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Narcissism as a Predictor of Motivations Behind Facebook Profile Picture Selection
Abstract
Abstract The rising popularity of social networking sites raises the question of whether and how personality differences are manifested on them. The present study explores this topic through an analysis of the relationship between narcissism and motivations behind Facebook profile picture selection. A survey that assesses motivations emphasizing physical attractiveness, personality, and social ties was conducted with 288 undergraduate students. The study found narcissism to be a significant predictor of the motivation for selecting profile pictures that emphasize attractiveness and personality for both men and women. The findings are discussed in terms of the dynamic self-regulatory processing model of narcissism.
... Algunos autores, al estudiar la construcción de imágenes de sí en Internet, afirman que es posible la construcción de varias imágenes simultáneas de sí (multiplicidad de yos), comprendidas como aspectos del yo que el sujeto pone en cuestión en la simulación online, y que acostumbran aparecer en las relaciones presenciales (Turkle, 1995(Turkle, , 1997; existe el intento de construcción de una identidad anhelada posible y socialmente deseable, no la totalmente idealizada (Mehdizadeh, 2010;Olivier, 2011;Zhao, Grasmuck & Martin, 2008); las redes sociales virtuales posibilitarían comportamientos de autopromoción (Carpenter, 2012;Kapidzic, 2013;Olivier, 2011); sin embargo, con una preocupación con la imagen positiva de sí en las redes (Bazarova, Taft, Choi & Cosley, 2012), y con una dinámica de negociación de identidades en el Facebook, en que los usuarios seleccionan, ocultan y disimulan aspectos que puedan representarlos en la red social (Rosa, 2012). ...
... En congruencia con la literatura sobre la temática de construcción de imágenes de sí de los estudios recientes de Bazarova et ál. (2012), Kapidzic (2013), Mehdizadeh (2010), Olivier (2011), Rosa (2012), y Zhao et ál. (2008, los participantes de la investigación no construyen las imágenes de sí en las redes sociales con base en sus identidades reales y sí en dirección a identidades socialmente deseables o posiblemente anheladas, que no guardan, en apariencia, relación manifiesta con lo que están sintiendo en relación con la condición de estar desempleados -condición socialmente indeseable-. ...
... Un segundo indicio del juego imaginario fue el uso activo de las redes sociales, en especial el LinkedIn, para mostrar sus cualidades y competencias, sea con la descripción detallada de las informaciones de sus respectivos perfiles después del despido, ya sea incluyendo un pequeño post anunciando sus experiencias y competencias, como un minicurrículo, con la parte inicial en mayúscula, pudiendo ser considerados comportamientos de autopromoción, como indicaron Carpenter (2012), Kapidzic (2013) y Olivier (2011. Este aspecto fue exacerbado por dos participantes de la investigación, que admitieron incluir informaciones no totalmente verdaderas o un poco "aumentadas" en la red social, durante las conversaciones privadas con el investigador. ...
... Algunos autores, al estudiar la construcción de imágenes de sí en Internet, afirman que es posible la construcción de varias imágenes simultáneas de sí (multiplicidad de yos), comprendidas como aspectos del yo que el sujeto pone en cuestión en la simulación online, y que acostumbran aparecer en las relaciones presenciales (Turkle, 1995(Turkle, , 1997; existe el intento de construcción de una identidad anhelada posible y socialmente deseable, no la totalmente idealizada (Mehdizadeh, 2010;Olivier, 2011;Zhao, Grasmuck & Martin, 2008); las redes sociales virtuales posibilitarían comportamientos de autopromoción (Carpenter, 2012;Kapidzic, 2013;Olivier, 2011); sin embargo, con una preocupación con la imagen positiva de sí en las redes (Bazarova, Taft, Choi & Cosley, 2012), y con una dinámica de negociación de identidades en el Facebook, en que los usuarios seleccionan, ocultan y disimulan aspectos que puedan representarlos en la red social (Rosa, 2012). ...
... En congruencia con la literatura sobre la temática de construcción de imágenes de sí de los estudios recientes de Bazarova et ál. (2012), Kapidzic (2013), Mehdizadeh (2010), Olivier (2011), Rosa (2012), y Zhao et ál. (2008, los participantes de la investigación no construyen las imágenes de sí en las redes sociales con base en sus identidades reales y sí en dirección a identidades socialmente deseables o posiblemente anheladas, que no guardan, en apariencia, relación manifiesta con lo que están sintiendo en relación con la condición de estar desempleados -condición socialmente indeseable-. ...
... Un segundo indicio del juego imaginario fue el uso activo de las redes sociales, en especial el LinkedIn, para mostrar sus cualidades y competencias, sea con la descripción detallada de las informaciones de sus respectivos perfiles después del despido, ya sea incluyendo un pequeño post anunciando sus experiencias y competencias, como un minicurrículo, con la parte inicial en mayúscula, pudiendo ser considerados comportamientos de autopromoción, como indicaron Carpenter (2012), Kapidzic (2013) y Olivier (2011. Este aspecto fue exacerbado por dos participantes de la investigación, que admitieron incluir informaciones no totalmente verdaderas o un poco "aumentadas" en la red social, durante las conversaciones privadas con el investigador. ...
... Several prior studies found that narcissist individuals might be more inclined to get involved in those kinds of activities regarding selfpromoting and superficial behaviors, such as photo-sharing and updating status. A person with an extroverted personality will post their photos because they want to show their personal attractiveness (Kapidzic, 2013). ...
... They tend not to be extreme extroverts or narcissists only (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011). It is also because they have much time to do online activities to looking for information via Instagram and not just posting photos, updating status, or posting comments (Kapidzic, 2013;Sheldon, 2015). In fact, our respondents in this research often tend to view Instagram feeds, Instagram stories, Instagram Live TV, and read their captions from their followers or the Instagram that they followed. ...
Online Social Network Sites (SNSs) provides a lot of information to understanding young investor behavior. As the interest of financial practitioners, the young investor has their own risk tolerance. So, this study aims to predict the investment risk appetite through the social networking sites (SNSs) as one of huge informations exchange platforms by using young investors’ Instagram usage behavior. This research uses investment risk appetite and extroversion personality as the dependent variables. Moreover, number of followers on Instagram, time spent on Instagram, frequency of log on to Instagram, the use of Instagram for self-expression, and the use of Instagram for social connection as the independent variables. The researchers use 300 young stock investors through online questionnaire. The results study show that number of followers on Instagram and the use of Instagram for social connection significantly affect the extroversion personality, the extroversion personality significantly affect the investment risk appetite. Otherwise, time spent on Instagram, frequency of log on to Instagram, the use of Instagram for self-expression do not significantly affect the extroversion personality. This result obtains the probability of understanding the young investor’s risk appetite through their Instagram usage behavior, so the financial consultant can gather the information to understand their current social network activities.
... On Instagram, time spent editing photographs prior to posting is connected to narcissistic tendencies (Sheldon & Bryant, 2016). On Facebook, narcissists are more likely to post profile photographs that play up their attractiveness (Kapidzic, 2013) and that self-promote (Mehdizadeh, 2010). ...
... More specifically, those who had posted nude photographs had significantly higher levels of narcissism compared to those who had not. This is supported by the literature that claims higher narcissism is related to posting attractive photographs on other social networking sites, such as Instagram (Sheldon & Bryant, 2016) and Facebook (Kapidzic, 2013). Those who do claim not to have posted nude photographs are still consuming them regularly, despite not posting. ...
While many scholars have explored the sharing of nude photographs one-to-one (i.e., sexting), few have examined the sharing of nudity in a one-to-many context. The current study examined the sharing of nude photographs on Reddit, framing the practice as an act of disinhibited online behavior. A survey (n = 628) was conducted to assess whether Redditors levels of sensation seeking, self-esteem, perceived attractiveness, and narcissism would be related to whether or not they posted nude photographs on the site. Results indicated that posting nudity on Reddit was significantly associated with higher perceived attractiveness and narcissism, but not sensation seeking or self-esteem. The role of gender and sexual orientation in the posting of nudity online was also assessed, and an overrepresentation of nude content produced by females and bisexual persons, as well as an underrepresentation of nude content produced by males and heterosexuals, was found. Findings are discussed in relation to self-concept, sexual health, and the online disinhibition effect.
... Several prior studies found that narcissist individuals might be more inclined to get involved in those kinds of activities regarding selfpromoting and superficial behaviors, such as photo-sharing and updating status. A person with an extroverted personality will post their photos because they want to show their personal attractiveness (Kapidzic, 2013). ...
... They tend not to be extreme extroverts or narcissists only (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011). It is also because they have much time to do online activities to looking for information via Instagram and not just posting photos, updating status, or posting comments (Kapidzic, 2013;Sheldon, 2015). In fact, our respondents in this research often tend to view Instagram feeds, Instagram stories, Instagram Live TV, and read their captions from their followers or the Instagram that they followed. ...
Online Social Network Sites (SNSs) provide a lot of information to understanding young investor behavior. As the interest of financial practitioners, the young investor has their risk tolerance. So, this study aims to predict the investment risk appetite through social networking sites (SNSs) as a vast information exchange platform using young investors' Instagram usage behavior. This research uses investment risk appetite and extroversion personality as the dependent variables. Moreover, the number of Instagram followers, spending time on Instagram, the frequency of Instagram users to log on, Instagram usage for personal expression, and Instagram usage for social relationships as the independent variables. The researchers use 300 young stock investors through the online questionnaire. The results study show that the number of followers on Instagram and the Instagram usage for social relation significantly affect extroversion personality. The extroversion personality significantly affects the investment risk appetite. Otherwise, spending time on Instagram, frequency of log on to Instagram, the use of Instagram for self-expression do not considerably affect the extroverted personality. This result obtains the probability of understanding the young investor's risk appetite through their Instagram usage behavior. Thus the financial consultant can gather the information to understand their current social network activities.
... In contrast, studies on narcissism on Facebook have found strong correlations between extroversion and narcissism through Facebook and that photographs play a vital role in assessing and interpreting narcissism or narcissistic self-presentations on Facebook (Buffardi & Campbell, 2008;Kapidzic, 2013;Mehdizadeh, 2010;Mendelson & Papacharissi, 2011;Ong et al., 2011;C. Rosen, 2007;Ryan & Xenos, 2011;Utz et al., 2011). ...
... The findings of Buffardi and Campbell (2008) and Mendelson and Papacharissi (2011) have been echoed by more recent studies such as Kapidzic's (2013) study of profile picture selection. In that study, Kapidzic found differences in the motivations behind Facebook use based on the degree of students' narcissism and that narcissism was a significant positive predictor of selecting profile photos that emphasized personality and attractiveness. ...
... Some photos even disclose intimate moments of people's lives (Stefanone, Lacka_, & Rosen, 2011) or undesirable behavior, such as alcohol and drug consumption (Morgan, Snelson, & Elison-Bowers, 2010;Watson, Smith, & Driver, 2006). The profile photo, which shows the user him-or herself (Hum et al., 2011), tends to reflect the user's personality (Kapidzic, 2013) and life satisfaction (Seder & Oishi, 2012). Compared with traditional textual postings, photos uploaded to social media tend to be more emotional and positive (Bourlai & Herring, 2014). ...
... Photos posted to Facebook are an important means of self-presentation (Huang & Park, 2013;Smith & Cooley, 2012;White, 2010) and, thus, identity construction (Hum et al., 2011;Kapidzic, 2013) in which people can show -rather than tell -who they are (Zhao, Grasmuck, & Martin, 2008). Paying attention to one's self-presentation on Facebook has direct practical advantages, as photos posted to Facebook can affect the way people are treated by others. ...
Users upload >350 million photos per day to Facebook. While considerable research has explored text-based user-generated content on social media, research on photos is still in its early stages. This paper uses a sample of 44,765 Facebook photos from 503 Facebook users in the United States and Germany to determine the degree to which photos play an integral role in people's social media communications. The analysis shows that uploading brand photos (i.e., photos containing a brand name or logo) is related to brand love, brand loyalty, and word-of-mouth (WOM) endorsement of the brand in question. We then code a subsample of these photos for content and train a powerful hybrid machine learning algorithm combining genetic search and artificial neural networks. The resulting algorithm is able to predict users' brand love, brand loyalty, and WOM endorsement from the content of their brand photos posted on Facebook. Finally, we discuss the implications for social media marketing, in particular social media monitoring.
... Some photos even disclose intimate moments of people's lives (Stefanone, Lacka_, & Rosen, 2011) or undesirable behavior, such as alcohol and drug consumption (Morgan, Snelson, & Elison-Bowers, 2010;Watson, Smith, & Driver, 2006). The profile photo, which shows the user him-or herself (Hum et al., 2011), tends to reflect the user's personality (Kapidzic, 2013) and life satisfaction (Seder & Oishi, 2012). Compared with traditional textual postings, photos uploaded to social media tend to be more emotional and positive (Bourlai & Herring, 2014). ...
... Photos posted to Facebook are an important means of self-presentation (Huang & Park, 2013;Smith & Cooley, 2012;White, 2010) and, thus, identity construction (Hum et al., 2011;Kapidzic, 2013) in which people can show -rather than tell -who they are (Zhao, Grasmuck, & Martin, 2008). Paying attention to one's self-presentation on Facebook has direct practical advantages, as photos posted to Facebook can affect the way people are treated by others. ...
... Indeed, individuals who are higher in narcissism tend to rate selfie-posting more favorably and post more selfies on SNS (Halpern et al., 2016;Sung, Lee, Kim, & Choi, 2016;Weiser, 2015). Furthermore, those higher in narcissism also perceive their selfies to be more attractive than those lower in narcissism (Moon, Lee, Lee, Choi, & Sung, 2016;Ong et al., 2011), which is not surprising given research showing that narcissistic individuals favor posting photos based on how attractive they appear (Kapidzic, 2013;Wang, Jackson, Zhang, & Su, 2012). A motivation to display attractiveness in profile photos may help users perceive themselves as more appealing to others (Kapidzic, 2013;Wang et al., 2012), pointing to positive impression management and self-promotion as likely underlying mechanisms. ...
... Furthermore, those higher in narcissism also perceive their selfies to be more attractive than those lower in narcissism (Moon, Lee, Lee, Choi, & Sung, 2016;Ong et al., 2011), which is not surprising given research showing that narcissistic individuals favor posting photos based on how attractive they appear (Kapidzic, 2013;Wang, Jackson, Zhang, & Su, 2012). A motivation to display attractiveness in profile photos may help users perceive themselves as more appealing to others (Kapidzic, 2013;Wang et al., 2012), pointing to positive impression management and self-promotion as likely underlying mechanisms. ...
This study examined the relationship between dimensions of narcissism and selfie posting/sending frequency and other self-promoting behaviors on social media. Participants (N = 124) completed an online survey of narcissistic traits and social media use. Global narcissism was significantly correlated with numerous social media behaviors, including frequency of selfie posting, perceived attractiveness of selfies, tag/comment/like behaviors, as well as variables specific to individual social media platforms. Among narcissism dimensions, Grandiose Exhibitionism exhibited the most consistent association with social media behaviors. The Leadership/Authority dimension generally demonstrated the weakest correlations with selfie posting/sending frequency and other social media behaviors. Additionally, PROCESS analyses revealed that traits reflecting global narcissism, Grandiose Exhibitionism, and Entitlement/Exploitativeness were associated with selfie posting/sending frequency through a motivation for others to show interest and admiration. Implications for this research and future directions are discussed.
... Two dimensions of a self-focused type of SNS use may interact with narcissism. First, high levels of narcissism are related with the tendency to apply attractiveness and appearance as the main criteria to post pictures [20,23,26,31,[39][40][41][42][43]. Particularly, studies have found a correlation between narcissism (self-sufficiency, vanity, leadership, admiration demand or grandiose exhibitionism) and the frequency of posting selfies based on attractiveness [40,[44][45][46] or valuing pictures for their physical attractiveness [24,26]. ...
The use of social networking sites (SNS or social media) often comes with strong self-centered behaviors to promote self-appearance. The relationship between narcissism and social media use has intensively occupied scholars in the last decade, yet not much research has focused on, first, how the intensity of social media use (SNS use) is associated with narcissism through a self-centered appearance focused use of these SNS; and second, whether these associations are moderated or not by cultural differences of the country of origin in such a critical age of personality formation and (global) culturalization as the transition from pre-adolescence to adolescence. We performed a correlation and mediation analysis on a cross-sectional survey among Austrian, Belgian, Spanish, and South Korean adolescents ( n = 1,983; M age 14.41, 50.3% boys) examining the adolescents’ daily usage of social media, their self-centered appearance focused behavior, and the reported narcissism. Findings show that a self-centered appearance focused use of SNS (SCA) moderates the association between SNS use and narcissism, especially for males from the three European countries. We have also particularly found that the years of use, number of friends and time spent in FB are associated with narcissism. Since SCA is defined in the study as narcissistic behavior in SNS, we argue that social media are part of the socialization process as both reinforcers and catalyzers of narcissism.
... Different types of photos published on social media can reflect gender differences of image publishers (Martin, 2020). However, in pictures on social media, the eyes, posture, clothing, distance between people and the camera and other information can reflect the race of the people (Kapidzic, 2013). Different from the objective existence of individual characteristics, subjective characteristics tend to focus on the individual characteristics formed under the influence of the acquired environment. ...
[Purpose/meaning] As the development of social media and the rise of visual culture, image in the social media has received more and more attention from scholars and sorting out its content is beneficial to clarifying the related research of images in social media and provide a new research perspective. [Method/procedure] This article takes the image literature in social media as the research object, carries on the keyword analysis to the literature and summarizes the typical research methods. Then this paper adopts analytic induction method to summarize the research progress of images in social media in recent ten years from the perspective of “publisher-information-receiver” in information interaction. [Results/conclusions] Through the analysis of research topics, it is found that the feature of images on social media and user’s information interaction behavior based on image are the key content that researchers pay attention to. Studies on images in social media can be divided into three parts:the characteristics of images in social media, image publishing behavior in social media, and image perception and acquisition behavior of social media users.[Innovation/value]This paper constructs a systematic cognitive frame for image research in social media, summarizes the existing research results, and predicts the future research from three aspects: the impact of image-based information interaction on users’ social relationships in social media environments, the problem of user privacy disclosure in image social communication and the advancement of computer vision technique in image research in social media environment.
... To resolve this question, Ozimek and colleagues (2018) conducted four correlational studies (N = 384, 175, 289, and 520) to examine the extent to which vulnerable narcissists use Facebook more intensively than grandiose narcissists and to what extent this can be explained by vulnerable narcissist's increased social comparison orientation. Previous studies have shown positive correlations between narcissism and Facebook use; however, they mainly investigated the grandiose type (Błachnio & Przepiórka, 2018;Buffardi & Campbell, 2008;Es ßkisu et al., 2017;Kapidzic, 2013;Mehdizadeh, 2010;Ong et al., 2011;Ryan & Xenos, 2011). Former research suggested that both types self-regulate in different ways (cf. ...
This review aims, first, to introduce a novel theory for social media use, the so-called social online self-regulation theory (SOS-T) by embedding it into an exhaustive literature review, second, to present correlational as well as experimental evidence for the model from our own lab and beyond, and, third, to discuss self-regulatory variables correlated with social networking site (SNS) use reflecting self-regulatory processes such as social comparisons and age, social comparison orientation and materialism, grandiose, and vulnerable narcissism, self-esteem, and depressive tendencies, and, finally, SNS use and emotion regulation. We will also suggest future studies and discuss differences and similarities of more private SNS use (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, or Snapchat) to other SNSs, such as the business-oriented SNS XING.
... The analysis can be done with these photos by coding hybrid machine learning algorithms, genetic search, and artificial neural networks. The outcome of the algorithm able to predict or influence the customers to get more engaged in brand user profiles get attention and indirectly increases the sales and brand popularity (Kapidzic, 2013). Future research can study how brand photos associated with companies and their performance can be measured from user-generated content in social media. ...
... The analysis can be done with these photos by coding hybrid machine learning algorithms, genetic search, and artificial neural networks. The outcome of the algorithm able to predict or influence the customers to get more engaged in brand user profiles get attention and indirectly increases the sales and brand popularity (Kapidzic, 2013). Future research can study how brand photos associated with companies and their performance can be measured from user-generated content in social media. ...
Understanding the growth paths of artificial intelligence (AI) and its impact on branding is extremely pertinent of technology-driven marketing. This explorative research covers a complete bibliometric analysis of the impact of AI on branding. The sample for this research included all 117 articles from the period of 1982-2019 in the Scopus database. A bibliometric study was conducted using co-occurrence, citation analysis and co-citation analysis. The empirical analysis investigates the value propositions of AI on branding. The study revealed the nine clusters of co-occurrence: Social Media Analytics and Brand Equity; Neural Networks and Brand Choice; Chat Bots-Brand Intimacy; Twitter, Facebook, Instagram-Luxury Brands; Interactive Agent-Brand Love and User Choice; Algorithm Recommendations and E-Brand Experience; User-Generated Content-Brand Sustainability; Brand Intelligence Analytics; and Digital Innovations and Brand Excellence. The findings also identify four clusters of citation analysis—Social Media Analysis and Brand Photos, Network Analysis and E-Commerce, Hybrid Simulating Modelling, and Real-time Knowledge-Based Systems—and four clusters of co-citation analysis: B2B Technology Brands, AI Fostered E-Brands, Information Cascades and Online Brand Ratings, and Voice Assistants-Brand Eureka Moments. Overall, the study presents the patterns of convergence and divergence of themes, narrowing to the specific topic, and multidisciplinary engagement in research, thus offering the recent insights in the field of AI on branding.
... This means that selfies can be used to reflect an individual's view of their self-concept. A study by Kapidzic (2013), found that narcissism serves as a key instrument in predicting motivations for choosing Facebook profile photos that highlight physical or social attractiveness. In the present study, narcissism is referred to as a continuous dimension of personality ranging from low to high narcissistic tendencies. ...
The emergence of the selfie phenomenon in 2013 is widely viewed as a form of social media-driven narcissism. Such individuals use images to promote themselves on social networks, gain admiration from others, and feed their seemingly inflated self-view. The current study examined whether narcissistic personality traits predict selfie behavior among selected male and female Filipinos. Four hundred thirty-nine participants belonging to Generations Y and Z voluntarily participated by completing the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-40) and the Selfitis Behavior Scale (SBS). Results revealed that a statistically significant relationship exists between narcissism and selfie behavior with narcissism accounting for about 7.3% of selfie behavior. Filipino men appear to be more narcissistic than women, while no difference was found between men and women who engage in selfie behavior in the current study's Filipino participants. Lastly, gender is not a moderator for the two variables.
... The frequency of self-presenting posts can be interpreted as narcissism which is a personality trait that entails a person having an exaggerated self-concept and a desire to be admired (Buffardi and Campbell, 2008). There is a couple of research which focus on narcissism in social networks (Sheldon and Bryant, 2016;Kapidzic, 2013) and some which claim the existence of a positive relationship between narcissism and the frequency of selfie posts (Sheldon, 2016). Narcissism is positively related to using Instagram to appear cool and for surveillance of others and also significantly related to the number of time participants spend editing the photos before posting them on Instagram (Sheldon, 2016). ...
The purpose of this study is to examine Olympic champions' characteristics on Instagram to first understand whether differences exist between male and female athletes and then to find possible correlations between these characteristics. We utilized a content analytic method to analyze Olympic gold medalists' photographs on Instagram. By this way we fetched data from Instagram pages of all those Rio2016 Olympic gold medalists who had their account publicly available. The analysis of data revealed the existence of a positive monotonic relationship between the ratio of following/follower and the ratio of engagement to follower for men gold medalists, and a strong negative monotonic relationship between age and ratio of self-presenting post of both men and women gold medalists which even take a linear form for men. These findings aligned with the relative theories and literature may come together to help the athletes to manage and expand their personal brand in social media.
... In this study, age was considered as a variable besides gender. As a result of the correlation and regression analyzes, it was observed that as the age of the individuals increased, their grandiose and vulnerable (43) and abroad (47,52,53) suggest that narcissistic characteristics are reported less as the age gets older. Besides the period-specific developmental factors; it may be a result of differences between generations. ...
... (2) selecting profile pictures highlighting physical appearance and personality (Kapidzic 2013;Barry et al. 2017) or pictures that are more revealing (Dewall et al. 2011). The social exhibition is mostly demonstrated by stereotypical young girls pouting in various poses. ...
In the present scenario, no event whether formal or informal is complete without clicking a selfie. Selfies are especially in trend among young people, and they go can go to any extent often risking their lives for a perfect selfie. The hype is so much that even the mobile companies advertise their new handsets on the basis of selfie camera. Previous empirical studies found that typical selfie sufferers were those who intend to seek attention and habitually low in self-confidence, and they believe that posting their images on social media platforms enhances their social standing. The present study is based in India, the country with the highest number of young population. Recently, the country reported numerous incidents, where selfie clicking has turned out to be in serious suffering. People also feel uncomfortable if they do not receive appreciation and likes on social media after posting selfies. Data were collected on the population age ranging from 12 to 30 years. The present study has uncovered the behavioral attributes of people who are more prone to taking selfies. The findings suggest that social exhibition and extraversion traits of an individual have a significant impact on the individual’s selfie posting behavior.
... For example, a person can express his or her belief by quoting a meaningful sentence in the online profile. Although some studies have investigated people's identity and self-presentation on social network platforms (e.g., Kapidzic, 2013;Krämer & Winter, 2008;Lee et al., 2014;Ong et al., 2011;Rosenberg & Egbert, 2011;Seidman, 2013), not much research focused on online identity reconstruction. Although two existing studies have explored the motivations for online identity reconstruction (Hu et al., 2015;Huang et al., 2018), they were limited to a single culture. ...
On social network platforms, people may reconstruct an identity due to various reasons, such as vanity, disinhibition, bridging social capital, and privacy concerns. This study aims to identify cultural differences in the motivations for online identity reconstruction between China and Malaysia. Data were collected from China and Malaysia using an online survey. A total of 815 respondents (418 Chinese and 397 Malaysians) participated in this study. Differences were found not only between Chinese and Malaysian participants but also among participants from different ethnic groups (e.g., the Malaysian-Malays and the Malaysian-Chinese). This study adds knowledge to the research concerning online identity reconstruction by taking into account national culture. It also extends the cross-cultural research concerning social network platforms and sheds light on the specific differences between Chinese and Malaysian participants. The findings of this study can help service providers to deploy specific strategies to better serve social network platform users from different countries.
... The social loading (high vs low) of the post was less important. Previous work has indicated that a desire for 'likes' and 'shares' (hereafter 'engagements') encourage sharing on social networks [10], and this behavior is strongly associated with a sharer's narcissistic traits [39], which was not measured in the present study. It is presently unknown how engagements influence users' knowledge-gathering behavior. ...
The rapid rise of social media in the past decade represents a new space where animals are represented in human society, and this may influence human perceptions, for example driving desire for exotic pet keeping. In this study, 211 participants (49% female) between the ages of 18 to 44 were recruited to an online survey where they viewed mock-up pages from a social media site. All participants saw the same image of a primate but were randomly assigned to a pro exotic pet keeping or anti exotic pet keeping narrative condition. When participants were presented with the anti narrative they perceived the animal to be more stressed (χ2 = 13.99, p < 0.001). In free text comments, participants expressed reservations in the face of a narrative they disagreed with in free text comments. Overall, this study found evidence to suggest that people moderate their discussions on human-animal interactions based on the social network they are in, but these relationships are complex and require further research.
... Facebook users would check on the images of other users to see how others respond to such images (Yang, Kim, & Suh, 2014). Research on the use of Facebook in relation to narcissism has been actively conducted (Carpenter, 2012;Kapidzic, 2013;Panek, Nardis, & Konrath, 2013). ...
... Multiple meta-analytic examinations posit that the Dark Triad should be reduced to the Dark Dyad, with Machiavellianism collapsed under psychopathy as they share substantial overlap in variance, and narcissism remaining a distinct factor of its own (Muris et al. 2017;O'Boyle Jr, Forsyth, Banks, Story, & White, 2014;Vize, Lynam, Collison, & Miller, 2018). This proposal is reasonable, given that both psychopathy and Machiavellianism are more oriented towards affecting others with their actions, such as political behaviour at work (Liu & Liu, 2018), or cruelty to others (Dadds, Whiting, & Hawes, 2006), whereas narcissism is more self-oriented and predicts more behaviours that affects self-presentation, such as engagement in selecting Facebook profile pictures to enhance likeability (Kapidzic, 2013). ...
[Registered Report Stage 1]
In this meta-analysis registered report we examined the relationship between Dark Triad personality traits (i.e., psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism; Paulhus & Williams; 2002) and personal values (Schwartz, 1992). Across xx studies, we found consistent associations between the three Dark Triad traits and the four high-order values dimensions, with slightly different patterns for each of the traits. Dark Triad traits showing the strongest positive correlations with self-enhancement and openness to change dimensions, and negative associations with the opposite dimensions on the values circumplex-self-transcendence and conservation. Shape consistency for the dark triad associations was stronger for self-enhancement versus self-transcendence values tension, than for the openness-to-change versus conservation values.
... Other studies failed to detect a differential role of gender when examining the relationship between narcissism and online photo sharing. The study by Kapidzic (2013) found that narcissism envisioned the propensity to select attractive profile pictures for both men and women, and the study by Kim and Clock (2017) reported that gender was not a significant predictor of selfie behavior nor does it play a moderating role in the link between narcissism and selfie posting. ...
Objective:
Recent research has suggested that problematic smartphone use is associated with several psychological factors and that mobile apps and smartphone-related behavior (i.e. selfie behavior) may encourage the development of problematic smartphone use. However, little is known about how the interplay between dysfunctional personality characteristics and selfie-related behavior can influence problematic smartphone use. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between narcissism and problematic smartphone use, as well as the mediating role of selfie-related behavior in this relationship among young men and women.
Method:
In the current study, a total of 627 undergraduate students (283 males and 344 females) completed a cross-sectional survey. A structural equation model was tested separately for males and females in order to evaluate the associations between narcissism, selfie-related behavior and problematic smartphone use.
Results:
The results showed that greater narcissism was related to increased selfie-related behavior, which in turn were positively associated with problematic smartphone use both for males and females. However, selfie-related behavior mediated the relationship between narcissism and problematic smartphone use only for females.
Conclusions:
The study provides fresh insight into our understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying problematic smartphone use, which may inform prevention and treatment interventions.
... While people may be communicating about themselves to eliminate the barriers of physical distance or enable friends to see what they could see if they were actually present, such communication taken to an extreme may be construed as self-centered and attention seeking. Possible examples of self-absorbed social networking content include frequent posting of "selfies," emphasizing one's attractiveness, emphasizing oneself versus others in postings, and otherwise drawing attention to desirable information about oneself (Atanasova, 2016, November 26;DeWall, Buffardi, Bosner, & Campbell, 2011;Kapidzic, 2013;Sorokowski et al., 2015). It should be highlighted that self-promotion as an interview influence tactic has been found to be positively related to perceptions of employment suitability (Higgins & Judge, 2004;Higgins et al., 2003;Stevens & Kristof, 1995). ...
As a step toward further understanding the relationship between social networking content and perceptions of employment suitability, the present study assessed the impact of three examples of potentially negative content. Namely, this research focused on self‐absorption, opinionatedness, and alcohol and drug use, where a sample of 436 hiring managers evaluated experimentally manipulated hypothetical Facebook candidate profiles. The results demonstrated that content related to each construct had a negative impact on person–organization fit and overall candidate evaluation. Moreover, self‐absorption had the largest negative effect. There were also significant hiring manager age interaction effects. Older hiring managers more heavily weighted less opinionated content with respect to overall candidate evaluation and content without alcohol and drug use for person–organization fit.
... In psychological sciences, the interest in understanding the personal motivations of selfying (Huang, 2018) (Sung, et al., 2016) (Kim & Chock, 2017) is coupled with a concern about the association of this practice with narcissism and the problem of understanding to what extent, if any, this practice should be considered as a 'sign' of narcissism: an effect, a cause or a mix of both. (Singh, et al., 2018) (Lee & Sung, 2016) (Halpern, et al., 2016) (McCain, et al., 2016) (Moon, et al., 2016) (Sorokowski, et al., 2015) (Weiser, 2015) (Kapidzic, 2013). ...
... Previous studies have found that a user's choice of a profile image may be influenced by his/her internal properties [15,24,33]. Thus, the manner by which developers select profile images depends on how they want to express themselves on GitHub. ...
In the GitHub platform, social media profile images are one of many visual components of developers. Besides, developer activities such as reporting issues or following other developers are regarded as important development and self-expression behaviors. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has yet been conducted to study the relationship between GitHub developer activities and profile images. In this paper, we aim to investigate the relationship between developer activities and profile images to gain some insights into the developers’ internal properties. During our experiments, we
manually classify profile images into seven categories. Next, we investigate the relationship between developer’s demographic information and developer activity. Further, using
logistic regression analysis, when controlled for various variables, we statistically identify and quantify the relationships between developer activities and profile image categories. We find that several profile image categories significantly correlate with developer’s demographic information and activities. We also provide a rich resource of research ideas for further study. Our examination and analysis provide insights into the developers’ internal properties when using different profile images. Moreover, this study is the first step in understanding the relationship between developer activities and profile images on GitHub.
... Profile pictures loom particularly consequential in light of the large amount of information that we seem to be able to extract from photographs of individuals (Todorov et al. 2015). Previous research has shown that we can predict a person's personality traits such as narcissism (Kapidzic 2013;Wu et al. 2015) and extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness (Liu et al. 2016;Segalin et al. 2017) from their social media profile picture. How a person presents themselves in the photograph can influence our judgement of that person's competence and trustworthiness (Etcoff et al. 2011). ...
Our upbringing and education influence not only how we present and distinguish ourselves in the social world but also how we perceive others. We apply this central sociological idea to the social media context. We conduct a large-scale online study to investigate whether observers can correctly guess the education of others from their Facebook profile pictures. Using the binomial test and cross-classified mixed-effects models, we show that observers can assess the education of depicted persons better than chance, especially when they share the same educational background and have experience with the social media. We also find that posting pictures of outdoor activities is a strong signal of having higher education, while professional photographs can obscure education signals. The findings expand our knowledge of social interaction and self-expression online and offer new insights for understanding social influence on social media.
... Bu araçlar içerisinde Instagram kullanımının günümüzde yaygınlaşmaya başlaması, beraberinde bu davranışın arkasındaki sosyal ve psikolojik nedenlerin (Ellison et al., 2006;Kapidzic, 2013). Instagram'ın sosyal işlevi, kullanıcıların toplumla iletişim kurmasını ve onlarla etkileşime girmesini veya kaygı ve gerginliği gidermesini sağlamasıdır. ...
Instagram, kullanıcılarının bilgilerini, fotoğraf ve videolarını diğer insanlarla paylaşmalarını
sağlayan; küresel olarak en hızlı büyüyen sosyal medya araçlarından biri olarak dikkat
çekmektedir. Instagram gibi sosyal ağların gittikçe popülerleşmeye başlamasıyla birlikte,
iletişim olgusu dönüşüme uğramış; toplumsal yaşamda özel alan ile kamusal alan arasındaki
ayrım gittikçe silikleşmiştir. Ancak bu hızlı gelişimin yanında, insanların Instagramı neden
kullandıkları; Instagram ile narsisizm arasında nasıl bir ilişkinin olduğunu inceleyen çok
fazla akademik araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Bu araştırma, Instagram kullanım alışkanlıkları
ve motivasyonları ile narsisizm arasındaki ilişkiyi mercek altına almaktadır. Saha araştırması
yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışmada, veriler 349 üniversite öğrencisinden yüz yüze görüşme yoluyla
elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda üniversite öğrencilerini Instagram kullanmaya yönelten
beş motivasyon tespit edilmiştir. Bu motivasyonlar önem sırasına göre; Bilgilenme, Karizma,
Belgeleme, Gözetim ve Yaratıcılık’tır. Bilgilenme motivasyonu yönelimli Instagram kullanan
bireyler, aynı zamanda Gözetim motivasyonuna da önem vermektedirler. Araştırmada günlük
Instagram kullanım süresi ile narsisizm düzeyi arasında anlamlı korelasyon tespit edilememiştir.
Ancak narsisizm düzeyi arttıkça, Instagram kullanım sıklığında bir artış yaşanmaktadır. Yine
katılımcıların narsisizm düzeyi ile Bilgilenme ve Karizma motivasyonları arasında zayıf düzeyde,
pozitif anlamlı ilişki bulunmaktadır.
... The most important indicators of narcissism on Facebook are the main profile photo and the number of social contacts (Buffardi & Campbell, 2008). Narcissists are highly motivated to choose profile photos that emphasize their attractiveness (Kapidzic, 2013). Those who score higher on narcissism update their Facebook statuses more often and also self-disclose more (Winter et al., 2014). ...
... Mehdizadeh (2010) revealed users high in narcissism with higher SNS activity than those low in narcissism; specifically, high narcissistic users are more involved in Facebook activities, such as posting attractive photos and writing self-descriptions that are intended to enhance self-worth than low narcissistic users. Thus, narcissism helps explain users' brand-selfie posting behavior on social networking sites (Sung, Kim, & Choi, 2018) and visual information disclosure (Kapidzic, 2013;Liu, Ang, & Lwin, 2016); further, narcissism relates positively to millennials' attitude toward and intent to partake in selfie-marketing on visual content-sharing apps (Fox, Bacile, Nakhata, & Weible, 2018). ...
Leaning on social comparison and social identity theoretical frameworks, we investigate how exposure to physical images in two social comparison contexts [i.e., print media (Study 1) and social media (Study 2)] influences viewer’s self-concept-related responses. Study 1 suggests that viewers’ closeness with the print ad model enhances satisfaction with their physical attractiveness when exposed to very attractive, compared to moderately attractive models. Using Facebook, Study 2 indicates users pursue horizontal physical comparisons more so than either upward or downward comparisons, with self-enhancement as an influential motive; also, when users’ narcissistic expression regarding a self-picture is evident, their view of themselves inflates compared to users who sidestepped posting a narcissistic expression about their self-picture. By understanding effects of physical images on viewers across IMC-linked social comparison settings, promotion strategists are in a better position to employ effective aspects of related cues in ad campaigns to generate desired brand-related and behavioral responses.
... Most companies use logos to create unique identities for their brands and organizations in consumers' minds, and to associate their names with these graphic representations (Buttle & Westoby, 2006). Especially in social media, many companies embed their logos in profile pictures, so consumers can easily view and recognize them, providing visual cues to represent the companies (e.g., Kapidzic, 2013). Based on the LC4MP, we expect that negative images at moderate arousal levels will automatically elicit the allocation of more cognitive resources to the processing of CSR messages, with an increased probability of perceiving details (including visual shapes such as logo designs and company names), than will positive images. ...
This study explored the effects of visual strategies on consumers’ memory of corporate social responsibility (CSR) campaign messages. Using the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP), we examined how emotional CSR messages are cognitively processed—specifically, how emotional visuals in CSR messages affect two subprocesses of information processing: encoding and storage. We conducted a 2 (valence: positive vs. negative) × 2 (arousal: moderately arousing vs. highly arousing) within-subjects experiment across four different CSR issues. The results showed that recognition accuracy and sensitivity (d′) of company logos were best for moderately arousing negative images, whereas for recognition accuracy and sensitivity (d′) of company names, there were no significant differences across the emotional conditions. For cued recall of companies associated with CSR issues, the pattern was different—highly arousing negative images with aversive cues were the most effective. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
... Prior studies of impression management on SNS found that people frequently engage in impression management (or selfpresentation) behaviors on SNS (e.g., Krämer & Winter, 2008;Siibak, 2009). Many aspects of impression management on an SNS have been examined, which include, but are not limited to, the relationship between personality traits (e.g., Big Five Factors) and different impression management tactics (e.g., Jung, Youn, & McClung, 2007;Krämer & Winter, 2008;Lee, Ahn, & Kim, 2014;Marshall, Lefringhausen, & Ferenczi, 2015;Rosenberg & Egbert, 2011;Seidman, 2013), relationships between psychological factors (e.g., self-esteem, narcissism, third person perception, and life satisfaction) and impression management (e.g., Carpenter, 2012;Kapidzic, 2013;Krämer & Winter, 2008;Ong et al., 2011;Tal- Or & Drukman, 2010;Wang, 2013), gender differences (e.g., Fox & Rooney, 2015;Siibak, 2009), cultural differences in impression management (e.g., Chen & Marcus, 2012;Rui & Stefanone, 2013), and consequences of different impression management strategies (e.g., Kim & Lee, 2011;Strano, 2008;Toma, 2013). ...
Although many aspects of impression management on a social network site have been examined, there remain important but understudied aspects. One such aspect concerns the factors leading to the motivation to impress others. In this study, we examined how an individual’s psychological and contextual factors were associated with the degree to which he or she was motivated to impress others on Facebook. We also studied whether one’s motivation to impress others on Facebook was related to the degree to which he or she feels socially anxious on the site. Analyzing the survey responses of 708 South Koreans, we found that the level of motivation to impress others on Facebook was positively correlated with public self-consciousness, the perceived importance of others, and the fear of negative evaluations on Facebook. We also found that the motivation to impress others on Facebook was positively associated with social anxiety on Facebook.
... Narcissism was also found to be a major predictor of the motivation for choosing profile pictures (Kapidzic, 2013), as narcissistic individuals tend to upload their attractive photos on social platforms more than less narcissistic users (Wang et al., 2012). Further, Sorokowski et al. (2015) proposed that the association between narcissism and selfie-posting behavior is relatively weak among women when compared to men. ...
Purpose
To date, only a limited number of studies have considered WhatsApp groups. The purpose of this paper is to focus on single WhatsApp groups and explore their special characteristics and dynamics. The present study used the social support perspective, Big Five model and narcissism paradigm to predict the level of participation in WhatsApp groups with these variables.
Design/methodology/approach
The research was conducted in Israel during the Spring semester of the 2017 academic year and encompassed 127 students. Researchers used eight questionnaires to gather data: a demographic questionnaire; a perceived social support questionnaire; three characteristics from the BIG5 questionnaire: extroversion, openness to experience and neuroticism; a narcissistic questionnaire; questions about WhatsApp usage; questions about one meaningful WhatsApp group; participation level in the meaningful group; and group importance.
Findings
The findings confirmed that psychological factors such as social support, extroversion and narcissism significantly predict the level of participation in WhatsApp groups. It was also found that age, the level of group importance, being the group’s manager, WhatsApp usage and group’s subject play an important role in the participation level.
Originality/value
These results affirmed the importance of psychological factors when exploring new technological platforms, as the paper proposes that individuals may behave differently in various technological environments due to their psychological characteristics. The study expanded current research about a popular communication tool, WhatsApp, by examining it within the special context of WhatsApp groups. This focus enables researchers to follow the special dynamics that take place in a new technological platform.
... SNS has opened up a new channel for people to meet new and old friends, and human interactions in the online sphere have been drastically elevated. The activities on SNS are covering not only personal but also social and entertainment domains, and on this virtual platform people indulge largely in self-presentations [2]. According to Valkenburg et al. friendship networking sites provide adolescents with more opportunities than face-to-face situations, which would in turn enhance their social self-worth [3]. ...
This study attempted to investigate the predictive effects of self-concept, social networking site (SNS) intensity on delinquency. A total of 216 secondary school students from Hong Kong completed the Chinese Adolescent Self-Esteem Scales (CASES), the Facebook Intensity Scale and a daily behaviour checklist. Findings revealed that usage of Social Network Sites (SNS) and some facets of self-esteem had direct and moderating effects on predicting delinquency and minor deviant behaviour, but global self-esteem did not have significant predictive effects on delinquency. Different effects were found between domain-specific self-concepts and delinquency, such that intellectual, moral and family self-concepts had linear negative relationship with delinquent behavior, whereas engaging in delinquent behaviour were associated with higher appearance self. Use of SNS contributed to higher rates of both delinquent behaviour and minor deviant behaviour. In particular, time spent in SNS was a very strong predictor of delinquent behaviour, and moderated the effect of appearance self-concept. Discussion of findings were enlightened by the notion of “threatened ego” and the “self-derogation theory”.
With an active daily user of over 890 million (Facebook, 2015), the unparalleled popularity of the social networking site, Facebook, has raised a number of key issues regarding its role as a “narcissism enabler” (Twenge, 2013). As substantial research has established that narcissism is linked to greater Facebook activity, this study will further examine if there is indeed a correlation between narcissism and the use of self-promoting content on Facebook. Additionally, it will also uncover if there is a significant difference in the display of self-promoting content between males and females with high narcissism scores. Narcissistic personality reports and coded Facebook activities based on self-promotional content were collected from secondary data of university students aged between 18 to 25 years old. Implications of the research findings and future directions of narcissism and Facebook are also discussed.
Jiugong grid is one of the most used forms of multiple images posting in social media, with nine images arranged in three rows and three columns to present a related topic story from one microblog. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the big five personality traits and the sequence position of Jiugong grid images. Two hundred thirty-seven volunteers completed a survey on the big five personality traits, and their 4,671 Jiugong grid microblogs with 42,039 photos were also obtained and analyzed. The results showed that users with varied kinds of personality traits could apply the significant position of Jiugong grid to emphasize certain content among multiple photos for a more attractable "story telling" in microblog. Compared with the image sequence position from the perspective of reading order, user personality traits had more relationship with that from the perspective of attention. This study is one of the first investigating the Jiugong grid image sharing behavior, which could theoretically enrich the social media image research from cognitive view and practically reveal the motivation of multiple images usage in social media, such as interface design and marketing purpose.
Emerging research has raised concerns about the growing prevalence of photo-editing behaviour and how this may negatively interact with body-related concerns among females. This review aimed to systematically examine the current evidence relating to the associations between photo-editing behaviour and female body concerns, including body image, body dissatisfaction and body modification. Six databases were searched for studies investigating associations between photo-editing and body concerns in female social media users. Empirical studies published in English were included if they quantitatively measured the association between photo-editing and at least one of the body-related outcomes, and included female participants. A narrative synthesis of the 22 studies meeting these specific criteria was completed. This review revealed mixed findings in relation to the associations between photo-editing and body concerns. The findings indicate there may be a more complex relationship between both concepts that is influenced by alternative factors. The findings also revealed considerable heterogeneity in measurement approaches for both photo-editing behaviour and body-related outcomes. Future research should focus on developing a gold-standard approach to the measurement of various body-related concerns and conducting in-depth analyses in order to further understand the complex relationship between photo-editing and female social media users’ body concerns.
Personality is closely related to performance, but the implementation of personality tests is not easy to carry out, with a short time and minimal bias. As the most popular private messaging application, WhatsApp is not only used in social but also in professional communication. Its intimate nature makes the profile photo more personal than other social media. This study aims to predict a person's personality based on a WhatsApp profile photo by extracting content features. In this study, 132 respondents have filled out the Big Five Personality Test online and have allowed us to access their WhatsApp profile photos. The results of this study indicate, except for openness, that there is a significant relationship between personality traits and pictures used as profile photos. The content features of WhatsApp profile photos can also be used to predict personality traits. These findings prove that someone's personality affects the selection of their WhatsApp profile photos and vice versa.
This chapter considers how technologically extended bodies relate to the utopian. What idea of a ‘good’ or ‘better’ (eu-topian) body do they imply? What (utopian) critique do they perform? And especially: How do they embody and play with the utopian ‘no’ (ou-topia)? I address social media contexts, in which bodies figure as digital images in users’ profiles. Since a significant part of social interaction is happening online today, we can wonder about the status of the (ample) depictions of bodies in social media forums. This technologically constituted instance of bodily being is often visually altered in a striking manner and plays with the impossible in its staging. And yet, when users describe the sharing of intimate images of their bodies with a partner as ‘intimate acts’, this suggests that images of the body might acquire ‘body status’. The body becomes image and vice versa.
Olympic champions have been real idols for a significant portion of society, and by the advent of social media, their influence has increased rapidly. Despite their impact, they have been less studied. A primary step to grasp their cybercharacter is to examine their Instagram characteristics with possible gender differences and correlations between these characteristics. By applying a data-driven approach, this study utilizes a content analysis method to analyze photos of Olympic gold medalists on Instagram. In this vein, male gold medalists show a monotonously positive relationship between their following/follower ratio and the engagement/follower ratio. Also, the ratio of self-presentation turned out to have a solid monotonous negative relationship with age in both male and female gold medalists, which even takes a linear form in men. In line with the related theories and literature, these findings can help athletes manage and grow their brand on social media.KeywordsInstagramSelf-presentingUser characteristicsOlympicGold medalistsData mining
We aimed to investigate relationships between Facebook problematic use (Facebook PU) and pathological traits of personality, by a systematic review. The literature search was proceeded based on a search strategy including the keywords “Facebook”, “problematic use” and “personality”. We found a total of 236 publications and selected 21 papers for full verification. All of them were excluded, characterizing an empty review. As an attempt to increase the probability of finding eligible publications, first, we have broadened the search of the systematic review from “Facebook” to “social network sites” (and variations); and then from “social network sites” to “internet”. Regarding this last change, the final set of publications after full reading based on the eligibility criteria was composed by 15 papers. We emphasize that there was no empirical evidence on the relationship between Facebook PU and pathological traits of personality. Given the proximity between Facebook PU and internet addiction, it is possible to hypothesize that there is a relationship between pathological traits (i.e., Neuroticism, Impulsivity, and Psychoticism) and Facebook PU.
The present study was an attempt to identify the most prevailing means of digital devices and its impact as digital pollution on family and social interactions. Despite the obvious benefits of digital devices, in recent years researchers have taken more concern about its potential negative effect on human attitude and behavior, which in turn affects our society. A total of 613 usable responses were collected from Bangalore, India of excessive users of digital devices, such as a smartphone, computer/laptop, and television. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 23.0, AMOS 23.0, and SmartPLS 3.0. The results indicated that as the use of smartphone and computer/laptop increases, levels of digital pollution also increase, which in turn significantly triggers unfavorable impact on family and social interactions. The study indicated that digital pollution appears as an important predictor, which significantly affects social interaction unfavorably. The present study explored the various critical dimensions within this domain and delineated gaps in our knowledge of digital pollution. It was found that smartphones are more responsible for digital pollution among all the identified digital devices, followed by computer/laptop.
While there is agreement over the pivotal role accommodations have in the tourist experience, little is known about why tourists gravitate towards franchise or independent accommodations. This paper compares U.S. tourists' perceptions of the performance of franchise and independent accommodations on a range of functional, experiential, and symbolic attributes, and subsequently tests to see if there are separate reasons for why tourists choose the two lodging options and share WOM and eWOM. Results reveal franchise accommodations consistently outperform independent accommodations on "Service Quality" and "Utilitarian Quality." However, independent accommodations were found to outperform franchise accommodations in "Experiential Quality" and "Symbolic Quality." Modeling results reveal tourists choose the two accommodation options for separate reasons with "Service Quality" being important to both, but with "Symbolic Quality" also being important to choosing independent accommodations. Likelihood to share WOM and e-WOM were more a function of "Experiential Quality" and "Symbolic Quality" than "Service Quality."
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between dark triad personality traits and online self-disclosure. The present research is a correlational type of study. The population of the present study includes all B.Sc students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, among them three hundred and seventy-five students (175 female and 200 male) were selected, using proportion-stratified random sampling method. They were asked to respond to self-disclosure (attitudes, interests, study, money, personality and body) and Dark Triad Personality (Narcissism, Machiavellism and Psychopath) Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The results of Pearson correlation showed that there were positive correlations of machiavelism with subscales of study/work, personality, body and total self-disclosure, and psychopath with subscales of body and total self-disclosure. Finally the results showed that there were positive correlations of narcissism with subscales of interest and study/work, personality, body and total self-disclosure. The results of stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that among three dark personality traits, two personality traits, narcissism and machiavellism, were predictors of online self-disclosure. According to the results of the present study, the role of two dark triad personalities, narcissism and machiavellism, on internet self-disclosure was confirmed. This result can help internet users, especially students, to discover interests and personality characteristics of individuals with high internet self-disclosure in cyber atmosphere and increase knowledge and predict exploitation of these people.
Interaction and self-expression via social media have become a lived norm among youngsters in the digital era. The novelty and pervasiveness of social media are raising a number of new and unique socio-moral issues, while it is promoting various human cooperation and interactions. However, in the academic world of moral education, social media has not been given an important status. In particular, the theoretical and practical analysis of social media's impact on a student's life, how to effectively utilize social media in moral education, and the discussion of new directions and tasks of moral education in the age of social media have failed to be a major topic, to the extent that it is treated very superficial in the curriculum of moral education as a sub-content element of cyber ethics and/or information & communication ethics. In particular, most moral education researchers overlooked a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the impact of social media on a student's life from the point of view of moral education. This paper aims to objectively analyze the impact of social media on a student's life on the basis of scientific research results, and emphasize the importance of digital citizenship as a new vocabulary that moral education should value in the age of social media.
This study examines how individuals may engage with online donation behaviors by comparing two donation conditions: a public context and a private context. The study findings suggest that interdependent self-construal is likely to play a role in promoting donation behavior when individuals consider making a donation on a Facebook page. Furthermore, this study showed that impression outcome expectancy is the underlying mechanism mediating the effect of interdependent self-construal on willingness to donate, moderated by the donation contexts (public context: Facebook vs. private context: e-mail). This outcome suggests that high levels of interdependent self-construal alone do not prompt individuals to give, but that understanding the advertising medium and its interaction with underlying impression-outcome motives does so prompt individuals.
Instagram selfies and groupies symbolize social media users’ public display of narcissism. From an evolutionary psychological perspective on the renovated hierarchy of fundamental human motives and needs, this study examined the interaction effects of Instagram photo types (selfies, group selfies, long-shot photos taken by others, and neutral photos) and Instagram peer viewers’ individual difference factors (intrasexual competition [ISC] for mates, need for popularity [NfP], loneliness, and need to belong [NtB]) on intersexual attraction. A randomized between-subjects experiment (N = 110) was executed to see how the interaction affects the intention to date the target opposite-sex person. Multiple regression analyses confirm the moderating effects of ISC for mates, NfP, loneliness, and NtB on dating desire, among heterosexual/bisexual males exposed to female Instagram photos. Viewer characteristics moderate the influence of the potential mate’s photo types on perception and dating desirability. This study makes theoretical contributions to the literature on evolutionary psychology of narcissism and the renovated pyramid of primary needs. With regard to practical implications for online dating apps/social networking sites, neutral photos are more effective to appeal to men who feel lonely and have higher need for belonging and popularity, whereas group selfies are more appealing to men who have lower ISC for mate, NtB, and NfP.
The Dark Triad of personality – Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy – has been shown to influence a variety of behaviours. Typically, high levels of these traits predict engaging in behaviour at the periphery of what is considered socially normative. Such individuals do not display clinical maladaptation however, and function relatively normally. The Dark Triad's influence extends to the online context, where it predicts questionable behaviour when using social media such as Facebook. For example it can affect the content of users’ status updates, or what media they post. In this paper we examine a new concept known as Facebook surveillance. This details the deliberate examination of users’ profiles in order to gather information for one's own advantage. We suggest this is distinct with the conventional viewing of ones “feed” (which has little intent), or the stalking of ex-romantic partners (which has a emotive component). We predicted that Machiavellianism and psychopathy would both predict Facebook surveillance, whereas narcissism would not. Furthermore, we postulated that the Machiavellianism-surveillance relationship would be mediated by endorsement of gossip, whereas for psychopathy it would be mediated by intolerance for uncertainty. 259 participants took part in an online survey to measure these traits. Results supported our hypotheses, and suggested two forms of surveillance – Facebook tracking, which was more recreational, and Facebook investigating, which was more deliberate and targeted. Future studies are then discussed which may use more complex measures of narcissism, and gather behavioural and/or qualitative measures of surveillance.
This article takes as a point of departure Erving Goffman's (1959) ideas and the self-discrepancy theory of Higgins (1987) in order to introduce the habits of self-presentation of young people in the online environments. The aim of my article is to examine the reasons for joining SNS and the aspects young people would hope to emphasize on their profile images in social networking sites (SNS). I also focus on the qualities that are considered to be crucial by the 11 to 18-year-olds in order to become popular among their peers in the online community. The analysis is based on the findings of a questionnaire survey carried out in comprehensive schools in Estonia among 11 to 18-year-old pupils (N= 713). The results show that motives with a distinctly social focus dominate among the reasons for creating a profile in SNS. However, visible gender differences occur in the reasons for selecting particular profile images. The findings reveal that girls creating their visual self value both the aesthetic, emotional, self-reflecting as well as aesthetic-symbolical aspects of photographing more than their male counterparts. Furthermore, visual impression management in SNS varies according to the expectations of the reference group at hand, as the profile images of the young are constructed and re-constructed based on the values associated with "the ideal self" or "the ought self".
arcissism is a quality of the self that has significant implications for thinking, feeling, and behaving. Individuals with narcissistic personality possess highly inflated, unrealistically positive views of the self. Often- times, this includes strong self-focus, feelings of entitlement, and lack of regard for others. Narcissists focus on what benefits them personally, with less regard for how their actions may benefit (or harm) others. Most interesting from our perspective as self-researchers is the vast array of self-regulatory strategies used by narcissists (e.g., admiration-seeking, bragging, displaying material goods, socializing with important individuals, etc.). These strategies are both causes and consequences of narcissists' inflated self-beliefs. Our general orientation toward the narcissistic self is evident in the agency model of narcissism (Campbell, Brunell, & Finkel, 2006). As originally conceptualized, however, the agency model left out some important aspects of narcissistic self-regulation. In this chapter, we briefly review the literature on narcissism and more specifically narcissistic self-regulation. We then present an extended agency model that includes aspects of narcissistic self- regulation previously ignored by the original model. Finally, we discuss some of the current controversies surrounding narcissism in the literature.
The present investigation examined associations among narcissism, age, ethnicity, world region, and gender, using a large (n=3445) sample of participants representing several different world regions and ethnicities. The results suggest that (1) reported narcissism declines in older participants, (2) consistent with previous findings, males report being more narcissistic than females, (3) that ethnic differences in reported narcissism are generally comparable to those found in the self-esteem literature, and (4) that world region appears to exert influence on narcissism, with participants from more individualistic societies reporting more narcissism. The results are discussed in terms of how age and culture might impact narcissism and how future research might address this topic.
Narcissism is characterized in part by an acute concern for one’s appearance. Despite this fundamental aspect of narcissism, little is known about whether narcissism is manifested in features of physical appearance. Can you tell if someone is narcissistic just by looking at them? Our results indicate that snap judgments of narcissism based on full-body photographs are at least as accurate as snap judgments of any of the big five personality traits. Narcissists are more likely to wear expensive, flashy clothing, have an organized, neat appearance requiring a lot of preparation, and (in females) wear makeup and show cleavage. Furthermore, observers’ judgments correlate with the presence of these cues, suggesting that they are drawing on the correct information when making their judgments. Finally, observers’ judgments are associated with three of the four facets of narcissism and capture the unique constellation of personality traits typical of narcissists (i.e., high extraversion and low agreeableness). These findings suggest that physical appearance reflects narcissists’ personality, preoccupation with good looks, and desire to be the center of attention, and serves as a vehicle with which to promote their status.
Within the cultural context of MySpace, this study explores the ways emerging adults experience social networking. Through focus group methodology, the role of virtual peer interaction in the development of personal, social, and gender identities was investigated. Findings suggest that college students utilize MySpace for identity exploration, engaging in social comparison and expressing idealized aspects of the selves they wish to become. The public nature of self and relationship displays introduce feedback mechanisms by which emerging adults can legitimize images as associated with the self. Also, male–female differences in self-presentation parallel, and possibly intensify, gender norms offline. Our study suggests that social networking sites provide valuable opportunities for emerging adults to realize possible selves; however, increased pressure for female sexual objectification and intensified social comparison may also negatively impact identity development. A balanced view, presenting both opportunities and drawbacks, should be encouraged in policies regarding youth participation in social networking sites.
This paper investigates the uses of social networking site Facebook, and the gratifications users derive from those uses. In the first study, 137 users generated words or phrases to describe how they used Facebook, and what they enjoyed about their use. These phrases were coded into 46 items which were completed by 241 Facebook users in Study 2. Factor analysis identified seven unique uses and gratifications: social connection, shared identities, content, social investigation, social network surfing and status updating. User demographics, site visit patterns and the use of privacy settings were associated with different uses and gratifications.
This study examines the relationship between use of Facebook, a popular online social network site, and the formation and maintenance of social capital. In addition to assessing bonding and bridging social capital, we explore a dimension of social capital that assesses one's ability to stay connected with members of a previously inhabited community, which we call maintained social capital. Regression analyses conducted on results from a survey of undergraduate students (N=286) suggest a strong association between use of Facebook and the three types of social capital, with the strongest relationship being to bridging social capital. In addition, Facebook usage was found to interact with measures of psychological well-being, suggesting that it might provide greater benefits for users experiencing low self-esteem and low life satisfaction.
This study investigates self-presentation strategies among online dating participants, exploring how participants manage their online presentation of self in order to accomplish the goal of finding a romantic partner. Thirty-four individuals active on a large online dating site participated in telephone interviews about their online dating experiences and perceptions. Qualitative data analysis suggests that participants attended to small cues online, mediated the tension between impression management pressures and the desire to present an authentic sense of self through tactics such as creating a profile that reflected their “ideal self,” and attempted to establish the veracity of their identity claims. This study provides empirical support for Social Information Processing theory in a naturalistic context while offering insight into the complicated way in which “honesty” is enacted online.
Social networking sites like MySpace, Facebook, and StudiVZ are popular means of communicating personality. Recent theoretical and empirical considerations of homepages and Web 2.0 platforms show that impression management is a major motive for actively participating in social networking sites. However, the factors that determine the specific form of self-presentation and the extent of self-disclosure on the Internet have not been analyzed. In an exploratory study, we investigated the relationship between self-reported (offline) personality traits and (online) self-presentation in social networking profiles. A survey among 58 users of the German Web 2.0 site, StudiVZ.net, and a content analysis of the respondents' profiles showed that self-efficacy with regard to impression management is strongly related to the number of virtual friends, the level of profile detail, and the style of the personal photo. The results also indicate a slight influence of extraversion, whereas there was no significant effect for self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)
Contrasting hypotheses were posed to test the effect of Facebook exposure on self-esteem. Objective Self-Awareness (OSA) from social psychology and the Hyperpersonal Model from computer-mediated communication were used to argue that Facebook would either diminish or enhance self-esteem respectively. The results revealed that, in contrast to previous work on OSA, becoming self-aware by viewing one's own Facebook profile enhances self-esteem rather than diminishes it. Participants that updated their profiles and viewed their own profiles during the experiment also reported greater self-esteem, which lends additional support to the Hyperpersonal Model. These findings suggest that selective self-presentation in digital media, which leads to intensified relationship formation, also influences impressions of the self.
This paper describes conditions under which one investment project dominates a second project in terms of net present value, irrespective of the choice of the discount rate. The resulting partial ordering of projects has certain similarities to stochastic dominance. However, the structure of the net present value function leads to characterizations that are quite specific to this context. Our theorems use Bernstein's (1915) innovative results on the representation and approximation of polynomials, as well as other general results from the theory of equations, to characterize the partial ordering. We also show how the ranking is altered when the range of discount rates is limited or the rate varies period by period. Copyright Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003
Accuracy and bias in self-perceptions of performance were studied in a managerial group-discussion task. Ss ranked their own performance and were ranked by the 5 other group members and by 11 assessment staff members. Although the self-perceptions showed convergent validity with the staff criterion, Ss were less accurate when judging themselves than when judging their peers. On average, Ss evaluated their performance slightly more positively than their performance was evaluated by either the peers or the staff; however, this general self-enhancement effect was dwarfed by substantial individual differences, which ranged from self-enhancements to self-diminishment bias and were strongly related to four measures of narcissism. Discussion focuses on issues in assessing the accuracy of self-perceptions and the implications of the findings for individual differences in self-perception bias and the role of narcissism.
Reactions to trait self-enhancers were investigated in 2 longitudinal studies of person perception in discussion groups. Groups of 4-6 participants met 7 times for 20 min. After Meetings 1 and 7, group members rated their perceptions of one another. In Study 1, trait self-enhancement was indexed by measures of narcissism and self-deceptive enhancement. At the first meeting, self-enhancers made positive impressions. They were seen as agreeable, well adjusted, and competent. After 7 weeks, however, they were rated negatively and gave self-evaluations discrepant with peer evaluations they received. In Study 2, an independent sample of observers (close acquaintances) enabled a pretest index of discrepancy self-enhancement: It predicted the same deteriorating pattern of interpersonal perceptions as the other three trait measures. Nonetheless, all self-enhancement measures correlated positively with self-esteem.
The present research examined how narcissism is manifested on a social networking Web site (i.e., Facebook.com). Narcissistic personality self-reports were collected from social networking Web page owners. Then their Web pages were coded for both objective and subjective content features. Finally, strangers viewed the Web pages and rated their impression of the owner on agentic traits, communal traits, and narcissism. Narcissism predicted (a) higher levels of social activity in the online community and (b) more self-promoting content in several aspects of the social networking Web pages. Strangers who viewed the Web pages judged more narcissistic Web page owners to be more narcissistic. Finally, mediational analyses revealed several Web page content features that were influential in raters' narcissistic impressions of the owners, including quantity of social interaction, main photo self-promotion, and main photo attractiveness. Implications of the expression of narcissism in social networking communities are discussed.
This chapter provides an updated presentation of the dynamic self-regulatory model of narcissism. Narcissism is described as part of a self-regulatory system that uses inter- and intrapersonal processes to elevate and maintain self-esteem.
Social Networking Sites (e.g. Facebook), which afford self-presentation, are gaining popularity amongst adolescents. This study examined the relationship of narcissism and extraversion on adolescents’ self-presentation in four Facebook profile features (profile picture, status updates, social network size, photo count), as reported by Grade 7–Grade 9 adolescents. After accounting for extraversion, narcissism predicted features presenting self-generated content (profile picture rating, status update frequency), but not features presenting system-generated content (social network size, photo count).
We propose a dynamic self-regulatory processing model of narcissism and review supporting evidence. The model casts narcissism in terms of motivated self-construction, in that the narcissist's self is shaped by the dynamic interaction of cognitive and affective intrapersonal processes and interpersonal self-regulatory strategies that are played out in the social arena. A grandiose yet vulnerable self-concept appears to underlie the chronic goal of obtaining continuous external self-affirmation. Because narcissists are insensitive to others' concerns and social constraints and view others as inferior, their self-regulatory efforts often are counterproductive and ultimately prevent the positive feedback that they seek-thus undermining the self they are trying to create and maintain. We draw connections between this model and other processing models in personality and employ these models to further elucidate the construct of narcissism. Reconceptualizing narcissism as a self-regulatory processing system promises to resolve many of its apparent paradoxes, because by understanding how narcissistic cognition, affect, and motivation interrelate, their internal subjective logic and coherence come into focus.
ABSTRACT In this study we compared the ability of narcissism and self-esteem to predict positive illusions in self-evaluations of intelligence and physical attractiveness in a sample of 146 college students. Narcissism predicted both types of illusion for males and females; self-esteem predicted intelligence self-illusion for males. Both males and females overestimated their own intelligence, with males, but not females, also overestimating their attractiveness. Positive illusions for intelligence and attractiveness were correlated. Males showed greater positive illusions than females, with this effect at least partly attributable to observed gender differences in narcissism.
Early research on online self-presentation mostly focused on identity constructions in anonymous online environments. Such studies found that individuals tended to engage in role-play games and anti-normative behaviors in the online world. More recent studies have examined identity performance in less anonymous online settings such as Internet dating sites and reported different findings. The present study investigates identity construction on Facebook, a newly emerged nonymous online environment. Based on content analysis of 63 Facebook accounts, we find that the identities produced in this nonymous environment differ from those constructed in the anonymous online environments previously reported. Facebook users predominantly claim their identities implicitly rather than explicitly; they “show rather than tell” and stress group and consumer identities over personally narrated ones. The characteristics of such identities are described and the implications of this finding are discussed.
Narcissism has received increased attention in the past few decades as a sub-clinical individual difference with important everyday consequences, such as self-enhancement in perceptions of one’s own behavior and attributes. The most widespread measure used by non-clinical researchers, the 40-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory or NPI-40, captures a range of different facets of the construct but its length may prohibit its use in settings where time pressure and respondent fatigue are major concerns. In this article, we draw from the NPI-40 set of items to create and validate a shorter, unidimensional measure, the NPI-16. In five studies, we show that this short NPI closely parallels the NPI-40 in its relation to other personality measures and dependent variables. We conclude that the NPI-16 has notable face, internal, discriminant, and predictive validity and that it can serve as an alternative measure of narcissism when situations do not allow the use of longer inventories.
Facebook is quickly becoming one of the most popular tools for social communication. However, Facebook is somewhat different from other Social Networking Sites as it demonstrates an offline-to-online trend; that is, the majority of Facebook Friends are met offline and then added later. The present research investigated how the Five-Factor Model of personality relates to Facebook use. Despite some expected trends regarding Extraversion and Openness to Experience, results indicated that personality factors were not as influential as previous literature would suggest. The results also indicated that a motivation to communicate was influential in terms of Facebook use. It is suggested that different motivations may be influential in the decision to use tools such as Facebook, especially when individual functions of Facebook are being considered.
This paper considers the presentation of self on an internet dating site. Thirty men and 30 women were interviewed about their online dating experiences. They were asked about how they constructed their profiles and how they viewed other individuals’ profiles. Which types of presentations of self led to more successful offline romantic relationships were also investigated. Additionally, gender differences were examined. In line with previous research on presentation of self online, individuals were quite strategic in their online presentations. However, important differences between initiating a relationship on an internet dating site and other spaces (online and offline) included the type of self disclosed as well as the depth of breadth of information individuals self-disclosed about themselves before any one-on-one conversations took place.
Online social networking sites have revealed an entirely new method of self-presentation. This cyber social tool provides a new site of analysis to examine personality and identity. The current study examines how narcissism and self-esteem are manifested on the social networking Web site Facebook.com . Self-esteem and narcissistic personality self-reports were collected from 100 Facebook users at York University. Participant Web pages were also coded based on self-promotional content features. Correlation analyses revealed that individuals higher in narcissism and lower in self-esteem were related to greater online activity as well as some self-promotional content. Gender differences were found to influence the type of self-promotional content presented by individual Facebook users. Implications and future research directions of narcissism and self-esteem on social networking Web sites are discussed.
This research examined the intercorrelations of scores on narcissism and the motives for affiliation, intimacy, and power. 65 students in a Master's program for business administration were given the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Thematic Apperception Test. A significant difference in narcissism was found between men and women. Men and women also were significantly different on the need for intimacy. Narcissism was significantly and negatively correlated with the need for intimacy and significantly and positively correlated with the need for power. The hypothesized association between narcissism and the need for affiliation was not substantiated.
This study investigates the relationships among narcissism, self-esteem, and defensive self-enhancement in samples of 60, 84, 300, and 57 subjects. Using various self-report indices of these constructs we found that (a) defensive self-enhancement is composed of two orthogonal components: grandiosity and social desirability; (b) grandiosity and social desirability independently predict self-esteem and may represent distinct confounds in the measurement of self-esteem, (c) narcissism is positively related to grandiose self-enhancement (as opposed to social desirability), (d) narcissism is positively associated with both defensive and nondefensive self-esteem, and (e) authority, self-sufficiency, and vanity are the narcissistic elements most indicative of nondefensive self-esteem. The results are consistent with several theories that postulate a two-component model for self-esteem regulation and personality development.
We examined the internal and external validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). Study 1 explored the internal structure of the NPI responses of 1,018 subjects. Using principal-components analysis, we analyzed the tetrachoric correlations among the NPI item responses and found evidence for a general construct of narcissism as well as seven first-order components, identified as Authority, Exhibitionism, Superiority, Vanity, Exploitativeness, Entitlement, and Self-Sufficiency. Study 2 explored the NPI's construct validity with respect to a variety of indexes derived from observational and self-report data in a sample of 57 subjects. Study 3 investigated the NPI's construct validity with respect to 128 subject's self and ideal self-descriptions, and their congruency, on the Leary Interpersonal Check List. The results from Studies 2 and 3 tend to support the construct validity of the full-scale NPI and its component scales.
Three studies are reported which provide evidence for the validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). Factor analysis of the NPI in Study 1 revealed four factors which were labelled: Exploitativeness/Entitlement, Leadership/Authority, Superiority/Arrogance, and Self-absorption/Self-admiration. In Study 2, scores on the NPI were correlated with basic dimensions of personality, and with relevant self-variables. Narcissism scores were positively related to dominance, exhibitionism, extraversion, self-esteem, and self-monitoring, among others; and negatively related to abasement, deference, and social anxiety, among others. Correlations between the NPI factors and personality variables are also examined. In Study 3, peer ratings of narcissism were obtained and it was found that these were strongly related to scores on the NPI. Taken together, the three studies provide considerable evidence for the construct validity of the NPI, and avenues for future research are suggested.
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