Behind Closed Doors: Violence in the American Family
... Despite this, there is still a lack of studies examining the causal factors contributing to domestic violence, including how family size affects its prevalence. Based on the few available studies on this topic, researchers found a positive correlation between family size and domestic violence (Straus, Gelles and Steinmetz, 1980;Brinkerhoff and Lupri, 1988;Farrington, 1989;Ellsberg et al., 2001). A larger family is considered to be more likely to resort to violence due to the added pressure to provide for multiple children, which can cause immense stress and frustration. ...
... Various studies have shown that children have a substantial impact on domestic violence, with 80 percent of families reporting spousal abuse having children (Fagan, Stewart and Hansen, 1983). relationship has also been demonstrated in several studies (Straus, Gelles and Steinmetz, 1980;Brinkerhoff and Lupri, 1988;Farrington, 1989;Ellsberg et al., 2001), with larger families being more likely to resort to violence. This could be attributed to the stress and financial burden associated with supporting numerous children, which can exacerbate tension and ultimately contribute to domestic violence incidents. ...
Does family size affect the prevalence of domestic violence? Using nationally representative survey data from Samoa, which has among the world's highest fertility rates, I extend the classic work on child quantity-quality trade-offs to also consider domestic violence. Identification is based on instrumental variable (IV) strategies exploiting three distinct and plausibly exogenous drivers of additional fertility: (1) same-sex sibling pairs in families with two or more children, (2) multiple births (twin), and (3) a female firstborn. I find evidence of a direct causal link between family size and an increased prevalence of intimate partner violence by, on average, 5 percentage points, equivalent to a 13 percent increase from the mean. This significant effect is largely driven by physical or sexual abuse often associated with serious victim injuries. The IV estimates also suggest that larger families tend to have attitudes that condone violent behaviour. The normalisation of violent behaviour in larger families may be linked to a lack of resources available to effectively address and resolve conflicts, ultimately contributing to an increased likelihood of violent incidents. These findings highlight the need for greater awareness of the potential victimisation risks for larger families and the importance of integrated family planning and domestic violence prevention efforts.
... The CTS is widely used in studies of family violence (see Straus and Gelles 1986). In its original form, it has been shown to have good reliability (Straus et al. 1980) and va lidity (Straus and Gelles 1986). In modifying Straus's scale, Jacobson (1989) used only items from the Physical Violence Scale and altered the format so that data could be collected about more than one abuser. ...
... Separate scores for extent of sexual abuse and extent of physical abuse were calculated for each subject. To calculate each extent index, items constituting major physical or major sexual assault were assigned weights of 2 and other experiences were assigned weights of 1 (using the desig nations of major physical abuse described by Straus et al. [1980] and comparable designations for major sexual abuse). Specifically, ex periences of physical assault such as being kicked, bitten, or hit with a fist (or more severe experiences) were "doubled-counted" so that the extent index would reflect intensity as well as frequency of experiences. ...
... Generally domestic violence is viewed from the lens of a women with the typical idea that women are the victim while men, the perpetrators of violence. Overtime, this societal perception is beginning to subside as researchers have proven that men are also victims of domestic violence (Straus, Gelles, & Steinmetz, 1980). Despite this revelation, not much is known about male victimization as most men prefer not to report their victimization. ...
... Researchers of this theory opined that victims as well as perpetrators of DV/ IPV have either witnessed DV/IPV being perpetrated against someone or have experienced abuse themselves during childhood (Gulina, et al., 2018), which results in the ability to accept or tolerate violence within the family both as perpetrator and as victim (Jin et al., 2007;Lewis & Fremouw, 2001;Vung & Krantz, 2009). Following the National Survey of 1975, Straus, Gelles, and Steinmetz (1980) found that boys were more likely to be abusive towards their wives in adulthood if they were raised in an abusive home, in addition, children who were physically abused growing up were more likely to be abusive later in life. ...
Little or nothing is really known about a man’s victimization in a domestic violence situation. Generally, domestic violence is viewed from the lens of a woman with the typical idea that women are the victims while men, are the perpetrators of violence. Over time, this societal perception is beginning to subside as researchers have proven that men are also victims of domestic violence (Straus, Gelles, & Steinmetz, 1980). Despite this revelation, not much is known about male victimization as most men prefer not to report their victimization. This study examines the reasons for not reporting victimization and the effect of this decision on men. The study does so by employing a cross-sectional research carried out in 1994-1996, that was designed to assess the prevalence and impact of violence and threat of violence on women and men across the United States.
... As mentioned, in the 1970s, research findings began to accumulate, challenging the key principles of patriarchal theories in partner violence and revealing their limitations. These studies showed the very considerable rates of women, in the general population, who used physical violence against their partners, that is, the phenomenon was not negligible and could not be ignored (Gelles & Straus, 1988;Straus, 2008;Straus et al., 2017). These findings contradicted the core principle of patriarchal theories of partner violence, namely, that men largely comprise the aggressive gender and women the victimized one (Dobash et al., 1992). ...
... The findings of research that challenged patriarchal theories are also consistent with the principles of gender motivation theory. These findings indicate that not only men but also women use physical violence against their partners (Gelles & Straus, 1988;Straus, 2008;Straus et al., 2017). In addition, they indicate that men's and women's reasons for using physical violence are similar (Bair-Merritt et al., 2010;Langhinrichsen-Rohling et al., 2012). ...
The aim of this article is to present and examine the principles of gender motivation theory against a backdrop of research findings accumulated over time. This theory is founded on two general, established, major theories: sexual selection theory and social role theory. Gender motivation theory focuses on the elementary primal motivations of men and women in social situations and contexts. This theory provides a theoretical foundation for a gendered understanding of intimate relationships among normative and clinical populations. Gender motivation theory was developed as a response to the existing discrepancies between previously developed theories whose principles continue to be used to understand and intervene with intimate partner violence and as a response to empirical data accumulated over the years.
... Expunerea timpurie la violența în familie pare a avea un impact mai mare asupra riscului de a comite abuzuri asupra soțului, chiar dacă socializarea din relațiile intime ulterioare are loc mai aproape de căsătorie, iar factorii de stres apar în timpul căsătoriei. Ipoteza formalizează constatările din cercetările anterioare conform cărora stresul nu afectează violența decât dacă oamenii au dezvoltat scenarii comportamentale care includ violența între parteneri intimi (Farrington 1986;Straus 1980;Straus, Gelles și Steinmetz 1980). ...
... Expunerea timpurie la violența în familie pare a avea un impact mai mare asupra riscului de a comite abuzuri asupra soțului, chiar dacă socializarea din relațiile intime ulterioare are loc mai aproape de căsătorie, iar factorii de stres apar în timpul căsătoriei. Ipoteza formalizează constatările din cercetările anterioare conform cărora stresul nu afectează violența decât dacă oamenii au dezvoltat scenarii comportamentale care includ violența între parteneri intimi (Farrington 1986;Straus 1980;Straus, Gelles și Steinmetz 1980). ...
... The form (or type) of aggression used in sibling bullying is a complex factor that is inconsistently conceptualized. For example, Straus et al. (1980) documented sibling aggression through a sociological framework focused mainly on physical forms, Wolke and Samara (2004) approach it from the field of developmental psychology and include physical and verbal forms, and Myers et al. (2019) frame sibling bullying through a paradigm of verbal aggression. More broadly, Caspi's (2011) overview of sibling aggression reviews four categories that are not mutually exclusive: physical, sexual, psychological (including verbal) and relational (including indirect and social) aggression. ...
... In the current study, forms of sibling bullying are operationalized in four categories: physical, verbal, relational, and technologically mediated messages. For example, physical forms of bullying involve aggressive interactions such as hitting, kicking, pushing one's body, stealing or damaging one's property (Straus et al., 1980). Verbal forms of bullying involve messages that are strategically communicated to inflict harm on the recipient and tactically conveyed through an array of direct and indirect messages (Myers et al., 2019), such as insults and ridicule that demeans a recipient's characteristics or abilities. ...
Prevalence estimates of sibling bullying indicate it occurs more frequently and with more negative consequences than peer bullying, yet many countries do not track or investigate the phenomenon. University students from Argentina, Estonia, and the United States were surveyed to investigate their retrospective experiences involving sibling bullying, how often it occurred, the roles held, and the forms communicated. In the aggregated data, roughly 50 % of the sampled emerging adults (N = 3477) reported experience with sibling bullying, with the dual role of bully-victim being the most frequently reported role held by males and females, with the second role being bully for males and victim for females. Verbal forms of bullying were most frequently reported by males and females, with physical, relational, and technological forms occurring less frequently, indicating the importance of studying the messages conveyed during bullying incidents. Variations between biological sex, bullying role and form were detected that indicate siblings experience bullying in ways that are unique from peer bullying. Country comparisons revealed bullying frequencies varied among males and females, suggesting sibling bullying experiences are likely to be culturally influenced. More research is warranted to examine the negative impact bullying has on sibling psycho-social development and the potential transfer to non-familial relationships and contexts. Discussion of these findings and the implications for academics and practitioners alike is provided.
... Power theory, in contrast, posits that violence arises not only from cultural influences but also from familial power dynamics. Life stressors, particularly economic challenges, increase family tensions, heightening the risk of physical violence (Straus et al., 2017). Power theorists argue that imbalances of power between spouses exacerbate family conflicts and increase violence risk (Sagrestano et al., 1999). ...
The aim of this study is to examine the predictive role of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) in both experiencing and perpetrating intimate partner violence (IPV) in romantic relationships. EMSs are enduring cognitive-affective patterns formed in early life through interactions with primary caregivers. They consist of memories, emotions, and bodily sensations, shaping how individuals perceive themselves and their relationships. A total of 220 adults (aged 18 and above) participated in the study. Regression analyses revealed that the schemas of social isolation/insecurity and approval-seeking positively predicted exposure to IPV through hostile withdrawal. Conversely, the failure schema negatively predicted exposure to control, while dependence/incompetence predicted lower exposure to domination/intimidation. In terms of perpetration, emotional deprivation and defectiveness schemas were positive predictors of violence through humiliation. Social isolation and approval-seeking also predicted perpetration through hostile withdrawal, while failure schema was a negative predictor. Additionally, vulnerability to harm was positively associated with control, and dependence/incompetence predicted domination/intimidation. These findings underscore the importance of schema therapy in conceptualizing emotional violence not only as an external behavior but also as a reflection of internalized schemas. Addressing these schemas in therapy may help prevent relational violence and promote more secure and adaptive interpersonal functioning.
... While child welfare-involved parents were found to be lacking informal and formal sources of support (Straus, Gelles & Steinmetz, 1980) and had both less and fewer interactions with social linkages (Coohey, 1995;Corse et al., 1990;Crittenden, 1985;Gaudin, Polansky, Kilpatrick, & Shilton, 1993), the findings were inconsistent as a result of shortfalls of some of the quantitative measures of support. Moreover, previous research conceptualized and examined social support in relation to maltreatment mainly focusing on its quantitative aspects, which included network size and interaction regularity with its members (Seagull, 1987;Thompson, 1995). ...
Faced with multiple challenges, child welfare-involved parents often have limited support sources and interactions with social linkages. Previous research conceptualized and examined social support in relation to maltreatment mainly focusing on its quantitative aspects, which included network size and interaction regularity with its members. On the contrary, this qualitative study examined the role of and the most frequent types of formal and informal supports identified by the interviewed sample of child welfare-involved parents. The sources and types of support are discussed and exemplified by respondents' descriptive quotes.
... Despite the typically gendered focus of research on intimate partner violence (IPV), there is growing and substantial evidence of male IPV victimization over the last five decades. Indeed, the first national population-based study-the National Family Violence Survey from the United States in 1975 (Straus et al., 1980)demonstrated the prevalence of both men's and women's victimization. When replicated 10 years later, it found that 12.4% of women used physical violence against their male partners and 4.8% used severe physical violence (Straus & Gelles, 1988) which was slightly higher than the men who used physical violence and severe physical violence against their female partners (11.6% and 3.4%, respectively). ...
There is a lack of research on men’s engagement in intimate partner violence (IPV) in the international context. This study compared the rates of IPV victimization and perpetration in two samples of men recruited from four English-speaking regions: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom/Ireland, Australia, and Aotearoa/New Zealand: (a) male victims recruited though the platform Prolific ( n = 1380) and (b) self-identified male victims recruited via community advertisements ( n = 594). The self-identified male victim sample reported significantly higher rates of both perpetration and victimization compared to the Prolific sample of men who experienced at least one type of IPV; the prevalence rates of victimization in the self-identified victim sample ranged from 50.0% (sexual IPV) to 96.1% (physical IPV), and perpetration rates ranged from 21.1% (sexual IPV) to 54.0% (physical IPV). Regardless of the sample type, U.S. participants reported perpetrating and experiencing significantly more IPV than men from other countries, although there are some caveats. These findings emphasize the serious issue of men’s involvement in IPV as victims and highlight the importance of culture in understanding IPV.
... Penelitian dari (Zulema, 2023) menemukan bahwa lebih dari 70% pelaku KDRT berasal dari keluarga yang menggunakan kekerasan sebagai bentuk disiplin sejak kecil. Hal ini memperkuat teori (Straus et al., 2017) yang menyatakan bahwa anak-anak yang tumbuh dalam lingkungan penuh kekerasan lebih rentan meniru perilaku serupa saat dewasa. Selain itu, konflik rumah tangga yang tidak terselesaikan juga menjadi penyebab utama KDRT. ...
Domestic violence (DV) has wide-ranging impacts on the psychological, social, and economic aspects of victims, hindering their ability to achieve independence. This study aims to examine strategies for empowering DV victims in Palembang City using participatory and qualitative methods. The research process consists of three main stages: capacity assessment, strategy planning, and implementation. The first stage involves exploring victims' conditions through interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and field observations to identify their challenges and needs. The second stage focuses on designing a community-based empowerment strategy through skills training, access to business capital, and psychosocial assistance. The third stage involves implementing the program through entrepreneurship training, mentoring, and strengthening social networks, engaging various stakeholders, including the government, social organizations, and the private sector. The findings indicate that a participatory approach can enhance victims' social and economic capacities, promote independence, and strengthen community support. Cross-sector collaboration is a key factor in creating a sustainable empowerment model. This study contributes to the enhancement of policies and practices for protecting DV victims through strategies based on real needs.
... A pesar de la alta prevalencia de violencia en el noviazgo, los resultados muestran que las mujeres sufren más violencia que los hombres en sus relaciones 2 . Este hallazgo se produce a pesar de que los indicadores utilizados para evaluar la violencia en el noviazgo no permiten diferenciar la frecuencia ni la gravedad de los episodios violentos, lo que podría generar una equiparación en las cifras de violencia reportadas por hombres y mujeres (Gelles y Straus, 1988;Straus et al., 1980). Es relevante señalar que las cifras de violencia presentadas en este estudio no se limitan exclusivamente a parejas heterosexuales, aunque el porcentaje de individuos que indicaron ser bisexuales, homosexuales y/o tener una orientación sexual distinta fue relativamente bajo (21.1 %). ...
Las investigaciones señalan que ciertos factores culturales y actitudinales contribuyen a la persistencia de la violencia en el noviazgo. Este estudio utiliza datos del Barómetro Juventud y Género para analizar la prevalencia de víctimas y agresores de violencia en el noviazgo en una muestra compuesta por jóvenes de entre 15 y 29 años residentes en España (N = 787; 52.9% mujeres). Los resultados muestran que el porcentaje de víctimas y agresores es elevado, siendo la prevalencia de mujeres víctimas superior a la de hombres. Además, se encuentran asociaciones entre haber sufrido y/o ejercido violencia en el noviazgo y la aceptación de los mitos del amor romántico, las actitudes negativas hacia el feminismo y la normalización de la violencia de género. El presente estudio proporciona datos sobre esta forma de violencia en España y ofrece información valiosa para el diseño de intervenciones dirigidas a prevenir la violencia en el noviazgo.
... A pesar de la alta prevalencia de violencia en el noviazgo, los resultados muestran que las mujeres sufren más violencia que los hombres en sus relaciones 2 . Este hallazgo se produce a pesar de que los indicadores utilizados para evaluar la violencia en el noviazgo no permiten diferenciar la frecuencia ni la gravedad de los episodios violentos, lo que podría generar una equiparación en las cifras de violencia reportadas por hombres y mujeres (Gelles y Straus, 1988;Straus et al., 1980). Es relevante señalar que las cifras de violencia presentadas en este estudio no se limitan exclusivamente a parejas heterosexuales, aunque el porcentaje de individuos que indicaron ser bisexuales, homosexuales y/o tener una orientación sexual distinta fue relativamente bajo (21.1 %). ...
Research indicates that certain cultural and attitudinal factors contribute to the persistence of dating violence. This study analyzes the prevalence of victims and perpetrators of dating violence using data from the Youth and Gender Barometer, in a sample of young people aged 15 to 29 residing in Spain (N = 787; 52.9% women). The results reveal that the percentage of victims and perpetrators is high, with the prevalence of female victims being higher than that of males. Additionally, significant
associations are found between having experienced and/or perpetrated dating violence and the acceptance of romantic love myths, negative attitudes towards feminism, and the normalization of gender-based violence. This study provides data on this form of violence in Spain and offers valuable information for designing interventions aimed at preventing dating violence.
... Sibling violence, a subset of family violence, has attracted increasing attention in research examining its prevalence and impact during transitional life stages. Research consistently highlights that sibling violence is one of the most common forms of family violence, often surpassing intimate partner violence, child maltreatment or peer bullying (McGrath et al., 2024;Caffaro, 2023;Perkins et al., 2021;Greif and Woolley, 2016;Straus et al., 2006). Studies estimated that between 30% and 80% of individuals between the ages of 3 and 17 years old reported being physically assaulted at least once by a sibling (Henaghan et al., 2022;Finkelhor et al., 2015). ...
Sibling violence is a pervasive yet underexamined form of familial aggression that is commonly normalised within the dynamics of family setting. Hence, this study aims to investigate the dynamics of sibling relationships, with a specific focus on identifying the level of sibling violence experienced by emerging adults in Malaysia. This study used a quantitative approach to examine sibling violence. Primary data were used to gather information related to the demography profiles and the level of sibling violence experienced by emerging adults in Malaysia. Data collected from 595 respondents revealed that 83.03% experienced sibling violence at an average level, with psychological violence being the most prevalent form. A smaller proportion of respondents (5.55%) reported minimal encounters with sibling violence. In contrast, 11.42% reported high levels of sibling violence, indicating severe instances of this dynamic. These findings highlight the significant prevalence of sibling violence and its varying levels of severity, raising concerns about its potential impact on emerging adults’ mental health and interpersonal relationships. This study contributes to the limited body of research on sibling violence in non-Western settings, shedding light into the prevalence and dynamics of this issue in Malaysia. It further emphasises the need for future research to investigate the intersection of individual, familial and cultural factors influencing sibling violence, along with its short- and long-term impacts.
... The sociocultural approach is a theoretical strand of family violence studies that accounts for the role of cultural elements in the phenomenon. In this line of research, cultures harbor direct and indirect attitudes and norms that condone the use of violence within family relations (Gelles, 1998;Straus et al., 2006). Four specific hypotheses are used in the sociocultural approach to explaining family violence from micro to macro levels: family socialization into violence, a subculture of violence, cultural spillover, and cultural consistency (Levinson, 1988). ...
Families are integral to the organization of Mexican society. In a context where the State is absent or weak, the family serves as a social safety net and is pivotal for everything from housing to paid work. As the structural backbone of Mexican society, the family exists within a widespread cultural representation denominated as familism, often characterized by a culture of conflict avoidance, tight relationships, mutual support, and self-sacrifice for the well-being of the family. In other words, the family contributes to a more harmonious society. But organizing society around the family also has a shadow side. Using data from repeat interviews with 50 incarcerated persons in Mexico, we show how family dynamics and the associated culture of familism are tied to abusive domestic relationships—phenomena that are critical to understanding family violence in Mexico. We explore the many links between familism and family violence by an in-depth look at four closely intertwined familism processes that facilitate victimization: preventing victims from disclosing family violence; preventing the family from denouncing violence against one of its members; the victim remaining with the family despite the abuse; and the victim being forced to remain in abusive relationships. These four ways that family structures play into victimization within the family are not exclusive to Mexico or other countries shaped historically by familism, but the cultural and discursive structures of familism amplify them.
... The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Study has demonstrated that childhood adversities have long-reaching and long-ranging effects on adults' physical, mental, behavioral, and social health (e.g., Balistreri, 2015;Harter & Harter, 2022), including increasing the risk of experiencing partner violence during adolescence and adulthood (e.g., Brown et al., 2015;Hammett et al., 2020;Voith et al., 2020). Social learning and intergenerational transmission of violence theories have suggested that exposure to violence in the family of origin teaches children that violence is acceptable and effective for conflict resolution and should be expected when interacting with others, thereby increasing risk of both IPV perpetration and victimization (Akers & Sellers, 2009;Bandura, 1973;Straus et al., 1980). Accordingly, individuals whose history of adversity includes being abused or neglected or witnessing parents and other caregivers being violent toward each other may be more likely to view violence in intimate partnerships as acceptable or normative, increasing risk for both perpetration and victimization experiences (Li et al., 2019;Widom et al., 2014). ...
Research suggests that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase the risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). Yet few studies have considered a broad range of concurrent risk factors for relationship violence in their analysis. This study used two waves of data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (TARS), collected in 2001 and 2018–2020, to assess the cumulative effects of ACEs reported on during adolescence on physical IPV victimization 17 years later in adulthood among 855 respondents (369 men and 486 women), while also accounting for proximal risk factors. Results from logistic regression analyses revealed that the number of childhood adversities experienced significantly influenced physical IPV victimization, accounting for proximal risks. Both respondents’ and partners’ sociodemographic characteristics and histories of violence with previous partners were also significant correlates, as were respondents’ psychological correlates and partners’ substance use. We conclude that childhood adversity is significantly correlated with being physically victimized by a romantic partner in adulthood, even when more proximal risk factors for relationship violence are considered. Implications for practitioners working with individuals who have experienced partner violence are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
... Marital violence can be defined as any destructive behavior, including physical aggression, sexual assault, humiliation, and psychological abuse (Straus & Douglas, 2004;Straus et al., 1982). Violence can also be viewed as existing on a continuum, with extreme physical violence at one end and insults, humiliation, and verbal abuse at the other. ...
Marriage, as one of the most significant relationships in adulthood, can be adversely affected by marital violence. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of marital satisfaction in the relationship between mate value discrepancy and intimate partner violence among Iranian married individuals. The sample consisted of 269 married adults. The findings revealed the following: (a) a positive correlation between mate value discrepancy and both physical and psychological violence, (b) a negative association between marital satisfaction and both types of intimate partner violence, (c) a negative relationship between mate value discrepancy and marital satisfaction, and (d) that marital satisfaction positively mediated the relationship between mate value discrepancy and intimate partner violence. According to this study, mate value discrepancy and violence toward a partner are related and future research might look at how this association is moderated by demographic characteristics.
... Rude treatment was measured with the Harsh Discipline Scale (Straus et al. 1980). It is comprised of eight questions, such as "When your child makes a mistake, ¿how often do you lose patience and yell at them?" with response options ranging from 1 = never to 5 = always. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought major changes on family relationship worldwide and the mandatory isolations made the development of home schooling and work a must. Objective: To explain marital conflict based on anxiety, parental stress, rough handling of children and the accompaniment of parents in their children’s school activities during confinement by COVID-19. Method: Descriptive, explanatory, mixed study, through questionnaire and interview. The Study was carried out in a sample of 899 Colombian and Aruban people. Results: the variable that weighted the most in women in Colombia was parental stress. In men it was anxiety which makes a greater contribution to marital conflict, followed by parental stress. In Aruba, the only variable that contributed significantly was parental stress. In both countries, a positive correlation with anxiety, parental stress and rough treatment. However, a negative correlation was found with the accompaniment of the children’s school activities. Conclusions: The pandemic increased marital conflicts, due to anxiety, parental stress, which sometimes generated rough handling of children and the spouse.
... Exposure to violence through witnessing violence between parents has been stated to be "the greatest independent risk for being the victim of any act of partner violence" (Ehrensaft et al., 2003, p. 749). Numerous studies confirm the link between witnessing parental violence and victimisation (Ali & Naylor, 2013;Hamby & Grych, 2013;Straus et al., 1980;Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000), including both studies with a South Asian population and their diaspora (Islam et al., 2014;Nagaraj et al., 2019). Therefore, it is unclear why childhood exposure to parental violence was not significant for the Hindi-speaking sample. ...
High prevalence and incidence rates of family violence (FV) amongst South Asian communities have been reported internationally. Despite the recognition that culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities within Australia have additional risk factors associated with experiencing FV, Australia has limited research exploring FV amongst one of its fastest growing CALD populations, South Asians. With the Hindi-speaking community accounting for the single largest group within the South Asian community in Australia, this study aimed to address this gap. The 2016 Personal Safety Survey (PSS) was used to explore the prevalence rate and risk factors associated with FV victimisation for Hindi-speaking Australian women and compare this with third-generation English-speaking Australian women. The findings indicated that Hindi-speaking Australian women reported a lower prevalence rate of FV yet had different risk factors associated with their risk of victimisation. Specifically, Hindi-speaking females had only experience-based risk factors (e.g., child abuse) related to their victimisation of FV, whilst third-generation English-speaking females had both experience and situational-based risk factors (e.g., unemployment). These findings are unlikely to be representative of all Hindi-speaking Australians nor of South Asian Australians more broadly, as the survey design may have been biased towards a particular subset of Hindi-speaking Australians who could speak English fluently. Recommendations on how to address such limitations in future studies are discussed.
... Esto aumenta las probabilidades de reproducir patrones de violencia física y psicológica hacia sus padres y en sus relaciones futuras en la edad adulta. Además, la experiencia de ser testigo y víctima de violencia familiar perturba su sensación de seguridad y confianza en su entorno, en especial cuando el agresor es una figura de autoridad como el padre (Kimber et al., 2017;Straus et al., 2018;Casero, 2019). ...
La violencia intrafamiliar es un problema social complejo por sus manifestaciones, causas y consecuencias; además, la forma en que se concibe también es diversa. Afecta especialmente a mujeres y menores de edad. Esta investigación buscó comprender los significados atribuidos a este fenómeno por madres mexicanas residentes de una comunidad urbana en condición de vulnerabilidad social. Se realizaron dos grupos focales con 17 madres voluntarias identificadas mediante cadenas de referencia. Un análisis de contenido cualitativo permitió identificar patrones y significados en los datos textuales. Resultados: El análisis reveló tres categorías: percepciones de la violencia intrafamiliar, factores desencadenantes y perpetuadores, e impactos y secuelas en el entorno familiar y social. Las participantes conceptualizan la violencia como actos de agresión física y psicológica. Destacan aspectos como la repetición de patrones de crianza violentos, falta de habilidades comunicativas, machismo y adicciones. Los impactos más significativos se observan en los menores, quienes sufren consecuencias duraderas en su desarrollo emocional y conductual. La violencia intrafamiliar se entiende como un fenómeno multifacético que incluye falta de respeto y confianza. Las causas abarcan componentes individuales, familiares y socioculturales, como la repetición de patrones violentos, mala convivencia, desigualdades de género y adicciones. Las consecuencias afectan a toda la familia, especialmente a los niños. Se subraya la necesidad de intervenciones integrales. La violencia intrafamiliar afecta en mayor medida a mujeres, niños, niñas y se extiende a la comunidad. Es esencial promover programas de educación sobre disciplina positiva y resolución de conflictos, proporcionar apoyo psicológico y desarrollar políticas públicas que aborden las desigualdades de género y los factores socioeconómicos. La colaboración entre gobiernos, organizaciones comunitarias y escuelas es crucial para crear entornos familiares más seguros y saludables.
Palabras clave: significado, violencia, violencia intrafamiliar, vulnerabilidad social.
... Severe discipline was assessed by the Harsh Discipline Scale [43], validated by Jiménez-Flores and Flores Herrera [44], is defined as actions consisting of yelling, hitting, slapping, slapping, pushing, hitting with a leash or something else, and constantly threatening the child. The scale consists of eight questions and one of the examples is "when your child makes a mistake, how often do you lose patience and yell at him/her?". ...
Parenting stress is a complex process for parents who feel that the demands of their children upbringing overwhelm their roles. Parenting stress can be associated with anxiety, parental conflict and harsh discipline practices, and the use of coping strategies that positively buffer the effect of these variables on parents. Although the factors associated with parenting stress are well documented, the literature offers few models to explain the stress and the mediation of certain variables on Colombian families. The aim of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to analyze the mediation of anxiety and coping strategies in the relationship between 1) severe discipline and parenting stress, and 2) interparental conflict and parenting stress. A total of 1.373 fathers and mothers of Colombian children participated (Age M = 40.57; SD = 12.65). Questionnaires on parenting stress, severe discipline, perception of interparental conflict, anxiety and family functioning in crisis situations were applied. Severe discipline and interparental conflict accounted for 30 % of parenting stress. Anxiety mediated the relationship between severe discipline and parenting stress. Anxiety and cognitive restructuring mediated the relationship between interparental conflict and parenting stress. The findings show that parenting stress interventions are important in reducing severe discipline and interparental conflict by managing anxiety and using coping strategies such as cognitive restructuring. Thus, these measures contribute to the well-being of families, favoring the integral development of children.
... Early feminist research into domestic abuse largely focused on violence by husbands against wives (e.g. Dobash & Dobash, 1979), with IPVA said to directly relate to the "patriarchal and its sexually proprietary nature of marriage" (Brownridge, 2010(Brownridge, , p. 1266, with marriage even referred to as a 'hitting license' (Stets & Straus, 1989;Straus et al., 2017). Spouses have historically been treated with legal impunity e.g., rape within marriage was not recognized by the law in England and Wales until 1991, and police and justice systems were disinclined to prosecute intimate partner perpetrators (Edwards, 1986). ...
Purpose
Intimate partner violence and abuse has a detrimental impact on victim-survivors’ health and wellbeing. However, intimate partners include a range of different relationship types, which are rarely differentiated or contrasted in research. Here, we investigate whether different types of intimate partners commit different types of violence/abuse and whether the injury and wellbeing impact on victim-survivors varies by intimate partner relationship type.
Methods
We estimate models for victim-survivors’ emotional impact and injuries using the Crime Survey for England and Wales (2001–2020). Intimate partner relationships are differentiated into four groups (current versus former partner, and spouses/partners versus boy/girlfriends). Violence and abuse are grouped into physical violence/abuse, sexual violence/abuse, threats, and economic crimes.
Results
For both men and women, offences committed by current partners are more likely to involve physical violence/abuse than offences by former partners. Ordered logit models indicate that female victim-survivors of physical violence/abuse or economic crimes experience more severe emotional impacts when the perpetrator is their current or former spouse/partner compared to a current or former boy/girlfriend. Women’s risk of injuries from physical violence and economic offences are higher when committed by current compared to former partners. Few differences are identified for men’s emotional impact and injuries.
Conclusion
The type of intimate partner relationship is associated with type of violence/abuse experienced, and for women, with the resulting emotional impact and injury. Future research and policies aimed at reducing harms from intimate partner violence and abuse and supporting victim-survivors should therefore consider distinctions in relationships to deliver more targeted interventions.
... Individuals are discouraged from violating these norms through social control mechanisms such as social disapproval or punishment (Black, 2014). Moreover, individuals internalize norms and may feel guilt and shame if they violate them (Straus et al., 2017). This theorizing is reinforced by the prevailing notions about how cultural and social norms influence behavior, including violence (World Health Organization, 2002, 2009. ...
Purpose
Normalization of Gender-based violence (NGBV) encompasses cultural norms and beliefs that maintain or minimize recognition of GBV perpetration. Internalized NGBV can inhibit self-disclosure and help-seeking for GBV survivors. Due to the scarcity of instruments addressing this, this paper aims to assess the psychometric properties of the Normalization of Gender-Based Violence against Women (NGBV) instrument, a 13-item, to understand its utility for research and practice, among GBV survivors from various cultural contexts.
Methods
Participants include GBV survivors (N = 361) from an online health research portal in the United States and online platforms in Greece and Italy. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted. Known group, convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated using Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), Primary Care Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PC-PTSD), Domestic Violence Myth Acceptance Scale (DVMAS), Internal Barriers to Help Seeking-Trauma version (BHS-TR) and the Sense of Meaning Inventory (SOMI).
Results
EFA using ProMax rotation showed a three-factor structure: women’s ideals, normative gendered role performance, and beliefs supporting violence. CFA showed good fit indices indicating adequate model fit (CFI = 0.941, TLI = 0.926, RMSEA = 0.050, NFI = 0.885). Cronbach’s alpha values indicated acceptable internal consistency (total scale α = 0.81). Significant positive correlations were found between NGBV and DVMAS (r = 0.54) and BHS-TR (r = 0.18), and a significant negative correlation with SOMI (r= -0.20). Regression analysis showed a significant relationship between NGBV and PTSD symptoms F (1, 360) = 7.5, p = 0.06).
Conclusion
Measuring internalized NGBV with a valid and reliable scale is crucial for understanding its impact on help-seeking and recovery process for GBV survivors. Future research should confirm and extend these findings across various settings and cultural groups.
... Violence in intimate relationships was recognized and considered a serious problem in the late 1970s [1][2][3]. The consequences of experiencing and using violence are borne by both partners and other close people involved, particularly children [4]. ...
Cel pracy
Celem skonstruowania i walidacji Kwestionariusza Poczucia Doznawania i Stosowania Przemocy w relacji intymnej (KPDiSP) jest pomoc w diagnozie i wzbogacenie kompetencji psychoterapeutów pracujących z osobami doświadczającymi trudności w związkach intymnych.
Metoda
Kwestionariusz składa się z ośmiu twierdzeń dotyczących poczucia doznawania i stosowania przemocy. Ustosunkowując się do kolejnych twierdzeń w pięciostopniowej skali, osoba może określić poziom doznawania, ale także i stosowania przemocy. KPDiSP pozwala mierzyć poziom doświadczania i stosowania przemocy w czterech podstawowych wymiarach – emocjonalnym, seksualnym, ekonomicznym i fizycznym.
Wyniki
Na podstawie całości przeprowadzonych analiz można stwierdzić, że kwestionariusz cechuje dobra rzetelność. KPDiSP może być używany przez terapeutów zarówno jako narzędzie służące ocenie natężenia doznawania i stosowania przemocy, ale także przez pacjentów jako materiał do analizy własnych doznań oraz zachowań partnera, pomagając im zdobyć świadomość trudności, a czasem i zagrożeń w relacji intymnej.
Wnioski
Zaletą tego kwestionariusza jest także krótka forma ułatwiającą terapeutom i pacjentom szybkie zapoznanie się z treścią.
... Te HPQ was adapted by Simons et al. [62] from the questionnaire developed by Strauss, Gelles, and Steinmetz [63]. Te Chinese version of HPQ was revised by Wang [64] and has displayed satisfactory reliability and validity in Chinese adolescents [65]. ...
Adolescents who have experienced harsh parenting face an increased risk of developing Internet addiction (IA) later in life. Few studies have examined the underlying mechanisms between harsh parenting and IA. This study explores the relationship between harsh parenting and IA, focusing on associations with emotional regulation difficulties and maladaptive cognitions. The study group consisted of 925 adolescents (Mage = 16.16, SDage = 0.72; 48.54% girls) who were recruited to complete a survey measuring the variables of harsh parenting, difficulties in emotional regulation, maladaptive cognitions, and IA. After accounting for age and gender, it was found that harsh parenting is directly associated with adolescents’ IA (β = 0.07, p<0.01). The chain mediating effect of emotional regulation difficulties and maladaptive cognitions was 0.08 (95% CI [0.06, 0.10]), which implies that a chain mediation was identified between harsh parenting and IA through the intermediary factors of emotional regulation difficulties and maladaptive cognitions. The findings suggest that addressing the emotional regulation difficulties and maladaptive cognitions could be important aspects to consider in interventions and prevention efforts aimed at reducing adolescent IA.
... Indeed, despite many sources of data consistently find rates of female victimization that are two to four times higher than male victimization (Hamby, 2009), the use of well-known behavioral checklists, especially the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) and subsequent versions (Straus, 1979;CTS-2, Straus et al., 1996), typically produces similar prevalence rates of male and female IPV (Straus et al., 1980), fueling the debate on gender asymmetry-symmetry in IPV (Hamby, 2017;Johnson, 2011;Straus, 2011). Those who uphold the symmetrical perspective consider that violence perpetrated by men and women in intimate relationships occurs with equal frequency (Desmarais et al., 2012;Straus, 2016), while those who uphold the asymmetrical perspective assert the notion that men are mostly the aggressors and women the victims (Dobash & Dobash, 2004;Hamby, 2017). ...
Official statistics and data from police and judicial systems consistently show that intimate partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide problem predominantly affecting women perpetrated by male partners. Yet, certain behavioral checklists yield similar IPV rates for both genders, sparking the gender symmetry/asymmetry debate. Some possible explanations for this discrepancy reside in (a) considering or not the consequences of violence, (b) possible inadequacies of the instructions given to participants when answering checklists, and (c) considering or not certain behaviors typically asymmetrical (e.g., economic violence). In order to test these three hypotheses, we conducted two studies in the Spanish context using the Partner Victimization Scale (PVS). In Study 1, participants ( n = 449) answered a Spanish version of the PVS (with the instructions “Not including horseplay or joking around”) and reported consequences of violence on their self-esteem and health. In Study 2 ( n = 172), we experimentally manipulated the instructions given to participants when answering the PVS (including those of Study 1 or not) and also added some items of typically asymmetrical violence. Other measures of consequences of violence were assessed. Results of Study 1 replicated the original PVSs factor structure and showed gender asymmetry (more female than male victimization) in four of five items, and the victimization rates were related to consequences of violence, providing construct validity to this version of the scale. Results of Study 2 underlined the relevance of the instructions and of the addition of certain types of violence in the symmetry/asymmetry rates informed. Additionally, the IPV reported was associated with worse consequences for women than for men. Our findings suggest that the detection of IPV increases when the instructions are clarified, when certain items are added, and when the consequences of IPV are considered.
... Children who are exposed to interparental IPV are more likely to experience IPV themselves, a pattern referred to as the "intergenerational transmission of violence" [56][57][58]. Survivors in this sample desired collective community responsibility to educate children about IPV and healthy relationships to help disrupt this intergenerational pattern and promote IPV prevention broadly. Sites for education and prevention that participants described included community schools and churches. ...
Background
Intimate partner violence (IPV) disproportionately affects Black women, yet the current IPV justice response, relying on the criminal legal system, often fails them due to racialized, sexist stereotypes that disrupt Black women’s claims to survivorship. Transformative justice, a community-based approach designed to repair harm between the survivor and person who caused harm and transform the social conditions that perpetuate violence, may be a promising alternative approach to facilitate justice and accountability for IPV. However, little is known about the justice preferences of Black women IPV survivors. This qualitative study sought to understand Black women IPV survivors’ experiences interacting with police and their justice preferences following IPV.
Methods
Semi-structured interviews with 15 Black women IPV survivors were conducted between April 2020 and April 2022. Inductive analytic techniques derived from grounded theory were used to contextualize Black women IPV survivors’ experiences.
Results
One theme was identified that aligned with Black women IPV survivors’ experiences interacting with the police: 1) fear and distrust. Four themes were identified that aligned with justice preferences: (1) resolution through dialogue, (2) therapy and counseling services, (3) resource support, and (4) protection and prevention for children. Fear and distrust of the police was mainly driven by anticipated discrimination. Survivors’ justice preferences encompassed solution-based dialogue between the survivor and person who caused harm mediated by family and trusted individuals in the community, therapy services, housing support, and attention to preventing the intergenerational cycle of IPV for children as part of a community-based, holistic justice response.
Conclusions
Police interactions as part of the current justice response were counterproductive for Black women IPV survivors. Black women IPV survivors deserve alternative forms of justice and accountability for IPV. As an alternative justice response to IPV, transformative justice can encompass their justice preferences and promote equity and center Black women IPV survivors and their communities.
... La multidimentionnalité de la misère Retour à la table des matières La misère économique est le fondement de l'univers de la maltraitance (Garbarino et Crouter, 1978 ;Strauss, Gelles et Steinmetz, 1980). La pauvreté, définie à partir des revenus disponibles, constitue la caractéristique la plus fréquemment rapportée pour décrire les parents d'enfants maltraités. ...
... Del mismo modo, en el 69% de las investigaciones relevantes, los hombres que golpeaban a sus esposas habían sido golpeados ellos mismos durante su infancia. También Straus, Gelles y Steinmetz (1980) ...
Serious successes from gender violence and alarming social oppinion, are probably taking outstanding places in reports. Gender violence is one more consequence from the violent behavior on women. This work aims a theorist and descriptive nearing of gender violence; and it is sustained that many variables can be associated with a violent behavior in family context. The author introduces a brief concept of aggression, as so as possible factors that predispose to its development and manifestation. Then, some characteristics probably connected to aggressor's fuss and their physical and psychological consequences in victims, are described. Finally, we purpose many essential lines in a programme of intervention with aggressors.
... Participants who reported never, rarely, and sometimes were coded as being neglected as children (1, 0 = not neglected). Parental abuse was assessed using adapted items from the Conflict Tactics Scale (Straus et al., 1980). Childhood verbal abuse was measured by two items: "Up until you were 18, to what extent did (a) your mother, (b) father insult or swear at you?" Response choices were based on a 4-point Likert scale: not at all (1), a little (2), some (3), and a lot (4). ...
Despite the documented increasing prevalence of elder abuse victimization and its devastating health effects, a life-course view of the victimization experiences of older adults has rarely been adopted in the elder abuse literature. The current study investigated lifetime links between victimization experiences by examining the indirect effect of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) on elder abuse victimization via intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization in middle adulthood, and whether this indirect association would differ by gender. Using data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, we analyzed the previous and current victimization experiences of a total of 5,391 older adults in their early 70s and estimated mediational and moderated mediation models. The key results indicated that a higher ACE score was associated with exposure to IPV victimization in middle adulthood, which was in turn associated with exposure to elder abuse victimization. This indirect association was stronger for women than for men. Regarding specific types of childhood victimization, parental physical abuse, sexual abuse, and witnessing domestic violence significantly predicted elder abuse victimization via IPV victimization. Our results support the phenomenon of lifetime victimization, whereby an individual experiences reoccurring forms of victimization across the life course from childhood to late adulthood. Findings highlight the compelling need for the assessment of cumulative victimization experiences and their impact on elder abuse victims. A life-course-based, trauma-informed approach would greatly enhance prevention and intervention services for elder abuse.
... .spousal abuse. However, a study of the potential effect of 25 such 'risk factors' (Straus et al. 1980) indicated that in families where only one or two of the factors existed there were no incidents of wife beating during the year studied. On the other hand, wife beating occurred in 70% of the families with 12 or more of the factors.. . ...
... Generally, employment and implied economic status conditions economic stress of household. While IPV is observed in all social classes, the rates are found to be higher in households with lower socioeconomic status, experiencing unemployment or under-employment (Fox and Benson, 2006;Straus et al., 1980). Related to social status and implied housing conditions, the literature finds a negative causal relationship between household economic conditions and the risk of IPV (Fox et al., 2006, and the references therein). ...
We study distinguishing features of intimate partner violence (IPV) dominant in Armenia, using perception-based survey data from 2021. The main drivers of IPV perceptions are gender, awareness of legislation, quality of the environment, and house conditions. Also, we motivate a novel-based discussion on one of the Armenian NGO’s experiences on working with gender-based domestic violence cases.
... Few studies, however, have examined how attitudes and behaviors related to adult relationships with siblings are linked to past experiences with a sibling in childhood. Although physical and emotional sibling violence (PESV) is the most common form of family violence (Straus et al., 2006), the examination of behaviors associated with PESV in childhood and how these impact adult sibling relationships is scant. This research study strives to begin addressing the gap on how experiences of sibling violence with one's closest-aged sibling in childhood impacts adult sibling relationships. ...
Research examining the influence of physical and emotional sibling violence on siblings’ relationships across the lifespan is scant. This exploratory research examined whether affect, behavior, and cognitions associated with closest-aged sibling relationships in childhood as well as the occurrence of behaviors associated with physical and emotional sibling violence in childhood impacted adult sibling relationships in a sample of 156 adults. Using the Lifespan Sibling Relationship Scale (Riggio J Soc Pers Relat 17(6):707–728, 2000), associations were found between all aspects of childhood and adulthood sibling relationships. Frequency of sibling violence behaviors correlated with Child Affect and Adult Behavior. Differences were found between females and males on Child Affect, Adult Behavior, and Frequency of Sibling Violence Behaviors. Regression models examined whether childhood sibling relationship quality (Child Affect, Child Behavior, Child Cognitions), frequency of sibling violence behaviors in childhood, and gender predicted Adult Affect, Adult Behavior, Adult Cognitions. Child Affect and Child Cognitions predicted Adult Affect, Child Behavior and gender predicted Adult Behavior, and only Child Cognitions predicted Adult Cognition. Frequency of physical and emotional sibling violence in childhood did not predict Adult Affect, Adult Behavior, or Adult Cognitions individually. However, frequency of physical and emotional sibling violence in childhood was associated with a total adult sibling relationship score when controlling for a total childhood sibling relationship score. Findings suggest the need for future research to consider the complexity of closest-aged sibling relationships across the lifespan and how physical and emotional sibling violence factors into how individuals perceive their relationships with siblings.
This study explores associations between experiencing corporal punishment by parents in childhood and involvement in physical violence with intimate partners in adulthood. It comprises three published articles incorporating critical literature reviews and an empirical analysis of Australian twin data. The study found those who experience childhood corporal punishment by fathers are around 40% more likely to become a victim or perpetrator of physical intimate partner violence in adulthood. This research contributes new knowledge about consequences of corporal punishment and indicates future research directions. Findings have policy implications for prevention of violence toward children, and for responses to adult partner violence.
Refugee women with children are at increased risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) and adverse mental health outcomes. This paper examines (1) the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 412 Syrian refugee women with children outside camps in Jordan who experienced past-year physical and/or sexual IPV, and (2) the relationship between IPV and mental health among the women. Multivariable logistic regression model results showed that women with past-year IPV had significantly higher odds of anxiety, depression, and PTSD versus women without past-year IPV. Service use, barriers to care, and implications for public health and social work interventions are discussed.
Semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted with black adolescent males and females in a South African township to explore their experiences and perceptions of domestic violence in their homes of origin and in their intimate relationships. Trauma theory and social learning theory were used to explore the influence of exposure to violence at home on violent behavior in subsequent relationships. Findings indicate that observational learning contributes to post-traumatic stress and dating violence among adolescents in South Africa. Some of the predictions of the intergenerational transmission of violence were also supported by the respondents' experiences and perceptions of violence within their own relationships. There was evidence of socialized gendered notions of male power and-control, where violence is used to affirm masculinity.
Despite making some of the most important advances in the social scientific study of woman abuse, feminist sociological research and theorizing that prioritize the concept of patriarchy have leveled off or declined in the last 15 years due, in large part, to the current hegemony of mainstream criminologists fundamentally opposed to a rich gendered understanding of one of the world's most compelling social problems. Drawing on nearly 50 years of research done by an international cadre of highly experienced scholars, this article demonstrates the importance of revisiting some major feminist conceptual, empirical, and theoretical contributions from the past. Recommended here are gender-specific conceptualizations of abuse, in-depth reviews of the extant literature, self-report surveys of potential male offenders, quantitative indicators of men's patriarchal attitudes and beliefs, and supplementary open-ended survey questions.
Bu kapsamlı kitap; çocuklara yönelik istismar ve ihmali anlamak, tanımlamak ve bu ciddi sorunla başa çıkmak için temel bir kaynak olarak hazırlanmıştır. Her biri alanında uzman akademisyenler ve profesyoneller tarafından kaleme alınan bölümler, çocuk istismarının tarihinden fiziksel, duygusal, cinsel ve çevrim içi istismar türlerine kadar geniş bir yelpazede konuları ele almaktadır. Kitap, hem Türkiye'de hem de dünyada çocuk istismarının mevcut durumunu ve yasal düzenlemelerini inceleyerek bu alanda farkındalık yaratmayı ve çözüm önerileri sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca istismar mağduru çocuklarla nasıl etkili bir şekilde iletişim kurulacağı, tedavi ve rehabilitasyon süreçleri ile önleme stratejileri gibi pratik bilgiler de sunmaktadır. Çocuk istismarına karşı koruma sağlamaya yönelik mevzuat, tedavi yöntemleri ve profesyonellerin yaşadığı ikincil travma gibi konularla da zenginleştirilen bu eser, hem akademik dünyaya hem de sahada çalışan uzmanlara değerli bir rehber niteliğindedir. Çocuk istismarının önlenmesi ve çocukların korunması için atılması gereken adımları daha iyi anlamak isteyen herkes için vazgeçilmez bir kaynaktır.
Lapsen kaltoinkohtelu voi sisältää fyysistä, psykologista ja seksuaalista väkivaltaa sekä laiminlyöntiä. Tässä katsauksessa keskitytään fyysiseen väkivaltaan ja sen riskitekijöihin. Tutkimusten mukaan noin kolmannes pahoinpitelyä itse lapsena kokeneista vanhemmista jatkaa ylisukupolvista väkivallan kierrettä. Muut väkivallan riskitekijät liittyvät kaltoinkohtelevien vanhempien persoonallisuuteen, heidän sosiaalisiin oloihinsa, uhriksi joutuvien lasten ominaisuuksiin, vanhemmuuteen ja perheen vuorovaikutukseen sekä laajempaan yhteisöön ja kulttuuriin. Katsauksessa tarkastellaan näitä tekijöitä yksityiskohtaisemmin. Myös tutkimusten metodologisia ongelmia käsitellään lyhyesti. Lapsen kaltoinkohtelun riskiä pienentää vanhempien tietoisuus väkivallan kierteestä. Tästä syystä olisi tärkeää auttaa ns. riskivanhempia selviytymään lapsuutensa traumaattisista tapahtumista esimerkiksi traumaterapian keinoin.
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This article reviews some of the existing literature bearing on the subculture of violence thesis (Wolfgang, 1958), reports the results of a re-analysis of survey data collected for the President's Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, and presents new data on peer esteem and social psychological correlates of fighting among males in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is concluded that although the subculture of violence thesis has not been definitively tested, the weight of the evidence is against it.