Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavior model
... One prominent theory in food selection and nutritional behaviors [20] is the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) [23]. According to this theory, the most important determinant of behavior is the behavioral intention, which is influenced by three main constructs: attitude towards the behavior (instrumental or emotional evaluation of behavior), subjective norms (social pressure perceived by the individual to perform the behavior) and perceived behavioral control (personal understanding of the difficulty or ease of performing the relevant behavior) (Fig. 1) [24]. ...
... In the study by Agh Atbay et al., the mean score of intention and behavior to reduce salt consumption increased significantly in rural women of Chabahar [20]. Similarly, Movahed et al. found that after the educational intervention, the intention and behavior scores of fruit and vegetable consumption increased significantly [24]. Perhaps one reason for the improved score of the behavioral intention and the behavior of reduced salt consumption was that the pregnant women's awareness of the detriments of excessive salt consumption during pregnancy increased along the training sessions and made the participants remove salt shakers from their meals in the first place. ...
Background
Prehypertension is one of the common disorders during pregnancy. Reducing salt intake is among the best cost-effective interventions to reduce the risk of hypertension. The present study aimed to explore the effect of an educational intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on amount of salt consumed by prehypertensive pregnant women.
Methods
The present quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2022 on 61 prehypertensive pregnant women visiting the Comprehensive Health Services Centers in Birjand, Iran. Pregnant women were selected through a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. A blood pressure test and a 24-hour urine test were taken in 3 stages (before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention). A reliable and valid questionnaire based on the TPB was used to measure the cognitive variables. The intervention program included three training sessions based on the TPB held on an online platform (WhatsApp social network). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and longitudinal marginal model with the GEE approach in SPSS19. The significance level for all statistical tests was set at p < 0 0.05.
Results
After intervention, the mean score of perceived behavioral control (p = 0.02), intention (p = 0.004), and salt consumption behavior (p = 0.03) increased significantly in the intervention group, and the mean score of systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.01) decreased significantly in this group. In the control group, a statistically significant difference was observed in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the subjects (p < 0.01). However, the score of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, salt consumption behavior and the daily salt intake did not show a statistically significant difference over time (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
The present findings showed that the perceived behavioral control, intention, behavior, systolic and diastolic blood pressure can be modifiable variables to improve the amount of salt consumed by pre-hypertensive pregnant women. Therefore, we recommend that the present model be used to develop interventions to improve health indicators in pregnant women as a highly susceptible group in society.
... If it is negative then h will be proportional his behavior. The same pattern will be confirmed in case of neutral attitude from significant others (Montano & Kaspryk, 2015). ...
Today the use of ergogenic substances and food supplements is a global increase
problem that concerns not only professional athletes but amateur athletes too.
Unfortunately, in the wake of the best performance, such preparations exist in
abundance large stocks today and everyday recycled by amateur athletes in the field
of recantation sports. The purpose of the present study is therefore to examine the
correlation between the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the
intention of doping in non-competitive sports, as well as the effect of Competitive
Health Beliefs. The sample was 131 (n=131) people recreational athletes. Men was 62
and women were 60. These people were asked to answer a questionnaire anonymously
in order to define the determinants which affect and use of doping. The results
confirmed that attitudes, subjective norm, food and sleep habits can affect the behavior
and have a predictive value. The findings of the present study contribute to to the
identification of reasons why this behavior manifests, the interpretation and the
attempt to eliminate doping use.
... As cited by [18], the differences in a person's beliefs about something can influence differences in a person's attitudes, which can ultimately change a person's behavior as well. Thus, a firm belief in a positive outcome will produce a positive attitude, and a strong belief in a negative result will create a negative attitude. ...
Attitude is one of the factors that influences students’ English learning achievement. Students’ attitude towards using learning platforms influences student’s learning achievements; A positive attitude will produce positive accomplishments and vice versa. This research investigates the English Education Department students’ attitude toward using a Learning Management System (LMS) in English learning in one of the Islamic private universities of Yogyakarta. This research aims to figure out students’ attitudes, and to identify whether there is a significant difference between male and female students. The research method used in this research is quantitative descriptive research. The participants were 82 Education Department students in batch 2021. A questionnaire was used as a method for data collection. The data collection instrument is a questionnaire on Attitudes toward the Use of Learning Management Systems among University Students. In addition, the researcher provided a 20-item questionnaire and then distributed it using random sampling. The research results showed that students of the 2021 batch have positive attitudes towards using LMS in English language learning. The mean value of students’ attitudes towards using LMS is 3.234. The finding also shows a significant difference between the attitudes of male and female students toward using LMS in learning English, with a p-value of 0.000.
... In fact, Walter (2017) found the entire multi-stage process of developing social justice action couched in the context of reflexivity and relationship. The findings of this review mirror behavior/action theories and other social justice research, suggesting that people serve important and varied roles in helping one another move into social justice action (Bandura, 1978;Miller et al., 2009;Montano & Kasprzyk, 2015;Pittman, 2008;Torres-Harding et al., 2012). It could be helpful for future research to further parse out the various forms of social support and the various roles that people serve for one another in the development of social justice action as these could be readily developed and enhanced through education and practice. ...
Working toward social justice is an urgent, cross-disciplinary endeavor requiring a range of invested actors. Research has demonstrated, however, that motivating people to work toward social justice is quite complicated, and there often exists a gap between possessing social justice values and engaging in social justice action. As a result, many scholars have called for increased research to better understand individual engagement in social justice action. Thus, the aim of this scoping review was to investigate the factors and processes that contribute to social justice action and how they have been studied in the empirical literature. Selection criteria limited articles to empirical studies on the influences, factors, or processes contributing to or interfering with social justice action. The search strategy yielded 70 articles from 2000–2023 to be included in the study. Findings indicated that studies largely employed survey designs, with some qualitative work. Social justice action was inconsistently defined and measured between studies, and, at times, there was conflation between the value specificity of social justice action and the value unspecified way it was measured. Studies found many factors influential in the development of social justice action, but none appeared both necessary and sufficient for engagement to occur. Findings suggested that the development of social justice action is likely the result of an interactive process between multiple intrapersonal and environmental factors. Further qualitative and longitudinal research can help parse out the action development process and explore personal and environmental barriers to engagement. Validation and standardization of measures is also recommended.
... These negative attitudes about the HPV vaccine may decrease the percentage of parents who have the intention to vaccinate their children following the Theory of Planned Behavior. 34 Changing the parents' attitude by providing the effect and safety of the HPV vaccine may help increase the intention to vaccinate their children. 22 Our study had some limitations. ...
Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known as a common agent of sexually transmitted infections and cervical cancer. One of the most effective ways for parents to protect their children from HPV is by ensuring they receive vaccinations.
Aim
To determine the percentage of parents who intend to vaccinate their children against HPV and associated factors.
Method
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 365 parents who had children attending high school in Ha Tinh province, Vietnam, from April to May 2023, using stratified and random sampling methods. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire designed based on previous studies and the domains of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Health Belief Model. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the association between several factors and vaccination status.
Result
A total of 365 participants took part in the study. The rate of parents intending to vaccinate their children against HPV was 55.9%. Knowledge about the HPV disease and vaccine (all P < .05) and the attitude of parents (P < .001) were determined as the motivation factors that affect the intention to vaccinate children against HPV.
Conclusion
Many parents still do not have the intention to vaccinate children against HPV. Health education communication should focus on the motivation factors, not only to improve the parents’ knowledge and perspective but also to increase the coverage of the vaccine to prevent cancers caused by HPV.
In an era marked by unprecedented technological advancements, the 2023 Collaborative European Research Conference (CERC) convened in Barcelona, Spain, on June 9-10, 2023, as a hybrid event. This gathering underscored the imperative of interdisciplinary collaboration across Europe, bringing together researchers from diverse fields to address the multifaceted challenges and opportunities presented by rapid innovation.
The conference featured a keynote address that delved into the swift evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) and its profound societal implications. The discourse highlighted the integration of AI across various professions, emphasizing the necessity for human oversight to navigate ethical considerations and mitigate potential risks. The keynote also examined the European Union's proactive stance on AI regulation, particularly through the forthcoming AI Act, which aims to establish a robust framework for the responsible development and deployment of AI technologies.
The proceedings encompass a wide array of research contributions, reflecting the conference's commitment to fostering knowledge transfer and interdisciplinary exchange. Topics span from data processing and machine learning to e-healthcare innovations and the societal impacts of emerging technologies. Notably, discussions on AI's role in healthcare, legal frameworks, and education underscore the critical need for ethical standards and regulatory measures to ensure that technological progress aligns with societal well-being.
Background
Weight control behaviors are commonly observed among adolescents and emerging adults. However, the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in both these age groups remains an imperative health concern. Adolescents and emerging adults represent the most vulnerable groups facing the health burden of obesity.
Methods
This study was designed to articulate the underlying beliefs concerning weight control behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults living with obesity by an elicitation qualitative study based on the integrated behavioral model (IBM). Semi-structured and individual interviewing was utilized. Eligible participants were recruited during September and November 2020. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a hybrid inductive and deductive content analysis approach.
Results
Twenty-seven participants, comprising 12 adolescents and 15 emerging adults living with obesity, were interviewed to explore their beliefs and strategies regarding weight control behaviors. Emerging adults were more likely to engage in extreme weight control methods. Three overarching themes emerged across both age groups: eating-centered concerns, focus on physical appearance, and social interference. Significant differences were noted while adolescents and emerging adults shared some common beliefs. Emerging adults expressed more economic concerns about weight control, whereas adolescents identified food restriction as the primary barrier to their weight management efforts. These findings highlight the nuanced differences in beliefs about the weight control practice of these two developmental groups.
Conclusion
More beliefs-tailored and theoretically driven interventions are needed for these two unique age groups. Healthcare providers should address dietary and economic concerns while engaging adolescents and emerging adults in weight management. Future obesity interventions should incorporate shared and unique beliefs identified in each group to promote healthy weight management effectively.
Background: This study investigates the socio-demographic factors, reliability of constructs and the influence of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control on behavioural intention to use masks among 387 respondents among tertiary students in Malaysia. Materials and Method: The sample comprised predominantly young adults aged 18-20 years (69.5%), with a higher representation of females (58.7%) and private institution students (92.8%). The reliability analysis using Cronbach's Alpha indicated high internal consistency for the constructs of attitude (0.871) and behavioural intention (0.806), while subjective norm (0.726) and perceived behavioural control (0.721) showed acceptable reliability. Results: Hypothesis testing revealed significant positive impacts of attitude (β = 0.603, t = 12.613, p = 0.039), subjective norm (β = 0.273, t = 5.517, p < 0.001), and perceived behavioural control (β = 0.047, t = 1.319, p < 0.001) on behavioural intention. The regression model was significant, F (3, 383) = 224.845, p < 0.001, and explained 63.8% of the variance in behavioural intention (R² = 0.638). Conclusion: The study concludes that attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control significantly influence behavioural intention, explaining 63.8% of its variance. All three hypotheses were supported, highlighting the strong, positive impact of these factors on behavioural intention. These findings underscore their importance in shaping behavioural intentions. Future research should consider broader demographic variables and additional factors to further validate and expand the understanding of behavioural intentions across different contexts.
Consumer ethnocentrism is very important because it affects consumer purchasing decisions. This study aims to reveal how demographic factors such as age, gender, education, and income affect consumers' views on domestically made instant noodles and foreign-made instant noodles which affect attitudes, intentions, and purchasing behavior. This study uses a purposive sampling method involving 200 consumers who consume domestically made instant noodle products and foreign-made instant noodle products in the JABODETABEK area. The results of primary data analysis were carried out using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. The sample criteria are consumers who consume domestically made instant noodle products and instant noodle products made abroad at least 2 times. The results showed that consumer demographics affect consumer ethnocentrism, consumer ethnocentrism affects consumer attitudes, consumer attitudes affect consumer intentions, consumer ethnocentrism has no effect on consumer intentions, consumer intentions affect actual purchasing behavior. This study contributes that age, income and ethnocentrism significantly influence consumer attitudes and intentions towards local products and it is recommended that the sample be expanded and additional factors that may influence the relationship between ethnocentrism, consumer attitudes and purchase intentions be taken into account. Further research could also examine the long-term impact of ethnocentrism on actual purchase behavior as well as other factors that could potentially influence consumer decisions in greater depth. Keywords: Consumer demographics, Consumer ethnocentrism, Attitudes, Consumer intentions and Actual purchase behavior
Purpose
A model is proposed in which longitudinal changes in adolescents’ dispositions increase age-related risk for the onset of substance use.
Method
Pooled surveys from 25 longitudinal studies were examined. Disposition was calculated from eight variables: use intentions; refusal intentions; attitudes; positive consequence beliefs; beliefs about negative consequences; descriptive peer normative beliefs; injunctive peer normative beliefs; and lifestyle incongruence. Substance use onset (past 30-day alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use) was analyzed using participants’ just prior dispositional status and recent changes in their dispositions.
Results
Disposition was highly correlated with each of the measured variables. The pattern of disposition changes as adolescents grow older, revealing that younger adolescents have more positive dispositions; whereas when they grew older, negative dispositions gradually emerged among a subset of adolescents. Analyses also revealed that dispositional status and recent changes in their dispositions were strong predictors of substance use onset.
Implications. Better understanding the development of dispositions will aid in designing effective interventions. Subordinate variables are amenable to intervention and are recommended as the primary focus of prevention programming. Because of the developmental trajectory of dispositions, multi-year interventions are highly recommended. Whenever possible, tailored approaches that take adolescents’ pre-intervention dispositions into account should be considered.
The authors of this excellent text define social epidemiology as the epidemiologic study of the social distribution and social determinants of states of health, implying that the aim is to identify socio-environmental exposures which may be related to a broad range of physical and mental health outcomes. In the first systematic account of this field, they focus on methodological approaches but draw widely from related disciplines such as sociology, psychology, physiology, and medicine in the effort to develop and evaluate testable hypotheses about the pathways between social conditions and health. The persistent patterns of social inequalities in health make this a timely publication.
The concepts of efficacy and effectiveness are examined from the viewpoints of the traditions and philosophies of health-care research and social program evaluation. Consideration of the status of the program being assessed, its availability to, and its acceptance by the target audience leads to the derivation of four levels of health promotion program testing: efficacy trials, under optimum conditions of program implementation and recipient participation; treatment effectiveness trials, with expected variation in target audience acceptance; implementation effectiveness trials, under varying conditions of implementation; and program evaluation of previously untested programs. These four levels of testing, together with experience in one area of health promotion research (smoking prevention), suggest eight phases of research for the development of health promotion programs: basic research, hypothesis development, pilot applied research, prototype evaluation studies, efficacy trials, treatment effectiveness trials, implementation effectiveness trials, and demonstration evaluations. Issues of design, the use of random assignment, the use of blinding procedures, and of the role of process evaluation in these different research levels, particularly efficacy and effectiveness trials, are considered in light of the terminologies and methods of health-care and social program evaluation research. Suggestions are made for improved health promotion research.
Progress in public health and community-based interventions has been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive evaluation framework appropriate to such programs. Multilevel interventions that incorporate policy, environmental, and individual components should be evaluated with measurements suited to their settings, goals, and purpose. In this commentary, the authors propose a model (termed the RE-AIM model) for evaluating public health interventions that assesses 5 dimensions: reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. These dimensions occur at multiple levels (e.g., individual, clinic or organization, community) and interact to determine the public health or population-based impact of a program or policy. The authors discuss issues in evaluating each of these dimensions and combining them to determine overall public health impact. Failure to adequately evaluate programs on all 5 dimensions can lead to a waste of resources, discontinuities between stages of research, and failure to improve public health to the limits of our capacity. The authors summarize strengths and limitations of the RE-AIM model and recommend areas for future research and application.
Most theories and models used to develop human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) communication are based on social psychology that emphasizes individualism. Researchers including communication and health scholars are now questioning the presumed global relevance of these models and thus the need to develop innovative theories and models that take into account regional contexts. In this paper, we discuss the commonly used theories and models in HIV/AIDS communication. Furthermore, we argue that the flaws in the application of the commonly used "classical" models in health communication are because of contextual differences in locations where these models are applied. That is to say that these theories and models are being applied in contexts for which they were not designed. For example, the differences in health behaviors are often the function of culture. Therefore, culture should be viewed for its strength and not always as a barrier. The metaphorical coupling of "culture" and "barrier" needs to be exposed, deconstructed, and reconstructed so that new, positive, cultural linkages can be forged. The HIV/AIDS pandemic has served as a flashpoint to either highlight the importance or deny the relevance of theories and models while at the same time addressing the importance of culture in the development and implementation of communication programs.
This meta-analysis examined the validity of various theoretical assumptions about cognitive and behavioral change following a communication recommending condom use. The synthesis comprised 82 treatment and 29 control groups included in 46 longitudinal reports with measures of perceived severity and susceptibility, attitudes and expectancies, norms, perceptions of control, intentions, knowledge, behavioral skills, or condom use. Results indicated that across the sample of studies, communications taught recipients about facts related to HIV and also induced favorable attitudes and expectancies, greater control perceptions, and stronger intentions to use condoms in the future. Moreover, messages that presented attitudinal information and modeled behavioral skills led to increased condom use. Results are discussed in the context of theories of human behavior and change and in reference to HIV-prevention interventions.
Adverse health consequences from sexual behavior, such as infections with STDs, are conservatively estimated to be at least threefold higher in the United States than in any other developed country (1). This disparity in disease prevalence and the serious personal, social, and financial consequences of sexually transmitted infections are generating a growing body of literature that describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of behavioral interventions addressing STD/HIV prevention. These interventions are designed to inform, change attitudes and perceptions, modify social norms, promote sexual health and reduce risky behaviors, transform social contexts, and alter policies that are facilitators or barriers to healthy behaviors. However, a careful review of the literature reveals that exhortations to intervene and recommendations for interventions far outnumber credible interventions that have been subjected to a thorough statistical evaluation demonstrating their effectiveness.
In 1989 the National Cancer Institute funded the second round of Data-Based Intervention Research (DBIR) cooperative agreements with state health agencies to implement a four-phase cancer prevention and control planning model that would establish ongoing cancer prevention and control programs. Activities included identifying and analyzing relevant data to develop a state cancer control plan. The authors reviewed the data analysis and planning activities of five DBIR projects to understand: how states use different types of available data to make public health planning decisions, in what ways available data were sufficient or insufficient for this planning, and perceived costs and benefits of a data-based planning approach. Many of the sources of and ways in which health statistics and behavioral data were used were consistent across states. Sources and use of data on the availability and utilization of health services and on cancer control policies were less consistent. Data were most useful in making decisions to address specific cancers, to target populations or regions, to identify general barriers, and to influence policy makers and the public. Data were less influential in identifying specific barriers within target populations and determining what proven intervention components should be implemented and how. The process of pulling this information together and involving working groups and coalitions was considered very beneficial in establishing the credibility of the state health agency in addressing the state's cancer problem. This process relied on a national infrastructure that provided financial resources, sources of data, and research results.
Using McKinlay's population model of prevention, this series assesses the current state of the art for six lifestyle behaviors: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, and risky sexual practices related to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). More progress has been made in "downstream" individually oriented treatments than in broader, more environmentally focused interventions. Promising trends include: a shift toward lower cost minimal-contact and self-help "downstream" programs; the development of tailored messages and stage-based "midstream" initiatives that can reach everyone in a defined population or setting; and the emergence of "upstream" policy advocacy strategies. Improving the power and reach of health behavior change will require advances in biobehavioral research to develop more powerful behavior change strategies along with efforts to more widely disseminate the effective interventions that already exist. Growing evidence supports McKinlay's premise that full-spectrum (downstream to upstream) interventions are needed for greatest population impact. Progress also will depend on finding new ways to address the needs of special populations--including underserved low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, individuals with multiple risk behaviors, and youth and their families.
Evidence is fundamental to science, but finding the right evidence in health education and health behavior (HEHB) is often a challenge. The authors discuss some of the controversies about the types of evidence that should be considered acceptable in HEHB, the tension between the use of qualitative versus quantitative data, the need for measures of important but neglected constructs, and interpretation of data from experimental and nonexperimental research. This article discusses some of the challenges to the use of evidence and describes a number of strategies and some forces encouraging the use of evidence-based interventions. Finally, the authors suggest ways to improve the practice and dissemination of evidence-based HEHB. Ultimately, if evidence-based interventions are not disseminated, the interventions will not achieve their potential. The goal should be to develop more effective interventions and disseminate them to improve the public's health.
This report, released by the Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention within the Institute of Medicine at the National Academy of Sciences, asserts that behavioral and social interventions such as health promotion and disease prevention offer great promise to reduce disease morbidity and mortality in the United States, but as yet their potential has not been recognized or tapped by the federal government. Two overarching recommendations are the need to address generic social and behavioral determinants of health rather than the clinical causes of disease and death, and the need to intervene at multiple levels of influence including the individual, interpersonal, institutional, community, and policy levels. Seven recommendations for intervention strategies, nine recommendations for research, and three recommendations for funding are offered.