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Goal Achievement: The Role of Intentions
Abstract
The intention-to-behavior process is analyzed with respect to implementation intentions. These intentions link an intended goal-directed behavior to an anticipated situational context. The reported experimental evidence suggests that implementation intentions create a heightened accessibility of the mental representation of the specified situational cues and induce direct (automatic) control of the intended behavior through these cues. The formation of implementation intentions promotes goal achievement through both of these processes because they eliminate classic problems associated with the control of goal-directed action. Similarities and differences to other theoretical approaches on intentions, planning, and action control are discussed.
... The results of this study also support the inclusion of a social support message, within the abnormal results letter, to modify social influence as a barrier to the nurse appointment, and intentions to attend. Further research is needed, however, to test whether improvement in intentions translates to an improvement in attendance 25 ; eg, a "real-world" RCT. ...
... A pénzügyekkel való bánni tudással kapcsolatban megélt kompetenciaérzés, vagyis a pénzügyi énhatékonyság, elengedhetetlen tehát a pénzügyi viselkedés irányításában. A nudge eszköztár (Thaler és Sunstein, 2010) mellett a viselkedéstervezési technikák, például a kivitelezési szándékok megfogalmazása (Gollwitzer, 1993) is, hatékony módszerek lehetnek a pénzügyi énhatékonyság növelésére. ...
To attain financial well-being, enhancing financial literacy is crucial; however, the definition of financial literacy is inconsistent both in Hungarian and international literature. In Hungary, the distinction between individual and the societal levels is not clear either. Accordingly, we conducted a literature review, during which our method involved collecting meta-studies in English containing the term “financial literacy” and selectively reviewing the research presented in them based on relevance. In Hungarian, we examined which terms have become common equivalents for “financial literacy” and analysed the related literature along these lines. In the theoretical model created in our study, we conceptualize financial literacy in a new way, and to capture the individual level, we recommend the introduction of a new Hungarian term. With regards to Hungarian results, high knowledge is combined with low levels of financial behaviour, so we recommend that decision-makers use behavioural economic tools instead of traditional financial education, which have a more direct impact on people’s everyday financial behaviour and operate more widely in those layers of society where traditional financial education have proven to be ineffective.
... Implementation intention is a planning technique aiming to help people to achieve their goals (Gollwitzer, 1993(Gollwitzer, , 1999(Gollwitzer, , 2014. It involves identifying a situation that is relevant to achieve a desired goal, choosing a goal-directed behavior to be performed in that situation (i.e. the response) and mentally linking them through a specific statement "If this situation occurs, then I will perform this behaviour" (Gollwitzer, 1999(Gollwitzer, , 2014. ...
... As the majority of participants that stopped or reduced their dose had an appointment with their GP or a pharmacist, this suggests that a review consultation could act as an implementation intention and may 'bridge the gap' between behaviour and intentions. [80][81][82][83][84] A key limitation of the research was the level of missing data and the use of self-report data to measure current antidepressant duration. Participants self-reported a median continuous antidepressant treatment duration of 11 years, which is considerably higher than the average reported length of treatment in previous research. ...
Background
Over the last two decades, antidepressant prescribing in the UK has increased considerably, due to an increased number of people staying on antidepressants for longer. Even when treatment is no longer clinically indicated, qualitative research suggests many people continue due to a fear of depressive relapse or antidepressant withdrawal symptoms. The quantitative effects of peoples’ beliefs and attitudes towards long-term antidepressant use remain relatively unexplored.
Objectives
To determine the extent to which beliefs and attitudes towards antidepressant treatment predict intentions to stop or continue long-term use; and whether intentions translate into actual discontinuation.
Methods
A questionnaire survey formed the main component of an embedded mixed-methods study. Twenty general practices posted questionnaires to adults aged over 18 receiving continuous antidepressant prescriptions for over two years. Outcomes and predictors were determined using an extended model of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, conducting exploratory descriptive and regression analyses. The primary outcome was participants’ intentions to discontinue antidepressants. The secondary outcome of behaviour change was determined by any change in antidepressant dosage at six months.
Results
277 people were surveyed from 20 practices, with 10 years median antidepressant duration. Mean questionnaire scores for intention and subjective norms towards starting to come off antidepressants were low, and 85% of participants declared that continuing their antidepressant was necessary. Prescribing outcomes retrieved from 175 participants’ medical records six months after they completed the survey found 86% had not changed their antidepressant, 9% reduced the dose, only 1% discontinued their antidepressant, and 4% increased the dose. More favourable attitudes towards stopping, and normative beliefs about depression, were the strongest predictors of intentions to stop long-term antidepressant treatment.
Conclusion
Given few intentions to stop taking antidepressants, patients should be made more aware of the importance of ongoing antidepressant monitoring and review from their primary care practitioners. This would promote discussion to support an attitudinal change and initiation of antidepressant tapering where appropriate.
... The identification of motives is important, but motives are goalrelated (i.e., desire to help the company), and goals alone are insufficient in driving behavior (Gollwitzer 1993). Thus, a consumer may have the desire to help a company, but they still may not post an online review. ...
There is little debate that consumers' online reviews have a significant impact on corporate sales and profit. Thus, companies must create an overall strategy to manage online posting, and one important aspect of the strategy is to formulate an online review acquisition plan. An online review acquisition plan requires an in‐depth understanding of posting behavior. While past research has focused on motives to explain why consumers post online reviews, to create a more comprehensive understanding of online posting behavior recent research has called for a deeper examination of the relationship between personality and posting behavior. To address the need for more context‐specific personality predictors of online reviews, we propose a personality construct called “need to tell” and develop a scale to measure this construct. We conducted three studies to develop items and establish scale psychometric properties (Study 1), establish construct validity in reference to the nomological net of need to tell (Study 2), and establish criterion and incremental criterion validity with relevant online posting outcomes (Study 3). Our results indicate that the developed measure of need to tell is both reliable and associated with popular online posting behavior metrics. This newly developed scale can be used when segmenting consumers to identify those most likely to be impacted by nudges to post online reviews.
... Weiter ergeben sich durch unterschiedliche Modellkontexte zahlreiche Einflussfaktoren für umweltrelevantes Verhalten (vgl. Fietkau & Kessel, 1981;Schwartz & Howard, 1981;Hines, Hungerford & Tomera, 1987;Bamberg, 1999 , Verplanken & Wood, 2006 und Implementation Intentions (Bamberg, 2002;Gollwitzer, 1993) als Prädikatoren diskutiert. Weitere potenziell hemmende Faktoren für PEB stellen dar: Rebound Effekte (Hertwich, 2008), Risikowahrnehmung (Gifford, 2011), Reaktanzverhalten (Scheuthle et al., 2010), niedrige Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen (Vermeir & Verbeke, 2006;Ellen et al., 1991), behaviour-impact gap 6 (Csutora, 2012) bzw. ...
To cope with the challenges of climate change, proactive changes in our habits of consumption are inevitable. Food consumption goes along with a large environmental impact, thus the food we buy yields substantial ecological saving potentials. Sustainable nutrition necessitates a certain willingness to change on side of the consumer, therefore the consumer shares a certain amount of responsibility regarding the market equilibrium. The Resistance to Change (RTC) scale makes a person's refusal towards changes measurable but has yet not been used in the context of nutrition. This thesis examines to what extent the individual resistance to changes correlates with aspects of sustainable nutrition. Regarding operationalization, this study seeks to develop a suitable questionnaire based on theoretical background and optimizes a german version of the RTC scale. To answer the research question, statements of 118 german-speaking adults, collected by an online survey, are statistically analysed with the aid of correlation analysis. Results show, that some aspects of sustainable nutrition-as consumption of animal products-yield weak coherences with RTC. In contrast, there is no relation with organic foods. Moreover, with small effect size, there is a significant negative correlation of the packaging variable and resistance variable observable. Thus, it is assumed that with pronounced RTC, there is less heed to eco-friendly packaging. Also, participants consume less animal but more ecological products, when they stated to be mindful of eco-friendly packaging. The results highlight the assumptions of previous research, that individual-related attributes are of importance regarding sustainable behaviour. For further research, the examination of a potential correlation of environmentally relevant moral values and RTC seems promising. Moreover, the question how far awareness for sustainable diets, paired with willingness to behaviour change, has impact on the individual eating habits, remains auspicious.
Two approaches to movement selection, if-then rules versus prospective planning, were investigated. Studies have shown that the rule-based approach leads to more efficient movement selection than the plan-based approach, though the resulting movements are the same. This dual-tasking study investigates two hypotheses explaining this discrepancy: The efficiency hypothesis states that the rule-based approach to movement selection is more efficient, and its advantage over the plan-based approach increases under any kind of enhanced task demands. The dual-mechanisms hypothesis states that the two approaches to movement selection are based on distinct mechanisms and that they can be differentially affected by secondary tasks. Forty-eight participants selected a grip in order to comfortably rotate a dowel to a target position using the rule- or the plan-based approach. Four dual-tasking conditions were added: Identifying the activity underlying an object-interaction sound, identifying and categorizing the object underlying an object-interaction sound, identifying one of four words that does not match the others semantically, and solving calculations. The rule-based approach led to more efficient movement selection in most dual-tasking conditions. However, its advantage disappeared when the secondary task was to identify and categorize objects. These results strengthen the dual-mechanisms hypothesis, and possible factors distinguishing the approaches are discussed.
This study aimed to assess the extent to which healthcare professional characteristics and perceptions of major stressors during a public health emergency were associated with delivering health behaviour change interventions. A survey was administered in 2022 to a representative sample of 1008 healthcare professionals working in the UK’s National Health Service (NHS). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical linear regression. Older respondents, higher levels of job satisfaction, being a nurse or health visitor, and reporting higher levels of perceived impacts of the COVID-19 public health emergency were associated with higher prevalence of delivering interventions. Higher levels of emotional job stress were associated with greater time spent delivering interventions (but not with a higher prevalence of contacts involving intervention delivery). Interventions targeted at younger healthcare professionals, those reporting lower job satisfaction, and healthcare professionals other than nurses or health visitors would be particularly beneficial.
Der lange vernachlässigte Willensbegriff wird gegenwärtig in einigen Humanwissenschaften, vor allem in der Psychologie und Hirnphysiologie neu aufgegriffen. Dieser Band soll dazu beitragen, die alltägliche Erfahrungsvielfalt des Wollens wieder als einen Forschungsgegenstand aller Humanwissenschaften zu entdecken. Der erste Abschnitt behandelt das Wollen als einen Gegenstand vielfältiger Erfahrung, sei es in Gestalt geschichtlicher Ereignisse oder literarischer Zeugnisse, im Experiment oder schließlich im Spiegel bildhafter Vorstellungen. Die weiteren Abschnitte beschäftigen sich mit der Vorstellung vom Wollen in der Antike, der Philosophie des Willens sowie der Geschichte der Willenspsychologie. Neuansätze einer psychologischen Willenstheorie betreffen das Bilden von Absichten und ein vornahmegeleitetes Handeln ("Rubikon-Modell"). Abschließend werden pädagogische, psychotherapeutische, strafrechtliche, evolutionsbiologische und hirnphysiologische Forschungsansätze skizziert und diskutiert.
Two meta-analyses were conducted to Investigate the effectiveness of the Fishbein and Ajzen model in research to date. Strong overall evidence for the predictive utility of the model was found. Although numerous instances were identified in which researchers overstepped the boundary conditions initially proposed for the model, the predictive utility remained strong across conditions. However, three variables were proposed and found to moderate the effectiveness of the model. Suggested extensions to the model are discussed and general directions for future research are given.
Much effort has been made to understand the role of attention in perception; much less effort has been placed on the role attention plays in the control of action. Our goal in this chapter is to account for the role of attention in action, both when performance is automatic and when it is under deliberate conscious control. We propose a theoretical framework structured around the notion of a set of active schemas, organized according to the particular action sequences of which they are a part, awaiting the appropriate set of conditions so that they can become selected to control action. The analysis is therefore centered around actions, primarily external actions, but the same principles apply to internal actions—actions that involve only the cognitive processing mechanisms. One major emphasis in the study of attentional processes is the distinction between controlled and automatic processing of perceptual inputs (e.g., Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). Our work here can be seen as complementary to the distinction between controlled and automatic processes: we examine action rather than perception; we emphasize the situations in which deliberate, conscious control of activity is desired rather than those that are automatic.
"It is not thought as such that can move anything, but thought which is for the sake of something and is practical." This discerning insight, which dates back more than 2000years to Aristotle, seems to have been ignored by most psycholo gists. For more than 40years theories of human action have assumed that cogni tion and action are merely two sides of the same coin. Approaches as different as S-O-R behaviorism,social learning theory, consistency theories,and expectancy value theories of motivation and decision making have one thing in common: they all assume that "thought (or any other type of cognition) can move any thing," that there is a direct path from cognition to behavior. In recent years, we have become more and more aware of the complexities in volved in the relationship between cognition and behavior. People do not always do what they intend to do. Aside from several nonpsychological factors capable of reducing cognition-behavior consistency, there seems to be a set of complex psychological mechanisms which intervene between action-related cognitions, such as beliefs, expectancies, values, and intentions,and the enactment of the be havior suggested by those cognitions. In our recent research we have focused on volitional mechanismus which presumably enhance cognition-behavior consistency by supporting the main tenance of activated intentions and prevent them from being pushed aside by competing action tendencies.
The translation of this volume has been a long and sometime arduous journey giving nearly literal meaning to the Latin term translatus, meaning to carry across. In fact, it required many journeys both geographically, between Canada and Germany, and fig uratively, between German and English language, thought, and culture; between the mind of a German professor and that of his American colleague. Whether or not it was all worthwhile must be left to the reader's judgment, but let me outline the rationale for embarking on this venture. When the first German edition of this book appeared in 1980 it was acclaimed not only by German scholars but by those outside the German-speaking community as well. In fact, it received extremely favorable reviews, even in English-language journals, which is unusual for a foreign text. It was recognized that this was far more than just another text book on motivation. For one thing, it exposed and examined the multi faceted roots that have contributed to contemporary theory and research in motivation. The author skillfully examined the motivational concepts, theories, and research that have emanated from many areas of psychology such as learning theory, social psychol ogy, personality, psychoanalysis, and clinical psychology.