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The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Social Contexts

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Abstract

Three aspects of the self (private, public, collective) with different probabilities in different kinds of social environments were sampled. Three dimensions of cultural variation (individualism–collectivism, tightness–looseness, cultural complexity) are discussed in relation to the sampling of these three aspects of the self. The more complex the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the public and private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. The more individualistic the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. Collectivism, external threat, competition with outgroups, and common fate increase the sampling of the collective self. Cultural homogeneity results in tightness and in the sampling of the collective self. The article outlines theoretical links among aspects of the environment, child-rearing patterns, and cultural patterns, which are linked to differential sampling of aspects of the self. Such sampling has implications for social behavior. Empirical investigations of some of these links are reviewed.

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... The country's diverse regions possess distinct cultural identities, and it is incorrect to conceptualise Saudi society as culturally homogenous. Scholars have debated the implications of cultural heterogeneity, with some suggesting that diverse societies, characterised by differing customs and beliefs, exhibit loose cultural dynamics, and some posit that such diversity raises the cost of excluding in-group members, fostering cohesion within heterogeneity (Triandis, 1989). In collectivist, tight cultures like Saudi Arabia, adherence to group norms and role expectations is critical, with individual identity closely tied to collective membership (G. ...
... There is a fluidity in the shifts between cultural tightness and looseness, wherein excessive rigidity can give rise to flexibility and vice versa (Triandis, 1989). Internally, Saudi Arabia is recognised as an ethnically and culturally diverse nation (AI-Hassan, 2006). ...
Article
This literature review examines the sociocultural, historical, and institutional factors that shape Saudi women’s leadership experiences, addressing a gap in existing research that is predominantly centered on Western contexts. While studies often focus on barriers, such as stereotypes, discrimination, and organizational bias, limited attention has been paid to the unique interplay of cultural norms, religious beliefs, and tribal affiliations that influence women's leadership in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
... In broad strokes, culture is described as a framework for understanding human behavior [20]. It encompasses the emergent properties inherent within various social and structural systems, including ethnic, socioeconomic, or gender groups, which are defined by shared symbols, meanings, and normative beliefs [20][21][22]. ...
... In broad strokes, culture is described as a framework for understanding human behavior [20]. It encompasses the emergent properties inherent within various social and structural systems, including ethnic, socioeconomic, or gender groups, which are defined by shared symbols, meanings, and normative beliefs [20][21][22]. These properties are transmitted across generations [23], yet remain dynamic and subject to change [24]. ...
... To sum up, if we consider punishment severity as a proxy of the importance attributed to a specific moral domain, Colombian and Spanish children were more concerned about disloyalty than unfairness, whereas British children were either equally concerned about the two or more concerned about unfairness than disloyalty (Arini et al., 2021). Given that the culture in Spain and Colombia is more collectivist than that in the UK (Hofstede, 2001; see also the works by Krys et al., 2022;Uskul et al., 2023), these findings are in line with research conducted in adults suggesting that collectivism may be associated with higher concerns about group-than individual-focused moral domains (Graham et al., 2011;Triandis, 1989). Crucially, when differences between moral concerns were detected within a sample, either in the present experiment or in the one by Arini et al. (2021), they tended to increase with development. ...
... We also discovered interesting cross-cultural differences: Colombian and Spanish children punished disloyalty more severely than unfairness, in contrast with the behavioural patterns observed in British children, whose 3PP severity of unfairness was either higher or equal to that of disloyalty (Arini et al., 2021). Since different cultures privilege different moral domains (Graham et al., 2011;Triandis, 1989), further studies are needed at the intersection between developmental psychology and cognitive anthropology in order to shed light on moral development from a cross-cultural perspective. This would enable a more fine-grained distinction between universal and culture-specific developmental patterns of punishment behaviour and affective states, ultimately enriching understanding about proximate and evolutionary causes of our socio-moral behaviour. ...
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This study investigated how children’s punishment affective states change over time, as well as when children begin to prioritise intentions over outcomes in their punishment decisions. Whereas most prior research sampled children from Anglo-America or Northwestern Europe, we tested 5- to 11-year-old children from Colombia and Spain (N = 123). We focused on punishment behaviour in response to ostensibly real moral transgressions, rather than punishment recommendations for hypothetical moral transgressions. We employed moral scenarios involving disloyalty (group-focused moral domain) and unfairness (individual-focused moral domain). Regarding punishment affective states, on average children did not derive much enjoyment from administering punishment, nor did they anticipate that punishment would feel good. Thus, children did not make the same emotional forecasting error adults commonly commit. Regarding the cognitive integration of outcomes and intentions, children began to punish failed intentional transgressions more harshly than accidental transgression, in both disloyalty and unfairness scenarios, much earlier than in previous behavioural studies: around 7 years of age rather than in late adolescence. This could be due to the lower processing demands and higher intention salience of our paradigm. Exploratory analyses revealed that children showed higher concern for disloyalty than unfairness. Punishment of disloyalty remained relatively stable in severity with increasing age, while punishment of unfairness decreased in severity. This suggests that the relative importance of moral concerns for the individual vs. the group may shift because of culture-directed learning processes.
... Research on nonconformity, a construct closely related to the preference for uniqueness, and which is included in the Need for Uniqueness scale (Snyder & Fromkin, 1977), also seems to support the view that individuals in Western cultures value uniqueness more than do those in Eastern cultures. For example, Triandis (1989) argued that child-rearing in Eastern cultures such as China emphasizes conformity to social rules, whereas child-rearing in Western cultures such as the United States champions personal autonomy. Consistent with this thesis, a meta-analysis by Bond and Smith (1996) revealed that individuals in Western cultures tend to show greater nonconformity compared to those in Eastern cultures. ...
... Just as understanding the motives underlying individuals' uniqueness seeking in Western cultures requires a deep understanding of their social contexts, so too does understanding the motives underlying individuals' uniqueness seeking in East Asian cultures. To this end, one notable feature of East Asian cultures is their strong emphasis on social hierarchy (Hofstede, 2001;Triandis, 1989). Indeed, numerous studies have found that the hierarchical order in social relations is deemed to be not only necessary but also desirable in East Asian cultures (Oishi et al., 2022;Schwartz, 2006). ...
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Building on the perspectives reflected in the Western intellectual tradition of the psychology of identity and the self, current research in cultural psychology tends to conceptualize uniqueness preferences as reflecting an identity-based motive and argues that people in Western cultures value uniqueness because it is viewed as inherently important to their identity and individuality. In this research, we introduce a complementary Eastern perspective to understand uniqueness preferences and argue that uniqueness preferences can also reflect a strategic motive where people in East Asian cultures may also value uniqueness because of the instrumental material and social benefits they believe uniqueness may confer. We tested our propositions in nine preregistered studies contrasting the decision making of people in the United States with those in China. We found that compared to participants from the United States, those from China were more likely to pursue uniqueness or believe others would pursue uniqueness in situations where being unique could potentially confer material and social benefits (Studies 1a–1c, 2, 4, 5), and this behavioral tendency could be explained in part by participants from China exhibiting a greater strategic motive for uniqueness seeking (Studies 3–5). Further, correlational and experimental studies provided some evidence for the roles of the need for power, power distance orientation, trait competitiveness, and upward social comparison as psychological antecedents to the strategic motive for uniqueness seeking (Studies 5–7). Overall, this research provides an alternative Eastern cultural perspective to balance the prevailing Western cultural perspective for understanding uniqueness preferences.
... This type of parenting style (i.e., authoritarian) could have detrimental consequences on children who could perceive their family as unloving and intrusive (i.e., European Americans), but in a context of risk and few opportunities (e.g., African Americans) children could perceive that, through strictness without warmth, their family is giving them the security and confidence that the neighborhood does not offer (Baumrind, 1996;Deater-Deckard et al., 1996). Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that in ancient societies (e.g., Arab and Asian societies) the benefits of parental strictness without warmth could be related to the social value of families (collectivism), in which the relationships between members (e.g., parents and children) are based on hierarchy Triandis, 1989). It is possible that strictness without warmth could be beneficial, partly because of the cultural assumption that children need to be trained and disciplined and that children are expected to fulfill a family obligation to behave well (so as not to dishonor the family, which is what defines their identity) (Chao, 1994;Ho, 1986). ...
... In this context, the use of strictness despite the lack of warmth (i.e., authoritarian style) could provide the safety and security that the neighborhood does not offer (Baumrind, 1996;Deater-Deckard et al., 1996). Moreover, it is possible that in Arab and Asian societies, parental strictness without warmth may not have the detrimental effects identified in studies of Western families Triandis, 1989). Family is especially valued in collectivist cultures, although parent-child relationships are culturally hierarchical (parents should rule, and children should obey), which could explain why the authoritarian style does not have negative consequences as children may accept the authority of their family over them (Chao, 1994;Ho, 1986). ...
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The present study aims to examine parental socialization and adjustment in adolescents and adult children. Participants included 610 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (M = 16.56; SD = 1.69) and 608 young adults aged 19 to 35 years (M = 23.60; SD = 3.72) from Spain. Parental socialization was assessed through warmth and strictness. Child adjustment was assessed though self-esteem, emotional self-concept, nervousness, and achievement values. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted. Results from predictive models revealed that warmth and strictness were significant predictors of child adjustment, although they showed different directionality. Parental warmth was always identified as a significant predictor: the higher the parental warmth, the higher the emotional self-concept, self-esteem, and achievement, and the lower the nervousness. On the contrary, parental strictness did not predict adjustment and was even a significantly negative predictor of self-esteem and emotional self-concept. In addition and contrary to classical findings from mostly European-American samples, the present findings seem to suggest that parental strictness is unnecessary or even detrimental, while parental warmth offers a significant and beneficial contribution to adjustment. Our findings suggest that even though family is considered less important in young adulthood because parenting has ended, the years of socialization may also explain the adjustment of the adult child.
... James (1890), for example, distinguished the material, social, and spiritual selves. Some theories center on different universal aspects of the self, while other theories suggest the existence of self-components that are specific to the individual (e.g., Andersen and Chen, 2002;Cantor and Kihlstrom, 1987;Fenigstein et al., 1975;Higgins, 1987;Markus, 1977;Markus and Nurius, 1986;McConnell, 2011;Ogilvie, 1987;Tajfel and Turner, 1979;Triandis, 1989). These theories emphasize the multiplicity of the self, proposing that individuals possess multiple, context-dependent self-aspects that emerge in response to varying social roles, relationships, and environments. ...
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Introduction This research identifies and explores two distinct modes of self-experience and their influence on psychological openness. We distinguish between the unitary self-mode, where individuals perceive themselves as cohesive, stable entities, and the multiple self-mode, where they recognize their diverse, context-dependent aspects. These modes represent fundamentally different ways of experiencing and organizing self-knowledge that can be situationally activated. While both modes of self-experience have been theoretically described, their influence on psychological functioning remains empirically unexplored. Methods Through five experiments ( N = 989), we tested whether activation of the multiple self-mode increases psychological openness compared to activation of the unitary self-mode using different experimental manipulations and measures. Results Induction of the multiple self enhanced psychological openness compared to induction of the unitary self. This effect was consistently observed across various domains of openness: openness as a state (Study 1, N = 204), openness to change (Studies 3 and 4, N = 230 and N = 184), range of values (Studies 2 and 3, N = 212 and N = 230), psychological mindedness and decentering (Study 5, N = 159). Results consistently showed moderate effect sizes (d = 0.31–0.44) across different operationalizations of both the multiple self-induction and openness measures. Discussion These findings indicate that the way in which individuals organize their self-knowledge has important implications for their cognitive and experiential flexibility, contributing to our understanding of personality plasticity and development.
... Avoidance and absence of social activities/situations (e.g., hiding overeating activities to avoid family conflicts) induced by FA-related negative feelings of shame and guilt might be obstacles for individuals to fulfill their role obligations (Lacroix et al., 2019). In China, which endorses a cultural tradition of collectivism (Triandis, 1989), fulfilling role obligations in family and social contexts (e.g., filial piety; Bedford & Yeh, 2019) is particularly essential. This might be due to that Chinese people often prioritize grouporiented values over self-oriented values and consider fulfilling group role obligations as an important duty. ...
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Food addiction (FA), emerging as a potential behavioral addiction, has prompted public concerns due to its increasing prevalence, adverse health consequences, and healthcare costs. Based on self-determination theory, this study aimed to test the expected negative associations between one’s pursuit of an ideal life (IL) and FA. This study first examined the correlations between FA with the three IL pursuits (i.e., happiness, meaningfulness, and psychological richness). Then, network analysis was utilized to identify item-level nodes that connect the network of IL pursuit and FA. A probability sample of 1010 Chinese adult residents in Macao, China voluntarily participated in an anonymous telephone survey. The sample was between 18 and 88 years old (Mage = 38.52, SD = 14.53), and 55.2% of them were females. FA were significantly and negatively correlated with the three IL pursuits (r = –0.11 to –0.15, p < 0.001). Further correlational analysis revealed a gender difference, with FA being significantly associated with the pursuit of happiness in males but not in females. Network analysis identified that pursuing “fulfillment” (an indicator of meaningfulness) and “full of surprise” (an indicator of psychological richness) were salient correlates of FA, with no significant gender differences in this network. This study revealed the negative associations between the three IL pursuits and FA in general. Fostering individuals’ motives to pursue their IL is thus recommended as a helpful strategy for preventing FA.
... When a conflict arises between personal and group goals, it is considered acceptable to place goals, wishes and desires of the "self" ahead of collective ones. In collectivistic societies, social behaviour is determined largely by insisting on the interdependence of individuals and goals shared with some collective (such as "fitting in" and keeping intragroup harmony), and it is considered socially desirable to place collective goals ahead of personal goals (Triandis, 1989). ...
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Purpose Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is less diagnosed among Turkish children, and Turkish clients drop out more often from depression treatments than Dutch clients. This article proposes that cultural differences in collectivistic versus individualistic perceptions of getting an ADHD diagnosis and being treated for depression might explain these ethnic disparities, which have been explored in this study. Methods Nine focus group discussions with Turkish individuals and 18 interviews with primary mental health practitioners were conducted. Results Findings show that Turkish participants do not view ADHD symptoms as problematic. Parents generally do not want children to be labelled as such and get professional help because they fear this will cause interpersonal problems. Depression is seen as problematic, as it disturbs social relationships and communities. However, Turkish participants prefer mediation to cognitive behavioural therapy, since the latter does not solve interpersonal problems. Conclusions Our findings highlight a dissonance between individualistic/biomedical and collectivistic/socioecological views on health and wellbeing, in which the focus is on the individual for the Dutch versus the social group for the Turkish. To match Turkish clients’ needs, mental health professionals should tread carefully in ADHD labelling. With depression, professionals might consider interventions such as mediation in interpersonal conflicts to improve treatment adherence and outcomes.
... While many constructs have been used to describe and compare cultures, one of the most widely studied in cultural psychology is the dimension of individualism-collectivism (e.g., Hofstede, 1980Hofstede, , 2011Triandis, 1994). Previous research in cultural psychology shows that people's values, concepts of self, perceptions of others, and patterns of interaction are influenced by the "cultural meaning systems" in which they operate (Triandis, 1989). In particular, core concepts related to collectivism, individualism, and in-group behavior have been shown to differ dramatically between Eastern and Western cultures (Triandis & Gelfand, 1998). ...
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Humans spend much of their lives in conversation, where they tend to hold many simultaneous motives. We examine two fundamental desires: to be responsive to a partner and to disclose about oneself. We introduce one pervasive way people attempt to reconcile these competing goals—boomerasking—a sequence in which individuals first pose a question to their conversation partner (“How was your weekend?”), let their partner answer, and then answer the question themselves (“Mine was amazing!”). The boomerask starts with someone asking a question, but—like a boomerang—the question returns quickly to its source. We document three types of boomerasks: ask-bragging (asking a question followed by disclosing something positive, e.g., an amazing vacation); ask-complaining (asking a question followed by disclosing something negative, e.g., a family funeral); and ask-sharing (asking a question followed by disclosing something neutral, e.g., a weird dream). Though boomeraskers believe they leave positive impressions, in practice, their decision to share their own answer—rather than follow up on their partner’s—appears egocentric and disinterested in their partner’s perspective. As a result, people perceive boomeraskers as insincere and prefer conversation partners who straightforwardly self-disclose.
... as a new logistics technology like cDPs is introduced in various countries, the cultural conditions in each nation have varying effects on how these innovations spread. Moreover, researchers in the field of self-service technology (sst) have affirmed that national culture significantly influences how consumers respond to self-service technologies (Bagchi et al., 2004;haapaniemi & Mäkinen, 2008;triandis, 1989). culture is described as the collective programming of the mind, which serves to differentiate members of one group of people from others (hofstede et al., 2010). ...
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This research aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis and literature review to identify the primary themes and emerging trends in the field of collection-and-delivery points (CDPs) over recent years. We thoroughly examined 36 articles extracted from 408 papers published from 2000 to 2023, resulting from the search on the Web of Science database. This procedure offers a thorough grasp of the conceptual structure in the area, encompassing its historical context through co-citation analysis as well as contemporary patterns and advancements via bibliographic coupling and co-occurrence text analysis. As new logistics technologies such as CDPs are introduced across different countries, the cultural dynamics within each nation play a significant role in influencing the diffusion of these innovations. We noticeably provide a new cultural lens for factors influencing consumers’ adoption intentions towards CDPs by proposing a matrix in terms of individualist/collectivist societies and rational/irrational factors. This will help researchers and practitioners in the decision-making process when designing a CDP system.
... Each culture defines its own criteria of what constitutes an exemplary cultural representative, thus shaping culturally mandated tasks that influence individuals' priorities and values in life (Markus & Kitayama, 1991;Triandis, 1989). A key divergence among cultural orientations, with profound cognitive, emotional and motivational consequences, lies in the emphasis placed on the self vs. others, as highlighted by Markus and Kitayama (1991). ...
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This preregistered meta-analytical review explored the construct validity and scope of the Quiet Ego (QE), a characteristic adaptation theorized to positively impact individual, societal and environmental well-being. The literature search in PsycInfo, ERIC and PubMed, conducted in July 2024, encompassed published and un-published original empirical data in English reporting standardized effect sizes for the bivariate relationship between the QE and various aspects of psychosocial functioning. In total, 273 zero-order Pearson correlations from 26 studies involving 13,391 participants were synthesized applying robust variance estimation. Results of visual and statistical analyses collectively indicate minimal evidence for publication bias. Accounting for the effect size direction of negative indicators of psychosocial functioning, the overall effect size was statistically significant and large in magnitude (r+ = 0.332, 95% CI [0.282, 0.380]). This suggests a substantial correlation between the QE and psychosocial qualities considered to promote healthy functioning in a world with others. A moderating effect was found for culture, but not for age or gender. Utilizing an organizational framework for human flourishing allowed for more nuanced insights. The findings showed that the QE aligns positively with flourishing-promoting facets of desire, wisdom and well-being. Thus, the present study underscored the broad relevance of the QE. Main limitations identified include limited variability in sample and study characteristics and a lack of data on moderator variables. Particularly, there is a need for further experimental research to causally validate whether the QE truly acts as a pathway to individual and collective human flourishing.
... Put differently, PEE-P involves expressing positive emotions in response to one's own achievements or good fortune and is more self-oriented, while PEE-S is more outwardly focused, reflecting positive emotional expression when others, such as friends or family, experience success or happiness. We purposefully separated personal and social situations because, although both involve positive emotional expression and benefit mental health, the ways in which these forms of expressivity are influenced by early life adversity may vary-especially considering cultural differences in the emphasis on autonomy versus attunement to interpersonal relationships (Markus and Kitayama, 1991;Triandis, 1989). Therefore, by accounting for these situational factors, we aimed to capture more nuanced aspects of emotional expressivity. ...
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Introduction This study examined whether adverse childhood experiences, positive emotional expressivity in personal (i.e., expressing positive emotions when good things happened to oneself) and social settings (i.e., expressing positive emotions when good things happened to others such as friends or family), and general trust predict levels of happiness and loneliness among American and Japanese participants. We also explored whether these two types of emotional expression and general trust mediate the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and happiness/loneliness. Methods American and Japanese participants who agreed to participate in the current study first completed the Subjective Happiness Scale. Next, they answered the Emotion Expression Questionnaire, the 5-item General Trust Scale, and the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. They then responded to the Risky Family Questionnaire. Finally, they answered demographic questions (e.g., age, gender). We hypothesized that regardless of culture, adverse childhood experiences would be negatively (positively) associated with happiness (loneliness), while positive emotional expression in personal and social settings and general trust would be positively (negatively) related to happiness (loneliness). We also predicted that positive emotional expression in both personal and social settings, as well as general trust, would mediate the relationships between adverse childhood experiences and happiness/loneliness. Results As expected, adverse childhood experiences were negatively (positively) associated with happiness (loneliness), while positive emotional expression in personal and social settings and general trust were positively (negatively) related to happiness (loneliness). Besides, positive emotional expression in a personal situation mediated the relationships between adverse childhood experiences and happiness/loneliness, such that greater early life adversity was negatively linked to positive emotional expressivity in a personal setting, which, in turn, predicted lower happiness and higher loneliness. Discussion The present study advances the understanding of psychological mechanisms linking adverse childhood experiences to happiness and loneliness by highlighting the significant role of positive emotional expression in a personal situation. This result underscores the importance of developing therapeutic practices and public health strategies that foster authentic emotional expression in response to personal achievement or fortune, regardless of cultural background.
... Therefore, cultural identity in this study refers to the degree to which users recognize the culture contained in the app. Research shows that cultural norms and beliefs are powerful forces shaping people's perceptions, tendencies and behaviors (Markus & Kitayama, 1991;Triandis, 1989). Numerous psychology and user behavior research studies emphasize the importance of culture's influence on cognition, perception, behavior, and decision-making (de Mooij & Hofstede, 2011;Ji & Yap, 2016). ...
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Despite the growing number of cultural applications (apps), they still face challenges in inefficient cultural dissemination, necessitating user acceptance research. In this article, a conceptual cultural app acceptance model is proposed and tested in China (n ¼ 351), using covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM). The results show that cultural identity (CI) has a significant impact on the perceived usefulness (PU) and the behavioral intention to use the app (BI). Aesthetics (AE) significantly influences CI, PU and perceived ease of use (PEOU) but does not affect BI. Additionally, PU and PEOU have a weak impact on BI. Demographic analysis found significant differences between different genders when examining CI and AE. There are also significant differences in CI, AE, PU, PEOU and BI with or without using experience-based criteria. Our findings can help to understand users' needs and preferences for mobile cultural apps and to promote digital culture.
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This study examined the effect of trust in coach as perceived by soccer players on team climate and team performance. The survey was conducted using a combination of in-person and online and responses were collected through a self-report questionnaire, allowing participants to provide answers based on their own experiences and perceptions. A total of 202 soccer players (N = 202, male: 135, female: 67) registered with the Korea Football Association (KFA) responded to the survey. The age range of the participants was between 14 and 29 years, with a mean age of 18.43 years. Furthermore, Participants’ team levels were categorized as middle and high school (74.7%), university (17.8%), and professional (7.5%). Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to verify the normality of the data, while correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationships between variables. In addition, regression analysis was conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS macro to examine the mediating effects. As we expected, trust in coach was significantly related to team climate and team performance. Trust in coach was found to predict the team climate and team performance positively. Also, the mediating effect of team climate in the relationship between trust in coach and team performance was significant. These findings underscore the importance of trust and positive climate within sports teams, indicating the necessity of establishing trust between coaches and players and fostering a positive team climate for effective team management.
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In the current global economy, the increased migration across the world has heightened the need for culture maintenance due to its capacity to give meaning and value to individual identity. Family relations and values are significant cultural components that ensure psychological wellbeing among migrants if they are maintained in their host society. Australia’s multicultural policy has provided scope for the study of culture maintenance among its immigrant communities since the late 1970s. Among the immigrant groups in Australia, Bangladeshi-born migrants are a relatively new but fast-growing community that has attracted comparatively little research to date. This article is a narrative inquiry into the culture maintenance among Bangladeshi migrants in Queensland, particularly emphasising family values, acculturation, and identity. This study focuses on psychological, behavioural, and cognitive aspects of their acculturation in terms of what changes happen during acculturation. The findings of this research demonstrate the efforts and strategies for maintaining their family values and cultural identity in Australia. The final part of this article discusses the perception and attitudes of this group of Bangladeshi migrants towards their acculturation and identity. This study provides insights that are pertinent to developing ideas about different migrant communities in multicultural Australia.
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Despite documented benefits for development, children are engaging in considerably fewer risky play activities. Research on parent gender and children’s risky play is inconsistent. Gender and cultural context shape how individuals perceive and tolerate children’s risky play. Little research exists on gender disparities in approaches to risky play in Eastern cultures, including Saudi Arabia. The study’s objective was to examine gender variations in Saudi parents’ willingness and tolerance for children’s risky play. It included 85 parents: 41 fathers and 44 mothers. Differential Item Functioning analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between mothers and fathers on three Factors Affecting Tolerance of Risk in Play Scale items. While interaction effects and predictors were not significant ( p = .22–.97), the overall multiple regression model significantly predicted parents’ risk tolerance ( p = .04). Within the context of other factors, gender appeared to play a complex and indirect role in determining parents’ risk tolerance.
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The present qualitative study explores minority-group members’ experiences working with majority-group members in Japanese work environments. Semi-structured interviews were performed with 18 minority-group workers, who regularly engage in intercultural contact with Japanese workers. The interview questions sought to understand the challenges minority-group members experienced during their interactions with their Japanese colleagues, the ways they perceived Japanese culture, and their negotiation strategies to deal with perceived cultural differences. The findings indicated that the participants experienced certain challenges during their adaptation to their workplace environment. These challenges included rigid workplace norms, a hierarchical yet ambiguous communication style, the language barrier, and a gender gap, which appeared to make it more challenging to communicate and build relationships with their colleagues. Furthermore, the findings revealed that minority-group members resorted to negotiation strategies to cope with these challenges, such as direct communication and questioning, searching for opportunities to develop personal connections with Japanese people, and engaging in cultural exchange. We propose that cross-cultural training should emphasize adaptive strategies toward the integration process rather than educating minority group members about the host culture’s characteristics. This research stands out by focusing on negotiation strategies and their significance, shifting the emphasis away from the commonly highlighted challenges experienced by minority group members in their host culture.
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Culture and language shape the way people read. Yet, within many popular reading models of reading development, culture is a component, if featured at all. Illustrated through examples of pro‐Black, culturally sustaining, emancipatory practices of one teacher, this article highlights the Cultural Sustenance View of Reading, a reader model that can be used by reading teachers to center and sustain culture in children's reading development and their literacy futures.
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This study reports new evidence that young people in Mainland China are now bicultural. We followed the established method of testing biculturalism by priming participants with images from two different cultures and measuring whether those images activate different thought styles. First, we replicated findings from 25 years ago that college students in Hong Kong are bicultural (Study 1). Next, we found that priming Mainland Chinese college students with Chinese culture increased external attributions (which are more common in China), whereas priming American culture increased internal attributions (which are more common in the US; Study 2). Next, we tested a “negative control” group that we expected should not respond to bicultural primes. Older adults who were born before China's Reform and Opening policy in 1978 showed no evidence of biculturalism (Study 3). This new evidence extends biculturalism to Mainland China, and it provides a crucial negative control test for biculturalism research.
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Objective Drawing on family communication patterns theory, introducing psychological capital and liking of school, this study explores the effect of family communication patterns on university student networking behavior. Background Individuals can establish, maintain, and develop social networks through a series of proactive networking behaviors, effectively leveraging their position within these social networks. In terms of resource acquisition, the utility of networking behaviors is not inferior to an individual's social network position. Therefore, networking behaviors have received extensive attention from scholars, but research on networking behaviors of college students on campus is limited. Method Multiwave data were collected from 191 Chinese university students. Path analysis and bootstrapping methods were used to analyze data. Results and Conclusion We found that conversation orientation positively related to psychological capital. Psychological capital is positively related to networking behavior and mediates the effect of conversation orientation on networking behavior. Furthermore, liking of school moderates the effect of psychological capital on networking behavior and the indirect effect of conversation orientation on networking behavior through psychological capital, whereby the two effects are stronger when liking of school is high. Implications The conclusion expands the research on family communication patterns and networking behavior on campus and provides practical enlightenment for parents and universities to improve college students' networking behavior on campus.
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The present contribution provides norms for a database of Polish (a grammatical gender language) and English (a natural gender language) stereotypical gender and neutral nouns. A total of 317 participants rated the degree of stereotypically feminine and masculine features when presented with 240 nouns in each language. The stimuli were highly controlled for a number of psycholinguistic variables, including word frequency, the number of letters and syllables, age of acquisition, concreteness, valence, and arousal. The results of the ratings revealed that gender stereotypical features were observed in both language systems, thus suggesting that single words that do not explicitly reference any male or female characteristics can activate stereotypically feminine and masculine schemas, regardless of grammatical gender. Furthermore, the results suggested a stronger internalization of gender stereotypes among female relative to male participants as well as among sex-typed individuals, therefore pointing to the crucial role of gender and gender schema in how sensitive individuals are to gender stereotypical attributes. The norms reported in the present article aim to broaden researchers’ stimulus choices and allow for consistency across different laboratories and research projects on gender stereotype processing. The adaptation of this database to other languages or cultures could also enable a cross-cultural comparison of empirical findings on stereotype processing.
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Five years after the beginning of the COVID pandemic, one thing is clear: The East Asian countries of Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea outperformed the United States in responding to and controlling the outbreak of the deadly virus. Although multiple factors likely contributed to this disparity, we propose that the culturally linked psychological defaults (“cultural defaults”) that pervade these contexts also played a role. Cultural defaults are commonsense, rational, taken-for-granted ways of thinking, feeling, and acting. In the United States, these cultural defaults include optimism and uniqueness, single cause, high arousal, influence and control, personal choice and self-regulation, and promotion. In Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea, these defaults include realism and similarity, multiple causes, low arousal, waiting and adjusting, social choice and social regulation, and prevention. In this article, we (a) synthesize decades of empirical research supporting these unmarked defaults; (b) illustrate how they were evident in the announcements and speeches of high-level government and organizational decision makers as they addressed the existential questions posed by the pandemic, including “Will it happen to me/us?” “What is happening?” “What should I/we do?” and “How should I/we live now?”; and (c) show the similarities between these cultural defaults and different national responses to the pandemic. The goal is to integrate some of the voluminous literature in psychology on cultural variation between the United States and East Asia particularly relevant to the pandemic and to emphasize the crucial and practical significance of meaning-making in behavior during this crisis. We provide guidelines for how decision makers might take cultural defaults into account as they design policies to address current and future novel and complex threats, including pandemics, emerging technologies, and climate change.
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This study examined the ethical use of Artificial Intelligence-based Tools (AIT) in higher education, focusing on graduate business students. Drawing from a diverse sample of students from the United States of America (USA) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the research explored how cultural values shaped perceptions and behaviors towards ethical use of AIT. Structural Topic Modeling (STM), a machine learning technique to identify themes in open-ended responses, was used to assess the influence of culture as a covariate. Culture was classified into ten clusters comprising a group of countries, and findings were interpreted using Hofstede’s cultural framework. The study revealed significant variations in ethical perceptions across cultural clusters. For example, students from the Southern Asia cluster viewed the use of AIT to answer questions as more ethical, while students from Latin Europe were less likely to perceive it as ethical. Conversely, students from Latin Europe were more inclined to consider the use of AIT to understand concepts as ethical, compared to their Southern Asian counterparts. The findings highlight the importance of understanding cultural perceptions when integrating AIT in higher education. Addressing a significant gap in the existing educational literature, this research contributes to the broader discussion on the ethical implications of AI in education and offers practical strategies for fostering a culturally sensitive and inclusive approach while utilizing a novel methodology within the field.
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We build on the national culture, complex adaptive systems, and operations complexity literature to develop hypotheses about the moderating role of national culture on the negative relationship between dynamic operations culture and operational complexity. Monthly performance data were collected from 179 plants in a multinational corporation’s global plant network that spans all national culture clusters. We use random effects time series modeling to incorporate the transitory nature of this relationship and control unobserved heterogeneity over time. The results indicate that the relationship between dynamic operations complexity and operational performance is moderated by every dimension of national culture except gender egalitarianism and institutional collectivism. We contribute to the literature on complexity by introducing the dynamic operations complexity construct and showing the moderating effect of national culture. We contribute to the national culture literature by comprehensively examining the role of national culture supporting the national culture divergence thesis. Managerial implications relate to locating new plants in regions whose national culture is supportive of key goals and allocating tasks and products accordingly.
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