Identity in adolescence
... During each stage, there is a psychosocial crisis, a consequence of contradictory personal characteristics. Identity-Identity Diffusion is the fifth stage, taking place during the critical transition from adolescence to adulthood (Erikson 1959(Erikson , 1968(Erikson , 1985Marcia 1980Marcia , 1993Marcia , 2002. ...
... The process is one in which individuals must explore roles and values and make independent decisions and commitments regarding occupation; religious, political, and social beliefs; and interpersonal and sexual values (Kroger and Marcia 2011;Marcia 2002;Marcia and Josselson 2013). Utilizing these dimensions of exploration and commitment, Marcia outlines four statuses of identity: (a) identity achievement; (b) foreclosure; (c) moratorium; and (d) identity diffusion (Kroger and Marcia 2011;Marcia 1980Marcia , 2002. Each status represents a level of exploration and commitment (see Figure 1). ...
... This is a time when adolescents can work toward developing their own set of guiding values and beliefs. Finally, identity diffusion is a state where individuals have made no commitments and are not seeking to explore the available alternatives (Kroger and Marcia 2011;Marcia 1980Marcia , 2002. Connected with determining one's own ideological and occupational identity is the need to psychologically separate self from parents and family and the ability to see oneself as a separate and distinct individual (Adams 1998;Anderson and Sabatelli 1990). ...
Identity development among late adolescent university students and its relationship to family history knowledge was examined in this study. Identity development was examined using Marcia’s individual developmental framework (1988) of exploration and commitment and Stutman and Lich’s family systems framework (1984) of autonomy and relatedness. It was proposed that late adolescents’ personal exploration of and commitment to roles and values may be influenced by knowledge of parent and grandparent histories. It was also proposed that late adolescents’ achievement of personal autonomy and positive family relatedness may be influenced by knowledge of parent and grandparent histories. The sample consisted of 239 university students. The Parental Relationship Inventory (PRI) and the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ) were used to measure identity development. The Do You Know? (DYK) scale measured family history knowledge. Multiple regression analyses indicated a significant positive relationship between commitment and family history knowledge and relatedness and family history knowledge, a negative relationship between autonomy and family history knowledge, and a weak correlation between exploration and family history knowledge. Findings indicated that family history knowledge may influence components of identity development. This has implications for those working to enhance adolescent development.
... Ergenlik döneminde birey, ayak uydurması gereken hızlı bir değişim sürecine girmektedir. Bu değişimlerden bazıları, fiziksel ve hormonal gelişmeler sebebiyle meydana gelen bilişsel değişimler ve farklı duygu ve davranışlar (Bayhan ve Işıtan, 2010), kimlik kazanma (Erikson, 1968;Marcia, 1980), ergen benmerkezciliği, (Elkind, 1967) soyut, eleştirel ve hipotetik düşünme (Piaget, 1965), flört ve romantik ilişkilerin başlaması (Collins, 2003;Collins ve diğerleri, 2009) şeklinde sıralanabilir. Ancak bu özelliklerin yanında risk alma davranışları, (Sales ve Irwin, 2009), intihar (Borowsky ve diğerleri, 2001;Brent ve diğerleri, 1988;Shaffer ve diğerleri, 1996), alkol ve madde kullanımı (Brown ve diğerleri, 1998;Chassin ve diğerleri, 2004;Lynskey ve Fergusson, 1995), ebeveyn-ergen çatışması, yeme bozuklukları, (Santrock, 2011) akran baskısının etkisiyle antisosyal davranışlar sergileme (Brown ve Larson, 2004) ve akran zorbalığı 3 (Spriggs ve diğerleri, 2007;Wang ve diğerleri, 2009Wang ve diğerleri, , 2012 gibi olumsuz özellikler de ergenlik döneminde gözlenebilir. ...
The aim of this study is to determine to what extent adolescents' cyber victimization, peer bullying, dark triad personality traits, risk behavior and prosocial behaviors predict cyberbully and non-cyberbully adolescents. This research is a descriptive quantitative research conducted in a cross-sectional design and designed in an exploratory correlational model. A total of 952 students studying at 9 faculties and 1 vocational school at İnönü University in the 2021-2022 academic year participated in the research. Revised Cyberbullying/Victimization Inventory 2, Peer Bullying Scale, Short Dark Triad Scale Turkish Form, Risk Behaviors Scale, Prosocial Tendencies Scale and personal information form were used as data collection tools in the study. The data of the study were analyzed by percent-frequency analysis and logistic regression analysis. Before performing the logistic regression analysis, it was determined that the sample was large enough, outlier data were not included in the analysis, and the correlation coefficients between the variables were examined and it was seen that there was no multicollinearity problem. As a result of the research, it was determined that 47% of the adolescents in the sample were involved in the cyberbullying process as a bully, victim or bully/victim (both bully and victim); 53% of them were not involved in cyberbullying. It was determined that 30% of the adolescents are cyberbullies, 40% are cyber victims, 7% are only cyberbullies, 17% are only cyber victims, and 23% are bullies/victims. In the logistic regression model obtained, it was determined that there was a relationship between cyberbullying and the predictive variables in the study, that the goodness of fit of the model was sufficient and it explained 25% of the variance in cyberbullying. It was determined that the model accurately classified cyberbully and non-cyberbully adolescents at the rate of 79%, and cyber victimization, peer bullying, alcohol use, antisocial behaviors and nutrition habits made significant contributions to the prediction of cyberbully and non-cyberbully adolescents.
... With regard to this question, our results show that the religious identity formation of this population is more progressive than regressive and that religious identity for most participants changed rather than remaining stable. These results align with the developmental view of identity formation reported by previous studies (Marcia, 1980;Waterman, 1999). In addition, the significance of our findings is even more important following van Hoofs' (1999) skepticism regarding the possibility of finding identity development by measurement of identity statuses since there is lower sensitivity to changes than measurement of exploration and commitment. ...
Despite the importance of religion to identity formation, there has been little research on religious identity, resulting in a limited understanding of the development of religious identity , especially among strictly religious adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine religious identity formation changes during post-high school mechina programs to extend the literature on religious identity formation among strictly religious adolescents. This study was conducted at three institutions with mechina programs in Israel and included students from two academic years. We used the Religious Identity status (RISt) questionnaire to measure religious identity statuses among 135 mechina students at the beginning and end of the program. We found that religious identity formation is more progressive than regressive and for most participants, religious identity didn't remain stable but changed. We also found a significant increase in achievement status, in contrast to the foreclosure status, with insignificant change. The MAMA (moratorium, achievement) model was the most prevalent religious identity formation process model among participants. This study's findings indicate that religious identity formation is dynamic and mainly progressive. Post-high school religious programs should consider these findings to cater to religious identity formation dynamics.
... In short all diagnosis euphorias reflected a positive response to the redress of past difficulties around identity formation processes and support. Western cultures privilege adolescents and young adults' 'identity moratoriums' (engagement in exploration of identities) and 'identity achievements' (commitment to identities after exploration); whilst negating a lack of identity achievement as problematic for adult development and intimacy (Erikson 1950;Kroger, Marcia, 2011;Marcia 1980). Ahmed has emphasised that happiness economies are culturally limited for people whose identities and bodies sit outside stage-based ideals and norms (Ahmed 2004(Ahmed , 2010. ...
People with intersex variations are mostly framed within conservative psycho-medical research, or critical empowerment Intersex Studies literature. In both literatures their framing has negative aspects either negating their bodies, identities, health or function; or positioning within discriminatory contexts. Resisting deficit-based framings, this article uses the concept ‘euphoria’ to investigate when, why and how 272 Australian online survey participants (aged 16-87yrs) had positive experiences of their intersex variations. Upon diagnosis under one fifth described what this piece calls Category Validation, Difference Legitimisation, Knowledge Integration, Medical Sense-making or Sudden Hope euphorias. Post-diagnosis euphorias were more common; most often Body Positivity euphoria. Also, Acceptance, Autonomous Control, Relative Gains or Fitness Edge euphorias emerged. Euphorias had different feelings, stimuli, processes and impacts. Body Positivity euphoria was most connected and conducive to other euphorias, and has external stimuli which could be invested in further.
[Le persone con variazioni intersessuali sono per lo più inquadrate all'interno di psico-medici conservatori ricerca, o letteratura sull'empowerment critico Intersex Studies. In entrambe le letterature loro l'inquadratura ha aspetti negativi che negano i loro corpi, identità, salute o funzione; o posizionamento all'interno di contesti discriminatori. Resistere a inquadrature basate sul deficit, questo articolo utilizza il concetto di "euforia" per indagare quando, perché e come 272 australiano i partecipanti al sondaggio online (di età compresa tra 16 e 87 anni) hanno avuto esperienze positive del loro intersessualità variazioni. Dopo la diagnosi, meno di un quinto ha descritto ciò che questo pezzo chiama Categoria Convalida, legittimazione della differenza, integrazione della conoscenza, creazione di senso medico o Euforie improvvise di speranza. Le euforie post-diagnosi erano più comuni; il più delle volte Corpo Euforia di positività. Inoltre, accettazione, controllo autonomo, guadagni relativi o fitness Sono emerse euforie al limite. Le euforie avevano sentimenti, stimoli, processi e impatti. L'euforia della positività corporea era più connessa e favorevole ad altre euforie, e ha stimoli esterni su cui investire ulteriormente.]
... Si bien la perspectiva del tiempo futuro, es decir, la percepción individual propia del tiempo futuro (FTP; Lewin, 1939), es un recurso indispensable, a partir de la adolescencia, para afrontar tareas complejas de desarrollo (Dittman-Kohli, 1986) y la definición de dominios identitarios específicos (Marcia, 1980;Aleni Sestito & Sica, 2016), hay poca investigación en la literatura que haya explorado el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la visión del futuro de los adultos jóvenes. Ahora bien, aunque algunos estudios han demostrado cómo la orientación al futuro puede ser un factor protector para el desarrollo de síntomas internalizantes (Servidio et al., 2022), otros estudios han demostrado una reducción de las perspectivas de futuro desde hace décadas en adultos jóvenes (Leccardi, 2005;Rupprecht et al., 2022 ); y una visión de futuro, disfuncionalmente anclada al presente (Ramas-Arauz et al., 2021), distópica, negativa y llena de obstáculos (Delli Zotti et al., 2020;Regnoli et al., en prensa). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted young adults and university students’
psychological well-being. This research explored their representation of future through cross-cultural
comparison. 387 Italian students (M=23.5; SD=4.4) and 192 Mexican students (M=21.22; SD=3.5)
completed an online survey assessing the following scales: Future Time Perspective Scale for
Adolescents and Young Adults (FTPS-AYA), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21(DASS-21) and
Meaning in Life Questionnaire (QLM). Results showed higher future-negative, and future-confusion,levels in Italian young adults, while Mexican scores were higher on future-perseverant, and
future-perspicuity. Mexicans reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. As regards
MLQ scale, Mexicans had higher levels of presence of meaning, while Italian scores were higher
on the search for meaning subscale. Significant differences between the two groups regarding
psychological discomfort, representation of life and future were interpreted throught sociocultural
variables.
Adolescents today are struggling with the normative stressors of this developmental stage which are compounded by the current social and environmental challenges specific to this time in history. Anxiety, depression, and suicide rates have skyrocketed over the last decade; adolescents cite climate change, COVID-19, gun violence, and school shootings as factors contributing to their anxiety levels. The need for intervening during this developmental stage is critical, as maladaptive behavior that is established during adolescence can have far-reaching consequences across the lifespan. This chapter explores how cultivating self-compassion during adolescence has the potential to be a critical intervening factor for adolescent health and well-being. We present literature demonstrating that self-compassion is associated with less anxiety, depression, and stress in adolescents, as well as studies showing how self-compassion influences relationships between stressors (e.g., perfectionism) and psychosocial outcomes (e.g., depression). Age and sex differences in self-compassion are also highlighted, as age and sex have been reported to moderate the relationship between self-compassion and outcomes. Additionally, we summarize findings from interventions which aim to cultivate self-compassion in adolescent populations. Limitations and future directions of the literature are discussed, including using standardized assessments, replicating manualized interventions, and comprising more diverse samples in a variety of settings, both clinical and nonclinical.KeywordsAdolescenceChild and adolescent psychologySelf-compassionDevelopmental psychologyWell-being
This is a systematic search and a narrative review of school-based Creative Dance (CreaDa) programs and intervention studies in elementary education. Advanced searches with PRISMA methodology resulted in 19 eligible studies, which were further analyzed based on the GREET checklist criteria. The main categories of the extracted data were the description of programs and interventions, their delivery and participants’ characteristics, the findings of the studies and limitations referred. Each category included many sub-categories of analysis, which shed light on topics related to CreaDa implementation from the researchers’ and the practitioners’ perspective. The descriptive analysis and presentation of each sub-category was complemented with figures, narrations, comments, discussion and in some cases suggestions. It seems that CreaDa implementation in elementary schools has the tremendous potential to mainly cultivate children cognitively and psychosocially. Essential information for future research and practice and further considerations based on sections’ analyses were summed up and presented.
Es wurde festgestellt, dass Diskriminierung verschiedene Entwicklungsergebnisse beeinflusst. Bevor die Forschungsergebnisse zu den Ergebnissen bei arabisch-amerikanischen Jugendlichen erörtert werden, ist es wichtig, die Entwicklungsprozesse und Theorien zu verstehen, die im Zusammenhang mit Entwicklung und Diskriminierung existieren. In diesem Kapitel werden die verschiedenen Theorien vorgestellt, die in der Literatur am häufigsten zitiert werden und für arabisch-amerikanische Jugendliche relevant sind. Die Entwicklungsprozesse in der Adoleszenz werden im Detail erörtert und es wird aufgezeigt, wie Diskriminierung diese Prozesse beeinflusst. Der Dialog schafft die Grundlage dafür, warum und wie Diskriminierung in verschiedenen Umfeldern, einschließlich des Schulsystems, kritische Aspekte der Entwicklung von Minderheitenjugendlichen beeinflusst.
Demand for multicultural counseling services in Korea will increase due to the number of people with diverse cultural backgrounds, yet more efforts are required to prepare counselors regarding their awareness and attitude towards people with diverse cultural backgrounds. In North America, with a long history of multiculturalism, counselors’ racial identity is adopted as a key factor to enhance counseling competence. Researchers have examined White racial identity models from the North America and discussed the need for Korean racial identity model in the Korean context of: 1) ethnic nationalism, 2) paternalism, 3) low awareness of privilege, and 4) racial hierarchism. Korean racial identity model based on these considerations is expected to advance multicultural counseling competence among Korean counselors.
Objectives:
To examine fluidity in sexual orientation identity and behavior among cisgender youth.
Study design:
Data were analyzed from five survey waves of the longitudinal US Growing Up with Media Study (2010-2019). Participants were 989 cisgender youth, aged 13-20 years at baseline, who completed online surveys assessing sexual orientation identity and behavior (gender of sexual partners). Amount of change (mobility) and patterns of change across waves were assessed for identity and behavior.
Results:
Consistently heterosexual was the most common sexual orientation identity (89%-97% for boys; 80%-90% for girls), followed by gay (3%) for boys, and bisexual (8%) for girls. Sexual minority identities increased (3% to 11% for boys, 10% to 20% for girls) over time; same-gender sexual behavior also increased. Girls had more identity mobility than boys; no gender difference was found for behavior mobility. Movement from heterosexual to a sexual minority identity occurred for 9% of girls and 6% of boys; movement from different-gender sexual behavior to same-gender sexual behavior occurred for 2% of girls and boys.
Conclusions:
Findings highlight the need to assess multiple dimensions and patterns of change of youth sexual orientation in research and clinical care. Recognizing and creating space for conversations about changes in sexual identity and behavior over time will help providers accurately and effectively address the health needs of all patients.
Ss manifesting different levels of achievement and affiliation motivation (TAT) were distinguished as predicted by E. Erikson's theory by an operational measure of ego identity (Rasmussen's Ego Identity Scale) in predicted directions. Results supported Erikson's contention that Ss who manifest high motivation, both in affiliation and in achievement, would show a more satisfactory ego identity than individuals who manifest other levels of achievement and affiliation motivation. Ss' levels of adult achievement motivation reflected the successful or unsuccessful resolution of the achievement crisis of the latency period. The study involved a series of 2 × 2 factorial designs defined by levels of achievement and affiliation motivation and related the four cells to ego identity development (Ego Identity Scale Score) and to the manner in which Ss resolved the achievement crisis (Subscale on Ego Identity Scale). Ss were 158 male college students between the ages of 17 and 25 yr.
This study was designed to compare the relative frequencies of the various ego identity statuses across two generations and to determine the nature of the relationship between the identity statuses of fathers and their sons. Male college students and their fathers were given Marcia 's semistructured ego identity status interview. Generational comparisons revealed that the fathers were significantly more likely than their sons to be in the foreclosure category and were significantly less likely than their sons to be in the moratorium and diffusion statuses. No relationship was found between the identity statuses of fathers and their sons. Among the fathers, high levels of education were found to be associated with identity achievement, while low levels of education were associated with identity diffusion.
The relationship between ego identity status and MMPI scores was investigated using 73 college males. Identity status was assessed using a semistructured interview. The results obtained indicated that subjects in the identity achievement status obtained MMPI scores which fell within the normal range of functioning. Subjects currently involved in working on identity issues (moratorium status) obtained a pattern of scores indicating the presence of psychological conflict, as did foreclosure subjects-that is, subjects who are characterized by rigid adherence to parental norms and values. Subjects who had not successfully resolved their identity crisis (identity diffusion status) had MMPI scores within the normal range. The findings partly support Erikson's theorizing on ego identity and indicate that further analysis and refinement of Marcia's typology is required. Results from the present study also indicate that future research with male subjects on ego identity status should include some assessment of sexual attitudes.
It was hypothesized that the decision processes used in coping with the identity crisis would be related to more general decision styles in that identity achievers and moratoriums would tend to be reflective in their conceptual tempo while foreclosures would typically be impulsive. No prediction was made about identity diffusions. Ninety-two male college students were given an identity status interview and the Matching Familiar Figures Test. The results were consistent with the hypotheses, and in addition it was found that identity diffusions were generally impulsive. Since conceptual tempo has been found to be well established in childhood, the results of this study have implications for the early prediction of adult identity status.
This intensive clinical study investigated the role of developmental and psychodynamic forces in the identity formation of 48 randomly selected college senior women. Using Marcia's four identity statuses as a typology of the forms that late adolescent identity formation may take, this research explored the intrapsychic aspects which are central to each group. By means of a clinical interview, psychodynamic portraits of each of the statuses were developed. Case material is presented herein. Discussion centers on identification histories, on the quality of the ego-superego balance, and on significant early psychosexual conflict and defenses. Theoretical implications of the clinical findings are discussed with respect to Eriksonian and psychoanalytic formulations of late adolescent growth. The special nature of female identity development is also considered.
Each of 61 college undergraduates was classified as a high or low scorer based on his score on the Simmons Identity Achievement Status (IAS) scale. Ss from each group also ranked Rokeach's terminal and instrumental values in order of importance. The finding of differential ranking of several values by the high and low IAS Ss was congruent with Erikson's statements regarding the constructs of ego identity and identity diffusion and, in addition, seemed to lend further validity to the IAS scale.
Fifty-five senior college women were given an ego identity status interview, two measures of field-independence (the Embedded Figures Test and figure drawings), and the Gough Femininity Scale. A significant relationship was found between ego identity status and field-independence, as measured by the EFT. Women in those identity statuses defined by occupational, ideological, and sexual commitment (Achievement and Foreclosure) were significantly more field-independent than women in those statuses which were not committed to elements of psychosocial identity (Moratorium and Diffusion). There was a trend toward a significant relationship between ego identity status and traditional femininity. No relationship was found between field-independence and traditional femininity.
A group of 22 undergraduates at a large Midwestern state university were interviewed to determine their "identity states," i.e., identity foreclosure, identity diffusion, identity moratorium, moratorium-diffusion, or identity achievement. A distinctive interpersonal style, both toward peers and toward authority, was associated with each identity status. For example, the identity foreclosed people were talkative, compliant toward authority, and covetous of the regard of peers; the identity moratorium people were rebellious toward authority and counterdependent toward peers. The significance of these findings for a theory of identity development is discussed.