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The role of digital models in cultural heritage preservation
Abstract and Figures
Cultural Heritage represents an aspect of our historical memory that has suffered transformations, reductions or destructions in the last decade for different human or external factors. In addition, some lacks in the preservation of the artistic heritage, principally due to the found restrictions, led to a fall in monument valorization and in cultural system management. In this situation the research of methodologies that allow to lessen this deterioration process has became more evident: the definition of cultural and practical strategies that permit to save the information contained in the Cultural Heritage, supporting the process of valorization thorough the application of different representation and visualization instruments. The 3D acquisition and modeling process represent a possible solution because it allow to generate the digital mould of a real artifact, virtually freezing the actual formal and material aspects. The exploitation of digital capacity can increase the comprehension and the valorization of the monuments, supporting the Heritage management; at the end the virtual representation represents an interesting and shared analysis instrument for experts. Starting from general observations on the use of these techniques in Cultural Heritage field, the paper presents two case studies that contain analogies in the approach and purpose: the 3D acquisition and modeling of Pompeii Forum and San Giovanni in Conca church in Milano.
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... At scientific level, various technologies are available today to create three-dimensional models able to give back the complex geometric and material features of artefacts in relation to historical sources [21][22][23]1,3]. In some cases, the 3D models are based on scarce elements and almost total virtual reconstruction is imposed, while in others, where the artefact is completely or partially complete, the use of advanced digital survey techniques is predominant [24][25][26][27]. The reality-based 3D models, generated by the use of three-dimensional optical sensors, active (e.g. ...
... Then, an in-depth investigation follows for the 3D model realization making use of digital survey techniques for the entire artefact or only for the historical ruins and archaeological areas. Thus, it is possible to formulate plausible reconstructive hypotheses [27]. The survey techniques to be used are laser scanning and digital photogrammetry, also integrated with each other when both high geometric precision and high-quality photorealism are required. ...
https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1cZZ04ckJErwo8 (free link)
The aim of this research is to define a multidisciplinary method capable of enhancing the tangible and intangible values of the historical-cultural heritage through the virtual reconstruction of the ancient internal flame lighting systems. The survey by laser scanner and/or by digital photogrammetry and solid modelling were the techniques used to carry out the three-dimensional reconstructions of the artefacts. The 3D model based on archaeological and historical documentation made it possible to define the lighting scenarios according to various historical-interpretative hypotheses and the reconstruction of the used luminaires. Instead, the laboratory experiments on the flame allowed obtaining the scientific reference parameters to be used in the virtual reconstruction of the lighting scenarios. This method was validated in two different case studies. The first is a cave church in Matera, a medieval religious building built entirely in the ravine with evident architectural signs that enabled to identify the ancient lighting systems. The second is a Roman villa in Mola di Bari, a devastated archaeological site among which several Roman lamps were found, thanks to which it was possible to start the study of light. In addition to making an important contribution to the community of scholars, the lighting scenarios obtained from the research also aim to enhance the architectural artefacts and promote the related history knowledge for future generations. Virtual reality, augmented reality and online 3d visualization can be some of the possible applications towards which this research can converge to promote the fruition of cultural heritage.
In an architectural or archaeological space, the connection between the overall view and the elements that make up the scene, plays a fundamental role in its understanding process. Therefore, the analysis and subsequent reconstruction—albeit virtual—of both the container and the content, where the data appears to be missing or fragmented, constitutes, within a research, its fundamental subject, especially if that space appears to be lacking to date the information necessary for its understanding. In the analysis of Cultural Heritage, it is now standard procedure to start with historical documentation, the state of the art of research insisting on the chosen subject, proceed with an integrated survey (capable of collecting massive three-dimensional quantitative and qualitative data), and continue with a multidimensional representation, having as a possible goal its virtual communication. In this case, the use of privileged tools, such as the construction of digital models and their communication through extended reality (XR), allow redefining its image, expanding the level of interaction between the work and the user.
This paper describes the importance that the digital model obtained from the processing of acquisitions made through Reality-Based technologies has taken on in recent years for the knowledge of cultural heritage. Determining which of these sensors may be better than the other is not an absolute process, but can be declined according to the artifact to be detected, the context, the objective for which the survey is being carried out and the critical issues that may be found. In particular, the latter are emphasized both in the analysis of research experiences developed in national and international field and for the three reported case studies, in order to document a case collection and possible solutions to be implemented. The research, which is still in progress, is carried out within the competitive intra/university project PREVENT - Integrated PRocedure for assEssing and improVing the resiliENce of existing masonry bell Towers at territorial scale. The main purpose of the project is to provide a scientific methodology for the evaluation and conservation of existing masonry bell towers thanks to the synergy of the academic disciplines of Drawing, Technical Physics and Structural Engineering. In this context, the survey assumes the fundamental role of activator of the cognitive process.
Three-dimensional documentation of heritage buildings is important for conservation, restoration and education. When it comes to complex architectural structures such as castles, no single modelling technique is capable of yielding cost-effective, highly detailed and accurate photo-realism. The authors demonstrate how integration of multiple techniques brings resolution.
This paper deals with two, related topics: the acquisition and recovery of information 'trapped' in the geometry of an historical artifact; the employment of this form of 'intangible heritage' as an historical source on a par with more explicit sources such as ancient drawings, books, archaeological excavations, etc. This study relates to the construction of a virtual model of ancient Rome within the framework of the international project known as "Rome Reborn 1.0" (www.romereborn.virginia.edu). It exploits intangible information in order to make a plausible reconstruction of ancient Rome, currently one of the largest virtual models ever developed in the field of cultural heritage.
This article proposes a methodology for the virtual representation of lost Cultural Heritage monuments, based on the integration of a 3D digital survey of the remains, with the analysis of historical, literary, cadastral and iconographic sources. By using the objective geometrical data as initial interpretative grid, a scalable method is generated, suitable to be re-used on different artifacts. This approach has been experimented on the virtual reconstruction of different historical periods of a church characterized by a complex architectural development: the Basilica of San Giovanni in Conca in Milan. Realistic 3D digital representations of this monument allow to better understand the lost building changes, useful both for critical analysis of the experts or for touristic valorization.
The authors describe a project to create a three-dimensional digital model of Michelangelo's Florentine Piet?. The model is being used in a comprehensive art-historical study of this sculpture that includes a consideration of historical records and artistic significance as well as scientific data. A combined multi-view and photometric system is used to capture hundreds of small meshes on the surface, each with a detailed normals and re-flectance map aligned to the mesh. The overlapping meshes are registered and merged into a single triangle mesh. A set of reflectance and normals maps covering the statue are computed from the best data available from multiple color measurements.
Archaeology is a destructive process in which accurate and detailed recording of a site is imperative. As a site is exposed, documentation is required in order to recreate and understand the site in context. We have developed a 3D modeling pipeline that can assist archaeologists in the documentation effort by building rich, geometrically and photometrically accurate 3D models of the site. The modeling effort begins with data acquisition (images, range scans, GIS data, and video) and ends with the use of a sophisticated visualization tool that can be used by researchers to explore and understand the site. The pipeline includes new methods for shadow-based registration of 2D images and temporal change detection. Our multimodal augmented reality system allows users wearing head-tracked, see-through, head-worn displays to visualize the site model and associated archaeological artifacts, and to interact with them using speech and gesture.
