project fund (SR/SO/AS-
18/2011), CSIR for providing research support (Thunder)
and Department of Biotechnology (DBT) for providing
Ramalingaswami Fellowship. RP is thankful to Indian Coun-
cil of Medical Research (ICMR, New Delhi) for providing
Senior Research Fellowship (SRF). We gratefully acknowl-
edge Dr Srigiridhar Kotamraju, Dr. Emdad Hussain and Mr.
Roshan Borkar for their suggestions and critical review of
the manuscript.
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